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Lecture 24 SP 02

The document covers fluid mechanics dynamics, focusing on Pascal's Law, Archimedes' Principle, and Bernoulli's Equation. It includes examples demonstrating hydraulic lifts, buoyant forces, and the application of Bernoulli's Equation in various scenarios, such as measuring flow velocities and calculating the speed of efflux from a tank. Key concepts like the Equation of Continuity and the relationship between pressure, velocity, and height in fluid dynamics are also discussed.

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12 views5 pages

Lecture 24 SP 02

The document covers fluid mechanics dynamics, focusing on Pascal's Law, Archimedes' Principle, and Bernoulli's Equation. It includes examples demonstrating hydraulic lifts, buoyant forces, and the application of Bernoulli's Equation in various scenarios, such as measuring flow velocities and calculating the speed of efflux from a tank. Key concepts like the Equation of Continuity and the relationship between pressure, velocity, and height in fluid dynamics are also discussed.

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A L I
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 24: Archimedes Principle and Bernoulli’s Law 1

Chapter 15: Fluid Mechanics Dynamics


Using Pascal’s Law

Example 15.1 The hydraulic lift A hydraulic lift consists of a small diameter
piston of radius 5 cm, and a large diameter piston of radius 15 cm. How much
force must be exerted on the small diameter piston in order to support the weight
of a car at 13,300 N ?
The pressure (F/A) on both sides of the hydraulic lift must be the same at the
same height y. This lead to
F1 F2 A1
!
= =⇒ F1 = F2
A1 A2 A2
π(0.05)2
!
F1 = 13, 300 = 1.48 x 103 N
π(0.15)2
There is a factor of 9 gain in lifting power by means of the hydraulic press. The
same force multiplication occurs in the braking system of cars which use brake
fluid to transmit the force from the brake pedal.

Second Example, Variation of Pressure with Depth


Calculate the pressure at an ocean depth of 1000 m, using the density of water as
1.0 x 103 kg/m3 .
From Eq. 15.4 we have

P (y = 1000) = ρg(1000) + 1.01 x 105 = 9.90 x 106 Pa

This pressure is 100 times that of normal atmospheric pressure. Now you know
why submarines don’t have portholes.
Lecture 24: Archimedes Principle and Bernoulli’s Law 2

Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’ Principle

To continue the swimming pool line of reasoning, many people are able to float in
water. This is an example of buoyancy, the fact that objects immersed in water
weigh less (or nothing) compared to what they weigh out of water. Archimedes’
principle states:

Any object completely or partially immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a


force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the volume occupied by
the object.

Example 15.3, page 519 A piece of aluminum (ρ = 2.7 x 103 kg/m3 ) with a
mass of 1.0 kg is completely submerged in a container of water. What is the
apparent weight of the aluminum ?
The normal weight of the aluminum would be W = mg = 1.0 · 9.8 = 9.8 N. When
immersed in water, part of that weight is counteracted by the upward buoyant
force of the water, B:
maluminum 1.0
! !
B = ρwater · g · Valuminum = ρwater · g · = 1 x 103 · 9.8 ·
ρaluminum 2.7

B = 3.63 =⇒ Tapparent weight = W − B = 6.17 Newtons


Lecture 24: Archimedes Principle and Bernoulli’s Law 3

Fluid Dynamics: The Equation of Continuity and Bernoulli’s Equation

For moving incompressible fluids there are two important laws of fluid dynamics:
1) The Equation of Continuity, and 2) Bernoulli’s Equation. These you have
to know, and know how to use to solve problems.

