02

Name of the Trainer : Prof. Sandeep K.Aher (M.E.Design),

Years of Experience : 09 years
Domain Expertise : Mechanical Engineering

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 Teaching & Examination Scheme
Course Title- (RAC-
22660)
Course code-ME-6I
Teaching Examination Scheme
Scheme
Credit Theory Practical
L T P (L+T+P) Paper ESE PA Total ESE PA Total
Hrs Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min

4 - 2 6 3 70 28 30* 00 100 40 25@ 10 25 10 50 20

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 Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 04

COURSE OUTCOMES :

Use refrigeration systems for given application.

Use relevant refrigerants for different applications.
Select different refrigeration components for given refrigeration system.
Select different air conditioning components for given air conditioning system.
Determine cooling loads for Air Conditioning Systems.
Select relevant tools for maintaining Air Conditioning Systems.

Unit Outcomes :
Select different refrigeration components for given refrigeration system.

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 SYLLABUS 05

Refrigeration system equipments

Compressors: Classification, Construction and working of Open type ,Hermetic, centrifugal, rotary, screw and scroll
Compressor and their applications.

Compressor for car air-conditioning system (Wobble plate Type)

Condensers: Classification Description of air cooled and Water cooled condensers

Comparison and applications, Evaporative condensers

Expansion devices: Capillary tube, Automatic exp valve, Thermostatic exp. Valve, Applications

Evaporators and chillers: Classification of evaporators, Construction and working of Bare tube, Plate surface, finned, Shell and
tube

Flooded and dry expansion evaporator, Capacity of Evaporator and their applications

Classification of chillers Construction and working of dry Expansion Chillers, flooded chillers and their applications.

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 1.C COMPONENTS OF VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM 06

 The main components of Vapour compression cycle are:

 1. Evaporator
 2. Compressor
 3. Condenser
 4. Expansion device
 Apart from the above main components auxiliaries required are: Motors for starting and running the compressor, fans, pumps etc.
Safety control such as overload relay. Motor winding thermostats. Operating control such as thermostat to switch ON and OFF.
Flow controls such as solenoid valve, back pressure regulating valves, hot gas by pass valve, check valves, water regulating
valves, dampers, baffles etc.
 COMPRESSORS:-
 Function of Compressor: Compressor is most important component of vapour compression refrigeration system and is considered
as the heart of the system. The function of compressor is to compress the low pressure refrigerant vapours from evaporator
pressure to condenser pressure at a temperature more than saturation temperature corresponding to condenser pressure.

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 Classification of Compressor :- 07

1.Compressor Positive displacement compressor

*Reciprocating compressor
1. Open type compressor
2. Hermetically sealed compressor
3. Semi hermetic compressor
Rotary compressor-
1 Roller type rotary compressor
2 Vane type compressor
3 Screw compressor
Non-positive displacement compressor
Centrifugal compressor
Reciprocating Compressor :-
Reciprocating compressor can be classified as follows:
1. According to construction. (a) Vertical reciprocating compressor. (b) Horizontal reciprocating compressor.
2. According to working side of piston (a) Single acting reciprocating compressor.(b) Double acting reciprocating compressor.
3.According to assembly with motor. (a) Open compressor. (b) Hermetically sealed compressor. (c) Semi-hermetic compressor.

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 OPEN TYPE RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR 08

Working of single stage single acting reciprocating compressor 36

consists of two strokes namely suction and compression stroke.
Suction Stroke: Suction stroke takes place when piston moves
from TDC to BDC. When piston is at TDC both suction and delivery
valves are closed. As piston moves in downward direction, the
high pressure vapour trapped in clearance space above piston
expands and at point 4 on P-V diagram suction valve opens. At
point 4 suction of vapours from evaporators starts. The suction
stroke is completed when piston 1.e. point 1 on P-V diagram.
reaches BDC
Compression Stroke: compression stroke piston moves from BDC
to TDC. When piston is on BDC at point 1 on P-V diagram, suction
valve closes and compression of refrigerant vapour starts. When
piston reaches about to TDC, delivery valve opens and permits
high pressure high temperature vapours of refrigerant to escape
in the discharge line, which leads them to condenser. Delivery of
refrigerant vapour is represented by 2-3 on P-V diagram where
pressure remains constant when piston reaches to TDC, discharge
valve closes and high pressure vapour entraps above piston.

