CHAPTER1

INTRODUCTION

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of tangible entities

embedded with sensors and software that provide data interchange and
communication with other systems over the Internet. The rapid proliferation
of IoT has engendered several critical security and privacy issues,
prompting both corporate and governmental organizations to establish
global standards. The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) refers to the
utilization of IoT in healthcare applications, including research data
collection and patient monitoring activities. Smart Healthcare refers to the
Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), serving as a technology foundation for
creating a digital healthcare system that links medical resources with
healthcare services.
The Internet of Things (IoT) denotes the connectivity of devices to the
Internet, allowing remote oversight and management of these objects. The
term related to a particular aspect of IoT development, focusing on the
machine-to-machine market during its progression. The exact definition of
IoT is the creation of an intelligent, unobtrusive network that enables
sensing and control functions with customizable capabilities. The objects
produced through IoT integration possess technology that enables data
transfer between devices and the Internet, with researchers predicting that 8
to 50 billion devices will connect to the network by 2020. Upon
deployment, these devices improve quality of life while promoting safer
interactive communities that have revolutionized healthcare services. The
fundamental architecture of IoT depends on sensors, gateways, and wireless
networks to provide user access to applications and information.
Specialized sensors within residential settings monitor the health and well-
being of elderly residents while assuring compliance with suitable treatment
procedures to facilitate the return of patient mobility. Substitute

The emergence of IoT technology has facilitated the creation of consumer

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 gadgets that improve health, such as connected scales and wearable heart
monitors.
The healthcare applications of IoT are essential for managing chronic
illnesses, as well as for disease preventive and control measures. The
possibility for remote monitoring is enabled by strong wireless technologies
that link. Healthcare practitioners can access patient data via this connection
while performing complex analytical algorithms on health information.
The fundamental aspect of human existence requires health to enhance
quality of life. The global health crisis has created a difficult situation owing
to several factors, including insufficient healthcare facilities, significant
differences between rural and urban areas, and a shortage of medical
professionals during critical times. The healthcare sector is one of the
swiftest adopters of Internet of Things technology. Medical devices that
integrate Internet of Things components provide enhanced service quality
and effectiveness for three specific patient groups: the elderly, persons with
chronic illnesses, and those needing continuous monitoring. Healthcare IoT
solution expenditures are projected to attain $1 trillion by 2025, therefore
enabling the delivery of individualized healthcare services that are easily
available at the right time for all persons. Various sensor technologies
integrated into wearable devices and home systems allow healthcare
professionals to monitor a wide range of health indicators in patients,
including both physical and mental dimensions. Continuous data collection,
together with aggregation and efficient data mining, enables a positive
change of healthcare systems. Clinical care utilizes the IoT to monitor
patient physiological conditions through sensor data collection and analysis,
enabling remote data transmission to processing centers for timely
treatments. Wearable devices with sensors allow patients and the general
public to monitor their health status using these sensors.
Everyone places heal that the top of their life priorities because attention
their medical care. The project team works on this initiative to achieve shorter
time demands. The healthcare industry is actively implementing IoT
technologies during the present time.
A smart patient health monitoring system showcases potential advantages of

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minimizing time requirements together with cost reductions and increased
operational effectiveness. Patients assess their health by using instant self-
assessment instruments that measure their condition. The gadget detects
diseases in short periods of time through operational capabilities. The
diagnosis of diseases depends on three fundamental criteria which include
body temperature evaluation and heart rate measurements and blood
pressure evaluations. This system enables users to access temperature
readings as well as pulse rate measurements and ECG data.
Background

EvolutionofIoTinHealthcare
Hospital operations have undergone drastic changes through Internet of
Things (IoT) technologies in the past twenty years. A substantial transformation took
place within the healthcare sector because it enabled developments in patient care
delivery methods while enhancing hospital management systems and medical data
collection systems.

Methods of dissemination. The healthcare industry began the implementation of IoT

with basic RFID technology for the tracking of medical equipment, management of
pharmaceutical inventory, and storage of patient data. The initial use of these
technologies allowed healthcare institutions to enhance inventory management, mitigate
operational difficulties, and improve patient safety by ensuring the continuous
availability of critical medical equipment and drugs.
The progression of wireless communication technology, artificial intelligence (AI), big
data analytics, and cloud computing has elevated IoT healthcare applications beyond
simple tracking systems. Wearable medical gadgets equipped with smart sensors and
patient tracking systems provide continuous personal monitoring and wireless
healthcare solutions, supplemented by computerized diagnostic functionalities. The
healthcare industry reaped significant benefits from this change, as it enabled early
disease prevention and the development of tailored treatment plans for patients with
diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular ailments.
The digitalization of healthcare has established an effective data exchange framework
across hospitals, clinics, and research institutions, allowing medical professionals to
remotely access patient information and monitor health status in real-time while making

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 data-informed treatment decisions. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the
Mayo Clinic advocate for the Internet of Things (IoT) as a crucial tool for improving
patient care via remote patient monitoring (RPM) and artificial intelligence diagnostics
and predictive analytics technologies. Cutting-edge technology diminish hospital
admissions and protect individuals from medical crises while expanding healthcare
access to remote regions.
Modern healthcare systems employ IoT technology to enable the real-time collection of
patient data for data-driven medical practices. Healthcare professionals employ AI
analytics tools to identify possible medical risk factors, improve chronic disease
management, and decrease hospital resource costs. Advanced technologies alleviate the
burden on healthcare providers while improving patient outcomes through accelerated
medical assistance.

The expansion of healthcare via the Internet of Things involves several developmental
stages that have yielded significant technological developments and their effects on
patient care. This historical analysis underscores significant milestones in the
development of IoT-based healthcare applications.

Year KeyIoTDevelopment in Healthcare

2000- AdoptionofRFIDtechnologyfortracking
2010 hospital assets and improving inventory
management.
2011- Introduction of wearablehealthdevices(e.g.,
2015 Fitbit, Apple Watch) for consumer-based
personal health tracking.
2016- Deployment of AI-powered patient
2020 monitoring systems for chronic disease
management and early detection.
2021- Widespread adoption of remote patient
Present monitoring (RPM), expansion of
telemedicine,andintegrationofAI-driven
predictiveanalyticsinhealthcare.

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 The historical timeline demonstrates how healthcare IoT technology has
evolved progressively to let medical staff shift their approach from passive methods
toward active patient care delivery. The healthcare industry today depends on IoT
technology to integrate old medical infrastructure with new digital systems to
enhance medical care and reduce healthcare staffing requirements. Future
innovations in IoT healthcare technology provide better opportunities to create
interconnected care environments specifically designed for patients while
developing intelligence capabilities in healthcare systems. Medical staff will gain
the ability to identify diseases at early stages through AI-integrated IoT systems per
future industry expectations. Real-time patient monitoring and medical diagnostics
for remote users will be possible because of faster data transmission enabled by 5G
technology expansion. Medical data security improves through blockchain
technology because it creates tamper-proof encrypted records which healthcare
practitioners can access exclusively. The combination of IoT systems with AR and
VR technology enhances both distant medical education and patient recovery
programs as well as surgical preparation methods. The progression of IoT in
healthcare requires improved collaboration among medical equipment,
strengthened data security protocols, and decreased healthcare expenses for all
community members. The healthcare sector need IoT integration as an essential
precondition for delivering efficient, data-driven patient care worldwide at an
expedited pace.

IoTanditsRoleinHealthcare
The transformation of the healthcare sector has been greatly enhanced by IoT,
including real-time data collection, patient monitoring, and predictive analytics. A
study conducted by the Mayo Clinic (2022) shown that IoT-based remote monitoring
decreased hospital readmissions for heart failure patients by 25%. A study published
in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (2021) shown a 30% enhancement in early
detection rates of chronic illnesses, including diabetes and hypertension, due to the use
of IoT wearable devices. Patients' vital signs are continuously monitored using
networked devices, including smart wearables, medical implants, and remote
monitoring systems, allowing healthcare professionals to respond swiftly to improve
patient outcomes.

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SomeimportantareaswhereIoTisfinding itsimportance are:
 Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM): IoT-based systems collect data
fromwearable sensors and transmit it to healthcare providers for real-
time analysis.
 Smart Hospitals: Automated inventory tracking, patient flow
optimization,andAI-powereddiagnosticsreduceoperational
inefficiencies.
 Telemedicine: Patients in remote areas can access virtual healthcare
services, reducing the burdenonhospitalinfrastructure.
 Chronic Disease Management: IoT supports continuous monitoring
for conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and cardiac diseases,
helping doctors take preventive measures.
 Elderly and Assisted Living: IoT-powered smart home solutions
allow real-time healthtracking for senior citizens, ensuring timely
medical attention.
TechnicalArchitectureofIoTinHealthcare
The IoT architecture is layered and it is important to integrate various
healthcare applications. Atzori et al. (2010) in their study, IoT architecture
is made up of perception, network, and application layers that perform
different functions in healthcare environments. Thus, this multi layered
approach guarantees the transmission ofdata information, security and real
time monitoring of patient conditions ensuring the importance of IoT in
today medical systems. This architecture consists of several layers each of
which has its own features as following:
1. PerceptionLayer(EdgeTechnologyLayer):
o Comprises sensors, RFID tags, and embedded devices that
collect patient data (e.g., temperature, heart rate, ECG signals).
o Example: Wearable heart rate monitors that continuously track
cardiovascular activity.
2. NetworkLayer(AccessGatewayLayer):
o Facilitates communication between sensors and cloud
platforms using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 5G, and LPWAN
technologies.

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 o Example: 5G-enabled IoTdevices for high-speed real-time
patient monitoring.
3. MiddlewareLayer:
o Acts as a bridge between devices and applications, managing
data aggregation, filtering, and security.
o Example:AI-drivenanalyticsplatformsthatdetectearly warning
signs of stroke.
4. ApplicationLayer:
o Providesuserinterfacesforhealthcareprofessionalsand patients to
access insights.
o Example:Telemedicineappsenablingremotedoctorconsultations.
5. BusinessLayer:
o Involvesdecision-makingalgorithmsandAImodelsthat derive
insights from patient data.
o Example: Predictive analytics in ICU management,
forecasting deterioration risk based on IoT-generated data.
1. overview. Journal of Medical Signals & Sensors, 11(2), 138- 157.

