IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. 9, NO.

13, JULY 1, 2022 11275

A Novel Model for Optimization of Resource

Utilization in Smart Agriculture System
Using IoT (SMAIoT)
Keyurbhai A. Jani and Nirbhay Kumar Chaubey , Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—Many countries have rich resources of land,

rivers, groundwater, environment, and fertilizers availability.
Agriculture is the main source of income for several country’s
people. Since the last few decades, there are few resource short-
ages, such as groundwater and river water. People are unaware
of the proper utilization of available valuable resources, which
leads to the use of more resources for less crop production. One
of the solutions of this problem is to design and implement an
Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart framework for agriculture.
In this article, we have proposed a smart agriculture framework
to monitor different types of low-cost IoT sensors devices, which
collects data from soil, air, water, and insects and makes appro-
priate decisions based on the analysis of sensors data. The novel
contribution of our proposed approach is to automate tasks of
irrigation, fertigation, pest detection, and pesticide spray in a
scientific way with minimal farmer’s intervention in one frame-
work. This article contains detailed implementation steps and
results of the smart irrigation module of our framework.
Index Terms—Agriculture, drone, fertigation, insect, Internet
of Things (IoT), irrigation, moisture, pest, sensors, soil.
Fig. 1. World total water resources.

I. I NTRODUCTION Most of the farmers in countries, such as India, China,

Brazil, and South Africa use traditional methods for irriga-
ODAY’S technology is rapidly evolving and affecting our
T lives. People have good Internet connection nowadays.
Many electronics devices are connected with the world via
tion, fertilization, and pest control. By applying science and
technology in the agriculture domain, farmers can achieve high
yielding of crops and fruits with optimum resources usage.
Internet. The Internet of Things (IoT) is widely used around
According to Perlman [4] total world water distribution
us making numerous domains, such as office, home, city,
shown in Fig. 1, only 2.5% of total water is freshwater,
traffic management, transportation, manufacturing, agriculture,
which can be used by people. From this freshwater source,
environment, defense, medical, and many more smart with
only 30.1% groundwater and 1.3% surface/other freshwater
IoT [1].
are usable. According to 2030 Water Resources Group [5],
People refer smart devices to the devices that are not smart
water demand and supply in 2030 for some countries are
with actions, which are predesigned by the developer, but
as shown in Fig. 2(a) and (b). As per their study, most of
can be called smart when they are not only connected with
the water resources are demanded by the agriculture domain.
each other but also aware of their actions and take decisions
From water demand in 2030, 80%(India)–51%(China)–
based on the surrounding environment [2]. It can be connected
33%(Brazil)–46%(South Africa) of water will be used by
through wired or wireless communication technologies, such
agriculture. So according to this, 50%(India)–25%(China)–
as NRF, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, Bluetooth, WPAN, NFC,
14%(Brazil)–17%(South Africa) demand increases as com-
and 2G/3G/4G/5G, RFID [3].
pared to the current supply.
Manuscript received July 8, 2021; revised September 21, 2021 and As a result, most of India’s river basins could face severe
October 26, 2021; accepted November 4, 2021. Date of publication deficits by 2030 unless concrete action is taken. Therefore, we
November 16, 2021; date of current version June 23, 2022. (Corresponding need to focus on reducing the usage of water resources during
author: Keyurbhai A. Jani.)
Keyurbhai A. Jani is with the CE/IT Engineering Department, irrigation [5].
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad 382424, India (e-mail: Many researchers focus on this area and consider a few agri-
[email protected]). culture domain problems that can be solved with the help of
Nirbhay Kumar Chaubey is with the Faculty of Computer Applications,
Ganpat University, Mahesana 384012, India (e-mail: [email protected]). the latest technologies and in a scientific manner. With the use
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JIOT.2021.3128161 of the latest technologies, valuable resources can be efficiently
2327-4662 
c 2021 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
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11276 IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. 9, NO. 13, JULY 1, 2022

which will be used by the irrigation module. It is also used

for monitoring and bird/animal scaring.
The fourth module is designed for a smart ware-
house/greenhouse in which all parameters, such as temper-
ature, humidity, air direction, surveillance, and security, are
maintained. All modules have interfaces to communicate with
each other and use other data. Many controllers, such as
Arduino, NodeMCU, and Raspberry Pi, will use to provide
interfacing with different sensors and actuators to achieve
framework goal [7].

