A project on

“Single Axis Solar Tracking System”

A Project Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

Second Year in
Electrical Engineering

By
Ashwini Narayan Malik 211012020

Vedant Bharat Pashte 211012016

Purva Naresh Pashte 211012019

Saiyami Sunil Patil 211012018

Under the guidance of –

Prof. Sayali. G. Thakur

University of Mumbai
Department of Electrical Engineering

A. C. Patil College of Engineering, Kharghar

Navi Mumbai- 410210
Accredited by NAAC
2021-22

i
 Institute’s Vision and Mission

Vision

• To create skilled professionals and engineers for catering the needs of industries and
society.

Mission

• To provide qualified faculty and required infrastructure to impart quality education

inculcating continuous learning attitude

• To provide platform for the interaction between academia and industry.

• To inculcate social values and responsible attitude amongst students through co-curricular
and extracurricular activities.

ii
 Department’s Vision and Mission

Vision

• To develop professionals in the field of Electrical Engineering domain having social

values.

Mission

• To provide fundamental and applied knowledge through qualified faculty and

infrastructure.

• To improve technical skills by industry institute interaction.

• To provide platform for enhancing social values.

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 Jawahar Education Society’s
A. C. Patil College of Engineering, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai
Accredited by NAAC

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Mini-Project 1A/1B synopsis titled “Single Axis Solar Tracking
System” is submitted in partial fulfillment of the Second year mini-project work for the
Bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering from University of Mumbai in academic year
2021-22.

By

Class Roll No PRN No Name of Students

53 211012020 Ashwini Narayan Malik
64 211012016 Vedant Bharat Pashte
63 211012019 Purva Naresh Pashte
68 211012018 Saiyami Sunil Patil

Prof. Sayali. G. Thakur

(Project Internal Guide) (Project External Guide)

Prof. J. R. Mundkar Dr. Vijaykumar N. Pawar

(H.O.D, Electrical Engg. Department) (Principal)

(Internal Examiner) (External Examiner)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish our deep sense of gratitude to our Guide Prof. Sayali. G. Thakur
for his prevalent guidance and useful suggestion and never-ending moral support, which
helped us for working on this project.

We take the opportunity to thanks Prof. Jayshree Mundkar Head of Electrical Department
and Dr. Vijaykumar Pawar, Director, ACPCE for having us to carry out this project work.

All that we have done is only due to such supervision and assistance and we would like to
thank our classmates for the encouragement and help without whom this project would not
have been possible.

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 ABSTRACT

As the energy demand and the environmental problems increase, the natural
energy sources have become very important as an alternative to the conventional
energy sources. The renewable energy sector is fast gaining ground as a new growth
area for numerous countries with the vast potential it presents environmentally and
economically. Solar energy plays an important role as a primary source of energy,
especially for rural area. This project aims at the development of process to track the
sun and attain maximum efficiency using 555 IC and LDR Sensor for real-time
monitoring.

The project is divided into two stages, which are hardware and software development.
In hardware development, two light dependent resistors (LDR) have been used for
capturing maximum light source. Servo motor has been used to move the solar panel
at maximum light source location sensing by LDR. The performance of the system
has been tested and compared with static solar panel. This project describes the
design of a low cost, solar tracking system. In this project a single axis solar tracking
system has been developed by which more energy from the sun can be harnessed.
In this project, an, 555IC, has been used as the main controlling unit. To detect the
position of the sun on the sky, two LDRs have been used and to rotate the orientation
of the Solar PV panel a servo motor has been used. The sensors and servo motor
have properly been interfaced. The servo motor has been mechanically coupled with
the PV panel. The whole system has been assembled and its performance has been
tested. This tracker changes the direction of the solar panel based on the direction of
the sun facing to the panel successfully. Single axis solar tracker tracks the sun on
daily basis and makes the solar panel more efficient.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER NAME PAGE

NO NO

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2-3

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 4

CHAPTER 3

3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 5

4.1. COMPONENTS REQUIRED

CHAPTER 4
6-13
4.2. SPECIFICATIONS

CHAPTER 5. CONSTRUCTION / FABRICATION OF 14-16

5 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

6.1 ADVANTAGES
CHAPTER 6 17

CHAPTER 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 18-19

CHAPTER 8 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK 20

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CHAPTER 9 REFERENCES 21

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE FIGURE PAGE NO.

