Q.

(1) Draw the block diagram of communication system and explain each block
in detail.
OR
Q. (1) what is electronic communication system? Explain the elements
of communication system with the help of neat block diagram

Answer----

The block diagram of a communication system will have five blocks, including the information source,

transmitter, channel, receiver and destination blocks.

1.Information source: -

• The objective of any communication system is to convey information from one point to the

other. The information comes from the information source, which originates it

• Information is a very generic word signifying at the abstract level anything intended for

communication, which may include some thoughts, news, feeling, visual scene, and so on.

• The information source converts this information into physical quantity.

• The physical manifestation of the information is termed as message signal

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

2.Transmitter: -

• The objective of the transmitter block is to collect the incoming message signal and modify it

in a suitable fashion (if needed), such that, it can be transmitted via the chosen channel to the

receiving point.

• Channel is a physical medium which connects the transmitter block with the receiver block.

• The functionality of the transmitter block is mainly decided by the type or nature of the channel

chosen for communication.

3.Channel: -

• Channel is the physical medium which connects the transmitter with that of the receiver.

• The physical medium includes copper wire, coaxial cable, fibre optic cable, wave guide and

free space or atmosphere.

• The choice of a particular channel depends on the feasibility and also the purpose of the

communication system.

4.Receiver: -

• The receiver block receives the incoming modified version of the message signal from the

channel and processes it to recreate the original (non-electrical) form of the message signal.

• There are a great variety of receivers in communication systems, depending on the processing

required to recreate the original message signal and also final presentation of the message to

the destination.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

5.Destination: -

• The destination is the final block in the communication system which receives the message

signal and processes it to comprehend the information present in it.

• Usually, humans will be the destination block.

Q. (2) Compare twisted pair, co-axial and optical fibre cable.

Answer---

Difference Between Twisted pair cable, Co-axial cable, and Optical fiber

Characteristics Twisted pair cable Co-axial cable Optical fiber cable

Takes place in the Takes place in the

Takes place in an
electrical form over the electrical form over the
optical form over glass
metallic conducting inner conductor of the
fiber.
Signal transmission wires. cable.

Requires 4 components
from inner to outer-
• Solid
conductor Bundling of very thin
Pair of insulated wire optical fibers made up
• Layer of
copper wires of glass or plastic in a
insulation
single cable.
• Grounding
conductor
• Layer of
Consists of exterior
insulation.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

 Characteristics Twisted pair cable Co-axial cable Optical fiber cable

Installation and
Simple and easy Relatively difficult Difficult
Implementation

Affected due to
The external magnetic The external magnetic
External magnetic external magnetic
field is less affected. field is not affected.
field field.

Power loss due to power loss due to

Power loss due to
conduction and absorption, scattering,
conduction.
Cause of power radiation. and bending.

Large diameter than Large diameter than

Small diameter
Diameter Optical fiber cable. Optical fiber cable.

Co-axial cable has

The twisted-pair cable Optical fiber cable has
moderately high
has low bandwidth. a very high bandwidth.
Bandwidth bandwidth.

Electromagnetic EMI is reduced to

EMI can take place. EMI is not present.
interference (EMI) shielding.

Installation Easy installation. Fairly easy installation. Difficult to install.

In twisted pair cable In optical fiber cable

In coaxial cable has
has very high has very low
low attenuation.
Attenuation attenuation. attenuation.

Twisted pair cable

Moderately high data
supports a low data Very high data rate.
rate.
Data rate rate.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

 Characteristics Twisted pair cable Co-axial cable Optical fiber cable

Optical fiber cable has

Twisted pair cable has Co-axial cable has
the highest noise
low noise immunity. higher noise immunity.
Noise immunity immunity.

Cost The cost is very low. Cost is moderate Cost is expensive.

Repeater spacing is 2- Repeater spacing is 1- Repeater spacing is 10-

Repeater Spacing 10 km. 10 km. 100 km.

Security is not Security is not Security is guaranteed

guaranteed of the guaranteed of the of the transmitted
Security transmitted signal. transmitted signal. signal.

• Unshielded • Single
Twisted mode fiber
Pair (UTP) • RG59 (SMF)
• Shielded • RG6 • Multimode
Types Twisted fiber
Pair (STP) (MMF)

Reasons- absorption,
Reasons-conduction
scattering dispersion Reasons-conduction
and radiation
Power loss and bending

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

Q (3) Explain different types of cables used in communication system with neat
Diagrams.

Answer---

Twisted Pair Cable:

Wires are twisted together in pairs. Each pair would consist of a wire used for the positive data signal
and a wire used for the negative data signal.

Any noise that appears on the positive/negative wire of the pair would occur on the other wire.

Because the wires are opposite polarities, these are 180 degrees out of phase (180 degrees or
definition of opposite polarities).