II. L ITERATURE S URVEY

Researchers worked on this domain to achieve efficiency
with innovation and new technology. Nandurkar et al. [8]
discussed the global scenario of decreasing water resources,
desiccation of water level of rivers, wells, and groundwater.
In order to reduce the wastage of water, the authors have
designed a hardware to consider temperature and humidity
real-time data from sensors using RF 433 MHz to transmit
data and make decisions based on preconfigured values of
temperature and humidity. Gutiérrez et al. [9] designed wire-
less (ZigBee) sensor units with a microcontroller, which has a
program with predefined threshold values of soil temperature
and wetness. These devices are deployed in the field and send
data to the gateway which has two wireless communication
interfaces to interact with the ZigBee device and GSM for
Fig. 2. (a) Different sectors water demand in 2030. (b) Demand, supply, and the Internet. The gateway sends data to the server and is used
gap in 2030 [3]. for analysis. Kim et al. [10] deployed five solar self-powered
wireless sensing devices in their testbed, which sense the soil
moisture, temperature, and air temperature with their GPS
coordinates and send it to the base station using Bluetooth.
utilized for better production of crops. Researchers use onsite A wireless weather station is also connected with the base
sensors that sense different parameters, such as soil mois- station using Bluetooth. This base station considers all this
ture, air moisture, air quality, air temperature, soil temperature, in-field and out-field data and processes that data and by gen-
solar radiation, wind speed, wind direction, rain detection, etc. erating site/time-specific irrigation schedule for their testbed,
and send all data to their server or cloud for processing [6]. the user can also access and control it via the Internet with
Researchers use this data for crop irrigation, fertilization, and GUI interface. Wang et al. [11] presented wireless sensors,
pesticide usage prediction, which produce good quality yield at which are completely deployed under the soil which sense soil
a low cost. During crop growing stages, many secondary prob- temperature and humidity at defined intervals, buffer that data
lems, such as thefts, wild animal attacks, and flying bird/insect and send that data to the base station via relay node once in a
attacks are need to be considered for high production [7]. day. If the relay node is not able to connect to the base station
Therefore, to solve the above problem and achieve goals in or the sensor node is not able to establish a connection to the
most of the stages of farming, here is a proposed frame- base station via the relay node it stores data till its nonvolatile
work, which uses automation and IoT technologies to make memory capacity. Sensor nodes go into sleep mode once they
agriculture smart. sense data in an hour. It uses IEEE 802.15.4 radio for com-
The proposed framework is divided into several modules munication with flexible control protocol for communication
based on its functionality and for simplicity and easy main- between sensor to relay node and relay node to base station or
tenance. One of them is smart irrigation, which processes intermediate communication. The base station connected with
real-time sensors data from fields and acts accordingly to save the PC via USB or UART stores all received data in the PC
maximum water during irrigation. The second module is smart for analysis. The main purpose of researchers is to develop
fertigation, which calculates fertilizers requirement and injects ultralow-cost and low-powered devices in wireless networks
it during irrigation in an optimized manner. The third module to sense soil data.
is a smart pesticide in which the insect’s present location is Miranda et al. [12] deployed four wireless cameras in rice
recorded and spray path generated for a farm that will be crop in the practice farm of 50 × 50 area in Pampanga
followed by a location-assisted drone to spray pesticide. The State Agricultural University, Philippines, for pest detection. It
drone also collects other data from the air by attached sensors, stores all captured images to local machines from all cameras,

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JANI AND CHAUBEY: NOVEL MODEL FOR OPTIMIZATION OF RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN SMART AGRICULTURE SYSTEM USING IoT (SMAIoT) 11277