Department of Mechanical Engineering ,Sandip Polytechnic Nashik.

 Applications of Reciprocating Compressor :- 09

1.Reciprocating compressor is used with refrigerant having low specific volume and high condenser pressure.
2. Reciprocating compressor is used for refrigerating plant from low capacity of 1/4 ton to large capacity of 1000 tons.
3. It is used with available size ranging from 1/8 H.P. in small domestic unit to 100 H.P. in large installations.
4. Reciprocating compressor can be used with refrigerant like R-12, R-22 or Ammonia.
Hermetically Sealed Compressor :-
In ordinary compressor, the crankshaft extends through the compressor housing and is connected to the driving motor. A seal
must be provided at the place where the shaft comes out through the compressor housing. This is necessary to prevent the
leakage of refrigerant outside or leakage of air inside with the best type of seal. To avoid the complete leakage of refrigerant,
the compressor and its motor are enclosed in the housing which is known as hermetically sealed compressor. The motor in
the housing is exposed to low pressure low temperature refrigerant vapour, which helps for cooling of compressor. The only
connection to this type of compressor is the suction line, discharge line, electrical connections and charging line. The
compressor has many advantages over ordinary type of compressor.
Advantages of Hermetically Sealed Compressor:
1. The leakage of refrigerant is completely avoided.
2. It is less noisy than ordinary compressor.
3. Being more compact requires less space.
4. The unit is compact which occupies less space.
5. It has been designed to give good service for prolong time.
6. Frequent defects are voided in this type of construction.
7. The unit is moisture and dust free.

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 Applications of Hermetically Sealed Compressor:- 10

1. Domestic refrigerator. 2. Window air conditioner. 3. Split air conditioner. 4. Water cooler. 5. Deep freezer.
6. For any small size refrigeration applications
Operation and Function of Hermetic Compressor:
When electric power is supplied to motor through the terminal, the motor starts rotating which in turn starts reciprocating motion
of the piston. This results in suction drift, and thus the refrigerant from the evaporator is sucked into the compressor shell. The
refrigerant sucked in shell does not go directly into the cylinder but instead it circulates in the shell around the motor and thereby it
cools the motor. It is then sucked in cylinder through the suction muffler, which damp the noise. In the cylinder, the refrigerant is
compressed, thereby increasing its pressure and temperature. At the end of the discharge stroke of the piston, the high pressure
refrigerant is discharged through the valve plate into discharge muffler from which it is carried out of the compressor
Material:
In Hermetic compressor, all the components including the parts of the motor are in contact with the refrigerant and
oil. The parts are therefore, made of material which do not react with oil and refrigerant.

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 Difference between Open unit & Hermetically sealed Unit:- 11
Open unit Hermetically sealed Unit
In this unit prime mover drives compressor with the help of V- In this unit electric motor and compressor are directly
belt or coupling connected and enclosed in sealed casing.
Prime mover may be diesel engine, AC or dc motor Prime mover is generally single-phase ACDC motor
In case of AC single phase induction motor, for disconnecting For this purpose relay is used
the starting winding a centrifugal switch is used.
Compressor and motor is mounted in horizontal direction Generally motor is mounted on top of compressor

RPM of motor differ from compressor. RPM of motor and compressor are. same

Shaft seal is used for preventing leakage around the shaft of the Shaft seal is not used
compressor
There is possibility of refrigerant leakage There is no refrigerant leakage.
Dust and moisture can come in contact with the unit. Unit is dust and moisture free.
It occupies much space. It is very compact unit.
It can be easily repaired. It cannot be easily repaired

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 Centrifugal Compressor :- 12

Centrifugal compressors are mainly used when large flow rate of refrigerant and small pressure ratio is required. It is generally
preferred with refrigerant having large specific volume.
Centrifugal compressor consists of a series of impeller wheels mounted on steel shaft and enclosed in cast iron casing. The
impeller wheel consists of two discs, a hub disc and cover disc with number of blades mounted radially between them. Impeller
blades are constructed in stainless steel to avoid corrosion and erosion

The working principle of the centrifugal compressor is similar to the

centrifugal fan or pump.
Low-pressure low velocity vapours from the suction line are drawn
along axis of rotor shaft through the impeller eye.
Due to rotation of impeller wheel, refrigerant vapours are forced
radially outward by action of centrifugal force and are discharged from
blade tip into compressor diffuser rings, which reduces velocity and
increases pressure.
The further pressure rise is obtained in volute casing. The high-pressure
refrigerant vapours are passed to condenser.

