MATHEMATICS - I

Required time at is
10m1 1
= ce-kt = m1e-kt  = e-kt
100 10
1
 t = log(10)
k
10log(10)
  64.5 days.
log10  log 7

II .LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF SECOND AND HIGHER ORDER

dn y d n-1y d n-2 y
Definition: An equation of the form + P1 (x) + P2 (x) +…+ Pn (x)y = Q(x)
dx n dx n-1 dx n-2
where P1 (x), P2 (x), P3 (x)…Pn (x) and Q(x) (functions of x) are continuous is called a linear
differential equation of order n.
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS
dn y d n-1y d n-2 y
Def: An equation of the form + P1 + P2 +…+ Pn y = Q(x) where
dx n dx n-1 dx n-2
P1 , P2 , P3 Pn , are real constants and Q(x) is a continuous function of x is called an linear
differential equation of order ‘ n’ with constant coefficients.
Note:
d d2 dn
1. Operator D = ; D = 2 ; …………………… D = n
2 n
dx dx dx

dy d2 y dn y
Dy= ; D2y= 2 ;…………………… Dn y= n
dx dx dx
1
2. Operator Q =  Qdx i e D-1Q is called the integral of Q.
D

To find the general solution of f(D).y = 0 :

Here f(D) = D n + P1D n-1 + P2 D n-2 +…+ Pn is a polynomial in D.
Now consider the auxiliary equation: f(m) = 0
i.e f(m) = m n + P1m n-1 + P2 m n-2 +…+ Pn  0

where P1 , P2 , P3 …Pn are real constants.

Let the roots of f(m) =0 be m1 , m2 , m3 …mn .

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Depending on the nature of the roots we write the complementary function

as follows:
Consider the following table
S.No Roots of A.E Complementary function(C.F)
f(m) =0
1. m1, m2, ..mn are y c = c1e m1x + c 2e m2 x +…c n e mn x
real and distinct.
2. m1, m2, ..mn and
two roots are yc = (c1 + c 2 )e m1x + c3e m3x +…c n e mn x
equal i.e., m1,
m2 are equal and
real (i.e repeated
twice) &the rest
are real and
different.
3. m1, m2, ..mn are yc = (c1 + c2 x + c3 x 2 )e m1x + c 4e m4 x +…c n e mn x
real and three
roots are equal
i.e., m1, m2 , m3
are equal and
real (i.e repeated
thrice) &the rest
are real and
different.
4. Two roots of yc = eαx (c1cosβx + c 2sinβx) + c3e m3x +…c n e mn x
A.E are
complex say +i
-i and rest
are real and
distinct.
5. If ±i are yc = eαx (c1 + c2 x)cosβx + (c3 + c4 x)sinβx  + c5em5x +…cn emn x
repeated twice
& rest are real
and distinct
6. If ±i are yc = eαx (c1 + c 2 x + c3 x 2 )cosβx + (c 4 + c5 x + c6 x 2 )sinβx 
repeated thrice +c7 e m7 x +…c n e mn x
& rest are real
and distinct
7. If roots of A.E. yc = eαx c1cosh βx + c2sinh βx  + c3em3x +.......+ cn e mn x

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irrational say
   and rest
are real and
distinct.

Solved Problems
d3y dy
1. Solve 3
-3 + 2y = 0
dx dx
Sol : Given equation is of the form f(D).y = 0
Where f(D) = (D3 - 3D + 2)y = 0
Now consider the auxiliary equation f (m) = 0
f(m) = (m3 - 3m + 2)y = 0  (m-1) (m-1) (m+2) = 0
 m =1, 1, -2
Since m1 and m 2 are equal and m 3 is -2

We have yc = (c1 + c 2 )e x + c3e-2x

2. Solve (D4-2D3-3D2+4D+4)y = 0
Sol : Given f(D) = (D4 -2 D3 - 3 D2 + 4D +4) y = 0 …(1)
Auxiliary equation is f(m)=0
 m 4 - 2m3 - 3m 2 + 4m + 4 = 0 …(2)
By inspection m+1 is its factor.
(m +1)(m3 - 3m2 + 4) = 0 …(3)

By inspection m+1 is factor of (m3 - 3m2 + 4) .