1.2 Motivation

Internet of Things technology has been advancing so fast that it is

revolutionizing almost every single industry, and healthcare is certainly
oneoftherevolutionizedindustries.Dadkhahetal.(2021)statethatIoT.has
contributed to betterment ofthe healthcare infrastructure through real time
monitoring and predictive analytics. Due to increasing cases of chronic
diseases, aging population and requirement for real time patient monitoring
demand for smart healthcare solutions are increasing at an urgent rate. The
IoT based healthcare applications are a proactive approach to the disease
prevention, early diagnosis and personalized treatment, which eventually
results in better patient health outcome.
NeedforIoTinHealthcare
1. Rise in Chronic Diseases: Currently, the prevalence of chronic
illnesses like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and hypertension is

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 rampant globally. However, traditional healthcare models are proneto
failat supplysucha continuous monitoring, whichresults in late
diagnosis and poor treatment. They allow tracking of vital signs in real
time, so that necessary medical intervention can be had on time.
2. Aging Population and Elderly Care: As reported by the United
Nations(2021),theglobalpopulationthat isaged65 yearsorolder is
expected to double by 2050, this will make healthcare systems adjust
to serve the elderly patients. IoT devices in many cases facilitate
remote patient monitoring and enables doctors and caregiver to
monitor senior’s health condition without having to make visits to the
hospital very often.
3. Remote and Rural Healthcare Challenges: In rural and underserved
areas, access to quality healthcare is limited. IoT- driven telemedicine
platforms bridge this gap by allowing healthcare professionals to
monitor patients remotely, reducing hospital overcrowding and
minimizing the need for travel.
4. Early Disease Detection and Prevention: Predictive analyticsand AI
driven diagnostics, with the help of IoT, identify potential health risks
well before they can advance. According to a study done by Umer et
al. (2023), they found that incorporating AI supported IoT monitoring
reduced undiagnosed cases of chronic
diseasesby30%,thus,loweringtheratesofcomplicationsand

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 hospitalization.
5. Pandemic Preparedness and Crisis Management: COVID-19 has
put into stark focus the urgency for access to some form of contactless
and remote healthcare. Monitoring symptoms, managing
hospitalresources and facilitating teleconsultations with the help of IoT
reduced the risk of virus transmission.
ImpactofIoTonHealthcareEfficiency
 Real-time Health Monitoring: Wearable devices and smart sensors
continuously collect data, alerting healthcare providers in case of
anomalies.
 Data-Driven Decision Making: Cloud-integrated IoT platforms store
and analyze patient data, providing actionable insights for better
treatment plans.
 Cost Reduction: IoT-based healthcare systems reduce hospital
readmissions, optimize resource allocation, and cut operational costs.
 Improved Patient Engagement: Patients can actively participate in
their healthcare through IoT-powered apps that provide health updates,
reminders, and medical advice.
ResearchSignificance
For the purpose of this research, a scalable, efficient and secure IoT based
healthcare monitoring system will be developed that builds on existing
models with the blockchain based security for data privacy and real time
cloud analytics for predictive diagnosis. This study will help contribute to
implementing AI driven analytics, cloud computing, and sensor based
tracking by integrating them. Early detection of chronic disease will be
empowered. Such a system can also be used to optimize the management
ofhospitalresources, bycarrying out predictive patient flow analysis.
 Enhancingearlydetectionofchronicdiseases.
 Optimizinghospitalresourcemanagementthroughpredictive patient flow
analysis.
 EnsuringdataprivacyandsecurityinIoT-basedhealthcare

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 solutions.By addressing these critical issues, IoT has the potential to transform
modern healthcare by enabling faster diagnostics, enhancing patient autonomy,
andreducing hospitaldependency, asdemonstratedbyrecent advancements in remote
monitoring technology, making it more accessible, efficient, and patient-centric.

1.3 IOTdefinition

Internet of Things (IoT) has come up to be a game changing technology that is revolutionizing
the market by interconnecting physical devices to digital networks. IoT means connecting
all such objects to the internet and allowing them to gather, exchange and process data by
themselves. This means that such an interconnectivity promotes a highly efficient,
automated and intelligent ecosystem where devices can communicate, collaborate
amongst themselves without human intervention. The IoT technology is providing many
benefits to other sectors, such as healthcare, manufacturing, agriculture, smart cities,
transportation and many others.

The IoT closes the gap between the physical and digital world, as an attempt to integrate
devices into overall information networks. Howbeit, these networks are designed such that
data can seamlessly flow without any fault by organizations and
theycanthereforemakedatadrivendecisionsandenhancetheirefficiency,productivity and user
experience. IoT’s influence is quite big from various points of view: private users,
businesses, and industries all take advantage of its possibilities.

People benefit from IoT by achieving home automation and personal assistant connection
while managing their health through wearable devices and vehicle management features.
These devices enhance three aspects: convenience, energy conservation and security
protection. Smart thermostats operate automatically to maintain user-specific temperature
preferences and wearable fitness trackers update essential health measurements instantly.
Through IoT technology healthcare professionals can conduct remote patient monitoring
which keeps chronically ill patients visible without needing frequent hospital visits.

The business world benefits from IoT by enabling automatic operations and improved
efficiency and better resource management within different domains. Manufacturing
process combined with predictive maintenance algorithms and smart sensors under IoT

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 makes real time asset tracking and production increases possible within industries' supply
chain and logistics management. AI enabled IoT industrial devices automate production
lines by reducing the time equipment remains inactive and decreasing work incidents
during manufacturing. The system governing business process management becomes
more efficient through IoT because it enables simple information flow between
organizational departments while automation decreases human involvement and maintains
smooth workflow execution.

The IoT ecosystem functions through a defined layer architecture with hardware alongside
software networking along with cloud computing services. The system design supports
smooth interoperability between components for real-time information sharing and
decision processes. An extensive IoT infrastructure includes different devices ranging
from basic sensors through sophisticated processing systems that break down and
understand extensive data quantities. By implementing cloud computing within IoT
systems organizations obtain efficient storage platforms to process large datasets for
advanced automation programs.

The identification technology serves as a fundamental IoT element that provides a unique
identification system for network devices. Device identification functions seamlessly with
data transmission built by using technologies like Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID),
Near Field Communication (NFC) and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). RFID technology
focuses its applications on three key areas including asset tracking combined with
inventory management alongside contactless transaction capabilities although NFC
delivers security authentication features and mobile payment systems. These
TEchnologies assist to create a connected ecosystem which helps devices to be monitored
and managed precisely.

Besides, analysis in smart cities and intelligent transportation systems has also been extended
to IoTs. Some of the ways that IoT is contributing to urban development is the use of IoT
powered traffic management solutions, smart energy grids and Autonomous vehicle
technologies, to develop more efficient and sustainable urban environments. IoT is able to
achieve predictive maintenance, energy consumption reduction and public safety by
combining real-time data analytics and machine learning algorithms.

With the advancement, the promise of IoT remains to revolutionise need across different

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categories, which will result in digital transformation and large scale intelligent
automation. Despite the prospects offered by IoT, several challenges need to be overcome,
including data security, privacy issues, interoperability, and power consumption by IoT
solutions for them to be widely accepted and effective.Therefore, organizations and
policymakers should establish standardized protocols, adopt powerful cybersecurity
measures, as well as improve energy-efficient IoTdevice designs.

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 FIG1.3IOTARCHITECTURE

InternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU)defines IoT as “A global

infrastructure for the Information Society, enabling advanced services by
interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on, existing and
evolving, interoperable information and communication technologies”.

The IoT architecture consists of multiple layers that serve differentneeds of

business sectors and social institutions. A generic layered architecture for
IoT includes five layers that will be described in detailin the following
section.
● EdgeTechnologylayer

The hardware layer contains embedded systems alongside RFID tags

and sensor networks and various other sensors operating in different
forms. Embedded systems and RFID tags together with sensor
networks and other sensors form the hardware layer to execute multiple
operations including data collection and information processing and
communication support.

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 ● AccessGateway layer

The data handling responsibilities of this layer include service publishing

and subscribing from Things alongside message routing and platform
communication hovelling.
● Middlewarelayer

The middle layer fulfills crucial operations which involve combining

received hardware device information while enhancing data collection
quality along with detecting device services available and enabling
application-based device permissions.
● Application layer

The application services delivery function belongs to this particular layer.

The middleware layer delivers application services to various users and
applications within an IoT-based system.

The number of heart attack-related deaths and disabilities continues to rise daily
throughout India. The Registrar General of India documented cardiovascular diseases as
the cause of17%totaldeaths and 26% adult deaths in2001-2003 before this figure rose to
23% total deaths and 32% adult deaths in 2010-2013 [1]. Each financial year the
government dedicates substantial health budget funds to perform operationsat reduced
prices. The established systemenableshealthcare providersto diagnose and treat patients
who have heart diseases. The physician can perform remotepatient
diagnosisthroughthecloudplatformat locations beyondthe hospital setting. Through this
cloud service patients can view their entire medical documentation. Various kinds of
ECG recorders are available in market manufactured by reputed organizations , but till
date there are very less devices available which can record the ECG signals and transmit
them to aremote database server on cloud .In this research paper we have proposed a
system that will record ECG signals of patient using a sensor and also store the ECG
signals to a database server .Thesesignals can beanalyzed byadoctorat remotelocationor
canbe saved and retrieved later for analysis. Traditional ECG monitors only provide
brief heart electricalactivitymeasurementssoheartproblemsmaynotoccurduringthe

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measurement period. Asystemthat provides real-time heart ratemeasurement must be
developed because heart rate needs to be monitored at any time.

Doctors experience enhanced healthcare diagnosis and monitoring with better therapy
possibilities due to biomedical engineering development. Health line
operateswithauniqueconcept todeliverpremiumhealthcareservicesforeveryone. The
proposed system operates under a vision that aims to establish biomedical monitoring
without cables. The body sensors record vital parameters including blood pressure
alongside ECG signals and temperature and heart beat rate which they transmit through
wireless networks to doctors. Regular health checks under preventative care enable
individuals to diagnose health issues when they are still treatable without complications.

Body Temperature: The illustration depicts the daily transformation ofbody

temperature levels. Body temperature reaches its highest point during
middaywhen human activity is at its peak and then drops during sleeping or
resting hours. Researchers made this calculation by considering daytime as the
period of active human activity.

Table1.1:VariationofTemperature

HeartRate:

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 When the heart beats pressure waves travel through arteries at speeds exceeding
blood flow velocity by a few meters per second. A person can detect pressure
waves through their wrist. The pressure wave elevates the tissue blood volume.

Table1.2:AverageHeartRate

Body temperature affects medical conditions at a fundamental level. Medical

professionals use this test as their primary method to verify human body health status.
Doctors use changes in body temperature to detect different diseases and
medicalconditions that canbecome fatalsuchas hypothermia and heatstroke. Body
temperature serves as both an infection detection tool and a disease indicator while
functioning as a measurement system for fever reduction medicine effectiveness. The
temperature measurement depends on which section of the body serves as the
measurement point. Checking body temperature through skin under the armpits or from
the mouth or rectum has become the standard medical practice. The skin temperature
reading shows lower accuracy levels when compared to cavity measurements. The
primary function of the vital signs' Monitor involves patient monitoring so it needs real-
time temperature measurement which forms another project goal.
The main purpose of our project involves creating an effortless healthcare monitoring
systemwhile we currentlytrack bodytemperature and heart ratebut our
systemcanexpandbymeasuringadditionalhealthcareparametersincludingECG

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and blood pressure. Our research aims to examine these parameters for precise problem
identification which enables quick patient treatment while the analyzed data sends
wirelessly to doctors located anywhere in the world.

ECG stands as a standard medical tool for heart function evaluation through heart
electrical measurement but healthcare providers might also conduct alternative
diagnostic procedures. The standard medical procedure of ECG testing uses ECG/EKG
machines with 3, 5, 12 or 15-lead configurations to provide sufficient information about
heart health. The AD8232 functions as an economical ECG analog sensor which
measuresheart electricalactivity. The AD8232 functionsasan integrated signal
conditioning block that performs ECG and bio-potential measurement tasks. This device
removes small biological signals from background noise then boosts their strength and
cleans up their quality.
Our implementation utilizes Ubidots as the IoT platform. Ubidots serves as an IoT
Platform which allows both innovators and industries to build and deploy IoT projects
from prototypes to commercial implementations. Ubidots provides a platform to send
data to the cloud through any device that connects to the Internet. The platform allows
you to build automated actions along with alerts that use your current realtime data and
enables you to visualize its value.

1.2 ProjectOutline

1.2.1 ExistingSystemanditsproblems

Most of the existing systems for Real Time Health Monitoring are based on
microcontrollers like ATMEL 89C51 (µc 8051) because of its cost effectiveness and
easyavailability. Althoughthe microcontroller is widelyused, it has many limitations that
make it inefficient for use in modern health monitoring applications. These are systems
that are meant to gather and process vital health parameters such as body temperature,
pulse rate and other biometric readings. However, the microcontroller is limited in terms
of computational capabilities and hence, is inefficient in managing data acquisition,
processing and transmission to external interfaces, especially in real time applications
where data has to be handled quickly. But, attributing to the limitationsoftheir
hardwareandoperationalcomplexity, thesesystemsarechallenged quite a lot.