The Equation of Continuity derives directly from the incompressible nature


of the fluid. Suppose you have a pipe filled with a moving fluid. If you want to
compute the amount of mass moving by a point in the pipe, all you need to know
is the density ρ of the fluid, the cross sectional area A of the pipe, and the velocity
v of the fluid. Then the mass flow is given by ρ · A · v because
∆x ρ∆V ∆m
ρ·A·v =ρ·A· = = (the “mass flow”)
∆t ∆t ∆t
If the fluid is truly incompressible, then the mass flow is the same at all points in
the pipe, and the density is the same at all points in the pipe:

ρA1 v1 = 0ρA2 v2 =⇒ A1 v1 = A2 v2 (the equation of continuity) (15.7)

Bernoulli’s Equation is very powerful equation for moving, incompressible flu-


ids, and can be derived using the conservation of Mechanical Energy (see page
459). The Bernoulli’s Equation states that if you have a fluid moving in a pipe at
point 1 with pressure P1 , speed v1 , and height y1 , and the fluid moves to point 2
with pressure P2 , speed v2 , and height y2 , then these six quantities are related as
follows
1 1
P1 + ρv12 + ρgy1 = P2 + ρv22 + ρgy2 (Energy Conservation)
2 2
1
P + ρv 2 + ρgy = constant (Alternate form) (15.12)
2
Lecture 24: Archimedes Principle and Bernoulli’s Law 4

Using Bernoulli’s Equation: The Venturi Tube and Torricelli’s Law

Example 15.7: The Venturi Tube A horizontal pipe with a constriction is


called a Venturi Tube and is used to measure flow velocities by measuring the
pressure at two different cross sectional areas of the pipe. Given two pressures P1
and P2 where the areas are A2 and A1 respectively, determine the flow velocity at
point 2 in terms of these quantities and the fluid density ρ.
First use Bernoulli’s law, and take the heights y1 = y2 = 0:
1 1
P1 + ρv12 = P2 + ρv22
2 2
Now substitute for one of the velocities, v1 , by using the continuity equation:
A2
A1 v1 = A2 v2 =⇒ v1 = v2
A1
v
!2
− P2 )
u
1 A2 1 u 2(P
1
=⇒ P1 + ρ v2 = P2 + ρv22 =⇒ v2 = A1 t
u
2 A1 2 ρ(A21 − A22 )

Example Torricelli’s Law (speed of efflux) A tank with a surface pressure


P (at point 2) and a surface area A2 has a small hole of area A1 << A2 at a
distance of h below the surface. What is the velocity of the escaping fluid which
has density ρ ?
1 1 A1
P2 + ρv22 + ρgh = P1 + ρv12 and v2 = v1 =⇒ v2 ≈ 0
2 2 A2
v
1 u 2(P − Pa )
u
P + ρgh = Pa + ρv12 =⇒ v1 = t + 2gh
2 ρ
q
v1 = 2gh (if P = Pa )
Lecture 24: Archimedes Principle and Bernoulli’s Law 5

Using Bernoulli’s Law


A large storage tank filled with water develops a small hole in its side at a point
16 m below the water level. If the rate of flow from the leak is 2.5 x 10−3 m3 /min,
determine a) the speed at which the water leaves the hole, and b) the diameter of
the hole.
We assume that the tank and the hole are both open to the atmosphere. Call the
top position 1 and the point of the hole position 2. So P1 = P2 = Pa . We now
write Bernoulli’s law:
1 1
P1 + ρv12 + ρgy1 = P2 + ρv22 + ρgy2
2 2
The continuity equation allows us to relate the speeds to the areas at the two
positions
A2
v1 A1 = v2 A2 =⇒ v1 = v2
A1
Because the area A1  A2 we can ignore v1 in comparison with v2 (v1  v2 ) Now
substitute v1 = 0 and cancel out the equal pressures in Bernoulli’s law to get
1
ρgy1 = ρv22 + ρgy2 =⇒ v22 = 2g(y1 − y2 )
2
q √
v2 = 2gh = 2 · 9.8 · 16 = 17.7 m/s

For part b) we know that the volume flow rate is the product of the area of the
hole and the velocity
flow rate = Av
We first convert the flow rate given in m3 /minute into m3 /second by dividing by
60. This gives 4.167 x 10−5 m3 /second

4.167 x 10−5 = A2 v2 = A2 · 17.7 =⇒ A2 = .2354 x 10−6 m2

This is equivalent to a diameter of 0.0017 meters.

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