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 Advantages of Centrifugal Compressor:- 13

1. Centrifugal compressor handles large volume of refrigerant. Disadvantages of Centrifugal Compressor:

2. Centrifugal compressor can be used for 50 to 5000 ton 1. The main problem is the compressor surging.
capacity. 2. The refrigerant used with centrifugal compressor
3. Speed of centrifugal compressor is very high due to perfect must be heavy because the discharge pressure is
balancing. directly proportional to density.
4. Due to perfect balancing, centrifugal compressor is free from 3. Pressure ratio per stage is smaller.
vibration and noise. 4. Multi-staging of compressor is difficult
5. Only few parts of compressor i.e. shaft and bearing requires
lubrication.
6. The efficiency of centrifugal compressor is high.
7. Part load efficiency of centrifugal compressor is better than
other compressor.
8. Centrifugal compressor can be directly coupled to motor or
prime mover.
9. It can be conveniently used with R-11, R-12, R-113 and
ammonia

Applications of Centrifugal Compressor:- 1. Air conditioning of large applications.

2. Used where specific volume refrigerant is high. 3. Used where higher compressor efficiency is required.
4. Used where compressors are directly coupled to motor. 5. It can be conveniently used with R-11, R-12, R-113 and ammonia

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 Screw Type Compressor :- 14

Screw type compressor is positive displacement compressor, consists of two mutually engaged helical grooved rotor suitably
housed in a casing.
Out of two rotors generally male rotor is driver having four helical lobes, which are engaged in corresponding flutes of female
rotor. Female or driven rotor has six numbers of flutes. As driving rotor turns, refrigerant vapours are drawn in housing and fills
the inter lobe space.
As rotor continues to rotate, refrigerant vapours are moved axially
and radially and gets compressed by volume reduction as inter
lobe space go on decreasing,
Compression of vapours continues till discharge port is reached
and high-pressure vapours leaves through it.
Advantages of Screw Compressor:- 1. High volumetric efficiency is obtained as
there is practically no clearance
2. Uniform and continuous refrigerant is obtained.
3. Absence of suction and discharge valve eliminates pressure drop.
4. At partial load power consumption is less.
5. It can be directly coupled to prime mover.
6. It can be used with refrigerant R-22 and Ammonia.
7. It has even torque and purely rotary motion therefore it is perfectly balanced.
8. Lubrication oil is injected or sprayed over the rotors and oil film prevent leakage .
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 Scroll Compressor- 15

• It consists of two scroll members. A scroll is a disc with a spiral shaped continuous member vane, one end of which is cast
integral with the disc or base plate, the other being open (or free) end.
• This is positive displacement compressor. From the two mating scrolls, one scroll is held stationary, while the other rorates in an
orbital path. We can say that the rotating scroll orbits around the fixed scroll and hence the scroll compressor is also known as an
orbital motion machine.
• As the rotating scroll orbits around the fixed scroll the lines of contact and the
pockets move progressively inwards and towards the center and the packets
• get progressively smaller (volume gets reduced) as they move
towards the centre.
Advantages of Scroll Compressor:
Disadvantage of Scroll Compressor:
1. Better starting ability.
1. Lower capacity.
2. Energy efficient.
3. Reliable due to few moving parts.
4. Lower sound.
5. Axial and radial compliance make it reliable
Applications of Scroll Compressor:
1. Used for refrigeration unit up to 25
2. For bulk milk cooling application.ton capacity.
3. Used in transportation air conditioning.3.3
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 CONDENSERS :- 16

Function of Condenser: It is one of the essential components of refrigeration system. It is the heat rejection component in
refrigeration cycle. The function of condenser in refrigeration system is to de-superheat and condense the vapours discharged by
compressor and frequently to sub cool the liquid with minimum pressure drop
Types of Condenser:-
Condenser can be classified into three groups.
1.Air cooled condenser.
2. Water cooled condenser.
3. Evaporative condenser.
1.Air cooled condenser:-
•In air cooled condenser, air is used as cooling medium.
•Heat from refrigerant vapour is given to air.
•The circulation of air may be either by natural convection
or by action of fan or blower. The main factors affecting the heat dissipation from air
• In case of natural air circulation, air quantity circulated over cooled condenser are:
the condenser is low and relatively large condensing surface 1. External surface area of condenser.
is required. 2. The temperature difference between atmospheric
•Because of their small capacity they are used for small temp and temp refrigerant vapours.
applications like domestic refrigerator and freezers 3. Flow rate of refrigerant and air over condenser.
4. Time available for condensation
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 Water Cooled Condenser :- 17

