Government Engineering College, Bharuch

Electronics & Communication Engineering Department

Course : Analog Circuit Design (3141002)

INDEX

Sr. Sign of
Title Faculty
No.

1 To study a Non-Inverting Amplifier.

2 To study an Inverting Amplifier.

3 To study Voltage Follower.

4 To study IC741 as a summing amplifier.

5 To study IC741 as an integrator.

6 To study IC741 as an differentiator.

7 To study schmitt trigger.

8 To study Low Pass Filer.

To study the High Pass Filter.

9

10 To study the characteristics of Wein bridge oscillators.

 PRACTICAL NO: 1

AIM: To study a Non-Inverting Amplifier.

OBJECTIVES: Design a Non-Inverting Amplifier using IC 741.

APPARATUS:
 Op-Amp IC 741C
 Resistors
 Bread board
 Function Generator
 CRO
 Connecting wires
 CRO probes

THEORY:
The input signal Vi is applied to the non - inverting input terminal of the op-
amp. This circuit amplifies the signal without inverting the input signal. It is
also called negative feedback system since the output is feedback to the
inverting input terminals. The differential voltage Vd at the inverting input
terminal of the op-amp is zero ideally and the output voltage is given as,
Vo = ACL Vi

Here the output voltage is in phase with the input signal.

DESIGN:

We know for a Non-inverting Amplifier

ACL = 1 + ( RF / R1)
Assume R1 ( approx. 10 KΩ ) and find RF
Hence Vo = ACL Vi
PIN DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

 Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

 + Vcc and - Vcc supply is given to the power supply terminal of the Op-Amp IC.
 By adjusting the amplitude and frequency knobs of the function generator,
appropriate input voltage is applied to the non - inverting input terminal of
the Op-Amp..
 The output voltage is obtained in the CRO and the input and output voltage
waveforms are plotted.
 CONCLUSION:

.
 PRACTICAL NO: 2

AIM: To study an Inverting Amplifier.

OBJECTIVES: Design an Inverting Amplifier using IC 741.

APPARATUS:
 Op-Amp IC 741C
 Resistors
 Bread board
 Function Generator
 CRO
 Connecting wires
 CRO probes

THEORY:

The input signal Vi is applied to the inverting input terminal through R1 and the non-
inverting input terminal of the op-amp is grounded. The output voltage Vo is fed back to
theinverting input terminal through the Rf - R1 network, where Rf is the feedback resistor.
Theoutput voltage is given as,
Vo = - ACL Vi
Here the negative sign indicates that the output voltage is 180 0 out of phase with the input
signal

DESIGN:

We know for an inverting Amplifier

ACL = RF / R1
Assume R1 ( approx. 10 KΩ ) and find RF
Hence Vo = - ACL Vi

PIN DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE:

 Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

 + Vcc and - Vcc supply is given to the power supply terminal of the Op-Amp IC.
 By adjusting the amplitude and frequency knobs of the function generator, appropriate
input voltage is applied to the inverting input terminal of the Op- Amp.
 The output voltage is obtained in the CRO and the input and output voltage waveforms
are plotted.
 PRACTICAL NO: 3

AIM: To study Voltage Follower.

OBJECTIVES: Design Voltage Follower using IC 741.

APPARATUS:
 Op-Amp IC 741C
 Resistors
 Bread board
 Function Generator
 CRO
 Connecting wires
 CRO probes

THEORY:
The input signal Vi is applied to the non - inverting input terminal of the op-
amp. This circuit amplifies the signal without inverting the input signal. It is
also called negative feedback system since the output is feedback to the
inverting input terminals. The differential voltage Vd at the inverting input
terminal of the op-amp is zero ideally and the output voltage is given as,
Vo = ACL Vi

Here the output voltage is in phase with the input signal.

DESIGN:

We know for a Non-inverting Amplifier

ACL = 1 + ( RF / R1)
Assume R1 ( High-Open Circuit )
Rf = ( Low- Short Circuit )
Hence Vo = ACL Vi
ACL = Vo/Vi = 1(Unity)
PIN DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

 Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

 + Vcc and - Vcc supply is given to the power supply terminal of the Op-Amp IC.
 By adjusting the amplitude and frequency knobs of the function generator,
appropriate input voltage is applied to the non - inverting input terminal of
the Op-Amp..
 The output voltage is obtained in the CRO and the input and output voltage waveforms
are plotted.
CONCLUSION:
 PRACTICAL NO: 4

AIM: To study IC741 as a summing amplifier.

OBJECTIVES: Design a summing amplifier whose output is 8.