When the noise appears on both wires, it cancels or nulls itself out at the receiving end.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

Shielded Twisted Pair Cable –
Twisted pair cables are most effectively used in a system that uses a balanced line method of
transmission. Cables with shields are called Shielded twisted pair cables and commonly
abbreviated STP.

Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable –

Cables without shields are called unshielded twisted pair cables or UTP. Twisting the wires
together results in characteristics impedance for the cable. UTP cable is used on Ethernet.

Advantages:
Cost-effective: Twisted pair cables are the most cost-effective option for communication and
networking.
Easy to install: They are easy to install and terminate, making them ideal for small to medium-
sized networks.
Flexibility: Twisted pair cables come in different categories, including Cat5, Cat6, and Cat7,
offering different levels of performance and flexibility.
Suitable for short distances: Twisted pair cables are suitable for communication over short
distances, making them ideal for use in homes and small businesses.

Disadvantages:

Limited bandwidth: Twisted pair cables have limited bandwidth, which can restrict data transfer
rates and performance.
Susceptible to interference: Twisted pair cables are susceptible to interference from other electrical
equipment, leading to data errors and loss.
Limited distance: Twisted pair cables are limited in terms of distance, making them less suitable
for larger networks.

Co-axial Cable:

It consists of two conductors. The inner conductor of the coaxial cable is contained inside the

insulator with the other conductor weaves around it providing a shield. An insulating protective

coating called a jacket covers the outer conductor.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

The outer shield protects the inner conductor from outside electrical signals. Distance between the

outer conductor and inner conductor plus the type of material used for insulating the inner conductor

determine the cable properties.

Advantages:

• Better bandwidth: Co-axial cables offer better bandwidth than twisted pair cables,

allowing for faster data transfer rates and improved performance.

• Longer distance transmission: Co-axial cables can transmit data over longer distances

than twisted pair cables.

• Resistance to interference: Co-axial cables are resistant to electromagnetic interference,

improving signal quality and reducing data loss.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

Disadvantages:

• More expensive: Co-axial cables are more expensive than twisted pair cables, making

them less cost-effective for some applications.

• Difficult to install: Co-axial cables are more difficult to install than twisted pair cables,

requiring specialized equipment and expertise.

• Limited flexibility: Co-axial cables are less flexible than twisted pair cables, limiting

their use in some applications.

Applications of Coaxial cable

The coaxial cables are used in Ethernet LANs and also used in MANs

1. Television: Coaxial cable used for television would be 75 Ohm and RG-6 coaxial cable.

2. Internet: Coaxial cables are also used for carrying internet signals, RG-6 cables are

used for this.

3. CCTV: The coaxial cables are also used in CCTV systems and both RG-59 AND RG-6

cables can be used.

4. Video: The coaxial cables are also used in video Transmission the RG-6 is used for

better digital signals and RG-59 for lossless transmission of video signals.

5. HDTV: The HDTV uses RG-11 as it provides more space for signals to transfer.

Advantages

1. Coaxial cables support high bandwidth.

2. It is easy to install coaxial cables.

3. coaxial cables have better cut-through resistance so they are more reliable and durable.

4. Less affected by noise or cross-talk or electromagnetic inference.

5. Coaxial cables support multiple channels

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

Disadvantages

1. Coaxial cables are expensive.

2. The coaxial cable must be grounded in order to prevent any crosstalk.

3. As a Coaxial cable has multiple layers it is very bulky.

4. There is a chance of breaking the coaxial cable and attaching a “t-joint” by hackers, this

compromises the security of the data.

Fiber Optics and Types

An Optical Fiber is a cylindrical fiber of glass which is hair thin size or any

transparent dielectric medium. The fiber which is used for optical communication is waveguides

made of transparent dielectrics.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

Main element of Fiber Optics
• Core: It is the central tube of very thin size made of optically transparent dielectric

medium and carries the light transmitter to receiver and the core diameter may vary

from about 5um to 100 ums.

• Cladding: It is outer optical material surrounding the core having reflecting index lower

than core and cladding helps to keep the light within the core throughout the phenomena

of total internal reflection.

• Buffer Coating: It is a plastic coating that protects the fiber made of silicon rubber. The

typical diameter of the fiber after the coating is 250-300 um.

Advantages

• Bandwidth is above copper cables

• Less power loss and allows data transmission for extended distances

• Optical cable is resistance for electromagnetic interference

• Fiber cable is sized as 4.5 times which is best than copper wires

• As cable are lighter, thinner, in order that they use less area as compared to copper wires

• Installation is extremely easy thanks to less weight .

Disadvantages

• These cables are very difficult to merge so there’ll be loss of beam within cable

• Installation of those cables is cost-effective. they’re not as robust because wires.

• These cables are highly vulnerable while fitting

• These cables are more delicate than copper wires.