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Amicrocontroller-controlled systemgenerallyconsistsoffourprimarycomponents:

 ProcessUnit:Managesdatacollectionandsignalprocessing.
 AnalogtoDigitalConverter(ADC):Convertsanalogsensorsignalsinto digital form
for processing.
 ControlAlgorithm:Governshowthesysteminterpretsandprocessesdata.
 ClockModule:Regulatestimingandsynchronizationfordataconversion.

The ADC module converts the continuous time signals into discrete time values. The
sampling instant is the time at which each measurement is taken and the sampling period
(h) is the interval between successive samples. The process of converting this to digital is
fundamental for further data analysis and storage.

ProblemsAssociatedwiththeExistingSystem

Although the ATMEL 89C51 based systems are capable of monitoring health parameters,
they are limited in many aspects when compared to modern alternatives,
makingtheminefficient,lessusableandlessperformant.Forexample,newer

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microcontrollers like ARM Cortex-M series have much better processing power and
energy efficiency. These limitations include:

1. Increased Processing Time: The microcontroller has limited computational

power, leading to delays in data acquisition and processing, making real-time
monitoring less efficient.
2. DependencyonAdditionalHardware:Thesystemrequires multipleexternal
components such as A-D converters, external clock sources, and development
boards to function correctly, increasing cost and complexity.
3. Limited Memory and Storage: The 8051 microcontroller has restricted memory
capacity, which makes handling large datasets challenging, limiting long-term data
logging and real-time analysis.
4. Complex Programming Requirements: The assembly language programming
required for microcontrollers like the 8051 is tedious and difficult to debug,
making system development time-consuming.
5. Large Circuit Size: The system’s architecture is composed of multiple external
modules that make the circuit board bulky, reducing portability and increasing
manufacturing challenges.
6. Lack of Wireless Communication Capabilities: Most 8051-based systemsdo not
inherently support wireless data transmission, limiting their application in modern
IoT-enabled healthcare monitoring.
7. Limited Power Efficiency: The power consumption of these systems is relatively
high due to the presence of multiple external components, making battery-operated
devices inefficient for prolonged use.

NeedforImprovement

Although the ATMEL 89C51 based systems are capable of monitoring health parameters,
they are limited in many aspects when compared to modern alternatives, making them
inefficient, less usable and less performant. For example, newer lower end
microcontrollers, like ARM Cortex M series provide orders of magnitude better
processing power and energy efficiency. These limitations include:

 Low-power microcontrollers such as ARM Cortex-M series to improve

efficiency.

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  Built-inADCmodulestoeliminatedependencyonexternalconversion hardware.
 Wireless communication modules (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or LoRa) for remote
health monitoring and real-time alerts.
 Cloud-baseddatastorageforlong-termhealthtrackingandpredictive analytics.
 User-friendly programming interfaces (Python, C++) to simplify
development and debugging processes.

Hence, by solving these challenges, next generation IoT based health monitoring systems will
provide more efficient, more accurate and more accessible systems that will greatly
improve the patient outcomes and support proactive healthcare interventions..

1.2.2Useofvitalsignalsinhealthanalysis

Healthcare facessubstantialimpactsfromchronic diseasesbecausepeople must pay to cure

their diseases and face potential attacks. The study of new innovations becomes
necessarybecause demographic changes and insufficient healthand social care personnel
create these challenges. Elderly patients need to schedule multiple
doctorappointmentsfortheirdoctorstomeasuretheirvitalsigns.The monitoringof
vitalsignsneedsto be performed regularly becausethese measurementsprovide the most
basic indicators of physical health status. These vitalsigns include,
a. Pulserate

b. Blood pressure

c. Bodytemperature

The objective is to create a cost-efficient vital signs monitor that operates with minimal
power requirements while remaining dependable and unobtrusive to patients for
collecting various body signals wirelessly. We must determine an appropriate method
for data transmission and signal presentation after data processing. Remote patient
monitoring (RPM) functions as a technological system totrackpatient
healthstatusoutside standard clinicalenvironments (suchas homes) to enhance healthcare
accessibility and reduce delivery expenses.

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Gatheringvitalsignals:

The number of times our heart beats per minute defines pulse. The number of heartbeats
our heart performs each minute is known as heart rate or pulse which equals the bpm
value. The strength and rhythm of heartbeat can be observed while healthcare providers
also check if the blood vessel feels hard or soft. The heart disease and other medical
conditions can cause heart rate changes or irregular rhythms and weak pulse or hard
blood vessels. When our heart circulates blood throughout our bodywe can detect
pulsations in blood vessels that lie near the skin surfacesuchasthosefound inourwrist
orneckorupperarm. Theeasiest methodto determine heart beat speed involves counting
our pulse. The core bodytemperature of a healthy resting adult human being measures
98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or 37.0 degrees Celsius. A healthy human body maintains a
stable temperature level which typically measures 37.0 degrees Celsius. Body
temperature ranges normally fluctuate based on individual metabolic speed because
faster metabolism produces higher temperatures but slower metabolismproduces lower
temperatures. The body temperature of an individual can be influenced by both the
measurement location and the current time of day. Body temperature remains lower in
the morning because of rest but rises at night following daily muscular work and food
consumption. Different areas of the body show varying body temperature levels. Oral
temperatures serve as the simplest method for temperature assessment and measure at
37.0 °C. Medicalpractitioners use 37.0 °C as the established standard to define normal
core body temperature. The measurement of auxiliary temperatures occurs through
external methods by placing the thermometer under the armpit or between skin folds on
the body. The armpit measurement stands as the most imprecise and time-consuming
method to check body temperature with its normal reading at 36.4 °C. 97.6 °F or 36.4
°C. The measurement of rectal temperature inside the rectum produces results at 99.6 °F
or 37.6 °C. As an internalmeasurement body temperature assessment through this
method proves to be both the most accurate and least time-consuming. The method of
measuring body temperaturethroughthearmpit or betweenbodyfoldsremainsthe least
comfortable approach even though it provides the least accurate results.

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RemotePatientMonitoring:
The healthcare delivery method known as Remote Patient Monitoring employs modern
IT advancements to provide assistance. The healthcare approach now reaches most parts
directly to patients who no longer need to travel to clinics or hospitals. Remote Patient
Technology depends on particular devices which collect patient health data for
transmission to doctors at scheduled intervals.
RPM devices function similarly to Smart phones and tabs yet they possess specialized
capabilities for data collection and facility or doctor connection for
transmissionpurposes. Patients needtowearsensorswhichconnect tothesedevices to allow
the devices to transmit their physiological data to doctors. The doctors evaluate patient
health through this data before determining necessary actions and prescribing
medications and care plans. RPM monitoring devices offer users the ability to schedule
notifications that prompt patients to take medications and performexercises and follow
dietaryplans and sleep routines and provide strategies to manage anxiety. The RPM
devices enable self-monitoring capabilities through which patients can manage their
health independently byaccessing instructions and flow charts and other relevant
information. The RPM technology installed at patients' homes enables Home Healthcare
providers to receive support from their visiting nurses and medical staff. The availability
of wearable devices enables doctors and medical staff to receive physiological
measurements through remote locations which makes the RPM concept possible. The
assessment of patient condition becomes possible through this system without needing
direct patient contact. Healthcare devices have expanded from wearable heart
monitoring devices to Bluetooth scales to Fit bits and many more interconnected
medical tools. These medical devices measure patient health indicators which providers
receive by direct transmission or through manual reporting to make remote healthcare
decisions possible. Remote patient monitoring technologies
functionsimilarlytotelemedicine technologies by automatically tracking patients with
chronic diseases to allow caregivers remote patient monitoring.

Connected health and RPM systems have become essential during the COVID-19
pandemic because they let physicians track patients through non-contact methods
whichstopthe spreadofthe novelcorona virus. The systemenables medicalstaffto

22
maintain hospitalbedsavailable for criticalpatients bytreating milder casesoutside of
hospital settings. The pandemic has shown how hospitals across America successfully
implement connected health and RPM systems. All human beings regardless of age or
gender or location or health condition seek to achieve independent healthy living. The
implementation ofthese solutions faces restrictions because of patient age, sickness,
medical treatments, hospital stays and publichealth emergencies and other health-related
situations. Health monitoring systems now provide assistance for convenient healthy
living while enabling better communication between healthcare providers and patients
for continuous monitoring and vital health parameter measurement and routine
consultations to support overall health. The implementation of Internet of Things (IoT)
technologyin information and communication technologies (ICT) has enabled smart
health monitoring systems to develop and become more acceptable for improving
healthy living.
The research by Zikali showed that the fast-growing older adult population has led to a
parallel rise in patients needing healthcare monitoring. The same studyforecasts senior
citizens willoutnumber childrenand young adults by2045 because older people continue
to grow in numbers according to recent population census data. The worldwide shortage
of home health helpers and nursing assistants and home healthcare providers creates
expensive care needs for elderly patients. A health monitoring system serves as a crucial
tool that reduces patient physical interactions as well as hospital stays and consultation
durations and waiting times and healthcare expenseswhile minimizing
medicalpersonnel'sworkload and stress. Modern healthcare advances through
information technology which enables remote communicationat
anytimeprovideessentialinfrastructurefortelemedicine systems and portable medical
infrastructure.

Smart home technologies enable elderly and handicapped people to live independently
with comfort at home instead of nursing homes or hospitals through improved
healthcare support services that promote healthy living. The healthcare module
integrated into smart home automation systems provides enhanced healthcare services
for patients who stay at home or reside in distant locations beyond hospital settings. The
hospital wards become less depressive for patients
becauseofthisintervention.Doctorshavetheabilitytotrackpatienthealth

23
remotelythroughtheir office while writing prescriptions and reviewing patient vital
health measurements for remote diagnosis. The quick advancement of smart home
healthcare system software and hardware technology enables patients particularly those
who are elderly or disabled to operate home appliances through devices including
smartphones and tablets and laptops and internet access.
The implementation of RPM technology leads to substantial improvements in patient
life quality during chronic disease management. Through RPM patients retain autonomy
while avoiding health problems together with lowering healthcare expenses. The
delivery of home-based medical care through RPM enables the achievement of these
objectives. Patients alongside their family members gain reassurance from monitoring
services which provide support in case of any problems. Home Hemo-dialysis patients
require special attention because they handle complex self-care processes. Peripheral
devices with built-in sensors collect both physiological data such as blood pressure and
subjective patient data. Peripheral devices include blood pressure cuff and pulse ox
meter and glucometer among others. The healthcare providers and third parties receive
data transmission through wireless telecommunication devices. A healthcare
professional or clinical decision support algorithm evaluates the data for potential
problems beforenotifying patient, caregiversand healthproviders about detected issues.
The prompt delivery of interventions leads to beneficial patient results. The modern
health technology features setup educational resources alongside tests and medicine
reminder functions and enables communication between patients and their healthcare
providers.

The Remote health monitoring system operates as a hospital medical system extension
that enables distant observation of patient vital signs. The detection systems previously
existed only in hospital settings and displayed large complex circuitry that needed high
power consumption. The semiconductor technology industry achieved continuous
development through which sensors and microcontrollers became smaller yet operated
faster with reduced power requirements while becoming more affordable. The
development of remote patient life sign monitoring has expanded to include elderly
patients. These are the scenarios where the remote health monitoring system finds its
application:
1. Apatientisknowntohaveamedicalconditionwithunstableregulatorybody

24
system.Thisis incaseswhereanewdrugisbeingintroducedtoa patient.
2. A patientispronetoheartattacks ormayhavesufferedonebefore.Thevitals may be
monitored to predict and alert in advance any indication of the bodystatus.
3. Criticalbodyorgansituation

4. The situation leading to the development of a risky life-threatening condition. This is

for people at an advanced age and maybe having failing health conditions.

