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A2 Grouptheory

The document outlines various concepts and problems related to group theory and vector spaces, including definitions of homomorphisms, kernels, and vector space properties. It presents specific examples of homomorphisms, proofs of vector space properties, and conditions for isomorphisms. Additionally, it discusses the relationship between dimensions of vector spaces and homomorphisms, concluding with the dimension of the space of homomorphisms between vector spaces.

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ambarish21
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8 views2 pages

A2 Grouptheory

The document outlines various concepts and problems related to group theory and vector spaces, including definitions of homomorphisms, kernels, and vector space properties. It presents specific examples of homomorphisms, proofs of vector space properties, and conditions for isomorphisms. Additionally, it discusses the relationship between dimensions of vector spaces and homomorphisms, concluding with the dimension of the space of homomorphisms between vector spaces.

Uploaded by

ambarish21
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Group Theory - 2025

Assignment 2

1. If φ is a homomorphism of G into Ḡ, then kernel of φ, Kφ is defined by

Kφ = {x ∈ G|φ(x) = ē, ē = identity of Ḡ}.

This means the kernel of φ is the set of elements of G which are mapped to the identity
of Ḡ. Show that the following mappings are homomorphisms and find the kernel.

i G is a group of real numbers under addition. Ḡ group of all non-zero real numbers
under product. We define a mapping φ : G → Ḡ by φ(a) = 2a .
ii G is a group of all integers including zero under addition. Ḡ = {1, −1} under
product. We define a mapping φ : G → Ḡ by φ(a) = 1 if a is even and φ(a) = −1
is a is odd.
iii G is a group of non-zero real numbers under multiplication. Ḡ = {1, −1} under
product. We define a mapping φ : G → Ḡ by φ(a) = 1 if a > 0 and φ(a) = −1 is
a < 0.
iv G = D3 = {e, c, c2 , b, bc, bc2 }. and Ḡ = {e, b}. Define a mapping φ : G → Ḡ by
φ(bi cj ) = bi . Thus φ(e) = e, φ(b) = b, φ(c) = e, φ(c2 ) = e, φ(bc) = b, φ(bc2 ) = b.

2. If φ is a homomorphism of G into Ḡ, then show that

• φ(e) = ē, ē = identity of Ḡ


• φ(x−1 ) = φ(x)−1 .

3. Let F be the field of all real numbers and let V be the set of all sequences (a1 , a2 , · · · , an , · · · ),
ai ∈ F , where equality, addition and scalar multiplication are defined component wise.
Prove that V is a vector space over F .
Let W = {(a1 , a2 , · · · , an , · · · ) ∈ V | limn→∞ an = 0}. Prove that W is a subspace of V .
Let U = {(a1 , a2 , · · · , an , · · · ) ∈ V | ∞ 2
P
i=1 ai is finite}. Prove that U is a subspace of V
and is contained in W .

4. In case of vector space homomorphism, the kernel of T is defined as KerT = {v ∈


V |T (v) = 0} where 0 is the identity of V ′ . Show that

i) Ker T is a subspace of V .
ii) T is an isomorphism if and only iff ker T = 0.

5. If v1 , · · · , vn is a basis of V over F and if w1 , · · · , wm in V are linearly independent


over F , then m ≤ n.
6. If V is finite-dimensional over F (real or complex number in our case) then any two
bases of V have the same number of elements.

7. Let F be a field and let V be the totality of all ordered n-tuples, (α1 , · · · , αn ) where the
α1 ∈ F . Two elements (α1 , · · · , αn ) and (β1 , · · · , βn ) of V are declared to be equal if
and only if αi = βi for each i = 1, 2, · · · , n. We now introduce the requisite operations
in V to make of it a vector space by defining :

• (α1 , · · · , αn ) + (β1 , · · · , βn ) = (α1 + β1 , · · · , αn + βn )


• γ(α1 , · · · , αn ) = (γα1 , · · · , γαn ).

Show that with these operations, V is a vector space over F . This vector space is
denoted by F (n) .

8. Show that F (n) is isomorphic F (m) if and only if n = m.

9. If V is finite-dimensional over F then V i s isomorphic to F (n) for a unique integer n ;


in fact, n is the number of elements in any basis of V over F .

10. Show that any two finite-dimensional vector spaces over F of the same dimension are
isomorphic.

11. A set of all possible homomorphisms of V into V ′ is denoted by Hom(V, V ′ ). Suppose


S, T ∈ Hom(V, V ′ ). We define v(S + T ) = vS + vT . Let 0 be that homomorphism that
maps every element of V to the 0 element of V ′ . Show that V into V ′ is a vector space
over F .

12. If V and W are of dimensions m and n, respectively, over F , then Hom(V, W ) is of


dimension mn over F .

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