• Special devices are needed to ascertain transmission of fiber cable.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

Q (4) Define cellular concept and draw and explain GSM architecture.

Answer –

Cellular Concepts refers to the use of a group of cells to provide communication from one place to

another place when the user is mobile.

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. GSM is an open and digital cellular

technology used for mobile communication. It uses 4 different frequency bands of 850 MHz, 900

MHz, 1800 MHz and 1900 MHz. It uses the combination of FDMA and TDMA. This article includes

all the concepts of GSM architecture and how it works.

GSM is having 4 different sizes of cells are used in GSM:

1. Macro: In this size of cell, Base Station antenna is installed.

2. Micro: In this size of cell, antenna height is less than the average roof level.

3. Pico: Small cells’ diameter of few meters.

4. Umbrella: It covers the shadowed (Fill the gaps between cells) regions.

Features of GSM are:

1. Supports international roaming

2. Clear voice clarity

3. Low powered handheld devices.

4. Ease of accessing network

5. International ISDN compatibility.

6. Low service cost.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

GSM is nothing but a larger system which is divided into further 3 subsystems.

1. BSS: BSS stands for Base Station Subsystem. BSS handles traffic and signalling

between a mobile phone and the network switching subsystem. BSS having two

components BTS and BSC.

2. NSS: NSS stands for Network and Switching Subsystem. NSS is the core network of

GSM. That carried out call and mobility management functions for mobile phone present

in network. NSS have different components like VLR, HLR and EIR.

3. OSS: OSS stands for Operating Subsystem. OSS is a functional entity which the

network operator monitors and control the system. OMC is the part of OSS. Purpose of

OSS is to offer the customer cost-effective support for all GSM related maintenance

services.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

Suppose there are 3 Mobile stations which are connected with the tower and that tower is connected

to BTS through TRX, then further connected to BSC and MSC. Let’s understand the functionality of

different components.

1. MS: MS stands for Mobile System. MS comprises user equipment and software needed for

communication with a mobile network. Mobile Station (MS) = Mobile Equipment (ME) +

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). Now, these mobile stations are connected to tower and that tower

connected with BTS through TRX. TRX is a transceiver which comprises transmitter and receiver.

Transceiver has two performances of sending and receiving.

2. BTS: BTS stands for Base Transceiver Station which facilitates wireless communication between

user equipment and a network. Every tower has BTS.

3. BSC: BSC stands for Base Station Controller. BSC has multiple BTS. You can consider the BSC

as a local exchange of your area which has multiple towers and multiple towers have BTS.

4.MSC: MSC stands for Mobile Switching Centre. MSC is associated with communication

switching functions such as call setup, call release and routing. Call tracing, call forwarding all

functions are performed at the MSC level. MSC is having further components like VLR, HLR, AUC,

EIR and PSTN.

5.VLR: VLR stands for Visitor Location Register. VLR is a database which contains the exact

location of all mobile subscribers currently present in the service area of MSC. If you are going from

one state to another state then your entry is marked into the database of VLR.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

6.HLR: HLR stands for Home Location Register. HLR is a database containing pertinent data

regarding subscribers authorized to use a GSM network. If you purchase SIM card from in the HLR.

HLR is like a home which contains all data like your ID proof, which plan you are taking, which

caller tune you are using etc.

7.AUC: AUC stands for Authentication Centre. AUC authenticates the mobile subscriber that wants

to connect in the network.

8.EIR: EIR stands for Equipment Identity Register. EIR is a database that keeps the record of all

allowed or banned in the network. If you are banned in the network then you can’t enter the network,

and you can’t make the calls.

9.PSTN: PSTN stands for Public Switched Telephone Network. PSTN connects with MSC. PSTN

originally a network of fixed line analog telephone systems. Now almost entirely digital in its core

network and includes mobile and other networks as well as fixed telephones. The earlier landline

phones which places at our home is nothing but PSTN.

Q. (5) Draw and Explain IEEE Electromagnetic Frequency Spread Spectrum.

Answer---

The electromagnetic spectrum, in simple terms, is defined as the range of all types of electromagnetic

radiation.

The electromagnetic spectrum is a range of frequencies, wavelengths and photon energies covering

frequencies from below 1 hertz to above 1025 Hz, corresponding to wavelengths which are a few

kilometres to a fraction of the size of an atomic nucleus in the spectrum of electromagnetic waves.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

Electromagnetic Waves in the Electromagnetic Spectrum

The above fig shows the Electromagnetic spectrum it extends from low frequency to mid-range and up

to high frequency.

The infrared and visible light are at the upper end of EM spectrum.

Frequency and Wavelength:

The frequency is defined as the number of cycles of waveform per second

it is expressed in Hertz

Wavelength is defined as the distance travelled by an Electromagnetic wave during the time of one
cycle.

