2nd bachillerato - second term - year 2012-2013

PASSIVE OF REPORTING VERBS / IMPERSONAL PASSIVE

Verbs that refer to saying or thinking ( think, believe, say, report, know,
consider, presume, hope…) are often followed by a to-infinitive form in the passive.

Example: The police think he is in Argentina.

He is thought to be in Argentina.

There are FOUR INFINITIVE FORMS, which we will use depending on the tense we have
in the active sentence.

Simple to write escribir

Continuous to be writing estar escribiendo
Perfect to have written haber escrito
Perf. Continuous to have been writing haber estado escribiendo

IN ORDER TO MAKE THIS TYPE OF PASSIVE SENTENCE, WE

1 Take the subject of the second sentence: He

2 Passive verb of the Reporting verb in the same tense as in the active: is
thought
3 The verb of the second sentence in the Infinitive form: to be

WHICH FORM OF THE INFINITIVE DO WE USE?

 If it carries an idea of present or future  Simple: to write

 It it carries an idea of past, whatever the tense (Past Simple, Past Perfect, Present
Perfect)  Perfect: to have written.
 If either of them are in a continuous form, you use the adequate Infinitive
continuous form  to be writing or to have been writing

SOME MORE EXAMPLES:

ACTIVE PASSIVE

They say she works hard. She is said to work hard.

They say she played well. She is said to have played well.
They said she has done well. She was said to have done well.
They believe he is having an affair. He is believed to be having an affair.
They believe he has been having an affair. He is believed to have been having an
affair.
She believes the repairs have been finished. The repairs are believed to have been
finished.

1 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT. I.E.S. Diego de Siloé

 2nd bachillerato - second term - year 2012-2013

GET / HAVE SOMETHING DONE (Passive Voice)

This construction is passive in meaning. It may describe situations where we want someone else to
do something for us.

Examples
 I must get / have my hair cut.
 When are you going to get that window mended?
 We're having the house painted.
If the verb refers to something negative or unwanted, it has the same meaning as a passive
sentence:

 Jim had his car stolen last night. (= Jim's car was stolen)
 They had their roof blown off in the storm. (= Their roof was blown off in the storm)
The construction can refer to the completion of an activity, especially if a time expression is used:

 We'll get the work done as soon as possible.

 I'll get those letters typed before lunchtime.
In all these sentences, we are more interested in the result of the activity than in the
person or object that performs the activity.

'X' NEEDS DOING

In the same way, this construction has a passive meaning. The important thing in our minds is the
person or thing that will experience the action, e.g.

 The ceiling needs painting (= the ceiling needs to be painted)

 My hair needs cutting (= my hair needs to be cut)

SOME VERBS HAVE SPECIAL PASSIVE FORMS:

 MAKE AND HELP
They are followed by a bare infinitive in the active, but take a to-infinitive in the
passive
Active: Her two sisters made him clean the house
Passive: He was made to clean the house by her two sisters.
 LET
In the passive, let is replaced by allowed and is followed by a to-infinitive.
Active: The teacher let us leave early
Passive: We were allowed to leave early (by the teacher)

 SEE AND HEAR

Some verbs of the senses can be followed by either a to-infinitive or a gerund
form in the passive.
Active: They heard the baby cry / crying.
Passive: The baby was heard to cry / crying.

2 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT. I.E.S. Diego de Siloé

 2nd bachillerato - second term - year 2012-2013

EXERCISES
IMPERSONAL PASSIVE

1. People believe that English is the most widely spoken language

 It is believed that English is the most widely spoken language.
 English is believed to be the most widely spoken language.

2. Police have reported that it was Peter who caused the accident.
 It has been reported that it was Peter who caused the accident.
 Peter has been reported to have caused the accident.