 (3) is  m +1 m +1  m 2 - 4m + 4  = 0

 (m +1) 2 (m - 2) 2 = 0
 m = -1, -1, 2, 2
Hence general solution of (1) is
y = (c1 + c 2 x)e-x + (c3 + c 4 x)e 2x

3.Solve (D4 +8D2 + 16) y = 0

Sol : Given f(D) = (D4 +8D2 + 16) y = 0
Auxiliary equation f(m) = (m4 +8 m2 + 16) = 0

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 (m2 + 4)2 = 0
 (m+2i)2 (m+2i)2 = 0
 m= 2i ,2i , -2i , -2i
Here roots are complex and repeated
Hence general solution is

yc = [(c1+c2x)cos x + (c3+c4x) sin x)]

4.Solve y11+6y1+9y = 0 ; y(0) = -4 , y1(0) = 14

Sol : Given equation is y11+6y1+9y = 0
Auxiliary equation f(D) y = 0  (D2 +6D +9) y = 0
A.equation f(m) = 0  (m2 +6m +9) = 0
 m = -3 ,-3
yc = (c1+c2x)e-3x -------------------> (1)
Differentiate of (1) w.r.to x  y1 =(c1+c2x)(-3e-3x ) + c2(e-3x )
Given y1 (0) =14  c1 = -4 & c2 =2
Hence we get y =(-4 + 2x) (e-3x )
5.Solve 4y111 + 4y11 +y1 = 0
Sol : Given equation is 4y111 + 4y11 +y1 = 0
That is (4D3+4D2+D)y=0
Auxiliary equation f(m) = 0
4m3 +4m2 + m = 0
m(4m2 +4m + 1) = 0
m (2m +1) 2 = 0
m = 0 , -1/2 ,-1/2
y =c1 + (c2 + c3x) e-x/2
6.Solve (D2 - 3D +4) y = 0
Sol : Given equation (D2 - 3D +4) y = 0
A.E. f(m) = 0
m2-3m + 4 = 0
3 ± 9 -16 3 ± i 7
m= =
2 2
3 7
α ± iβ   i
2 2
3
7 7
y = e 2 (c1cos x + c 2sin x)
2 2
To Find General solution of f(D) y = Q(x)

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It is given by y = yc + yp
i.e. y = C.F+P.I
Where the P.I consists of no arbitrary constants and P.I of f (D) y = Q(x)
1
Is evaluated as P.I = Qx
f(D)
Depending on the type of function of Q(x) , P.I is evaluated .

1 2
1. Find (x )
D
1 2 x3
Sol : (x ) =  x 2dx =
D 3

1
2. Find Particular value of (x)
D +1
1
Sol : (x) = e-x  xe x dx (By definition)
D +1

= e-x (xe x - e x )

= x-1

General methods of finding Particular integral :

1
P.I of f(D)y=Q(x), when is expressed as partial fractions.
f(D)
Q. Solve (D2 + a 2 )y = secax

Sol : Given equation is …(1)

Let f(D) = D2 + a 2

The AE is f(m) = 0 i.e m 2 + a 2 = 0 …(2)

The roots are m= -ai , -ai

yc = c1cosax + c2sinax
1 1  1 1 
yp = secax = - secax …(3)
2
D +a 2
2ai  D - ai D + ai 


1 cosax - isinax
secax = eiax  secaxdx = eiax  dx
D - ai cosax

 i 
= eiax  (1- itanax)dx = eiax  x + logcosax  …(4)
 a 

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1  i 
Similarly we get secax = e-iax  x - logcosax  …(5)
D + ai  a 

From (3),(4) and (5), we get

1  iax  i   i 
yp =  e  x + logcosax  - e-iax x - logcosax 
2ai   a   a 
x(eiax - e-iax ) 1 (eiax + e-iax )
= + 2 (logcosax)
2ai a 2
x 1
= sinax + 2 cosaxlog(cosax)
a a
 The general solution of (1) is
x 1
y = y c + y p = c1cosax + c 2sinax + sinax + 2 cosaxlog(cosax)
a a
RULES FOR FINDING P.I IN SOME SPECIAL CASES;

Type 1. P.I of f (D)y=Q(x) where Q(x) =eax , where ‘a’ is constant.