interoperability. Auto fertigation system costs are too high

even for implementing in small farms.
Therefore, there is a need for all in one solution, which has
the following functionalities.
1) Works with Wi-Fi on your existing Wi-Fi router
network, if people use Wi-Fi-enabled sensors.
2) Also works locally without Internet using Raspberry Pi
as a local server when the Internet is not availed later
synchronize with online database.
3) Works with Internet online server/cloud.
4) No need of controller/hub/gateway if Wi-Fi-enabled
sensor–actuator modules used.
5) If sensors have different communication technology and
Fig. 3. SMAIoT layer architecture.
message format, there must be some gateway, which
provides seamless connectivity between all devices and
common messaging format so integration with SMAIoT
compares all with reference images through the image pro-
will be easy.
cessing technique, identifies pests, and stores pest information
6) Provide automatic liquid fertilizer dispenser for fertil-
in local machines, which are connected with the Internet for
ization as per guide-line/configuration/field data.
remote access. Zhang et al. [13] prepared databases of model
7) Automated water valves that open and close with pres-
library, knowledge base, real-time moisture and nutrients data
sure control and as per zone-wise irrigation parameters
store, growth monitoring, etc., for citrus trees. With the help
for required location of farm.
of the ZigBee, artificial intelligence (AI) and decision support
8) Need for low-cost GPS-based autonomous drone for
proposed and implemented model that takes care of irrigation
pesticide spraying.
and fertilization decision and informs user for better produc-
tion steps as per soil type and its growth. Spoorthi et al. [14],
Sadhana et al. [15], and Kale et al. [16] proposed agricul- IV. P ROPOSED A RCHITECTURE
ture pesticide spraying drone. The authors discussed building
In this research paper to achieve the above functionali-
a drone with the help of Arduino mega, ESP 8266 Wi-Fi mod-
ties under one roof, three layered IoT architecture is taken
ule, Accelerometer, GPS, Gyro (MPU 6050), high-resolution
as a reference to the design framework. Fig. 3 shows the
wireless camera, and Magnetometer (HMC 5883L) and how
proposed layered architecture for the agriculture domain using
to control via android application. Talaviya et al. [17] dis-
IoT. The bottom layer is stated as the SMAIoT Hardware
cussed various automated irrigation techniques used with
layer, which includes all sensors, PCB, MCU with communi-
AI. The authors also discussed weeding robot design and
cation hardware, and low-level protocols. Arduino, Raspberry
drone used for crop monitoring with pesticides spray tech-
Pi, NodeMCU, different sensors used in this framework with
nique. Abioye et al. [18] used IoT and data-driven methods
their controllers, actuators, etc.
with drip irrigation for mustard leaf cultivation. In his exper-
The second layer is called the SMAIoT framework layer,
iment, he established a weather station, which sends data to
which is the core of this framework. In this layer database
the cloud for processing, a Raspberry Pi camera to monitor
operations, upper layer protocols for communication, gateway
plants and a MATLAB interface for monitoring and decision
implementation, event handling and processing, decision mak-
making. The mathematical predictive model discussed for irri-
ing, AI, cloud services, etc., implementation considered. The
gation, water loss (ETo) and soil moisture used with the ARX
third layer is considered as the SMAIoT application layer.
model toolbox in MATLAB.
This layer contains a Web dashboard from where all data
can be visualized and analyzed, schedule generation, deci-
III. M OTIVATION FOR P ROPOSAL sion, and prediction can be easily managed and accessible.
Several researchers have contributed to the agriculture Any new devices can be configured from the Web dashboard.
domain by using different technologies as discussed in the Mobile apps also come in this layer, which provides the above
literature review section. The researchers focused on a few functionalities from mobile platforms.
specific areas of this domain. Therefore, there are limited Fig. 4 shows the detailed proposed architecture for
solutions that provide an integrated solution for more optimal SMAIoT. Different sensors and actuators are deployed in farm
output and resource utilization for the agriculture domain using fields. Sensors and actuators communicate with the SMAIoT
IoT sensors/devices. Commercially available solution’s sensors server via wire/wireless link. Most of the sensors and actu-
and software costs are too high due to the proprietary products ators use IEEE 802.11 for communication with the server.
of the company. Customers have to purchase devices, which Raspberry Pi act as a local server and gateway, which has
are able to connect with their own solution. There are many different communication hardware and program that handles
protocol/message formats available for commercially available message of different sensors/actuators with different protocol
IoT sensors. Different vendors/solution providers use different and converts it in one common format. Finally, converted data
protocols to communicate. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve stored in the server database by this gateway program. The

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11278 IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. 9, NO. 13, JULY 1, 2022

Fig. 4. SMAIoT architecture.