5. Athletes during training. To know which training regimes will produce better results.

The development of multiple systems during recent years has aimed to solveremote
health monitoring challenges. Wireless sensors in the system transmit information from
sensors to a remote server through wireless communication. The systems now operate
through a service model which demands payment of subscription fees. Developing
countries face difficulties with these systems because certain individuals cannot afford
them. The requirement for good internet quality stands as a barrier for systems to
operate their real-time remote connections. Many developing areas face difficulties in
obtaining Internet access through their networks. The infrastructure in developed
countries operates perfectly which allowed manysystemsto be introducedthere.
Themajorityofthesesystemsoperate within developing countries after receiving
necessary modifications. The implementation of remote detection systems requires an
approach that starts from basic conditions currently available in developing nations to
minimize these problems. A basic patient monitoring system design starts with the
number of parameters it detects. The detection of one parameter allows the calculation
of multiple readings. The detectionofparameters requires the following simplification
approach:
i) Thesingleparametermonitoringsystemtracksonlyone measurement parameter such as
Electrocardiogram (ECG) readings. The algorithm determines how many readings
emerge from heartbeat detection through ECG monitoring. The heart rate and oxygen
saturation levels become available through an ECG reading.
ii) The multi-parameter monitoring system tracks various parameters simultaneously.
High Dependency Units (HDU) and Intensive Care Units (ICU) along with hospital
theatre surgery areas and Post surgery recovery units in
Hospitalsserveasexamplesofsuchmonitoringsystems.TheECGtogetherwith

25
blood pressure and respiration rate represent the monitored parameters. The Multiparameter
monitoring system serves as evidence to confirm patient survival and recovery status.
Most elderly people in developing nations relocate to rural areas after finishing their
career work routines. The assisted living group homes serve as the destination for
elderly people in developed nations. A remote health monitoring system proves useful
at this point.

RemotePatientMonitoring–ChallengesandBarriers

Several obstacles exist within current systems and regulations which needresolution to
achieve a reliable RPM system operation.

NetworkAvailabilityandConnectivity:

RPM and Tele-health success rates depend significantly on device network connectivityand
premisesnetwork availability. Anynetworktype including Mobile and Wired and Tele-
health in particular needs this to be true. Large data packet transmission through the
network becomes compromised when interruptions occur whichmight negativelyaffect
diagnosisprocedures.Thisisparticularlyproblematic for continuous monitoring situations
such as heart or brain conditions where network disruptions at crucialtimes could be
undesirable. Patients need to maintain continuous network availability because input
devices operate near them for effective communication with the EHR system. The
adoption rate determines how Network providers should establish network types which
guarantee this.

Sensorsandwearabledevices:

The maindistinguishing featureofanRPMsystemconsistsofsensorsand wearable devices.

Various body parts can accommodate different sizes of wearable devices that patients
should use according to their needs while considering comfort and convenience. The
water resistance of Fitbit (activity tracking watches) and similar devices does not make
them suitable for use during shower time. The electronic devicescannot
functionproperlywhenplaced near hot areassuchasbarbecues.The operating time
ofbattery-powered devices shortens when temperatures drop in cold
weatherconditions.Theappearanceofproductsespeciallywearablegadgetsneeds

26
periodicupdatestoensuretheir proper design.

TrainingandAdaptability:

Patients need training to use RPM devices which have satisfactory usability even
though they contain numerous sensors and complicated devices. The training intensity
for patients must consider their health state together with their individual background.

Accuracyofdata:

The success of RPM depends on keeping the data of high quality. The delivery of
reliable medical data to practitioners depends on accurate sensor information from the
system regardless of correct system and network operation. The accuracy levels of RPM
systems are preserved through periodic verification and calibration procedures.

SecurityandPrivacy:

Digital network-based RPM systems experience security threats that comprise privacy
breaches as well as assorted security concerns. All applicable Healthcare management
system security requirements should include proper application to RPM systems. The
protected privacy of patients represents both an information security measure and a
comprehensive matter requiring robust clinic-patient relations according to HIPAA
together with other privacy standards.

FDAApproval:

The RPM systems and devices must meet the FDAregulation norms for healthcare
use.FDAapprovalitself brings a challenge to the systemproviders; it could require
security of manufacturing/development process , quality assurance, patient worthiness
certificationand life cycle assessments. While FDA approval itself may be beneficial to
the patients which could ensure high device standards, it may eventually end up pushing
the device costs higher due to related overheads.

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CostandAffordability:
The process overheads and extra approval steps may lead to increased costs thus making
RPM devices expensive to adopt. However mass scale adoption in due course of time
could make it affordable and even necessary

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 CHAPTER2AIM ANDSCOPE

2.1 AIMOFPROJECT

This project's primary goal is to create an intelligent patient health

monitoring system that can track important health indicators including body
temperature, pulse rate, and ECG data in real time. This IoT based system is
proposed for the continuous health monitoring to improve early disease
detection and remote patient manager. As the chronic disease becomes more
common, remote healthcare becomesever more necessary with remote
healthcare solution, therefore real – time health monitoring is more
important than ever. The telemedicine and remote monitoring application
has shown its importance and significance in appearing timely necessary
healthcare interventions in such as epidemics and pandemics crises as the
ongoing COVID-19 crisis. The usage of IoT based monitoring systems
makes it possible to have a cost effective, scalable and efficient way of
reducing hospital visits or increase accessibilities, and be able to alert
immediately upon emergency.

The “Internet of Things (IoT)” such that it enables the seamlessconnection

between wearable sensors, cloud computing, and AIpowered analytics for
patient monitoring. The “Internet of Things (IoT)” ecosystem in healthcare
includes ongoing patient monitoring through wearable or embedded sensors,
wireless data transmission modules (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 5G) for real-time
communication, cloud based data storage and analytics for secured and
accessible health records and alert systems to notify the healthcare
professionals on the anomalies.

However,there are still certain difficulties. intherapiddevelopmentof

29
IoT based healthcare, such as data security and privacy, which need to
ensure the secure transmission and storage of the sensitive health data.
Latency reduction, so as to guarantee real time processing for the quick
medical interventions, is another challenge. Furthermore, for IoT solutions
to support large scale patient monitoring, they must be scalable and
interoperability must be factored in by standardizing
protocolsforseamlessintegrationwithhospitalmanagement systems.In
addition, affordability is an issue as IoT enabled healthcare solutions must
be affordable for all socio economic groups.

This project has set out to build a scalable and secure health monitoring
system based on IoT that will employ AI enabled analytics to
boostearlydisease detection, help patients via realtime monitoring and alerts,
levean high burden on hospitals through telemedicine and remote
consultation, enable long term health data tracking to enable predictive
diagnostics. The enhancements in IoT based health care and fog computing
and edge processing to accelerate patient care, guarantee timely, effective
and budgetary wellbeing observing arrangements over the world.

2.1.1 OBJECTIVES
• Todevelopareliablepatienthealthmonitoringsystem.
• Tomeasurethebodytemperature,heartbeatrateandecg.
• Todesignasystemtostorepatientdata.
• Todoanalysis ofcollecteddataofsensors.

• Togethealthrelatedinformationinunderstandable format.

2.2 SCOPE

Both patients and physicians will benefit from this project's assistance
in patient health monitoring. It will aid in illness prevention and early
diagnosis. Designing and implementing a smart patient health tracking
system that employs sensors to monitor patient health and the internet to
notify loved ones of any problems is the main goal of this project. The goal
of creating monitoring

30
systems is to save medical expenses by lowering hospital stays, doctor
visits, and diagnostic tests. Every one of our bodies uses temperature and
pulse recognition to read and comprehend health. The microcontroller,
which is interfaced to an LCD panel and has the ability to exchange alarms
remotely, is connected to the sensors in order to track the status. The system
will notify the client about the patient's condition via IOT if it detects any
abrupt changes in the patient's body temperature or heartbeat. It will also
show the patient's temperature and pulse in real time on the web. In this
way, the IOT-based tolerant wellbeing following architecture effectively
uses the web to screen silent wellbeing metrics and save time. The globe
has been greatly impacted by the growing usage of smart devices and mobile
technology in the field of health. Health professionals are progressively
utilising the advantages that these technologies offer, which is leading to a
notable improvement in clinical and nonclinical health care. The benefits of
MHealth (Mobile Health) applications and E-Health (ICT-supported
healthcare) are also being used by innumerable regular people to enhance,
support, and aid their health. Applications with an intuitive interface have
been a significant haven for these people. The Internet of things is making it
easier to incorporate gadgets that can connect to the Internet, provide
doctors immediate access to information about patients' health, and offer
information in real time. It is evident that chronic conditions like diabetes,
heart disease, and high blood pressure are significant global issues at the
social and economic levels. This article's goal is to create an architecture
based on an ontology that can track patients' health and suggest exercise
regimens for those with long-term illnesses. Physicians can easily keep an
eye on their patients' health with linked gadgets. Additionally, in the event
of a medical emergency such as a diabetic crisis, heart failure, asthma
attack, etc., real-time monitoring can save lives.
A smart medical device connected to a smartphone application makes it
straightforward to gather medical and necessary health data. TheInternet of
Things devices obtain health data that includes blood pressure
measurements along with oxygen levels and blood sugar readings and body

31
 weight and electrocardiograms.
Data stored in the cloud from these devices becomes accessible to
authorized personnel including physicians, insurance companies,
participating health firms and external consultants from any location at
anytime using anydevice. The second goalof IoT in healthcare creates
operational capabilities through machine-to-machine communication and
information exchange and data movement which results in efficient
healthcare facility delivery.
Healthcare personnel can transform their patient diagnosis methods and
treatment approaches through Bluetooth LE and Wi-Fi and Z-wave and
ZigBee and other contemporary protocols.
A technology-based system reduces healthcare personnel visits and
simultaneously reduces expenses. The cloud system serves as the only
solution for storing massive data volumes obtained from healthcare mobile
applications and devices. Healthcare personnel experience significant
difficultyinobtaining informationfrommultipledevicesand sources.
IoT devices function to gather data in real-time and generateassessments
that eliminate the requirement of storing raw data. Life- threatening
situations require timely alerts to become essential.
Medical IoT devices and applications enable the collection of vital patient
data which doctors and health personnel can access in real time for
monitoring purposes. These mobile applications and IoT devices provide
notifications about patient critical conditions at any time and from
anywhere. IoT enabled devices enable doctors to observe patients in their
present circumstances. Real-time monitoring allows patients to minimize
their doctor office visits and stay in hospitals and reduce hospital
readmissions at various locations. Audemix devices eliminate the need for
manual work that doctors perform when creating patient records. The device
is powered by voice commands and also captures the patient’s data. While
doing so, it makes the patient’s data accessible for review.