 Water cooled condenser uses water as cooling medium. Water cooled condenser consists of cylindrical shell in which number
of straight parallel tubes are arranged horizontally and held in place at the end by tube sheets. Cooling water is circulated
through the tube and a hot refrigerant vapour enters at the top of the shell which comes in contact with cooling water and
condensed liquid (condensate) is drained off from the bottom. To increase the efficiency, large number of tubes are provided.
The water cooled condensers used are:
(a) Double tube condenser.
(b) Shell and tube condenser.
© Shell and coil condenser.

(a) Double tube condenser.

• In double tube condenser two coaxial tubes are used.

•The inner tube carries the condensing medium (air or water) and
outer tube carries refrigerant vapours.
•This type of arrangement provides additional cooling by
atmospheric air.
•Double condenser may be parallel; flow or counter flow type

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 Shell and tube condenser :- 18

B. It is most widely used condenser for a refrigeration capacity of 2 to

1000 tons.
• It consists of cylindrical steel shell containing a number of straight
water tubes through which, cooling water is passed. Generally,
cooling water is passed twice before it is coming out of condenser.
• Condenser tubes are made either from steel or from copper.
• The refrigerant vapour enters from top of shell and liquid refrigerant
is taken out from bottom.
C. Shell and coil condenser:-
•It consists of shell in which bare coil tubes are placed.
•The coll tubing placed inside shell is free to expand due to temperature difference.
•The cooling water is passed through coil and refrigerant vapour enters through
top of shell.
•The condensate is taken out from bottom of shell. Most of shell and coil type condenser
utilizes the counter flow of cooling water, as it is more efficient than parallel flow of
water.
•This type of condenser can be used up to 50 ton capacity refrigeration system.

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 Difference between :- 19

Air Cooled Condenser Water Cooled Condenser

Air is used as cooling medium Water is used as cooling medium.
Simple construction. Complicated construction.
Low cost High cost.
Low maintenance cost High maintenance cost.
No piping required to carry water Piping required to carry water.
No corrosion, No fouling effect Corrosion and fouling effect.
Low heat transfer capacity High heat transfer capacity
Shorter compressor life Longer compressor life.

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 Evaporative Condenser :- 20

 Water cooled surface condenser requires large quantity of cooling water.

 Where cooling water supply is not easily available, surface condensers are
replaced by evaporative condenser in which limited quantity of cooling water
is required.
 Evaporative condenser consists of coll through which vapour refrigerant is
passed from topside and liquid refrigerant is taken from bottom of coil.
 The cooling water is supplied through cooling pond with the help of circulating
pump.
 The same cooling water is supplied again and again by cooling it with the air.
 For circulating air forced draught or induced draught fan is provided.

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 Difference between :- 21

Points Air cooled Condenser Evaporative Condenser

Principle of working Direct cooling, heat is taken directly by Indirect cooling, heat is taken by water
air & water is cooled by air

Application Used for smaller capacity installations Used where limited water supply is
available. It permits the use of same
cooling water again and again
Advantages Less initial cost, no water supply is Same water is used again and again, used
required, less maintenance for high capacity installation and uniform
cooling
Disadvantages Shorter compressor life. When cooling Requires water circulating pumps.
required is more, it gives less cooling

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 Expansion device :- 22

 It is the component located between condenser and evaporator of vapour compression cycle. The refrigerant from expansion
valve enters into evaporator below temperature required to be maintained in evaporator and carries heat from it. The evaporator
is also known as cooler or freezer. The evaporators are manufactured in different shapes and types as per requirement of
system.
The function:-. To reduce pressure of refrigerant from condenser pressure to evaporator pressure bythrottling.
2. To control mass flow rate of refrigerant entering in evaporator as per load on evaporator.