server manages all SMAIoT functionality and provides an There are various smartness modules considered for imple-
interface for farm data via the Internet to mobile devices and mentation in SMAIoT are as follows.
via the Web application. Also, stores all data for future analysis 1) Pest Control System Implement in SMAIoT as Below:
purposes and to make decisions. The SMAIoT server can give a) It gathers insect information automatically based
command and read status of sensors and actuators. It can also on field deployed camera images, drone images,
use cloud service for its process and access data globally. The or manually captured images by the mobile device
below system smartly manages irrigation based on live sensors from farm field by farmer [19].
and weather data. It also checks water quality with PH and tur- b) Choose/decide/suggest pesticide on dashboard and
bidity sensors, which prevents irrigation if the quality is not up mobile app.
to the mark and informs the user for quality and final decision. c) Generate map path for pesticide spray by drone
This system also maintains drip irrigation pipe cleanup before from the insect detection location data set.
irrigation and after irrigation along with leakage detection dur- d) Benefits:
ing irrigation with the help of flow sensors, stops irrigation in i) Increases product quality.
that area only and display location on the dashboard to the ii) Pesticides cost reduce.
user. This framework also smartly suggests and does fertiga- iii) Spray by drone, avoiding health problems.
tion with irrigation based on soil parameters, crop database, 2) Use of Ultrasonic, PIR Animal/Human Repeller, and
and irrigation schedule. Fig. 5 shows the concept diagram, IPCAM Alert System for Detecting Unauthorized Entry,
which states the working of the SMAIoT system as shown Capture and Generate Wave/Sound in Farm Field, and
in Fig. 4. It includes smart irrigation, smart fertigation, pest Alert Farmer via App/Dashboard/SMS:
detection, greenhouse management, GPS path-following drone a) Benefits:
for pesticide spray, etc. i) No poison, no chemical, and no costly hard-
ware used.
ii) Not harmful to people, animals, and pets.
iii) Effective in large-scale farm.
V. P ROPOSED S OLUTION IN SMAIOT 3) Irrigation System Implement in SMAIoT as Below:
There is no boundary in an individual’s imagination. People a) Wireless sensors real-time data passed to
can apply whatever smartness they want in agriculture based local/cloud servers.
on their experience in the field. As per architecture, users can b) NPK value added for a particular location.
add whatever sensors required, configure with the SMAIoT c) Based on sensor data, tested NPK value and partic-
platform, set threshold values, and add more smartness in the ular crop requirement database, fertilizer require-
framework. ment calculated and dissolve in the water tank

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JANI AND CHAUBEY: NOVEL MODEL FOR OPTIMIZATION OF RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN SMART AGRICULTURE SYSTEM USING IoT (SMAIoT) 11279

Fig. 5. SMAIoT concept and deployment plan.

during irrigation schedule. Sense moisture in the fertilizer requirement table from the AgriIoTDB database and
soil and sprinkle/drip water in a specific area of dispenses the calculated fertilizers dose for the current date
the farm where only irrigation is required. based on the current date total irrigation water requirement.
d) If planned for greenhouse farming then sprinkle The SensMonitor function that powered up all sensors and
water based on moisture, light, and temperature of actuators during irrigation and sensors data are continuously
the soil of nearby sensors. monitored. This function is responsible for open/close solenoid
e) Temperature, light, and humidity are set automati- valves as per generated irrigation schedule, collect data, pro-
cally based on decisions made using crop require- cess data, and store information in AgriIoTDB. This function
ment database parameters in the greenhouse. senses pressure, water flow, moisture, and PH and warns for
Drip irrigation equipped with sensors and actuators is being any major water leakage. This function also stops irrigation
used for the proposed solution. In Fig. 6, smart irrigation steps and notifies the farmer for the bad quality of water based on
are given. There is a MySQL database named AgriIoTDB, live sensor data. In this way, we can utilize water and fertilizer
which contains many tables related to proposed modules. efficiently.
Smart irrigation module algorithm first checks for previously To implement the proposed framework, there are many sen-
generated sown current crop cycle irrigation schedule, if it is sors, actuators, and infrastructure needed. Table I lists few
not available it will generate and store it in AgriIotDB. After sensors and actuators used in SMAIoT implementation.
this it will fetch schedule for the current date and fetch By deploying sensors and hardware in the field as per
live sensors data from the field for each zone. It will cal- Fig. 5 concepts diagram and using SMAIoT services most of
culate average moisture for each zone (avgZnData) and fetch the tasks are automated and farmers can take part in decisions
rain probability (rainpb) from open weather API. In the next via dashboard and mobile app.
step, both fetched data are compared with configured mois- The part of the proposed solution simulated with
ture threshold (moisthr) and rain threshold (rainthr) values. If APSIM [20] simulator for geolocation—Gandhinagar,
the condition is not satisfied means no irrigation is required Gujarat, India (23.22◦ N, 72.64◦ E ) with weather data from
today and if returns true, calculate zone-wise irrigation sched- 2005 to 2020 for wheat crop. Simulation configured with
ule with the help of ML which takes care of zone-wise possible data received from IoT sensors. In the simulation, six
water needs and generates a schedule accordingly which saves irrigation patterns (SMAIoT-auto, Drip Irrigation, Sprinkler,
water compared to the traditional method. In the next step, it Flooding, No Irrigation, and Soil Water deficit) were used for
will call the fertigation module, which checks the crop cycle every year’s crop cycle simulation. APSIM wheat cultivar file