The Smart Grid and the Internet of Things (IoT) are crucial for advancing and directing
the growth of the economy and information technology. While IoT applications are

32
currently developing quickly, some applications have unique needs that the current
technology is unable to adequately address. A lot of research is being done to develop
IoT. Zig-Bee cannot achieve the capabilities of a Wi-Fi-based Wireless Sensor Network
(WSN), such as high bandwidth and rate, non-line-transmission capability, large-scale
data collecting, and high cost-effectiveness. WSNs can also monitor videos.For the
advancement of the Internet of Things and Smart Grid, research into Wi-Fi-based WSN
and its use is extremely important. The application of Wi-Fi-based WSN in the Internet
of Things, which includes Smart Grid, Smart Agriculture, and Intelligent Environment
Protection, is covered in this article based on the current research work on applications
in the Internet of Things and the features of Wi-Fi-based WSN. The significance of
sensors and monitoring systems has grown throughout time. But as the number of
measuring sites rises, so do the costs of installation and upkeep. The process of creating
a smart wireless sensor network that uses Wi-Fi to monitor an agricultural
environment.The technology can intelligently and pre-programmedly monitor
agricultural conditions. Three stations make up the system: the server, router, and
sensor node. The sensor station has many sensor elements, including temperature,
humidity, light, air pressure, soil moisture, and water level. The system is intended to
monitor the climate conditions in agricultural settings, such as fields or greenhouses.
Additionally, research was done to incorporate a new planar electromagnetic sensor for
the detection of nitrate. 802.11g wireless modules provide communication between the
sensor node and the server.Sensors are used for measurements and data collection, but
in order to support full-fledged applications that make use of the data they gather, they
need an efficient data transfer method. One of the most crucial—yet often ignored—
topics in the field of electronics is embedded systems. When we think of technology,
we typically think of smartphones, tablets, and laptops, but we rarely discuss the
gadgets that truly make our lives easier.

too much about. It can be challenging to tell them apart from larger or more general-
purpose computers since they are frequently mistaken with each other. Physical objects
equipped with sensors along with software and technologies function as networked
things within the Internet of Things framework (IoT). Several technology developments
such as embedded systems and real-time analytics and machine learning and ubiquitous
computing and inexpensive sensors have brought substantial changes to the world.
Several traditional domains enable Internet of things operations which include home and
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building automation among other frameworks such as wireless sensor networks and
embedded systems and control systems. The consumer market mainly recognizes IoT
technology through smart home products which include lighting fixtures, thermostats,
cameras, home security systems as well as various interconnected appliances that stream
through common ecosystems and respond to smart phone and smart speaker commands.
The Internet of Things provides healthcare organizations with possibilities for
implementation.
The extension of Internet-connected devices produces multiple severe safety dangers
mainly because of security and privacy concerns. The growing concerns have urged
industry and government entities to develop solutions which led them to establish
international standards.
Internet of Things ecosystems consist of smartphone components that process data from
their environments using embedded systems which link to the web by processing data
with CPUs and sensors and communication infrastructure. Information flows between
IoT devices toward an IoT gateway or edge device either for local processing or cloud-
based examination of the data.
The devices occasionally communicate data between like devices to produce specific
responses. The devices conduct most actions automatically after humans either
administer setup instructions or gather their output data and program their functions
independently. Different IoT applications require various specific connection,
networking and communication protocols for the web-enabled devices they use.
Machine learning and artificial intelligence help IoT systems obtain data while
facilitating this data collection process.

People gain complete control over their lives and their activities work more efficiently
through the internet of things. The business world depends on IoT as it delivers
automated home appliances. IoT gives companies a real-time glimpse into how their
systems function, offering information into supply chain and logistics operations as well
as equipment performance.

Businesses can save labour expenses and automate procedures thanks to IoT.
Additionally, it reduces waste and enhances service delivery, lowering the cost of
producing and delivering items and providing transparency into consumer interactions.As
a result, IoT is one of the most significant technologies in daily life and will only gain
34
momentum as more companies see how linked gadgets can help them stay competitive.

PROSandCONS

Having been revolutionized by the Internet of Things (IoT), where the Internet is used to
controlsmart interconnected system for automation, efficiencyand realtime interaction,
the IoT has brightened a number of industries. Though, IoT is imbued with a host of
benefits, challenges associated with the implementation of IoT are needed to be dealt to
include it in secure and efficient way.

AdvantagesofIoT

1. Seamless access to information: Through IoT users can retrieve data whenever
they want through any connected device from any location thus creating easy
access to decision-making capabilities.

2. Increased Communication: Through IoT devices successfully exchange

information directly with each other during automated communication thus
improving system performance and responsiveness.

3. The networked connection of IoT devices allows automated data exchange among
linked systems to lower operational expenses and improve business efficiency and
speed for both business operations and individual consumers.

4. The efficiency of business operations and medical facilities increases through

IoT automation because it decreases human contact which produces higher
quality solutions for healthcare systems and industry and residential automation
applications.

5. IoT Smart Systems:Smart grids in combination with Automated lighting coupled

with Energy efficient HVAC systems minimize utility expenses and achieve
lower consumption while preventing waste production.

6. Machine Predictive Maintenance systems in industrial sites and healthcare

facilities use IoT technology to monitor equipment conditions and allow
proactive problem solving.

DisadvantagesofIoT

1. The rising number of linked devices escalates the chances of digital assaults

35
 taking place. Hackers have the ability to steal important data along with disrupting
essential operations by taking advantage of the weaknesses found in IoT systems.
2. The progressive nature of enterprises allows better management of extensive
IoT devices as well as massive datasets created from these devices.
3. Because of unsecured coding and weaknesses in IoT networks a single
security flaw will spread throughout the entire system so that all connected devices
fail alongside failed IoT-dependent projects.
4. Instruction Standardization in IoT configuration remains unclear to vendors
thus producing devices from different makers that fail to exchange information
between them causing system integration complications.
5. The implementation of IoT infrastructure combined with its hardware costs
and software obligations and cybersecurity requirements places large financial
demands on enterprises most notably affecting small and medium-sized businesses.
6. The same internet connectivity anomalies make IoT devices dependent on
reliable connections because they remain sensitive to network outages and service
interruptions across all locations.

IoTStandardsandFrameworks

For “Internet of Things (IoT)” to function, standardized communication protocol and

framework is needed for it to interoperate, secure, and be efficient across these connected
devices. Different emerging IoT standards can facilitate communication, develop device
flexibility and compatibility, and secure efficient use of resources in IoT ecosystems.
Some of the widely accepted The following are IoT frameworks and standards:

1. 6LoWPAN is the Internet Engineering Task Force's (IETF) open standard

that allows any low power radio to communicate over the internet. It
supports protocols like IEEE 804.15.4, “Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)”, Z-
Wave and is highly suitable for smart homes, industrial automation and
sensor networks.
2. Zigbee: Zigbee is a low data rate, low power wireless network used in
industrial settings. As a common technology, Zigbee is based on the IEEE
802.15.4 standard and is used for reliable device to device communication;
36
 it can be found in smart home automation, mobile healthcare monitoring
as well as building management systems. Dot- dot is a universalIoT
language introduced bythe Zigbee Alliance that ensures the easy
interaction of smart objects on different networks.
3. LiteOS is a Unix such as the operating system (OS) for Internet of Things
applications and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It is frequently seen in
cellphones, wearables, intelligent manufacturing, smart homes and the
Internet of Vehicles (IoV). LiteOS is also a development platform for IoT
based smart devices that provides secure and scalablesolutions.
4. Open: OneM2M, Open is a global standardisation initiative for M2M
(Machine to Machine) communication, targeted at its service
layer,andenablingsecureretrieve,share,Create,control anddeleteaccess

to remoteresources. Reusablearchitecturestandards for crossindustry IoT

applications in the field of healthcare, automotive and industrial
automation are provided to developers by OneM2M.
5. Data Distribution Service (DDS): DDS is an IoT standard for real- time,
scalable, and high performance M2M communication developed by the
Object Management Group (OMG). Autonomous vehicles together with
robotics and industrial IoT (IIoT) systems and military applications
extensively employ this protocol to guarantee secure data communication
with minimum delay.
6. Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP): AMQP allows open
source organizations to exchange encrypted asynchronous messages
between their applications using interoperable protocols. Many IoT
devices along with cloud-based applications and financial programs use
this technology to secure their data transfers while functioning under
event-driven system architecture.
7. IETF created Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) as a lightweight
protocol that serves IoT devices which have restricted capabilities and low
memory storage options along with minimal processing power and limited
bandwidth. CoAP enables quick device-to-device transmissions while
using minimal bandwidth resources and power supply. Many smart
metering as well as environmental monitoring and industrial automation

37
 deployments depend on CoAP as their communication protocol.
8. LoRaWAN:WideAreanetworkingforIoT,to coverapplicationssuch as smart
cities, agriculture, logistics etc.Millions of low power devices help
organizations and businesses by monitoring various assets and performing
tracking operations along with environmental monitoring and sensor
system applications.

IoTframeworksincludethefollowing:
Due to IoT frameworks businesses obtain necessary tools which maintain seamless
communication alongside security features and data handling for devices connected to
cloud platforms. Businesses and development of smart applications depend on these
frameworks to provide IoT development, integration and scalability which allows
process automation and large-scale IoT ecosystem management.
The following list contains leading IoT frameworks that achieve device-to-cloud
connectivity while processing data between different connected systems.

1. AWS IoT presents secure and scalable IoT solutions through its cloud platform
called AWS IoT which Amazon developed. The system empowers intelligent
devices to achieve functionality through their connection to AWS cloud
platforms and other compatible systems as they exchange information. AWS IoT
provides the best features for industries such as smart homes and healthcare and
industrial automation and predictive maintenance.

2. The Arm Mbed IoT platform is for building IoT applications with Arm
microcontrollers. Its focus is to enable scalable, connected, and secure IoT
device environment with Mbed tools and services integrated. This platform
supports building lightweight, power-friendly IoT applications, suitable for IoT
wearables, industrial IoT and remote monitoring systems.

3. Azure IoT Suite is Microsoft Azure's all-encompassing platform that enables

users to capture, manage, and analyze IoT data in real time. It offers data
visualization, multidimensional analysis, transformation and aggregation
services to organizations to extract actionable insights fromIoTproduced data.
Azure IoT Suite finds widespread usage in smart cities, energy management, and
industrial automation.

38
4. Brillo and Weave are Google’s IoT platforms for rapid IoT application
deployment. Weave is a communications protocol that facilitates laser
interactions among IoT devices and cloud platform, while Brillo is an Android-
based form of OS embedded in low power devices. These technologies allow
interoperability in many IoT ecosystems, which can be employed in smart
homes, connected devices as well as consumer electronics.

5. Calvin is an open source Java based IoT framework developed by Ericsson that
enables you to develop and manage distributed IoT applications. It is an
application development framework for application developers and a runtime
system for handling real time communication between IoT devices. With event
driven architecture and decentralized processing, Calvin provides devices with
an intelligence that makes it useful in industrial IoT, edge computing & real time
monitoring.

ConsumerandenterpriseIoTapplications:
The new era of connectivity, automation and real time data transfer brought by Internet
of Things has revolutionized both consumer as well as an enterprise world. Applications
of IoT are found in nearly all the industries such as automotive, healthcare,
telecommunication, energy, smart cities, agriculture and manufacturing industries. These
applications make the operations more efficient, lower the costs, enhance security and
enhance user experience.

ConsumerIoTApplications

Smart systems and devices that are designed to enhance consumers' daily lives,
delivering energy saving, automation and convenience are called consumer IoT.

1. Connected Thermostats, Factors Safety Cameras, and Amazon Alexa and Google
Assistant; these are a few of the IoT first of smart home solutions. The
interconnectivity of these systems via mobile applications allows the user to
remotely manage temperature, lighting, appliances, security systems with
subsequent enhancement of energy efficiency and security.

2. Smart wearables such as fitness bands, smart watches and biometric monitors are
wearable technology that provide real time health information by monitoring
heart rate, oxygen saturation, activity and sleep.Also, with the help of these
wearables, public safety application is also possible by tracking response

39
 coordination, location data, and vital signs.