1 1 ax 1 ax
Case1.P.I = .Q(x) = e = e
f(D) f(D) f(a)
provided f(a) ≠ 0
i.e In f(D), put D=a and Particular integral will be calculated.

Case 2: If f(a)=0 then the above method fails. Then if f  D  =  D - a    D  (i.e ‘a’ is
k

repeated root k times).

1 ax 1 k
Then P.I = e . x provided  (a)  0
 (a) k!
Type 2. P.I of f(D)y = Q(x) where Q(x) = sinax or Q(x) = cosax where ‘a’ is constant
1
then P.I= Q(x) .
f(D)
sinax
Case 1: In f(D) put D2 = -a 2  f(-a 2 )  0 then P.I =
f(-a) 2

Case 2: If f(-a2)=0 then D2 + a2 is a factor of  (D 2 ) and hence it is a factor of f(D). Then

let f(D)=(D2 + a2) f(D) = (D2 + a 2 ) (D2 ) .

sinax sinax 1 sinax 1 -xcosax
= 2 2 = =
  -a 2  2a
Then
f(D) (D + a ) (D )  (-a ) D + a
2 2 2 2

cosax cosax 1 cosax 1 xsinax

= 2 2 = =
f(D) (D + a ) (D )  (-a ) D + a
2 2 2 2
  -a 2  2a

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Type 3.P.I for f(D)y=Q(x) where Q(x)=xk where k is a positive integer .f(D) can be
expressed as f(D) = [1   (D)]
1 1
Express   [1   (D)]1
f(D) [1   (D)]
1
Hence P.I = Q(x)
[1   (D)]

= [1   (D)]1 x k
Type 4.P.I of f(D)y=Q(x) when Q(x)=eax V where ‘a’ is a constant and V is function of
x. where V =sinax or cosax or xk
1
Then P.I = Q(x)
f(D)
1 ax
= e V
f(D)

 1  1
= eax  V & V is evaluated depending on V.
 f(D + a)  f(D + a)
Type 5. P.I of f(D)y=Q(x) when Q(x)=xV where V is a function of x.
1
Then P.I = Q(x)
f(D)
1
= V
f(D)

 1  1
= x - f'(D)  V
 f(D)  f(D)
Type 6. P.I. of f(D)y = Q(x) where Q(x)= xm v where v is a function of x.
1 1 m
When P.I. = ×Q(x) = x v, where v = cosax or sinax
f(D) f(D)
1 m 1 m iax
i. P.I. = x sinax = I.P.of x e
f(D) f(D)
1 m 1 m iax
ii. P.I. = x cosax = R.P.of x e
f(D) f(D)

Formulae

1. = (1 – D)-1 = 1 + D + D2 + D3 + ------------------

2. = (1 + D)-1 = 1 - D + D2 - D3 + ------------------

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3. = (1 – D)-2 = 1 + 2D + 3D2 + 4D3 + ------------------

4. = (1 + D)-2 = 1 - 2D + 3D2 - 4D3 + ------------------

5. = (1 – D)-3 = 1 + 3D + 6D2 + 10D3 + ------------------

6. = (1 + D)-3 = 1 - 3D + 6D2 - 10D3 + ------------------

Solved Problems
1. Solve (4D2 - 4D +1)y = 100
1 -1
Sol : A.E is 4m 2 - 4m +1 = 0  (2m -1) 2 = 0  m = ,
2 2
x
C.F = (c1 + c2 x)e 2

100 100e0x 100

Now P.I = 2
= 2
= 2
 100 { since 100e0x  100 }
4D - 4D +1 (2D -1) (0 -1)
x
Hence the general solution is y = C.F + P.F = (c1 + c2 x)e 2  100