NO. NAME/CAPTION
1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LIGHT SENSOR CIRCUIT USING 4
LDR

2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF Single Axis Solar Tracking System 5

3 COMPONENTS DIAGRAMS 6 -13

4 REPRESENTATION OF WORKING SOLAR TRACKER 15

5 SOLAR PANEL POSITIONING 19

6 SINGLE AXIS SOLAR TRACKER MODEL 20

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LDR Light Dependent Resistor

LED Light Emitting Diode
PCB Printed Circuit Board
PV Photovoltaic

viii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The conversion of solar light into electrical energy represents one of the most promising and
challenging energetic technologies, in continuous development, being clean, silent and reliable, with
very low maintenance costs and minimal ecological impact. A photovoltaic panel is a device used
to capture the suns radiation. These panels consist of an array of solar cells. The solar cells are
made up of silicon (sand). They are then connected to complete a photovoltaic (solar) panel. When
the sun rays are incident on the solar cells, due to the photovoltaic effect, light energy from the sun
is used to convert it to electrical energy. We know that most of the energy gets absorbed, when the
panels surface is perpendicular to the sun. Stationary mounted PV (photo voltaic) panels are only
perpendicular to sun once a day but the challenge for is to get maximum energy from the source,
so for it we use ckers on which the whole system is mounted. In tracking system, solar panels move
according to the movement of sun throughout the day. There are three methods of tracking: active,
passive, chronological and manual tracking systems. In active tracking system, the position of the
sun is determined by the sensors. These sensors will trigger the motor to move the mounting system
so that the panels will always face the sun ray's perpendicular to it throughout the day. But in this
system, it is very difficult for sensors to determine the position of sun in cloudy days. So, it is not a
very accurate. In its Passive tracking systems, which determines the position of the sun by moving
the panels in response to an imbalance pressure between the two points at both ends of the
trackers. The imbalance pressure caused by solar heat creates a gas pressure on a low boiling
point compressed gas fluid that is driven to one side or the other accordingly, which then moves the
system. This method is also not accurate as the shade /reflectors that are used to reflect early
morning sunlight to “wake up” the panel and tilt it towards the sun can take nearly an hour to do so.
A chronological tracker is a timer-based tracking system whereby the structure is moved at a fixed
rate throughout the day. The theory behind this is that the sun moves across the sky at a fixed rate.
Thus, the motor or actuator is programmed to continuously rotate at a „slow average rate of one
revolution per day (15 degrees per hour). This method of sun-tracking is very accurate. However,
the continuous rotation of the motor or actuator means more power consumption and tracking the
sun. In manual tracking system, drives are replaced by operators who adjust the trackers. This has
the benefits of robustness, having staff available for maintenance and creating employment for the
population in the vicinity of the site.
Tracker systems follow the sun throughout the day to maximize energy output. The Solar Tracker is
a proven single-axis tracking technology that has been custom designed to integrate with solar
modules and reduce system costs. The Solar Tracker generates up to 25% more energy than fixed
mounting systems and provides a bankable energy production profile preferred by utilities