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11280 IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. 9, NO. 13, JULY 1, 2022

TABLE I
S ENSORS , ACTUATORS , AND OTHER E LECTRONIC H ARDWARE OF
SMAI OT

Fig. 7. Sowing date APSIM configuration.

of 25–20–20–20 days except SMAIoT-auto and SWDeficit

method.
In the simulation, weather data contains recorded data
for solar radiation (MJ/m2 ), maximum and minimum
temperature(◦ C), rain (mm), and wind speed (m/s) from
1990 to 2020. In Fig. 8(a), minimum and maximum tempera-
ture are shown for 2015 to 2020 year duration.
Fig. 6. Irrigation recommendation steps. Result received as in Fig. 8(b) shows that climate plays
important role in wheat yield production. SMAIoT-auto,
SWDeficit, and drip irrigation methods give good yield each
configured for Sujata cultivar, which supports Indian wheat year than other methods. Also, SMAIoT-auto and SWDeficit
genome type. methods provide almost the same yield throughout the simula-
On chosen location, winter season wheat is generally sown tion period. During the year 2009, rainfall in the winter season
between November 1 and December 15 for high yield pro- reduced the yield and in 2010, due to the uncertainty of sea-
duction. From the simulation experiment and agriculture uni- son rain, more irrigation was required for good yield. From
versity suggestion, we find that the third and fourth weeks Fig. 8(c), clearly visible that SMAIoT-auto and SWDeficit
of November are best for wheat crop sowing in the Gujarat methods use less irrigation water if rain occurs in any year
region. during the crop cycle. SMAIoT-auto works best by optimally
As shown in Fig. 7, wheat sown on a fixed date using water as per sensed data. SMAIoT-auto works smartly
15 November of each year with sowing density 120 plants/m2 and uses less water than the SWDeficit method. Therefore, the
and row spacing 225-mm simulation configuration. Also, set results show that the proposed SMAIoT-auto irrigation method
initial 120-kg Urea_N fertilizer and 60-mm irrigation amount gives high yield/water productivity followed by SWDeficit and
application before sowing wheat crop each year in simulation. rest irrigation methods. Fig. 8(d) shows that the flooding irri-
Another 60-mm irrigation application is scheduled at intervals gation method has the highest loss of irrigated water followed

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JANI AND CHAUBEY: NOVEL MODEL FOR OPTIMIZATION OF RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN SMART AGRICULTURE SYSTEM USING IoT (SMAIoT) 11281

Fig. 8. (a) Minimum and maximum temperature of simulation last five years. (b) Wheat yield production per year for simulation duration. (c) Total irrigation
required by wheat crop each year for simulation duration. (d) Irrigation loss in mm each year for simulation duration.

by the sprinkler method. The SMAIoT-auto and drip irriga- programme for APSIM’s modeling software, which is
tion methods have the lowest irrigation loss followed by the provided free for research and development use (see
swdeficit method. So from result, SMAIoT-auto also reduces www.apsim.info for details). It helped them a lot to simulate
water loss by reducing irrigation if rain occurred during the their work and obtain results during the Covid-19 situation.
crop cycle in any year. Therefore, if we go through all results
shown in Fig. 8, SMAIoT-auto performs excellent for better
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11282 IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. 9, NO. 13, JULY 1, 2022

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of drip irrigation system for mustard leaf cultivation experiment,” Inf. algorithms, wireless networks (architecture, protocol
Process. Agr., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 270–283, 2021. design, QoS, routing, mobility and security), sensor
[19] C. T. Priya, K. Praveen, and A. Srividya, “Monitoring of pest insect network and cloud computing.
traps using image sensors & dspic,” Int. J. Eng. Trends Technol., vol. 4, Dr. Chaubey has received numerous awards including Gujarat Technological
no. 9, pp. 4088–4093, 2013. University Pedagogical Innovation Awards in 2015, IEEE Outstanding
[20] D. P. Holzworth et al., “APSIM—Evolution towards a new generation Volunteer Award in 2015 (IEEE Region 10 Asia–Pacific), IEEE Outstanding
of agricultural systems simulation,” Environ. Model. Softw., vol. 62, Branch Counselor Award in 2010 (IEEE Region 10 Asia–Pacific). He is a
pp. 327–350, Dec. 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/ Senior Member of the ACM and a Life Member of Computer Society of
j.envsoft.2014.07.009 India.

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