classified as: 1. Capillary tube 2. Expansion valve 3. Solenoid valve 4. Float valve
(a) Thermostatic expansion valve (a) Low side float valve
(b) Automatic expansion valve (b) High side float valve
Capillary Tube:- It is the expansion device used for small units of ½ to 22 ton capacity. The purpose of expansion device
in refrigeration system is to reduce high side pressure to low side pressure so that liquid evaporate by picking up heat. Actually
restriction in the liquid line ahead of evaporator is sufficient to satisfy this function.
A capillary tube is sufficient long tube having internal diameter 1/16 to 1/8 inch made of copper. It is located ahead of evaporator
as shown in Fig.
The small diameter reduces the pressure from condenser pressure to evaporator pressure. The pressure drop through the capillary
tube depends on internal diameter and length of tube. Therefore length and diameter of tube must be selected carefully depending
on type of application. Capillary tube is capable of adjusting minor variation in evaporator and condenser pressure and minor
variation on evaporator. Capillary tube is not capable of operating in system having load variation. The accumulator located before
compressor to protect the compressor as accumulator allows constant suction to compressor.

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 Capillary tube :- 23

When liquid enter the capillary tube, due to pressure drop some portion of liquid refrigerant convert into vapour. As specific
volume of vapour refrigerant is more than specific volume of liquid refrigerant, most of portion of capillary tube is wasted in
occupying the vapours. In order to avoid this, some portion of capillary tube is permanently connected to suction line of
compressor.
Advantages of Capillary Tube:
1. Capillary tube is simple in construction.
2. Capillary tube requires no maintenance.
3. When compressor stops, the refrigerant continues to flow from
high pressure side to low pressure side until the pressure is
equalized. This permits less starting torque to start compressor
or low starting torque motor can be used.
Disadvantages of Capillary Tube:
1. The refrigerant must be free from moisture and dirt otherwise it
will chock the tube and stop the flow of refrigerant.
2. 2. It can not be used for high fluctuating load.

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 Thermostatic Expansion Valve :- 24

 (TEV) It consists of diaphragm valve, valve seat, spring, adjusting screw and thermal bulb. Thermal bulb is used to check
temperature in evaporator. In thermal bulb same refrigerant can be used, which is filled in refrigeration system. The valve used in
TEV open in downward direction by changing pressure on diaphragm.
 The pressures acting on diaphragm are:
 1 . Bulb pressure from thermal bulb acting in downward direction.
 2. Spring pressure acting in upwarddirection.
 3. Evaporator pressure from evaporator.
 TEV is fitted in liquid line just ahead of evaporator in direction
of arrow provided on it and thermal bulb is clamped with
exit line of evaporator.
 For constant load operation adjusting screw is adjusted such that
it allows constant mass flow rate of refrigerant to evaporator.
The valve responds to change in temperature in evaporator.
 When there is load on evaporator, superheated vapours are
coming at exit of evaporator, which transfers its heat to thermal bulb..
Due to this, refrigerant filled in thermal bulb vaporizes and increases
the bulb pressure to open up valve allowing more liquid
refrigerant into evaporator.
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 Difference between :- 25

Points Capillary Tube Thermostatic Expansion Valve

Pressure drop More less
Use Used for smaller installation with constant load Used for multi evaporator system of large capacity
units
Construction It is simple tube It is valve
Efficiancy Better for smaller installation but not able to adjust Good forlarge installations fluctuating loads
fluctuating load

Points Thermostatic Expansion Valve Automatic Expansion Valve

Pressure drop Pressure drops in this valve Pressure remains constant

Working It responds to change in temperature of evaporator It maintains the pressure constant in evaporator
Principle irrespective of load on it
Use It is used in most of applications The compressor capacity is sacrificed in using this
valve therefore it is not used widely
Frictional Frictional losses adversely affects the performance Pressure remains constant no pressure loss
Losses
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 Automatic Expansion Valve :- 26

(AEV) It is also known as constant pressure expansion valve. It responds to change in pressure of evaporator. It consists of valve,
valve seat, spring, diaphragm and adjusting screw.
The pressures acting on diaphragm are:
1. Spring pressure (Ps).
2. Evaporator pressure (Pe).

For constant load operation, adjusting screw is adjusted such

that refrigerant in constant mass flow rate of liquid Liquid
refrigerant is maintained in evaporator .
The amount of liquid refrigerant entering in evaporator is
equal to evaporative capacity of evaporator to maintain
pressure constant.
When evaporator is having more load, evaporator pressure
reduces causing valve to open up in downward direction
and more liquid refrigerant enters in evaporator. i.e. it
responds to fluctuation in load by changing pressure of
evaporator.