2. Solve the differential equation (D2 + 4)y = sinh2x + 7 .

Sol : Auxillary equation is m 2 + 4 = 0

 m 2 = -4  m = ±2i
 C.F is yc = c1cos2x + c2sin2x …(1)
To find P.I :
1
yp = 2 (sinh2x + 7)
D +4
1  e 2x + e-2x 
= 2  + 7e0 
D +4 2 
1 e 2x 1 e-2x e0
= . 2 + + 7
2 D + 4 2 D2 + 4 (D 2 + 4)
e 2x e-2x 7
= + +
2(4 + 4) 2(4 + 4) (0 + 4)
e2x + e-2x 7 1 7
= + = sinh2x + …(2)
16 4 8 4
y = yc + yp
1 7
= c1cos2x + c 2sin2x + sinh2x +
8 4
3. Solve (D + 2)(D -1)2 y = e-2x + 2sinhx

Sol : The given equation is

(D + 2)(D -1)2 y = e-2x + 2sinhx …(1)

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This is of the form f(D)y = e-2x + 2sinhx

A.E is f(m) = 0  (m + 2)(m -1)2 = 0  m = -2,1,1
The roots are real and one root is repeated twice.
 C.F is y c = c1e-2x + (c 2 + c3 x)e x .
e-2x + 2sinhx e-2x + e x - e-x
P.I = = = yp1 + yp2 + y p3
(D + 2)(D -1) 2 (D + 2)(D -1) 2
e-2x
Now yp1 =
(D + 2)(D -1) 2
Hence f(-2) = 0. Let f(D) = (D -1)2 . Then  (2)  0 and m  1
e-2x x xe-2x
 y p1 = =
9 9
ex
and yp2 = . Here f(1)=0
(D + 2)(D -1) 2
e x x 2 x 2e x
= =
(3)2! 6
-x
e
and yp3 =
(D + 2)(D -1) 2
e-x e-x
Putting D=-1, we get yp3 = =
(1)(-2)2 4
 The general solution is y = yc + y p1 + y p2 + y p3
xe-2x x 2 ex e-x
i.e y = c1e-2x + (cc + c3 x)e x + + -
9 6 4

4. Solve the differential equation (D2 + D +1)y = sin2x .

Sol : A.E is m 2 + m +1 = 0
-1± 1- 4 -1± 3i
m= =
2 2
-x
 x 3 x 3
 yc = e 2  c1cos + c 2sin  …(1)
 2 2 

To find P.I :
sin2x sin2x
yp = 2 =
D + D +1 -4 + D +1
sin2x (D + 3)sin2x (D + 3)sin2x
= = =
D-3 D2 - 9 -4 - 9
Dsin2x + 3sin2x 2cos2x + 3sin2x
= =
-13 -13
-x
 x 3 x 3 1
 y = y c + y p = e 2  c1cos + c 2sin  - (2cos2x + 3sin2x)
 2 2  13

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5. Solve (D2 - 4)y = 2cos2 x

Sol : Given equation is (D2 - 4)y = 2cos2 x …(1)

Let f(D) = D2 - 4 A.E is f(m) = 0 i.e m 2 - 4 = 0
The roots are m=2,-2. The roots are real and different.
 C.F = y c = c1e 2x + c 2e -2x
1 1
P.I = y p = 2 (2cos 2 x) = 2 (1+ cos2x)
D -4 D -4
0x
e cos2x
= 2 + 2 = P.I1 + P.I 2
D -4 D -4
e0x e0x 1
P.I1 = y p1 = 2 [Put D=0] = =-
D -4 -4 4
cos2x cos2x
P.I 2 = y p2 = 2 = [Put D2 = -22 = -4 ]
D -4 -8
 The general solution of (1) is y = y c + y p1 + y p2
1 cos2x
y = c1e 2x + c 2e-2x - -
4 8
2
6. Solve (D + 1)y = sinxsin2x

Sol : Given D.E is (D2 +1)y = sinxsin2x

A.E is m 2 +1 = 0  m = ±i
The roots are complex conjugate numbers.
C.F is yc = c1cosx + c2sinx
w.k.t 2sinAsinB=cos(A-B)–cos(A+B)
sinxsin2x 1 cosx - cos3x
P.I = = = P.I1 + P.I 2
(D2 +1) 2 (D2 +1)
1 cosx
Now P.I1 =
2 D 2 +1
Put D2 = -1 we get D 2 +1 = 0
1 xsinx xsinx  cosax x 
 P.I1 = =  Case of failure : 2 = sinax 
2 2 4  D + a 2a 
1 cos3x
and P.I 2 = -
2 D 2 +1
Put D2 = -9, we get
1 cos3x cos3x
P.I 2 = - =
2 -9 +1 16
General solution is
xsinx cos3x
y = y c + y p1 + y p2 = c1cosx + c 2sinx + +
4 16
3 2
7. Solve the differential equation (D - 3D -10D + 24)y = x + 3 .