1
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Sun-synchronous navigation is related to moving the solar powered rover (robot) in such
a way that its solar panel always points toward the sun and which results into maximum battery
charging and hence the rover can work for long hours. The unique feature of this solar tracking
system is that instead of taking the earth as its reference, it takes the sun as a guiding source.
Its active sensors constantly monitor the sunlight and rotate the panel towards the direction
where the intensity of sunlight is maximum. The light dependent resistor's do the job sensing
the change in the position of the Sun. The control circuit does the job of fetching the input
from the sensor and gives command to the motor to run in order to tackle the change in the
position of the sun. By using this system, the additional energy generated is around 25% to
30% with very less consumption by the system itself. The paper gives the design and
implementation of a fuzzy logic computer-controlled sun tracking system to enhance the
power output of photo voltaic solar panels. The tracking system was driven by two permanent
magnet DC motors to provide motion of the PV panels in two axis. The project describes the
use of a microcontroller-based design methodology of an automatic solar tracker. Light
dependent resistors are used as the sensors of the solar tracker. The tracking system maximizes
solar cell output by positioning a solar panel at the point of maximum light intensity.

This paper describes the use of DC motors, special motors like stepper motors, servo motors,
real time actuators, to operate moving parts of the solar tracker. The system was designed as
the normal line of solar cell always move parallel to the rays of the sun. The Aim of this project
is to develop and implement a prototype of two-axis solar tracking system based on a
microcontroller. The parabolic reflector or parabolic dish is constructed around two feed
diameters to capture the sun's energy. The focus of the parabolic reflector is pointed to a small
area to get extremely high temperature. The temperature at the focus of the parabolic reflector
is measured with temperature probes. This auto-tracking system is controlled with two 12V,
6W DC gear box motors. The five light sensors (LDR) are used to track the sun and to start
the operation (Day/Night operation). The paper adopts the PWM DC motor controller. It is
capable of archiving the timeliness, reliability and stability of motor speed control, which is
difficult to implement in traditional analog controller. The project concentrates on the design
and control of dual axis orientation system for the photovoltaic solar panels. The orientation
system calculations are based on astronomical data and the system is assumed to be valid for
any region with small modifications. The system is designed to control the Altitude angle the
vertical plane as well as the Azimuth angle in the horizontal plane of the photovoltaic panel
workspace. And this system is expected to save more than 40% of the total energy of the panels
by keeping the panel's face perpendicular to the sun. In the previous solutions, each tracking

2
direction is controlled by using a Sun sensor made by a pair of phototransistors. The single
matrix Sun sensor (MSS) controls both axes of the tracking system. The inspiration for the
MSS is the antique solar clock. MSS comprises 8 photo resistors and a cylinder The difference
between a shaded photo resistor cell and a lighted cell is recognized using an electronic circuit
and corresponding output voltage signals are given to the DC motors which will move the
array toward sun. In order to improve the solar tracking accuracy, the author comes up with
combining program control and sensor control. Program control includes calendar-check
tracking and the local longitude, latitude and time, to calculate the solar altitude and solar
azimuth by SCM (single-chip microcomputer), servo motor is used to adjust the attitude of the
solar panel. Sensor control is that sunray is detected by photoelectric detector and then the
changed signal is transmitted to control step motor to adjust the attitude of the solar. The paper
discusses the technology options, their current status and opportunities and challenges in
developing solar thermal power plants in the context of India. The National Solar Mission is
a major initiative of the Government of India and State Governments to promote ecologically
sustainable growth while addressing India's energy security challenge. It will also constitute a
major contribution by India to the global effort to meet the challenges of climate change.

3
 CHAPTER 3

3.1. BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

4
Fig.2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF Single Axis Solar Tracking System

5
 CHAPTER 4

4.1 COMPONENTS REQUIRED

In this project we are using components like: -

1) 555 IC 2 WITH BASE

2) L293D IC WITH BASE
3) 2 - LDR
4) 2 - BATTERY CAP
5) 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR
6) 2 9 VOLT BATTERY
7) 6 VOLT SOLAR PLATE
8) 1K RESISTOR
9) LED
10) SWITCH
11) 2 - 50K VARIABLE RESISTOR
12) 104 CAPICITOR (0.1UF)
13) BO 60 ROM MOTOR

4.2. SPECIFICATIONS

Solar panel: - Solar panels are devices that convert light into electricity. They are called
"solar" panels because most of the time, the most powerful source of light available is the
Sun, called Sol by astronomers. Some scientists call them photovoltaic which means,
basically, "light-electricity."
A solar panel is a collection of solar cells spread over a large area and can work together to
provide enough power to be useful. The more light that hits a cell, the more electricity it
produces.