3. It is employed in healthcare and Telemedicine and central to it are allowing

continuous patient monitoring, predictive analysis, and remote diagnosis.
Wearable IoT based smart ECG monitors, glucose monitors and temperature
sensorsassist doctorstoremotelymonitortheir patients. Medicalinstruments
inventory and automated medication dispensing systems are RFID based
inventory tracking used by hospitals to increase efficiency.

4. IoT based smart building solutions includes minimising energy consumption and
maintenance cost and automating the operations of the HVAC systems, lighting
up and operation of the security systems of buildings. Room occupancyis
detectedbymotionsensorsto automaticallyadjust temperature, turn offlights when
notin useand optimize otherbuilding resources on the
waytooptimizingsustainability.

5. Modern vehicles get IoT based Navigation, Vehicle tracking, and Fleet
management system. IoT enabled cars have real time diagnostics, detection of
automatic crash, predictive maintenance and connected infotainment systems that
enhances driving experience as well as road safety.

EnterpriseandIndustrialIoT(IIoT)Applications
Enterprise IoT (EIoT) and Industrial IoT (IIoT) are concentrated on improving the
operations of business, on the automation, business processes and productivity by smart
device connectivity.

1. IoT Enabled Smart Agriculture: The Smart Smart farming applies precision
agriculture methods on the basis of IoT to optimize the utilization of water,
enhance the crop yield and field conditions in real time by the utilization of soil
moisture sensors, weather monitoring stations and smart irrigation systems. The
drones are also connected and AI is utilized for analysis in case of livestock
tracking, pest management and predicting the yield.

2. Internet of Things is a most significant component of Industry 4.0, enabling

smart factories, smart machines, predictive maintenance and remote monitoring
of machinery. The IoT assists in the detection of operational inefficiencies,
tracking across supply chains, and also avoids machine failure by examining
readily available real time data of the industrial equipment.

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 3. IoT Deployment in the Urban area assists in improved traffic management, waste
collection and public safety Smart Cities. Smart street lights regulate their
brightness based on on demand nature of traffic flow, reducing energy.
Connected surveillance cameras and AI based crime detection systems improve
the capability of the law enforcement. IoT intelligent grids mean better utilization
of power, tracking distribution and usage of energy for better sustainable use of
the resource.

4. IoT assists with smart grid management, power distribution, and water
conservation. The appeal present in smart meters is the real time energy
consumption information that provides consumers with the potential to become
more energy efficient. Predictive power grid maintenance, automated power grid
fault detection, and remote monitoring of renewable energy sources through IoT
are utilized by utilities.

5. IoT-enabled GPS Tracking: GPS-enabled items such as trucks, vehicles, fleets,

etc. through which real-time tracking of these items in terms of status and
location is done which would assist the Company in optimizing its supply Chain
such as logistics cost reduction and increasing efficiency across the logistics and
supply chain. RFID tags, IoT beacons, and AI-based analytics are utilized by
firms to track shipments accurately, to, track condition and to provide end to end
supply chain visibility.

IoTsecurityandprivacyissues:
With billions of devices linked across the globe using the Internet of Things (IoT), such
a model created a surplus of data that must be securely stored. With the heightened
attack surface of IoT, security and privacy have emerged as material concerns in light of
IoT devices increasingly becoming attack targets for cybercriminals. It is without
necessary protection that IoT networks are prone to data breaches, system manipulations
and infrastructure disruptions.
SecurityThreatsinIoT
1. IoT ecosystems naturally increase the Attack Surface by consisting of billions of
connected devices, thereby becoming a beautiful target for cybercriminals.
Malicious players can be introduced via each connected device, again enhancing

41
 the likelihood of getting compromised.
2. One type of notorious attack that the IoT devices have fallen victim to is the 2016
Mirai botnet attack that infected inadequately secured IoT devices in order to
infiltrate domain name service provider Dyn. The aftermath of this attack gave
rise to a massive global wide Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack, in
which numerous high profile websites were disabled. They were in a position
where they could hijack IoT devices that had default passwords and weak
security configurations and that is why it's so urgent to implement improved
authentication as well as get into the practice of installing firmware updates.
3. Not Sufficient SecurityPatching and Updates: The manufacturers of IoT are not
updating and patching their devices regularly that expose their devices to
sophisticated cyber attacks. Even the hackers get to exploit the devices that do
not update the firmware, receive security patching, or intrusiondetection.

4. Device Exploitation and Manipulation: Due to their high interconnectedness, the

exploitation of a single vulnerability can enable the hacker to breach all the
network of IoT devices. If compromised, attackers can manipulate the sensor
data, interfere with their functioning or take over the whole connected systems of
that target, affecting numerous industries such as Healthcare and Finance and
Industrial control systems.
PrivacyConcernsinIoT
1. Most consumer IoT devices take in personal data such as names, addresses,
phone numbers and even social media information. The issue is that some firms
find it lucrative to take advantage of that information to sell to advertisers and
third parties without the active approval of users, and this is now an ethical and
legal issue.
2. IoT securitybreaches are not only a violation of the users' personal privacy, but
also pose a threat to their critical infrastructure. Power grids, transport systems,
water supply networks and financial services are all vulnerable options for
cybercriminals who may be leaving the country in shambles and inflicting
economic losses.
3. Inadequate Encryption and Protection of Data: transferring from an IoT device is
not encrypted and data of an IoT device may get leaked in case it's not protected.
In case of no end to end encryption, the attacker gets an opportunity to tap into

42
 the communication and result in identity theft, financial fraud, and unlawful
surveillance.
4. Most IoT devices are gathering and sharing information with users unaware of
the amount or content. It is a deprivation of User Awareness and Control. IoT
systems need open data policies, which offer users the opportunity to opt-out
regarding excessive information gathering and having more control of their
privacy controls.
MitigationStrategies forIoTSecurityandPrivacy
1. Multi Factor Authentication (MFA), Biometric Authentication and Role Based
Access Control (RBAC) will avoid unwanted access to IoT networks.
2. IoT companies should make security updates and patch Firmware updates
regularly in a bid to keep the devices secured from emerging vulnerabilities.

3. All Data Transmissions between Cloud Servers, Networks and IoT device are
End to End Encrypted (Prevents data interception and tampering).
4. Manufacturersmust eliminate default passwords, enforce sound password
policies and disable excess ports and services.
5. Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML): AI and ML help to evaluate
anomalies and identify possible cyber threats in real time, to automatically shut
down them.
6. Meeting IoT Security Compliance Regulations: Data and user privacy equipped
with compliance to international IoT security standards including ISO/IEC
27001, GDPR and NIST IoT Cybersecurity Framework.

2.1 EmbeddedProcessorsusedinrealtime

An embedded processor is a microprocessor that is dedicated to control electrical and

mechanical functions of an embedded system. General purpose processors applied in
personal computers are very different from embedded processors that operate efficiently,
use minimal power and work real time because they are optimally designed for particular
functions. Applicable in automobiles, medical equipment, industrial automation, robots
and consumer electronics is the general application. The most widespread type of such
processors features limited computational performance and I/O, but extremely high
reliability and low latency of execution of dedicated functions. The embedded processors,

43
however, have earned their niche as regards the creation of the intelligent systems that
need to work independently and with minimal intervention necessitating only a minimum
human intervention because of their ability to work effectively in restricted environment.

Both embedded processors and microcontrollers are frequently interchanged with one
another because they both perform control-related functions. Microcontrollers, however,
contain all the components that are required, including memory, I/O interfaces, and
processing units, within a single chip, and are therefore independent. Whereas, the
embedded processors are designed in a manner that they are reliant on the external
components such as the memory units, the peripheral devices, and the I/O interfaces for
efficient working. Microcontrollers find application in low power, low cost applications
and embedded processors in high computing, processing power and multi
tasking.Additionally, the embedded processors contrast withsystemonchip (SoC)
architecturesthat putmultipleprocessingunits,e.g.,GPUsandAIacceleratorsetc.for optimized
workloads, onto a single chip.

In many domains, embedded processors are of great importance. They are used in engine
control units (ECUs), advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), and infotainment
systemswithintheautomotive industryfor abetterthevehiclesafetyand performance. In the
healthcare sector, for e.g. medical imaging devices, wearable health monitors or patient
monitoring systems are embedded with processors for real time analysis of data for
improving medical outcomes. Embedded processors in robotic arms, smart sensors, and
predictive maintenance systems help the industrial automation sector to operate more
efficiently and reduce the downtime. Embedded processors in consumer electronics are
powering smart home appliances, gaming consoles and smart phones to optimize user
experience. In aerospace and defense industry, theyare paramount for navigation system,
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), and satellite communication and ensuring real-time data
processing and mission- critical application.

Real time processing needs are managed by embedded processors that ensure tasks are
executed within a specified time frame. Based on the application, these systems operate in
hard real-time (rigid deadlines) or soft real-time (elastic deadlines). For instance, an anti
lock braking system (ABS) of an automobile is a hard real time system since it has to
respond immediately to the sensor inputs. Meanwhile, smart home automation systems are
delay tolerant and are soft real time systems. Parameters deciding the performance of real
44
time embedded systems include task scheduling algorithms, interrupt handling
mechanism, and low latent communication protocol which decides the extent to which the
system is responsive to time critical inputs.

Data security becomes a main concern as embedded processors progresses to embed in the
applications which are very critical. Unauthorized access and data integrity is hampered
only when there is proper encryption of data, authentication mechanisms and secure
storage protocols.Complianceisalsorequiredinhealthcaremonitoring
systems that transmit patient data continuously for monitoring where data should be stored
in a HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) and GDPR
(GeneralDataProtectionRegulation)compliant manner forprivacyandconfidentiality
reasons. Additional protection of embedded processors can be provided by secure
firmware updates, hardware encryption modules and intrusion detection. Additionally, in
industrial automation and defense industries, the significance of being capable of being
resistant to hacking attempts to attain cybersecurity is to prevent hacking and being
capable of controlling or breaking system control and data.

The future of embedded processors is result of the development of artificial intelligence

(AI), machine learning (ML) and edge computing. From real time pattern recognition to
predictive maintenance and, of course, smart decisions, today's modern embedded systems
employ AI accelerators. With 5G and IoT connectivities, the embedded processors are
becoming increasingly interconnected and, therefore, are able to pass on data in faster
ways and support improved machine to machine (M2M) communication. Apart from this,
research based on efficient architecture is in process where the low power embedded
processor guarantees performance at the cost of not losing efficiency that facilitates their
utilization in battery operated and green friendly application. Apart from this, the quantum
processors will also likely be a part of future embedded systems for ultra-rapid
computation of fields such as cryptography, data security and scientific research.

Today's real time systems are based on embedded processors that are facilitating
development across various industries. Due to the ability to conduct specific tasks at high
accuracy with minimum power requirements, real-time response, they cannot be
substituted in areas that include healthcare, automotive, industrial automation, and other
consumer electronics. Additionally, as AI, IoT and 5G technologies develop very fast, the

45
embedded processors play an important role in shaping the intelligent, connected and
secure site of the future computer system. Embedded processors are going to continue to
transform real time applications for domain specific applications by providing secure
processing, high computational efficacy and in sync operation with up and coming
technologies.

2.2 ProposedSystem

The designed IoT based health monitoring system is capable of continuously monitoring
and recording the vital health parameters like pulse rate, body temperature, SPO2 levels
and ECG signals. The system consists of several biomedical sensors that are integrated
with Arduino UNO as the central processing unit for collecting, processing and
transmitting real time health data to cloud platforms. Leveraging the Internet of Things
(IoT), this system continuously monitors patients, especially in remote healthcare
settings, elderly care, and emergency response instances. This is an essential tool in the
creation of telemedicine and smart health care solutions as healthcare professionals can
access patient data in real time, from anywhere in the world.