APPARATUS:
 IC 741C
 Resistor
 Bread board
 Dual Power supply ( 0 to 30V, 2A )
 Digital multimeter
 Connecting wires
 CRO probes

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

THEORY: if in the circuit of figure Ra =Rb=Rc=R then equation can be written as

Vo = -Rf / R (Va +Vb + Vc)

This means that the output voltage is equal to the negative sum of all the
inputs times the gain of the circuit Rf / R ; hence the circuit is called a summing
amplifier. Obviously when the gain of the circuit is 1, that is , Ra = Rb = Rc = Rf , the output
voltage is equal to the negative sum of all input voltage. Thus
Va = -(Va +Vb + Vc)
PROCEDURE:

 Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

 Apply the input voltages ( va, vb and vc ) to the input terminals.
 Check the output ie, Vo= - {( Rf / Ra )Va + (Rf / Rb )Vb + ( Rf / Rc ) Vc}.
 Note that the output will be N times more than the differential input because we have
set gain equal to N(where N can be any number depending upon the value of RF and R1).
 Take the various values of vx and vy and measure the output.

OBSERVATION TABLE :
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (Vo) = - {( Rf / Ra )Va + (Rf / Rb )Vb + ( Rf / Rc ) Vc}.

SR. NO. INPUTS O/P VOLTAGE O/P VOLTAGE

Va Vb Vc ( Theoretical ) ( Practical )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

CONCLUSION:
 PRACTICAL NO: 5

AIM : To study IC741 as an integrator.

OBJECTIVE: Design a practical integrator circuit to properly process i/p sinusoidal

wave forms up to 1 KHz. the i/p is 10 mV.

APPARATUS:
 IC 741C
 Resistor
 Capacitor
 Bread board
 Dual Power supply ( 0 to 30V, 2A )
 Function generator
 Digital multimeter
 Connecting wires
 CRO

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
THEORY:

A circuit in which the output voltage waveform is the integral of the input voltage waveform
is the integrator or the integration amplifier . such a circuit is obtained by using a basic
inverting amplifier configuration if the feedback resistor Rf is replaced by a capacitor Cf

Vo = -(1/R1Cf ) 0 t vin dt+c

PROCEDURE :

 Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

 Apply the input signals i.e, Sinusoidal, Square waves.
 Check the output waveform i.e, the wave shape of the signal.
 Note that the output will be the integration of the applied signal or not.
 Plot various input output wave shapes.

CONCLUSION:
 PRACTICAL NO: 6

AIM: To study IC741 as an differentiator.

OBJECTIVE: Design a practical differentiator that will differentiate an i/p signal with maximum
frequency=100Hz.

APPARATUS:
 IC 741C
 Resistor
 Capacitor
 Bread board
 Dual Power supply ( 0 to 30V, 2A )
 Function generator
 Digital multimeter
 Connecting wires
 CRO

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 Figure above shows the circuit of a differentiator. As its name implies, the circuit performs the
mathematical operation of the differentiator; that is, the output waveform is the derivative of the
input waveform. The differentiator has been constructed from the basic inverting amplifier where
the input resistance R1 is replaced by a capacitor C1.

PROCEDURE:

 Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

 Apply the input signals i.e, Sinusoidal, Square waves.
 Check the output waveform i.e, the wave shape of the signal.
 Note that the output will be the differentiation of the applied signal or not.
 Plot various input output wave shapes.

CONCLUSION:
 PRACTICAL NO: 7
AIM: To study schmitt trigger.

OBJECTIVE: To design schmitt trigger with upper and lower threshold 25mv.

APPARATUS:
IC 741C
Resistor
Bread board
Dual Power supply ( 0 to 30V, 2A )
Function generator
Digital multimeter
Connecting wires
CRO

CIRCIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:

This circuit converts an irregular shaped waveform to a square wave or

pulse. The circuit is known as the schmitt trigger or squaring circuit. The
input voltage vin triggers the output VO everytime it exceeds certain voltage
levels called the upper threshold voltage vut and lower threshold voltage vit
as shown in figure
Vut = R1/ R1+R2 (+ Vsat)

Vit = R1/RI+R2(- Vsat)

PROCEDURE:
 Conect the circuit showen in figure.
 Vary the value of R1.
 Calculate the value of UTP and LTP.
 Observed the variation in UTP and LTP.

CONCLUSION:
 PRACTICAL NO: 8

AIM: To study low pass filter

OBJECTIVE: To design the active low pass filter having cutoff frequency of 1kHz and a
pass band gain of 2.