6
Light Dependent Resistors - A photoresistor (or light-dependent resistor, LDR, or photo-conductive
cell) is a light-controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increasing
incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photo resistor can be applied in
light-sensitive detector circuits, and light-activated and dark-activated switching circuits.
A photo resistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a photo resistor can have a
resistance as high as several mega ohms (MΩ), while in the light, a photo resistor can have a resistance as
low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on a photo resistor exceeds a certain frequency, photons
absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The
resulting free electrons (and their hole partners) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The
resistance range and sensitivity of a photo resistor can substantially differ among dissimilar devices.
Moreover, unique photo resistors may react substantially differently to photons within certain wavelength
bands.
The solar tracker system will obtain its data from two CDS (Cadmium Sulfide) photocells, which are type
of LDR. The material used in CDS photocell is of high resistance semiconductor. Therefore, once light falls
on its surface, photons absorbed by the semiconductor will give bound electrons enough energy to jump in
to the conduction band. As the result free electrons conduct electricity and thus lower the resistance. In case
of high intensity, photocell will produce lowest resistance, the opposite will occur in case of complete
darkness.

7
Light-emitting diode (LED): -

LED is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows through it. When a
current flowthrough the diode, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the
device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence.
The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the
energy band gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple
semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device. Parts of a
conventional LED.

8
Capacitor: -A capacitor can store electric energy when it is connected to its charging circuit.
And when it is disconnected from its charging circuit, it can dissipate that stored energy, so
it can be used like a temporary battery. Capacitors are commonly used in electronic devices
to maintain power supply while batteries are being changed.

Resistor: - it is an electrical device may be a passive two-terminal electrical part that

implements resistance as a circuit component. In electronic circuits, resistors unit of
measurement accustomed reduce current flow, alter signal levels, to divide voltages, bias
active components, and terminate transmission lines, among completely different uses.

9
L293D IC: - L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver IC which allows DC motor to drive on
either direction. L293D is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of two DC motors simultaneously in any
direction. It means that you can control two DC motor with a single L293D IC. Dual H-bridge Motor Driver
integrated circuit (IC). The l293d can drive small and quiet big motors as well, check the Voltage
Specification In a single L293D chip there are two h-Bridge circuit inside the IC which can rotate two dc
motor independently. Due its size it is very much used in robotic application for controlling DC motors.
Given below is the pin diagram of a L293D motor controller. There are two Enable pins on l293d. Pin 1 and
pin 9, for being able to drive the motor, the pin 1 and 9 need to be high. For driving the motor with left H-
bridge you need to enable pin 1 to high. And for right H-Bridge you need to make the pin 9 to high. If
anyone of the either pin1 or pin9 goes low then the motor in the corresponding section will suspend
working. It’s like a switch.

555 IC: - The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit chip used in a variety of timer, pulse
generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an
oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide two (556) or four (558) timing
circuits in one package

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DC Gear Motor: - gear motor is an all-in-one combination of a motor and gearbox. The
addition of a gear head to a motor reduces the speed while increasing the torque output. The
most important parameters in regards to gear motors are speed (rpm), torque (lb -in) and
efficiency (%). In order to select the most suitable gear motor for your application you must
first compute the load, speed and torque requirements for your application.

Battery cap: - A battery assembled cap, a cylindrical battery with the cap and a method
for making the same. ... The vent cap is attached to the battery cover by a hinge connection
which allows for play between the vent cap and the battery cover and which allows for
rotation of the vent cap.