Sol : The given D.E is (D3 - 3D2 -10D + 24)y = x + 3

A.E is m3 - 3m 2 -10m + 24 = 0
⟹m=2 is a root.

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The other two roots are given by m 2 - m - 2 = 0

 (m - 2)(m +1) = 0
⟹m=2 (or) m = -1
One root is real and repeated, other root is real.
C.F is yc = e 2x (c1 + c 2 x) + c3e-x

x +3 1 x3 + 3
yp = 3 =
2
(D - 3D -10D + 24) 24  D3 - 3D 2 -10D 
1+  
 24 
-1
1 1+ D3 - 3D 2 -10D 
24   (x + 3)
=
24 
1   D3 - 3D 2 -10D  
= 1-    (x + 3)
24   24 
1  10  24x + 82
=  x +3+  =
24  24  576
General solution is y = yc + y p
24x + 82
 y = e 2x (c1 + c 2 x) + c3e -x +
576
8. Solve the differential equation (D2 - 4D + 4)y = e2x + x2 + sin3x .

Sol : The A.E is (m2 - 4m + 4) = 0  (m - 2)2 = 0  m = 2, 2

 yc = (c1 + c 2 x)e 2x …(1)
1
To find y p : y p = 2 (e 2x + x 2 + sin3x)
D - 4D + 4
e 2x x2 sin3x
= 2
+ 2
+ 2
(D - 2) (D - 2) D - 4D + 4
x 2 2x x2 sin3x
= e + 2
+
2!  D  -9 - 4D + 4
4 1- 
 2
-2
x2 1 D (4D - 5)sin3x
= e 2x + 1-  x 2 -
2 4 2  (5 + 4D)
x 2 2x 1  2D 3D 2  2 (4D - 5)sin3x
= e + 1+ + x -
2 4 2 4  16D 2 - 25
x 2 2x x 2 x 3 (12cos3x - 5sin3x)
= e + + + -
2 4 2 8 -144 - 25
x 2 2x x 2 x 3 (12cos3x - 5sin3x)
= e + + + + …(2)
2 4 2 8 169
x2 x 2 x 3 (12cos3x - 5sin3x)
y = yc + y p = (c1 + c2 x)e 2x + = e 2x + + + +
2 4 2 8 169
2
9. Solve the differential equation (D + 4)y = xsinx .

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Sol : Auxiliary equation is m2 + 4 - 0  m2 = (2i) 2

m = ±2i. The roots are complex and conjugate.
Hence Complementary Function, yc = c1cos2x + c2sin2x
1
Particular integral, y p = 2 xsinx
D +4
1
= I.P of 2
xeix
D +4
1 1
= I.P ofeix 2
x = I.P of eix 2 x
(D + i) + 4 D + 2Di + 3
-1
eix  D 2 + 2Di 
= I.P of 1+  x
3  3 
e  D + 2Di
ix 2

= I.P of 1- + ...  x
3  3 
 2 
eix
1- Di  x  D (x) = 0, etc 
2
= I.P of
3 3 
1  2
= I.P of (cosx + isinx)  x - i 
3  3
1 2 
=  - cosx + xsinx 
3 3 
Hence the general solution is
1 2 
y = y c + y p = c1cos2x + c 2sin2x +  xsinx - cosx 
3 3 
where c1 and c2 are constants.
1
Other Method (using type 5): y p = 2 xsinx
D +4

 2D  sinx
= x - 2  2
 D + 4 D + 4
xsinx 2(Dsinx)
= -
3 3(D 2 + 4)
xsinx 2cosx
= -
3 9
Hence the general solution is
1 2 
y = y c + y p = c1cos2x + c 2sin2x +  xsinx - cosx 
3 3 