APPARATUS: 1 IC 741C
2 Resistor
3 Capacitor
4 Bread board
5 Dual power supply
6 Digital Multimeter
7 CRO probes
8 Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY
A low pass Butterworth filter that uses an RC network for filtering. Note that the
Op-amp is used in the non-inverting configuration. Hence it does not load down the
RC network. Resistor R1 and R2 determine the gain of the filter.
According to the voltage divider rule, the voltage at the non-inverting
terminal,(across capacitor C) is
V1= -jXc vin
R-jXc
Finally we get;
Vo=(1+Rf/R1) vin /(1+j2fRC)
V0 = Af/(1+j(f/fH) )
vin
where v0 = gain of the filter as a function of the frequency.
vin
Af =1+( Rf/R1)=passband gain of the filter.
F= frequency of the input signal
FH == 1/(2RC) = high cutoff frequency of the filter.

FILTER DESIGN :
1 Choose a value of high cutoff frequency fh
2 Select a value of c less than or equal 2 1 microfarad
3 Calculate the value of R
4 Finally select the value of R1 & Rf depending upon the gain A

PROCEDURE:

1 Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2 Apply the input voltage
3 Obtain results from CRO & multimeters
4 Perform the necessary calculations & draw the required graph.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

SR NO. INPUT FREQUENCY VOUT

CONCLUSION:
 Practical No: -9

AIM : - To study the first order high pass butter worth filter.

OBJECTIVE: To design the high pass filter having cutoff frequency of 1kHz and a pass
band gain of 2.

APPARATUS: - IC741
Resistor
Bread Board
Dual Power Supply
Connecting Wires
CRO probes

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
THEORY:-
High Pass filter has a stop band from 0<f<fL and a pass band from f >fL
A high pass Butterworth filter that uses an RC network for filtering. Note that the
Op- amp is used in the non-inverting configuration. Hence it does not load down the
RC network. Resistor R1 and R2 determine the gain of the filter.
According to the voltage divider rule, the voltage at the non-inverting
terminal,(across capacitor C) is

V1= (1+RF/R1)(j2fRC/1+j2fRC)Vin
Finally we get;
Vo/Vin=AF [j(f/fL)/(1+j(f/fL)

where v0 = gain of the filter as a function of the frequency.

vin
Af =1+( Rf/R1)=passband gain of the filter.
F= frequency of the input signal
FL== 1/(2RC) = low cutoff frequency of the filter.

FILTER DESIGN :

1 Choose a value of low cutoff frequency fl

2 Select a value of c
3 Calculate the value of R
4 Finally select the value of R1 & Rf depending upon the gain A

PROCEDURE:-
1. Design the first order High Pass filter.
2. Determine the values of the resistors and capacitor as per the input.
3. Connect the circuit on Bread Board as per the circuit diagram.
4. First set the frequency on 50Hz and measure the gain.
5. Vary the frequency in the step increment of 50Hz.
6. In the starting as we increase the frequency gain will increase and after
sometime it becomes constant.
7. At the point where gain becomes constant it is our cut off frequency for high
pass filter.
OBSERVATION TABLE: -

No I/P Vin Vo Gain (Vo / Vin) 20Log|Vo/Vin|

Freq. (Hz) Volt volt dB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

CONCLUSION: -
 PRACTICAL NO: 10

AIM: To study the characteristics of Wein bridge oscillators.

APPARATUS:

 Dual Power supply2- Oscilloscope

 Operational amplifier
 Transistors
 Components as shown in figures
 Function generator

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 THEORY:
The oscillator is an amplifier with positive feedback that generates a
number of waveforms usually used in instrumentation and test equipments. An oscillator
that generates a sinusoidal output is called a harmonic oscillator; the transistor is usually
acts in theactive region. The output of the relaxation oscillator is not sinusoidal depending
on the transient rise and decay of voltage in RC or RL circuits
The Wien bridge oscillator is used to obtain variable frequency signal. The
frequency of oscillation can be changed by using two gang variable capacitors or two
gang variable resistors. The circuit diagram is shown in Fig.(3). In this circuit, there
are two types of feedback
a. positive feedback through Z1 and Z2 whose components determine the
frequency of oscillation.
b. negative feedback through Rl and R2 whose elements affect the amplitude
of oscillation.

Continuous variation of frequency is accomplished by varying

simultaneously two capacitors. Change in frequency range accomplished by
switching in different values for the two identical resistors R.

PROCEDURE:
 Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.(3).
 Measure the frequency and amplitude of oscillation.
 Change the value of R and C their effect on the frequency
andamplitude of oscillation.
CONCLUSION:____