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 EVAPORATORS :- 27

 Evaporator is a component of refrigeration system in which liquid refrigerant is vapourized at low pressure by absorbing heat to
produce refrigerating effect.
According to formation of frost:
 Classification of Evaporators: (a) Frosting type.
 According to operating condition: (b) Defrosting type.
 (a) Dry expansion type evaporator. (c) Non-frosting type.
 (b) Flooded type evaporator.
According to process of expansion of refrigerant:
 According to construction of surface:
(a) Direct expansion type evaporator.
 (a) Bare tube evaporator. (b) Indirect or Secondary evaporator.
 (b) Plate surface evaporator. According to Operating Condition:
 (c) Finned evaporator. (a) Dry expansion type evaporator
(b) Indirect Or secondary Referigerant
 (d) Tube in tube evaporator.
Dry expansion type evaporator
 It is widely used in refrigeration system having small capacity. In this type of
evaporator limited amount of refrigerant is feed by means of throttle valve. A
throttle valve feeds the limited quantity of refrigerant in such a way that all
liquid refrigerant entering in evaporator coil will convert into vapours by the
time it reaches the exit of evaporator. The mass flow rate of liquid refrigerant
entering in evaporator coll iscontrolled by thermal bulb.
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 Flooded type evaporator :- 28

Flooded type of evaporator feeds excess of liquid refrigerant so that the exit of evaporator will be mixture of liquid and vapour
refrigerant.
In flooded type of evaporator, coil remains completely filled with liquid
refrigerant as shown in Fig. The level of liquid refrigerant is maintained
constant in surge chamber by using float control. The liquid refrigerant
enters into evaporator coil from surge chamber. In evaporator coil part of
liquid refrigerant boils and converts into vapour. The vapour formed is
collected at the top of surge chamber and remaining liquid refrigerant is
returned to surge chamber. From top of surge chamber refrigerant vapours
are drawn in suction line of compressor. Flooded type evaporator rate of
heat transfer is very high as whole evaporator coil remains in contact with
liquid refrigerant but this type of refrigerant requires large amount of
refrigerant
Applications of flooded evaporator:
(1) Large installations, where refrigerating capacity is high.
(ii) In a refrigeration system where load fluctuation is higher.
(iii) For multi evaporator system.

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 Bare tube evaporator :- 29

Dry Expansion Evaporator Flooded Evaporator

Limited amount of refrigerant is feedevaporator coil Evaporator coil is filled with excess amount of refrigerant..
Rate of heat transfer is less Rate of heat transfer is very high
It is used for small capacity installation It is used for large capacity installations.
It is used with constant load applications It can be used with fluctuating load applications.

(a) Bare tube evaporator:-

Bare tube evaporator is constructed of steel pipe or copper tubing.
Steel pipe is used for large evaporators and evaporators which are
to be used with ammonia as the refrigerant. Evaporator having
copper tubes is used for small installations and with refrigerant
other than ammonia. Bare type evaporator is available in various
shape and sizes so as to suit the application. The Fig. shows the
oval trombone shape evaporator.

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 Plate surface evaporator :- 30

(b) Plate surface evaporator : Plate surface evaporator is

of several types. The simplest type is constructed of
two flat sheets of metal so embossed and welded
together to provide the path for refrigerant flow
between two sheets. This type of evaporator is shown
in Fig. This type of plate surface evaporator is used
for household refrigerator and freezers.

Another type of plate surface evaporator is constructed as

metal tubing attached to single plate or metal tubing provided
between two plates and refrigerant is passed through the tubes.
This type of plate surface evaporator is shown in Fig.
This type of plate surface evaporator is used in single plate or in
banks of plates. These plate banks can be mounted to ceiling or
walls of cold storage, freezer shelves, inside the transport truck
or display cabinets.