10. Solve the Differential equation(D2+5D+6)y=ex

Sol : Given equation is (D2+5D+6)y=ex

Here Q(x) =e x
Auxiliary equation is f(m)=m2+5m+6=0
m2+3m+2m+6=0
m(m+3)+2(m+3)=0

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m=-2 or m=-3
The roots are real and distinct
C.F=yc= c1e-2x + c 2e-3x

1
Particular Integral=yp= Q(x)
f(D)
1 1
= 2
ex = ex
D + 5D + 6 (D + 2)(D + 3)
Put D = 1 in f(D)
1
P.I= ex
(3)(4)
1 x
Particular Integral = yp = e
12
General solution is y = yc + y p

ex
y = c1e-2x + c 2e-3x +
12
11. Solve y''- 4y' + 3y = 4e3x , y(0) = -1, y'(0) = 3

Sol : Given equation is y'' - 4y' + 3y = 4e3x

d 2 y dy
i.e - 4 + 3y = 4e3x it can be expressed as
dx 2 dx
D2 y - 4Dy + 3y = 4e3x

(D2 - 4D + 3)y = 4e3x

Here Q(x) = 4e3x; f(D)= D2-4D+3
Auxiliary equation is f(m)=m2-4m+3 = 0
m2- 3m - m+3=0
m(m-3) -1(m-3)=0⟹m=3 or 1
The roots are real and distinct.
C.F= y c = c1e3x + c 2 e x

1
P.I= y p = Q(x)
f(D)
1
= 2
4e3x
D - 4D + 3
1
= 4e3x
(D -1)(D - 3)
Put D=3

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4e3x 4 e3x x'

yp = = = 2 e3x = 2xe3x
 3 -1 D - 3 2  D - 3 1!
General solution is y = yc+yp
y = c1e3x + c 2e x + 2xe3x …(3)
Equation (3) differentiating with respect to ‘x’
y' = 3c1e3x + c 2e x + 2e3x + 6xe3x …(4)
By data, y(0) = -1 , y1(0)=3
From (3), -1=c1+c2 …(5)
From (4), 3=3c1+c2+2
3c1+c2=1 …(6)
Solving (5) and (6) we get c1=1 and c2 = -2
y=-2ex + (1+2x) e3x
12. Solve y'' + 4y' + 4y = 4cosx + 3sinx, y(0) = 0, y'(0) = 0

Sol : Given differential equation in operator for

(D2 + 4D + 4)y = 4cosx + 3sinx
A.E is m2+4m+4 = 0
(m+2)2=0 then m=-2, -2
 C.F is yc = (c1 + c 2 x)e -2x
4cosx + 3sinx
P.I is= y p = put D2 = -1
(D 2 + 4D + 4)
4cosx + 3sinx (4D - 3)(4cosx + 3sinx)
yp = =
(4D + 3) (4D - 3)(4D + 3)
(4D - 3)(4cosx + 3sinx)
=
16D 2 - 9
(4D - 3)(4cosx + 3sinx)
yp =
-16 - 9
-16sinx +12cosx -12cosx - 9sinx -25sinx
= = = sinx
-25 -25
 General equation is y=yc+yp
y = (c1 + c 2 x)e-2x + sinx …(1)
By given data y(0) = 0, c1 = 0 and
Differentiating (1) w.r.t ‘x’, y' = (c1 + c 2 x)(-2)e-2x + e-2x (c 2 ) + cosx …(2)

given y'(0) = 0

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Substitute in (2)  -2c1 + c2+1=0  c2 = -1

 Required solution is y = -xe-2x + sinx
13. Solve (D2+9)y = cos3x

Sol : Given equation is (D2+9)y = cos3x

A.E is m2+9 = 0
 m = ±3i
yc = C.F = c1cos3x + c2sin3x
cos3x cos3x
y p = P.I = 2
= 2 2
D +9 D +3
x x
= sin3x = sin3x
2(3) 6
General equation is y=yc+yp
x
y = c1cos3x + c 2sin3x + sin3x
6
14. Solve y''' + 2y''- y'- 2y = 1- 4x3