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 Fig: Battery cap Diagram

Voltage Regulator: - A voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant

value. 7805 IC, a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulators used to maintain
such fluctuations, is a popular voltage regulator integrated circuit (IC). The xx in 78xx
indicates the output voltage it provides. A voltage regulator generates a fixed output voltage
of a preset magnitude that remains constant regardless of changes to its input voltage or load
conditions. There are two types of voltage regulators linear and switching

Fig: Voltage Regulator Diagram

12
Switch: - A switch, in the context of networking is a high-speed device that receives
incoming data packets and redirects them to their destination on a local area network (LAN).
A LAN switch operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) or the network layer of the OSI
Model and, as such it can support all types of packet protocols.

Battery: - An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells

with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, and
electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode
and its negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of
electrons that will flow through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal. When a
battery is connected to an external electric load.

Fig: Battery

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 CHAPTER 5

5. CONSTRUCTION /FABRICATION OF EXPERIMENTAL

SET UP

Construction:
Two CDS cells are connected to port RB2 and RB3 of the PIC. the two photocells are
positioned on a small straight piece of wood or plastic. Another piece is mounted
perpendicular to the straight piece, thereby dividing both the sensors. If both the photocells
are equally illuminated by the sun, their resistance level will be same. As long as the
resistance is same, an error margin of ±10 points, the PIC will analyze this data and thus will
not generate any signal to actuate the motor. if one of the sensors comes under a shadow,
then the PIC will detect this change and thus it will actuate the motor to move the sensor
module to a position where equal light is being illuminated on both of them. The PIC is
programmed so that it can obtain its resistance data from the two LDRs and to move motor
either clock wise or anti clock wise depending on which LDR is under shadow. The concept
of the software design is dependent on the LDR that is under shadow.

Operation of the solar tracker:

1. When LDR2 receives more light than LDR1, it offers lower resistance than LDR1,
providing a high input to comparators A1 and A2 at pins 4 and 7, respectively. As a result,
output pin 1 of comparator A2 goes high to rotate motor M1 in one direction (say, anti-
clockwise) and turn the solar panel.

When LDR1 receives more light than LDR2, it offers lower resistance than LDR2, giving a
low input to comparators A1 and A2 at pins 4 and 7, respectively. As the voltage at pin 5 of
comparator A1 is now higher than the voltage at its pin 4, its output pin 2 goes high. As a
result, motor M1 rotates in the opposite direction (say, clock-wise) and the solar panel turns.

14
2. Solar tracker works by using a 555IC which compares light intensity illuminated onto the
LDRs. The logic that works on the LDR to detect the signal is based on a resistance capacitor
timing circuit, (RC constant). Once the signal is fed into the input for RB2 and RB3, the
program compares the two inputs and then the differences are detected and send an output
signal from port RB0 and RB1 to let the motor move clockwise and counter clock wise
respectively. The signal that is sent from output port RB0 and RB1 is logic level of 1 and 0,
logic 1 is high level and 0 is for low level, when logic high is sent to the base of the transistor,
it energizes and makes a closed circuit, thus a current flows through the motor, only two
transistors can be switched on and off at a time The materials used in the construction of this
prototype include Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), one and a half inch pipes, wooden base of
Medium-density fiberboard (MDF), stool which can rotate 360 degrees, automotive motor and
bicycle gear mechanism. The description on how each section of the prototype is built is as
follows: Five pieces of PVC pipe with equal length are connected back-to-back onto a T-
junction and each junction is connected to L-shaped PVC making a stable base onto which the
motor can be mounted. The length of each PVC pipe is approximately 0.5 meter. A wooden
base is placed on top of the square shaped design, the motor is then mounted below the wooden

15
board, this way the motor is upside down thus its gear is facing downward as well. The
hydraulics portion of the revolving office chair is used which can rotate 360 degrees. A gear
is then welded onto the hydraulics part using an electric welding machine. The chair is
mounted onto the wooden base; this base has dimensions of one meter by 0.8 meter in length
and width respectively. Once the hydraulic portion is mounted, the PVC base is placed in a
position so that the small gear on the motor is in perfect alignment with the big gear which is
mounted on the hydraulics.