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 Finned evaporator :- 31

Finned evaporator :- Bare tube evaporator coil is provided

with plates or fins in order to increase outdoor surface area of the
evaporator. This increased surface area increases the cooling
capacity of evaporator as it is done in finned type evaporator.
Finned type evaporator is as shown in Fig . Finned evaporator is
generally used in air conditioning applications as when fins are
added to tube it increases surface area and more air can come in
direct contact of evaporator reducing by-pass of air. To increase
the efficiency of this type of evaporator, good thermal contact
between coil and finis ensured. In some cases fins are directly
soldered to coil tubing..
Tube in tube evaporator:-
It consists of one tube inside another tube. The liquid to be cooled
flows through the inner tube while the primary refrigerant or
secondary refrigerant (water, air or brine) circulates in the space
between the two tubes. The tube in tube evaporator provides high
heat transfer rates but they require more space than shell and tube
evaporator of same capacity. These evaporators are used in wine
cooling and in petroleum industry for chilling of oil
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 Formation of Frost:- 32

3. According to Formation of Frost:-

(a)Frosting type: A frosting type of evaporator is one which frosts continuously and always operated at temperature below 32°F.
This type of evaporator is used in frozen food storage of all types..

Various methods used for defrosting are:

1. Manual defrosting method.
2. Pressure control-defrosting method.
3. Water defrosting method.
4. Reverse cycle defrosting method.
5. Simple hot gas defrosting method.
6. Automatic hot gas defrosting method.
Temperature control defrosting method:-
The accumulation of frost on surface of evaporator causes
reduction in heat transfer rate between air and the evaporator.
Due to this, the temperature of air passing over the coils
increases. When temperature increases above the requirements
of the system, temperature operated control comes into action
and stops the compressor. After defrosting, compressor is
started by control. This starting and stopping of compressor is
done continuously to remove frost.

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 Defrosting type :- 33

 Defrosting type:- Defrosting type evaporator is one which frosts when compressor works and defrosts (melts) when
compressor stops functioning.
 Non-frosting type:- Accumulation of frost on evaporator coil decreases the efficiency of evaporator as frost formed is
insulating in nature. Therefore to increase the efficiency of evaporator, accumulation of frost on evaporator coil should not be
allowed, it must be defrosted regularly .
 Non-frosting type evaporator is one, which always operates nearly above the freezing point of ice. At this temperature, a slight
coating of frost forms on the coil when compressor works and this coating disappears when compressor stops functioning. As
this type of evaporator do not draw moisture rapidly, it is used for preserving raw vegetables, fruits and perishable food stuffs.

.4. According to Process of Expansion of Refrigerant:

(a) Direct expansion type evaporator:
When heat is carried by refrigerant directly from refrigerated
space, the evaporator is called as direct expansion type
evaporator.
e.g. Evaporator of domestic refrigerator, water cooler etc.
The simplest type of direct expansion evaporator is shown in Fig.

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 Indirect or secondary evaporator :- 34

(b) Indirect or secondary evaporator:- When cooling effect is obtained in secondary circuit in secondary evaporator with the
help of expansion of refrigerant in primary circuit, secondary circuit evaporator is known as 'indirect or secondary evaporator'.
The example of secondary evaporator is shown in Fig. for the application of ice manufacturing. In ice manufacturing, brine
tank is used as secondary evaporator in which ice is produced. In primary circuit refrigerant used is ammonia, which takes the
heat from brine and brine takes the heat from water in can.
 Secondary evaporators are also widely used for air conditioning applications. The simple circuit of secondary evaporator used
in air-conditioning is shown in Fig.

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 CHILLERS :- 35

 Secondary refrigerants are used in large installations like multi storyed building, industrial applications etc. to avoid the bad
effects of long refrigerant lines. For cooling of secondary refrigerant chillers are used.
 Classification of Chillers:1. Dry expansion or DX chiller. 2. Flooded chiller.
1. Dry Expansion or DX Chillers:-
Dry expansion chillers are similar to dry expansion
evaporators. The liquid refrigerant is fed through an
expansion valve and superheated refrigerant is ensured at
outlet. The water or liquid to be cooled is in shell, while
the refrigerant is in the tubes. Baffles are provided in
water passage in the shell of chiller to reduce its flow
velocity, increase its path and rate of heat transfer. As
shell side is not accessible for cleaning, good strainer is
provided at inlet of water line to chiller. It is not advisable
to use DX chiller where chances of fouling are more.