Sol : Given equation can be written as

(D3 + 2D2 - D - 2)y = 1- 4x 3

A.E is m3 + 2m 2 - m - 2 = 0
(m2 -1)(m + 2) = 0

m2 = 1 or m = -2
m = 1, -1, -2
C.F= c1e x + c2 e-x + c3e-2x

1 -1
P.I = (1- 4x 3 ) =
3 2
(D + 2D - D - 2)  (D + 2D 2 - D) 
3
2 1-  (1- 4x 3 )
 2 
-1
-1  (D3 + 2D 2 - D) 
= 1-  (1- 4x 3 )
2 2 

-1  (D3 + 2D2 - D) (D3 + 2D2 - D) 2 (D3 + 2D2 - D)3 

= 1+ + + +… (1- 4x 3 )
2 2 4 8 
-1  1 3 
1+  D + 2D 2 - D  +  D 2 - 4D3  +  -D3   1- 4x 3 
1 1
= 
2 2 4 8 

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-1  5 3 5 2 1 
= 1- D + D - D  (1- 4x 3 )
2 8 4 2 

-1  5 5 1 
=  (1- 4x 3 ) - (-24) + (-24x) - (-12x 2 ) 
2 8 4 2 
-1
= -4x 3 + 6x 2 - 30x +16 
2
= [2x 3 - 3x 2 +15x -8]
The general solution is
y= C.F + P.I
y = c1e x + c 2e-x + c3e-2x +[2x 3 - 3x 2 +15x - 8]

15. Solve (D3 - 7D2 +14D - 8)y = excos2x

Sol : Given equation is

(D3 - 7D2 +14D -8)y = e x cos2x

A.E is (m3 - 7m2 +14m -8) = 0

(m-1)(m-2)(m-4)=0
Then m=1,2,4
C.F= c1e x + c 2 e 2x + c3e 4x

ex cos2x
P.I=
(D3 - 7D2 +14D -8)
1
= ex cos2x
(D +1) - 7(D +1) 2 +14(D +1) -8
3

 1 ax 1 
 P.I = e v = eax v
 f(D) f D + a 

1
= ex cos2x
(D - 4D2 + 3D)
3

1
= ex 3 cos2x
(D - 4D2 + 3D)
1
= ex cos2x (Replacing D2 with -22)
(-4D + 3D +16)
1
= ex cos2x
(16 - D)
16 + D
= ex cos2x
(16 - D)(16 + D)

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16 + D
= ex cos2x
256 - D 2
16 + D
= ex cos2x
256 - (-4) 2
ex
= (16cos2x - 2sin2x)
260
2ex
= 8cos2x - sin2x 
260
ex
= 8cos2x - sin2x 
130
General solution is y = yc + yp
ex
y = c1e x + c 2e2x + c3e 4x + 8cos2x - sin2x 
130

16. Solve (D2 - 4D + 4)y = x 2sinx + e 2x + 3

Sol : Given (D2 - 4D + 4)y = x 2sinx + e 2x + 3

A.E is (m2 - 4m + 4) = 0
(m - 2)2 =0 then m=2,2
C.F= (c1 + c 2 x)e 2x
x 2sinx + e2x + 3 1 1 1
P.I= 2
= 2
(x 2sinx) + 2
e2x + (3)
(D - 2) (D - 2) (D - 2) (D - 2) 2
1 1
Now 2
(x 2sinx) = 2
(x 2 ) (I.P of e ix )
(D - 2) (D - 2)
1
= I.P of (x 2 )eix
(D - 2) 2
1
= I.P of (eix ) 2
(x 2 )
(D + i - 2)
1
I.P of (eix ) 2
(x 2 )
(D + i - 2)
On simplification, we get
1 1
2
(x 2sinx) = (220x + 244)cosx + (40x + 33)sinx 
(D + i - 2) 625
1 2x x 2 2x
and e = e ,
(D - 2)2 2
1 3
2
(3) =
(D - 2) 4
1 x2 3
P.I= (220x + 244)cosx + (40x + 33)sinx  + e2x +
625 2 4
y=yc+yp
1 x2 3
y = (c1 + c2 x)e 2x + (220x + 244)cosx + (40x + 33)sinx  + e2x +
625 2 4

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Linear equations of second order with variable coefficients

d2 y dy
An equation of the form 2
+ P  x  + Q(x)y = R (x), where P(x), Q(x), R(x) are real
dx dx
valued functions of ‘x’is called linear equation of second order with variable coefficients.