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Wavelength =
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

Q. (6) What is Modulation or why there is need of modulation in communication
systems? What are the Different types of modulation techniques? Explain any
one
Answer---

Modulation- Definition:
The process by which the baseband signal modifies the carrier signal is

called modulation and the resultant signal is called modulated signal.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

Need For Modulation:

1. To reduce the height of antenna.

2. Avoids mixing of signals.

3. Increase the range of communication.

4. Allows multiplexing of signals.

5. Allows adjustment in the bandwidth.

6. Improves quality of reception.

Types of Modulation Techniques:

1. Amplitude modulation: It is a type of modulation in which only the amplitude of the

carrier signal is varied to represent the data being added to the signals whereas the phase and

the frequency of the signal are kept unchanged.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

2. Frequency modulation: It is a type of modulation in which only the frequency of the

carrier signal is varied to represent the frequency of the data whereas the phase and the

amplitude of the signals are kept unchanged.

3. Phase modulation: It is a type of modulation in which the phase of the carrier signal is

varied to represent the data being added to the signal. Different information values are

represented by different phases. For example: ‘1’ may be represented by 0° while ‘0’ by 180°.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

Q. (7) Define frequency modulation (FM) and Explain (i) Frequency deviation (ii)

Modulation index (iii) Frequency spectrum.

Answer---

Frequency modulation: It is a type of modulation in which only the frequency of the carrier

signal is varied to represent the frequency of the data whereas the phase and the amplitude of

the signals are kept unchanged.

Frequency Modulation Diagram

In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied whereas the amplitude of the

carrier signal remains constant. Frequency modulation is also simply referred to as FM.

The below figures show the frequency modulation.

The first figure shows the message signal or modulating signal which contains information, the second

figure shows the high frequency carrier wave which contains no information, and the last figure shows

the resultant frequency modulated wave.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

Frequency deviation:
Frequency deviation in FM is defined as the way to describe the difference

between the minimum and maximum extent of a frequency modulated signal and the carrier frequency.

Modulation index:

Modulation index is defined as the ratio of the amplitude of the modulating wave to that of the carrier

wave.

So, μ=Em/Ec.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

The modulation index is kept low because when Em is greater than Ec the carrier wave is over-

modulated, μ > 1, which causes distortion during the reception.

The main function of a bandpass filter is to limit the bandwidth of the output signal to the band allocated

for the transmission.

Frequency spectrum:

The frequency spectrum of an electrical signal is the distribution of the amplitudes and phases of each

frequency component against frequency.

Q. (8) Draw and explain Block diagram of AM Transmitter.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

Amplitude Modulated (AM) transmitter

Fig gives the block diagram of amplitude modulated radio transmitter. It consists of two sections (i) Audio

frequency (AF) section and (ii) Radio frequency (RF) section.

AF section

The AF section of the transmitter generates the modulating wave (signal). The conversion of sound energy into

electrical energy is performed by the microphone.

The electrical energy available from the microphone is very low. Hence, it is amplified through an amplifier.

The output from the AF amplifier if fed to the AF power amplifier.

The power amplifier provides the required audio frequency power.

The output of the AF power amplifier is given to the modulator.

A modulator is an electronic circuit with transistor, and passive components, which performs the process of

modulation.

RF section

In the RF section, the high-frequency carrier wave is generated by a crystal-controlled oscillator.

The output of the crystal-controlled oscillator is power amplified by RF power amplifier.

The buffer isolates the RF power amplifier from the oscillator.

This arrangement keeps the frequency of the crystal-controlled oscillator as a constant.

In the modulator, the RF wave and modulating AF signal are mixed to produce the amplitude modulated

wave.

The output of this section is fed to the antenna for transmission.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

Q. (10) Draw and explain Block diagram of FM Transmitter.

FM Transmitter Working Principle

The main function of an FM Transmitter Circuit is to transmit the sound using radio waves. So, at first,

an FM Transmitter Circuit converts the sound or audio into a radio wave then it transmits wirelessly.

in the block diagram of the FM Transmitter, the first block is the Microphone. The microphone is a

Transducer that can convert the sound energy into an audio signal in the form of electrical energy. So,

microphone is a source of an audio signal. In this block diagram, the microphone is used as the source

of the audio signal but it may be another audio source also.

The next block is Audio Pre-amplifier. The audio pre-amplifier is used to amplify the audio signal

coming from the microphone.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre

The next one is the Modulator. The modulator circuit is the main part of an FM transmitter circuit. It

converts the audio signal into a radio signal which is to be transmitted. The modulator circuit takes

two signals as input one is the audio signal coming from the audio pre-amplifier and another is the

carrier signal.

The carrier signal is a pure radio wave that is produced by the oscillator circuit.

The modulator circuit modulates the RF signal according to the audio signal and produces the

modulated RF signal as the output.

FE 2023 SRCOE Prof. G. R. Kendre