Once the two gears are aligned, they are connected by a steel chain. The gear that is mounted
on the motor has 14 teeth and that which is mounted on hydraulics portion has 30 teeth. These
specific teeth are chosen because this combination produces more torque on less speed thus
less current has to be applied to the motor, this concept is used for both the axes of movement.
The horizontal axis is constructed by using two PVC pipes of size three inches in diameter,
which are cut to length of 0.3 meters in height, the (MDF) wood is then later cut, 0.4 meter by
0.3 meter in length and width respectively. The PVC pipes are mounted into the shape of T-
junctions. These junctions are then mounted on the MDF base, a hole is drilled on the PVC
pipe at approximately 0.6 meters from the bottom, and another one-inch PVC pipe is cut to a
length of 0.5 meters, this pipe is inserted inside the three-inch pipe, and the solar panel is
mounted on it. Finally, the motor and the gear are mounted on the side and linked using a chain
for the horizontal axis and all the LDR‟s are mounted and wired.

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 CHAPTER 6

6.1. ADVANTAGES
Solar trackers are rising in popularity, but not everyone understands the complete
benefits and potential drawbacks of the system. Solar panel tracking solutions are a
type of device that host mounted photovoltaic panels, which use the sun to generate
electricity. Stationary mounts, which hold these panels in a fixed position, can have
their productivity compromised when the sun passes to a less-than-optimal angle.
Compensating for this, solar trackers automatically move to "track" the progress of
the sun across the sky, thereby maximizing output.
It's a fantastic system for energy output, but there are a few considerations to bear
in mind before pursuing one for your jobsite.
Advantages of a Solar Tracker System:
➤ Solar trackers generate more electricity than their stationary counterparts due to
an increased direct exposure to solar rays.
➤ There are many different kinds of solar tracker, such as single-axis and dual-axis
trackers, which can help you find the perfect fit for your unique jobsite. Installation
size, local weather, degree of latitude, and electrical requirements are all important
considerations that can influence the type of solar tracker that's best for you.
➤ Solar trackers generate more electricity in roughly the same amount of space
needed for fixed tilt systems, making them ideal optimizing land usage.

17
 CHAPTER 7

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

It has been proved through previous research that solar tracking system with
single-axis freedom can increase energy output by approximately 20%, whereas
the tracking system with double axis freedom can increase the output by more
than 40%. Therefore, this work in this paper is to develop and implement a solar
tracking system with both degree of freedom and the detection of the sunlight
using sensors. The control circuit for the solar tracker is based on a PIC16F84A
microcontroller. This PIC is the brain of the entire tracking system, and it is

programmed to detect the sunlight through sensors and then actuate the motor to
position where maximum sunlight could be illuminated onto the surface of the
solar panel. After many setbacks in testing of the solar tracker, a lot of time is
needed to be set aside for verification and testing due to the unpredictability of the
weather and debugging of errors. This tracking implementation is successfully
achieved with complete design of two degree of freedom using the PIC
microcontroller. Suitable components and gear dc motors are used for the
prototype model, which exhibit a clear, stable and precise movement to face the
sun.

18
19
 CHAPTER 8

SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

The goals of this project were purposely kept within what was believed to be
attainable within the allotted timeline. As such, many improvements can be made
upon this initial design. That being said, it is felt that this design represents a
functioning miniature scale model which could be replicated to a much larger scale.
The following recommendations are provided as ideas for future expansion of this
project:

Increase the sensitivity and accuracy of tracking by using a different light sensor. A
phototransistor with an amplification circuit would provide improved resolution and
better tracking accuracy/precision.

Utilize a dual-axis design versus a single-axis to increase tracking accuracy.

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 CHAPTER 9

REFERENCES

[Online] Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBPlK9QOknE

[Online] Available: https://www.researchgate.net/

[Online] Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lr_6KE8lfzU

[Online] Available: https://sinovoltaics.com/learning-center/csp/single-axis-trackers/

[Online] Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker

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