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 CHILLERS :- 36

2. Flooded Chillers: In flooded chillers water or brine is circulated through the tubes and refrigerant is over the tubes or shell side.
The liquid refrigerant level in the shell is maintained such that it completely submerges the tube bundles. Thus, the surface of
tubes is always wetted by refrigerant, which improves the heat transfer capacity of flooded evaporator. There is intimate contact
between refrigerant and liquid to be cooled, hence its performance is not affected by load and flow velocity.
As it is possible to brush and clean the water tubes, therefore for the applications where the water surface can get fouled like
textile mills air conditioning, industrial refrigeration etc. the flooded chillers are more suitable than DX chillers. To tap the
liquid refrigerant escaping and to prevent it from entering in suction line of compressor, accumulator is provided at exit of
flooded chiller. The modern chillers are provided with empty space at its top to avoid additional installation of accumulator.

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 Drier :- 37

The purpose of a refrigerant drier is to ensure that the refrigerant system stays clean and dry. It removes contaminants including
moisture, dirt, acid and solder flux, beads and filings. A filter-drier in a refrigeration or air conditioning system has two
essential functions.
1. To adsorb system contaminants, such as water, which can create acids. Water can come from many sources, such as trapped air
from improper evacuation, system leaks, and motor windings.
2. To provide physical filtration.
Whenever the refrigerant system is opened for repair or to replace a component, always replace the filter drier.
When replacing the liquid line filter drier, make sure the
replacement size equals the size of the system and
refrigerant line connections. It is possible that in an older
system someone might have replaced a drier at some time
and used the wrong size drier. So it is a good practice to
match the filter drier to the system size. Also, make sure the
replacement drier is compatible with the system refrigerant.
Always place the drier in the refrigerant circuit with the
filter's arrow pointing in the direction of refrigerant flow.

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 Solenoid Valve :- 38

In solenoid valve there is solenoid coil, which opens or closes the valve. The working of solenoid valve is similar to hand operated
stop valve. The solenoid valve is of two types.:-1.Direct acting valve, which used for smaller installations.
2. Pilot operated valve, which is used for larger installations.
Solenoid valve consists of insulated copper wire coil, which is commonly known as solenoid coil. An alternator is placed inside
the coil. The valve is a iron plunger, which may be lifted from valve seat to open the valve. When contact points are closed,
solenoid coil gets energized, which attracts iron plunger and open up valve.
When contact point opens, solenoid coil gets de-energized and
drop iron plunger to close the valve. As iron plunger comes
down due to gravity, solenoid valves are always fitted in
vertical direction. These valves are one directional valves and
direction flow is marked on outer surface of valve body.
Applications of Solenoid Valve:-
1. Solenoid valve is installed in liquid line just ahead of expansion valve.
(a) To provide flow of refrigerant liquid from evaporator when compressor is not
working.
(b) To provide individual temperature control in each refrigerated space of multi-
evaporator system.
2. Frequently used to control flow of condensing water in condenser.
3. It is widely used in refrigerants, water or brine line with some expansion valve.

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 Thermostatic Switch :- 39

Thermostat is used in refrigeration system to sense and control the temperature by responding to make or break the circuit.
Thermostat makes or breaks the electrical contact of compressor to maintain the set temperature.
Generally two type of thermostats are Invar used in refrigeration and air conditioning system.
(a) Bimetallic thermostat.
(b) Thermal bulb thermostat.

a) Bimetallic thermostat: In bimetallic thermostat, the

compound bar made of two metals having different
coefficient of thermal expansion is used. The generally used
bimetallic strip is made of Invar (Low coefficient of thermal
expansion) and brass (high coefficient of expansion). Due to
change in temperature bimetallic strip expand or contract
and make or break the compressor connection. Figure shows
the position of bimetallic strip made of invar and brass
under heated, normal and cold condition.

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 40

b) Thermal bulb thermostat: -For very accurate control of temperature thermal bulb type thermostat is used. Thermal
bulb type thermostat is as shown in Fig.
Thermal bulb thermostat consists of thermal bulb, capillary tube, bellow and electrical contact points. The bulb is attached to
bellow by means of capillary tube. The thermal bulb and capillary tube is filled with some volatile liquid or same refrigerant,
which is filled in refrigerating system. The electrical points have link with bellow and dial knob. The dial knob is used to set
the temperature in thermostat.
.
When temperature of thermal bulb rises, due to expansion of
liquid in it bellow expands and actuates the electrical
contact points to make the compressor connection.
When temperature of thermal bulb decreases, the bellow
contracts due to condensation of vapours in thermal bulb
and actuates the electrical contact points to break the
compressor connection

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 41

36

Thank you.....

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