Figure2.1:BlockDiagramofProposedSystem

The proposed system uses a number of biomedical sensors to monitor different health
parameters. Body temperature monitoring is done using the LM35 temperature sensor,
SPO2 sensor for measuring oxygen saturation levels,ADXL335 accelerometer sensor
for detecting movement, posture changes and fall detection and AD8232 ECG sensor

46
for capturing real time heart activity. The Arduino UNO is used as a data processing
hub and interfaces with these sensors. This is because the raw collected health data is
shownon LCD screen in immediate
patientfeedbackwhileconnectedtocloudplatformforfurtherbiomedicalhealth
information using ESP8266 Wi-Fi modules. This enables monitoring of the system in
real time in a remote environment by using platforms such as UBIDOTS and BLYNK,
accessed by mobile applications, web interfaces and so on.

LM35 temperature sensor is a high precision IC, which provides an analog output
proportional to the temperature in degrees Celsius. It has a linear output, low impedance
and a wide operational range (-55°C to 150°C) and is therefore very reliable for
medicalapplications like fever monitoring and earlysymptomdetection in infectious
diseases.

The AD8232 module is used for ECG monitoring. The signal conditioning block is
designed to extract, amplify, and filter small bio-signals in a noisy environment. A two
pole high pass filter is included in the module to remove motion artifacts and electrode
half cell potential, and to provide high signal accuracy. The precision on ECG readings
provided by AD8232 make it ideal for use in continuous heart monitoring, arrhythmia
detection, and in the diagnosis of cardiovascular conditions in real time thanks to a
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) of 80 dB.

FunctionalityoftheIoT-BasedHealthMonitoringSystem

1. Data Acquisition: Various sensors continuously collect patient health metrics,

such as temperature, heart rate, blood oxygen levels, and movement activity.

2. DataProcessing:The Arduino UNO microcontroller processesthecollected raw

data, filtering unnecessary noise and converting signals into meaningful health
indicators.

3. DataDisplayandTransmission:

o The LCD display on the device providesinstant visual feedbackofthe

patient’s vital signs.

o TheESP8266Wi-Fimodulefacilitateswireless datatransmission to cloud-

based platforms such as UBIDOTS and BLYNK, allowing

47
 healthcareprofessionalsandcaregiverstoaccesspatientdataremotely.

4. AlertandNotificationSystem:
o The system is programmed with threshold values for each health
parameter.

o If the collected data falls outside the predefined safe range, an automatic
alert notification is sent to smartphones, hospital dashboards, or caregiver
devices, ensuring immediate medical attention.

AdvantagesoftheProposed System

 Remote Patient Monitoring: This system allows real-time health tracking,

enabling doctors to monitor their patients from any location, reducing the need
for frequent hospital visits.

 Early Detection of Health Issues: By continuously monitoring vitals, the

system can detect abnormalities early, allowing for preventive interventions and
timely medical assistance.

 Real-TimeHealth Alerts: Thesystemgenerates instant notifications whena

patient’s vitals fall outside normal ranges, ensuring rapid response and
emergency management.

 Cloud-Based Data Storage: The IoT-integrated cloud storage ensuressecure and

real-time access to historical patient data, facilitating long-term tracking and AI-
driven health predictions.

 Cost-Effective and Scalable: The system is designed to be affordable and

expandable, allowing integration of additional sensors, AI-poweredanalytics, and
wearable technology for enhanced patient care.

 User-Friendly Interface: The integration with mobile applications and web

dashboards ensures easy access for both healthcare professionals and patients,
improving user experience and engagement.

It is a revolutionary step towards the ‘smart healthcare’ and ‘telemedicine’ as it closes

the gap between traditional in hospital monitoring and remote patient care dueto the
feasibilityand efficiencyoftheproposed IoT-based healthcaresystem. In this, Patient
healthdata can be collected, analysed, and transmitted inrealtime able

48
tocontributeaccuracy,timelinessandefficiencyinthedeliveryofhealthcare
services. Cloud computing along with wireless technology, along with AI powered
analytics that further makes the system more accurate and useful can also be interpreted
from the above endeavors thus making the system a valuable and indispensable tool for
future of healthcare. The IoT based monitoring system hasthe capability to re — define
patient care and emergency response in healthcare worldwide with further
advancements in sensor technology, AI driven diagnostics and secure data transmission.

49
 CHAPTER3SYSTEMDESIGN

3.1 EXISTINGSYSTEM

● The fixed observance method, which may only be detected while the
patient is in the hospital or bed, was the system formerly utilised in
health observance. It takes a lot of time for both patients and
doctors. The patient must be admitted to the hospital under the
current system for routine medical care or normal observation.
● The systems measure the patient's health parameters and transmit
them via a variety of platforms, including Bluetooth protocol.

● These are utilised for information transfer in short-range

communication. In the smallest of circumstances, the doctor is
unable to retrieve every detail.

3.2 PROBLEMSTATEMENT

● There aren't many medical facilities at rural hospitals. Problems in the health care system
are made possible by subpar health management.

● Developing nations lack the management and resources necessary to

address people's issues.

● The cost of a daily health checkup is beyond the means of the average person.

3.3 PROPOSEDSYSTEM
● The Arduino Uno, temperature sensor, pulse sensor, ThingSpeak IoT
platform, wifi module, and power supply are all used in our

50
 suggested setup.

● In addition to helping patients stay healthy, a smart patient health

monitoring system will also save patients' time and doctors'
workload.

● The Arduino Uno is used in the suggested patient monitoring system

to track the patient's health metrics. Following internet connectivity,
the Arduino Uno is linked to a cloud database system that serves as a
server. Data is then automatically sent to the recipient machine by
the server. Therefore, it allows the doctor to continuously check the
patient's health data. Any sudden change in these parameter values
may be identified as soon as possible, allowing the doctor to
promptly provide any necessary treatment.

● To make the system intelligent, a variety of sensors are interfaced with the
Arduino Uno microcontroller. Both their homepage and LCD will show the
information.
● Transmitting the information via the webpage to enable
continuous online patient monitoring is the best option for the
system. A microcontroller would be used to transmit the
information. This type of system would continuously monitor vital
signs and temperature, compare them to a predefined range, and
notify the doctor right away if the values exceeded the specified
limit.
● The physician may easily access the patient's health from
anywhere at any time. Additionally, the microcontroller is linked
to an LCD so that patients may view their health condition in real
time.

3.4 ADVANTAGES

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 ● Simplesystemtomonitorthehealthparameters

● Responsetimeistoogood

● ImmediatelyupdateintheIOTcloudwebserver

● Easytoimplement

● Costeffectivesystem

An open-source platform for creating electronics projects is Arduino. A programmable

circuit board, also known as a microcontroller, plus software, called an IDE (Integrated
Development Environment), that runs on our computer and is used to develop and
upload computer code to the board itself make up Arduino.
For good reason, the Arduino platform has grown in popularity among those who are
new to electronics. In contrast to the majority of earlier programmable circuit boards,
the Arduino may be programmed using a USB cable instead of a separate piece of
hardware known as a programmer.
Furthermore, the Arduino IDE makes programming simpler by using a condensed form
of C++. Last but not least, Arduino offers a standardised form factor that separates the
microcontroller's operations into a more manageable packaging.
- The ATmega8 serves as the foundation for the Arduino microcontroller board. There
are fourteen digital
- A 16 MHz ceramic resonator, six analogue inputs, input/output pins (six of which may
be used as PWM outputs), a USB port, a power connector, an ICSP header, and a reset
button are all included. Everything required to support the microcontroller is included;
to get started, just use a USB cable to connect it to a computer or power it with a battery
or AC-to-DC converter. The FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip is not used by the Uno,
which sets it apart from all previous boards. Rather, it has the Atmega16U2 (or
Atmega8U2 before version R2) configured as a serial-to-USB converter. The Uno
board in revision 2 is simpler to put into DFU mode since a resistor pulls the 8U2 HWB
connection to ground. The board's revision includes the following new features:
 pinout:The shields can adjust to the voltage supplied by the board thanks to the
addition of SDA and SCL pins next to the AREF pin and two more new pins
near the RESET and IOREF pins. Shields will eventually work with both the

52
 Arduino Due, which runs on 3.3V, and the board that utilises the AVR, which
runs on 5V. The second pin, which is unconnected, is set aside for later use.
 Stronger RESETcircuit.

 ATmega16U2replacethe8U2.

Figure 3.1:Arduino

With software control (using the pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() routines),
the Uno's six analogue and fourteen digital pins may all be utilised as inputs or outputs.
Five volts is what they run on. The suggested working condition for each pin is 20 mA.
Additionally, each pin contains an inbuilt pull-up resistor of 20–50K ohm, which is
unconnected by default. To prevent irreversible damage to the microcontroller, no I/O
pin should be used with more current than 40mA. Ten bits of resolution, or 1024
distinct values, are provided by each of the Uno's six analogue inputs, designated A0
through A5. The AREF pin can be used to adjust the top end of the range, although by
default, they measure from ground to 5 volts and the analog Reference() function.

Inaddition,somepinshavespecialized functions:

 Serial / UART:RX pin 0 and TX pin 1. used to send and receive TTL serial
data (RX and TX). These pins are linked to the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL serial
chip's matching pins.
 External interrupts: pins two and three. These pins can be set up to cause an

53
 interrupt in response to a change in value, a low value, or a rising or falling
edge.
 PWM(pulse-width modulation): 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 pins. able to use the
analogWrite() method to produce an 8-bit PWM output.
 SPI(Serial Peripheral Interface): SS, MOSI, MIS, and SCK pins 10, 11, 12, and
13. Through the use of the SPI library, these pins provide SPI communication.
 TWI (two-wire interface) / I²C:pins SCL (A5) and SDA (A4). Utilise the Wire
library to facilitate TWI communication.
 AREF(analogreference):Referencevoltagefortheanaloginputs.

"Uno" is an Italian word meaning "one," and it was chosen to commemorate the impending
release of Arduino 1.0. Going forward, the Uno and Arduino 1.0 will serve as the reference
versions. The Uno is the reference model for the Arduino platform and the most recent in a
line of USB Arduino boards.

Table3.1:SpecificationsofArduino

ParametersForArduinoUNO Description

Microcontroller ATmega328

OperatingVoltage 5V

InputVoltage(recommended) 7-12V

InputVoltage(limits) 6-20V

DigitalI/OPins 14(ofwhich6providePWMoutput)

AnalogInputPins 6

DCCurrentperI/OPin 40mA

DCCurrentfor3.3V Pin 50mA

FlashMemory 32KB(ATmega328)ofwhich0.5KBusedby
Bootloader

SRAM 2KB (ATmega328)

EEPROM 1KB (ATmega328)

54
ClockSpeed 16MHz

Length 68.6mm

Width 53.4mm

Weight 25 g

a. LM35TemperatureSensor
One of the most often observed parameters worldwide is temperature. Everyday
domestic appliances including microwaves, refrigerators, air conditioners, and all
engineering specialities use them. In essence, a temperature sensor gauges the amount
of heat or cold produced by an object that it is attached to. After that, it outputs a
proportionate resistance, current, or voltage that is measured or processed according on
our needs. There are essentially two types of temperature sensors.
 Non Contact Temperature Sensors: These temperature sensors use convection &
radiation to monitor temperature
 Contact Temperature Sensors: Contact temperature sensors are then further sub
divided into three type
1. Electro-Mechanical(Thermocouples).

2. ResistanceTemperature Detectors(RTD).

3. Semiconductorbased. (LM35,DS1820etc).

One of the most common and affordable temperature sensors is the LM35. It produces
an output voltage of 10.0 mV from a reference voltage for each degree Celsius of
temperature. Any microcontroller can be connected to any A/D converter to read and
display the output of the LM35. The output of the device can be fed into the converter.
At 0 degrees Celsius, the circuit must be constructed such that the output is 0V. At 100
degrees Celsius, the output must rise to 1000mV or 1.0V.