3. A journalist reports that they are leaving Las Vegas tomorrow night.
 It ________________________________________________________________
is reported that they are leaving ...
They _____________________________________________________________
are reported to be leaving Las Vegas ....
4. The lecturer thought that Columbus never realized that he had discovered America.
 It ________________________________________________________________
was thought that Columbus never ...
Columbus was _________________________________________________________
thought to have never realized that he had discovered the America.
5. Their parents thought that the teenagers were dancing at the disco.
 It ________________________________________________________________
was thought that the teenagers ...
 The teenagers were ______________________________________________________
thought to have been dancing ...
6. Everybody thinks that she sings beautifully
 __________________________________________________________________
it is thought that she sings ...
 __________________________________________________________________
She is thought to sing ...
7. The children reported that their friends were swimming when they disappeared.
 __________________________________________________________________
It was reported that their friends were swimming ...
 __________________________________________________________________
Their friends were reported to have been swimming when they disappeared
8. People believed that they had killed the animals during the night.
 __________________________________________________________________
It is believed that they had killed ...
 __________________________________________________________________
They were believed to have killed the animals ...
9. My friends think that my parents are the best parents in the world.
 __________________________________________________________________
It is thought that my parents ...
 __________________________________________________________________
My parents are thought to be the best parents in the world.
10. They believed that the horse was a present.
 __________________________________________________________________
It is believed that the horse was a ...
 __________________________________________________________________
The horse was believed to have been a present.
11.People are thinking that drugs are very dangerous.
 __________________________________________________________________
It is thought that that drugs are ...
 __________________________________________________________________
That drugs are being thought to be very dangerous.
12.They knew that Mr. Brown was stealing iron from the factory.
 __________________________________________________________________
It is known that Mr. Brown was stealing ...
 __________________________________________________________________
Mr. Brown was known to have been stealing iron ...
13.Ancient people thought that the stars would fall on them.
 __________________________________________________________________
It was thought that the stars would fall on them.
 __________________________________________________________________
the stars were thought to have fallen on the people.
14. People consider that the team will be classified for the final.
 __________________________________________________________________
It is considered that the team will be ...
 __________________________________________________________________
The team is considered to be classified for the final.
15. Everybody says that he settled the business.
 _________________________________________________________________
It is said that he settled ...
 _________________________________________________________________
He is said to have settled the business.
16. The reporters believed that the meeting would finish soon.
 _________________________________________________________________
It was believed that the meeting would finish soon.
 _________________________________________________________________
The meeting was believed to have finished soon.

3 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT. I.E.S. Diego de Siloé

 2nd bachillerato - second term - year 2012-2013

17.They have thought the sportsmen are arriving today.

 _________________________________________________________________
It has been thought that the sportsmen are arriving today.
 _________________________________________________________________
The sportsmen have been thought to be arriving today.
18. Citizens presume that the government is responsible for the accident.
 _________________________________________________________________
It is presumed that the government is responsibel ...
 _________________________________________________________________
The government is presumed to be responsible for the accident.
19. The newspapers are reporting that the most outstanding athletes represent their
country.
 _________________________________________________________________
It is being reported that the most outstanding athletes represent ...
 _________________________________________________________________
The most outstanding athletes are being reported to represent their country.
20. The shareholders thought that the group had rejected the offer.
 __________________________________________________________________
It was thought that the group had rejected ...
 __________________________________________________________________
The group was thought to have rejected the offer.
21. They say that the meeting will be held here
 __________________________________________________________________
It is said that the meeting will be held ...
 __________________________________________________________________
The meeting is said to be held here.
22. The hooligans expected that their team would win
 __________________________________________________________________
It was expected that the team would win.
 __________________________________________________________________
Their team was expected to have won.

MIXED TYPES

1. The students all know that Shakespeare was born in Stratford.

1 We saw the baby crawl towards the window.
2 My parents used to let me go out at night.
3 In the Middle Ages, people thought the devil sometimes got into their bodies
4 The teacher helped his students finish the exercise.
5 Reporters at the airport are expecting that the president will be arriving soon.
6 My mother always made me do the housework.
7 Football fans have thought that their team is arriving today.
8 Everybody knew that Peter had copied at his access exam.
9 Doctors consider that lung cancer will have a cure in the next fifty years.
10 The police always thought that he had escaped and that he was living in Sweden.
11 We could usually hear an opera singer singing upstairs.
12 The headmaster made them sit down and stay there until 5 o’clock.
13 The usher didn’t let us go into the theatre.
14 People in the town believed that the heavy rainfall was the reason for the bursting of
the dam.

4 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT. I.E.S. Diego de Siloé