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Data Transmission IGCSE

The document discusses data transmission methods, including serial and parallel transmission, along with their advantages and disadvantages. It also covers error detection methods such as parity bits, checksums, and Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), as well as internet technologies like IP addressing, MAC addresses, and packet switching. The content emphasizes the importance of speed, accuracy, and security in data transmission across networks.

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20 views4 pages

Data Transmission IGCSE

The document discusses data transmission methods, including serial and parallel transmission, along with their advantages and disadvantages. It also covers error detection methods such as parity bits, checksums, and Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), as well as internet technologies like IP addressing, MAC addresses, and packet switching. The content emphasizes the importance of speed, accuracy, and security in data transmission across networks.

Uploaded by

gamingzonet094
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

Communication and Internet Technologies


2.1 Data Transmission
Data transmission refers to the transfer of data from one device to another
through various methods. The effectiveness of data transmission depends on the
speed, accuracy, and security of the data being sent.
Types of Data Transmission
1. Serial Transmission
 Data is sent one bit at a time over a single wire or channel.
 Used in long-distance communication due to reduced signal
interference.
 Common examples include USB connections, fiber-optic communication,
and wireless communication.
 Advantages:
o Requires fewer cables, making it cheaper and simpler.

o Less susceptible to crosstalk and interference, leading to fewer


errors.
o Reliable for long-distance communication.

 Disadvantages:
o Slower compared to parallel transmission as bits are sent
sequentially.
2. Parallel Transmission
 Data is sent multiple bits at a time, typically using multiple wires.
 Used for short-distance communication, such as between components
inside a computer (e.g., RAM and CPU).
 Advantages:
o Faster transmission speed since multiple bits are transmitted
simultaneously.
 Disadvantages:
o More expensive as multiple wires are required.

o Prone to crosstalk, which can cause errors.

o Less reliable for long-distance communication.

Modes of Data Transmission


1. Simplex Transmission
 Data flows in only one direction.
 Example: TV broadcasts where signals are sent from the station to the
receiver but not vice versa.
2. Half-Duplex Transmission
 Data can flow in both directions, but only one direction at a time.
 Example: Walkie-talkies, where one person speaks while the other
listens.
3. Full-Duplex Transmission
 Data can flow in both directions simultaneously.
 Example: Telephone calls, where both users can talk and listen at the
same time.

2.2 Error Detection Methods


To ensure the accuracy of data during transmission, various error detection
methods are used to identify and correct errors that may occur due to noise,
interference, or signal corruption.
1. Parity Bits
 A parity bit is an additional bit added to a binary string to check for errors.
 Even parity: The total number of 1s in the data (including the parity bit)
must be even.
 Odd parity: The total number of 1s in the data (including the parity bit)
must be odd.
 If the received data does not match the expected parity, an error is
detected, but it does not identify the exact location of the error.
2. Checksum
 A checksum is a value calculated based on the sum of all bytes in a data
packet.
 The sender calculates and appends the checksum value to the data.
 The receiver recalculates the checksum and compares it with the received
value.
 If the values do not match, an error has occurred.
 Used in network communications and file transfers.
3. Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)
 ARQ is an error correction method that relies on acknowledgments and
timeouts.
 Process:
o The sender transmits data and waits for an acknowledgment from
the receiver.
o If no acknowledgment is received within a specific time (timeout),
the sender retransmits the data.
o Ensures accurate data transmission over unreliable networks.

2.3 Internet Technologies


Internet technologies involve the communication protocols and addressing
schemes that enable data transmission across networks and the Internet.
1. IP Addressing
 Every device on a network is assigned a unique IP address.
 IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4):
o 32-bit address, written in four octets (e.g., 192.168.1.1).

o Limited address space, leading to the development of IPv6.

 IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6):


o 128-bit address, written in hexadecimal (e.g.,
2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334).
o Provides a larger address space for modern networks.

2. MAC Address
 Media Access Control (MAC) Address is a unique 48-bit identifier
assigned to network interfaces.
 Usually written in hexadecimal format (e.g., 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E).
 Unlike IP addresses, MAC addresses are hardcoded into the hardware
and do not change.
 Used in local network communication to identify devices.
3. Packet Switching
 Packet switching is a method of data transmission used on the Internet.
 Process:
o Data is divided into small units called packets.

o Each packet contains a header (with source and destination


addresses) and a payload (actual data).
o Packets travel independently and may take different routes.

o The recipient reassembles the packets in the correct order.

 Advantages:
o Efficient use of network resources.

o Reduces congestion and improves speed.

o If a packet is lost, only that packet needs to be resent, not the entire
message.

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