Variation of Parameters :
This method is applied when P,Q in above equation are either functions of ‘x’ or real
constants but R is a function of ‘x’.

Working Rule :
1. Find C.F. Let C.F= y c = c1u(x) + c2 u(x)
vRdx uRdx
2. Take P.I= y p =Au+Bv where A= -  and B = 
uv' - vu' uv' - vu'
3. Write the G.S. of the given equation y = yc + y p
d2y
1. Apply the method of variation of parameters to solve + y = cosecx
dx 2

Sol : Given equation in the operator form is (D2 +1)y = cosecx …(1)
A.E is (m2 +1) = 0
 m = ±i
The roots are complex conjugate numbers.
C.F is yc = c1cosx + c2sinx
Let yp= A cosx+ B sinx be P.I. of (1)
dv du
u -v = cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1
dx dx
A and B are given by
vRdx sinxcosecx
A= - = - dx = - dx = -x
uv' - vu' 1
uRdx
B=  1
uv - vu1 
= cosx.cosecxdx =  cotxdx = log(sinx)

 y p = -xcosx + sinx.log(sinx)

 General solution is y= yc + yp.

y = c1cosx + c2sinx - xcosx + sinx.log(sinx)

2. Solve (D2 - 2D + 2)y = ex tanx by method of variation of parameters.

Sol : A.E is m 2 - 2m + 2 = 0
2 ± 4 - 8 2 ± i2
m = = = 1± i
2 2

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We have yc = e x (c1cosx + c 2sinx) = c1e x cosx + c 2e x sinx

= c1 (u) + c2 (u)
where u = e x cosx, v = e xsinx
du dv
= e x (-sinx) + e x cosx, = e x cosx + e x sinx
dx dx
dv du
u -v = e x cosx(e x cosx + e x sinx) - e x sinx(e x cosx - e x sinx)
dx dx
= e2x (cos2 x + cosxsinx - sinxcosx + sin 2 x) = e2x
Using variation of parameters,
vR e x tanx
A = - = - 2x (e x sinx)dx
dv du e
u -v
dx dx
 sin 2 x  (1- cos 2 x)
= - tanxsinxdx =   dx  =  dx
 cosx  cosx
=  (secx - cosx)dx = log(secx + tanx) - sinx
uR
B = dx
dv du
u -v
dx dx
e x cosx.e x tanx
= dx =  sinxdx = -cosx
e2x
General solution is given by = + +
i.e y = c1e cosx + c 2e sinx +[log(secx + tanx) - sinx]e x cosx - e x cosxsinx
x x

or y = c1e x cosx + c 2e x sinx +[log(secx + tanx) - 2sinx]e x cosx

3. Solve the differential equation (D2 + 4) y = sec2x by the method of variation of
parameters.
Sol. Given equation is (D2 + 4) y = sec2x …..(1)
∴ A.E is m2 +4 = 0 ⇒ m = ± 𝑖
The roots are complex conjugate numbers.
∴ yc = C.F = c1 cos2x + c2 sin2x
Let yp = P.I = A cos2x + B sin2x
Here u = cos2x, v = sin2x and R = sec2x.
∴ = -2 sin2x and = 2 cos2x
∴u − = (cos 2x) (2 cos2x) – (sin2x) (-2sin2x)
= 2 cos22x + 2 sin22x = 2(cos22x + sin22x) = 2
A and B are given by :
𝑖 | |
A=-∫ dx = - ∫ = − ∫ =
−
𝑥 𝑥
| |
⇒A=
B=∫ dx = ∫ = ∫ =
−
𝑥 𝑥
| |
∴ yp = P. I = (cos2x) + (sin2x)
∴ The general solution is given by :
y = yc + yp = C.F. + P.I
| |
i.e., y = c1 cos2x + c2 sin2x + (cos2x) + (sin2x)

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