55
 Figure3.2:LM35Temperaturesensor
The output voltage of the LM35 series precision integrated-circuit temperature devices
is directly proportional to the temperature in degrees Celsius. A good point of the
LM35 chip compared to linear temperature sensors with Kelvin calibration is that it
facilitates easy Centigrade scaling without forcing the user to subtract a gargantuan
constant voltage from the output. For normal accuracies of the LM35 device, no
additional calibration or trimming is required of ±¼°C at room temperature and ±¾°C
across an entire −55°C to 150°C temperature span. Reduced cost is ensured through
trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The linear output of the LM35 device, low
output impedance, and precise built-in calibration ensure that the device is extremely
easy to connect to readout or control circuitry. The device can be used with plus-and-
minus supplies or a single power supply for two uses. The LM35 device has very
minimal self-heating of less than 0.1°C in stagnant air as it consumes only 60 μA from
the supply. While the LM35C device is rated for a temperature range of -40°C to 110°C
(-10° with increased precision), the LM35 device is rated to work throughout a
temperature range of -55°C to 150°C. Whereas the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D
devices come in the plastic TO-92 transistor packaging, the LM35-series devices come
in hermetic TO transistor packages.

The output voltage will also be 0V if the temperature is 0°C. For every degree Celsius
that the temperature rises, there will be a 0.01V (10mV) increase. The following
formulas can be used to convert voltage into temperature.

LM35TemperatureSensorApplications:
 Measuringtemperatureofaparticular environment

 Providingthermalshutdownforacircuit/component

56
  MonitoringBatteryTemperature

 MeasuringTemperaturesforHVACapplications.

ESP8266(NodeMCU)

Third-party manufacturers such as AI Thinkers launched and developed an ESP8266

Wi-Fi module in 2014; this module is mostly used for developing embedded
applications based on the Internet of Things. It can manage different Wi-Fi network
tasks from a different application processor. Any kind of Wi-Fi network may be
accessed by the microcontroller thanks to the integration of a TCP/IP protocol stack into
a SOC (System On-chip). This page covers the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module's pin
arrangement, specs, circuit diagram, uses, and alternatives. A SOC microprocessor in
the form of an ESP8266 Wi-Fi module is predominantly used for the development of
end-point Internet of things (IoT) applications. The low-cost device is referred to as an
individual wireless transceiver. It is employed for making the internet connectivity to
various embedded system applications.

The ESP8266 Wi-Fi module was designed by Espressif Systems for providing
microcontroller access to any Wi-Fi network as well as TCP/IP support. It provides
solutions for solving IoT industry requirements in fields such as cost, power,
performance, and design. It can either work as an independent program or as a slave.
ESP8266 Wi-Fi can be applied as a Wi-Fi adapter to any type of microcontroller using
SPI or UART if it's working as a slave to a microcontroller host. Microcontroller and
network Wi-Fi functions are offered by the module while being used as a stand-alone
application. RF balun, power modules, RF receiver and transmitter, analogue receiver
and transmitter, digital baseband, amplifiers, filters, external circuits, and other
necessary parts are all well-integrated with the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module.The microchip
used in the figure below is the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module

57
 Figure3.3:ESP8266(NodeMCU)

To connect with the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, the microcontroller requires a series of AT
instructions. As a result, AT commands software was created to enable Arduino Wi-Fi
functionality. It also enables the loading of different software to create custom
applications on the module's memory and CPU. This module's processor runs smoothly
at 80 MHz and is based on the Tensilica Xtensa Diamond Standard 106 micro. Third-
party manufacturers have created a variety of ESP module kinds.
Theyare,

 ESP8266-01designedwith8pins(GPIOpins-2)

 ESP8266-02designedwith8pins(GPIOpins-3)

 ESP8266-03designedwith14pins( GPIOpins-7)

 ESP8266-04designedwith14pins(GPIOpins-7)

The ESP8266 Wi-Fi module has 32 KB of instruction RAM, 80 KB of user data RAM,
and 64 KB of boot ROM. It supports 2.4 GHz 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi networks and has 10-
bit ADC, SPI, I2C, and I2C interfaces with DMA functions. A serial port makes it
simple to interface this module with the microcontroller. Only when the working
voltage is higher than 3.6 volts is an external voltage converter necessary. Because of
its affordability and small size, it is most frequently utilised in robotics and Internet of
Things applications.

PinConfiguration/PinDiagram

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The ESP8266 Wi-Fi module pin configuration/pin diagram is shown in the figure
below. The ESP8266-01 Wi-Fi module runs in two modes. They are;

Figure3.4:PinConfigurationofESP8266

FlashMode:The module executes the uploaded software when the GPIO-0 and GPIO-1
pins are both active high.
UART Mode: With the aid of either serial communication or an Arduino board, the
module operates in programming mode while GPIO-0 is active low and GPIO-1 is active
high.

ESP8266Wi-FiModuleSpecifications

TheESP8266Wi-Fimodulespecificationsorfeaturesaregivenbelow.

 ItisapowerfulWi-Fimoduleavailableinacompactsizeataverylowprice.

 ItisbasedontheL106RISC32-bitmicroprocessorcoreandrunsat80MHz

 Itrequiresonly3.3Volts powersupply

 Thecurrentconsumptionis 100mAmps

 ThemaximumInput/Output(I/O)voltageis3.6 Volts.

 Itconsumes100mAcurrent

 ThemaximumInput/Outputsourcecurrentis12mA

 Thefrequencyofbuilt-inlowpower32-bitMCUis80 MHz

 Thesizeofflashmemoryis513kb

 Itisusedaseitheranaccesspointorstationorboth

 Itsupportslessthan10microAmpsdeepsleep.
 It supports serial communication to be compatible with several

59
 developmental platforms such as Arduino.
 Itisprogrammedusingeither ATcommands, ArduinoIDE,orLuascript.

 Itisa2.4GHzWi-FimoduleandsupportsWPA/WPA2, WEP
authentication,andopen networks.
 ItusestwoserialcommunicationprotocolslikeI2C(Inter-Integrated Circuit) and SPI
( Serial Peripheral Interface).
 Itprovides10-bitanalogtodigitalconversion

 ThetypeofmodulationisPWM (PulseWidthModulation)

 UARTisenabledondedicatedpinsandforonlytransmission,itcanbe enabled on
GPIO2.

 It isanIEEE 802.11b/g/n Wi-Fimodule withLNA, poweramplifier, balun,

integrated TRswitch, and matching networks.
 GPIOpins–17

 Memory Size of instruction RAM – 32 KB and instruction cache RAM – 32 KB

 SizeofUser-dataRAM-80KB

 SizeofETSsystems-dataRAM–16KB

The other standalone modules like ESP-12 and ESP-32 are also commonly used for IoT
applications development and to achieve internet connection to the project.

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 Figure3.5:Overview ofPinConfigurationofESP8266

Figure3.6:CircuitDiagramESP8266(NodeMCU)

The ESP8266 module simply needs a 3.3 volt power source. The module is harmed if
the voltage exceeds 3.7 volts, which results in circuit failure. Therefore, an Arduino
board or an FTDI device that supports a 3.3 V supply must be used to program the ESP-
01 Wi-Fi module. It is advised that the user purchase an Arduino board or one FTDI
device.

The ESP-01 module's powering up problem is the most frequent one. This module is
powered by the Arduino board's 3.3 V pin, alternatively we may just use a potential
divider. Therefore, a voltage regulator that can handle 3.3 volts is required to supply a
minimum current of 500 mA. This is accomplished with great ease and efficiency by
the LM317 voltage regulator. The GPIO-0 pin is connected to the GND (Ground) by
pressing the programming switch SW2. This is the programming mode where the user
uploads the code. The switch is released after the code has been uploaded.

ApplicationsofESP8266Wi-FiModule

TheApplicationsoftheESP8266Wi-Fimoduleare given below

Access points portals

 IoTprojects

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  Wirelessdatalogging

 Used inlearningthenetworkingfundamentals

 Socketsandsmartbulbs

 Smarthomeautomationsystems

The ESP32 is an alternative ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. It is a standalone and most powerful
module.

3.1.2 PulseOximeter

Low-cost, minimally-invasive medical monitors named pulse oximeters are utilised to

constantly determine the oxygenation of blood haemoglobin (SPO2). It indicates how
much blood is full of oxygen. It's a coupled heart-rate monitoring sensor and oximeter
sensor. It receives the pulse and heart-rate signal with the fusion of two light-emitting
diodes, photodetector, optimised optics and reduced-noise analog signal conditioning. It
is powered by 1.8V and 3.3V power supplies and can be powered off by software that
consumes very little standby current, so the power supply can remain connected at all
times.

Every pulse oximeter sensor probe includes a photo-detector and two light-emitting
diodes that emit one emitting red and another near-infrared light. The amount of
transmitted light at every wavelength is detected by the photo-detector. Further, the
content of blood oxygen is calculated based on the difference in the reading. The probe is
attached to a corresponding body area, usually the earlobe or tip of the finger.

MethodsforMonitoringOxygenSaturationinBlood.

Two different techniques are employed for propagating light through the transmitting
medium.

Transmission Method
The transmitter, which is an LED, and the receiver, which is a photo-detector, are
positioned on opposite sides of the finger in the transmission technique. This finger will
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be positioned between the photo-detector and the LEDs in this technique. A portion of
the light will be absorbed by the finger while it is in position, and another portion will
reach the photo detector. As the volume of blood flow increases with each heartbeat,
more light will be absorbed by the finger, reducing the amount of light that reaches the
photo-detector. The received light signal's waveform will thus show peaks between
heartbeats and a dip (bottom) during each heartbeat. The reflection value resulting from
blood flow during a heartbeat is the difference between the trough and peak values.

Figure3.7:Transmission method

ReflectanceMethod

The LED and the photo-detector are positioned next to each other on the same side in
the reflective approach. Fingers will produce some permanent light reflection towards
the sensor when employing the reflecting method. The blood volume in the finger will
increase with each heartbeat, causing more light to be reflected towards the sensor.
Therefore, there will be a peak in the waveform of the sensed light signal at each
heartbeat. The reflection value due to blood flow during a heartbeat is the peak's
difference subtracted from the constant reflection value, that is, a fixed low reading
value during the time between heartbeats.The reflected light in the above two examples
demonstrates troughs and peaks at every pulse; two spikes' time difference can be
utilized to compute the individual's heart rate. Hence, a typical heartbeat sensor module
only contains a single photo-detector and a single transmitter LED (often infrared).

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 Figure3.8:Reflectance method

PrincipleofPulseoximeter

The fundamental idea behind pulse oximetry is the difference in the absorption
properties of oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin. More red light may go
through oxygenated haemoglobin whereas more infrared light is absorbed.
Deoxygenated haemoglobin, on the other hand, lets more infrared light through while
absorbing more red light.
Oximeters operate on the basis of spectrophotometry, which states that arterial blood
oxygen saturations are correlated with the relative absorption of red (absorbed by
deoxygenated blood) and infrared (absorbed by oxygenated blood) light of the systolic
component of the absorption waveform. Relative light absorption measurements are
taken several times per second, and the system processes them to provide a fresh result
every 0.5–1 seconds by averaging the readings from the previous three seconds.
Through 5–10 mm of tissue, two light-emitting diodes—one red and one infrared—are
positioned opposite their respective detectors. Probes are often placed on the fingertip,
however they can also be placed on the forehead or earlobes. According to one study,
measuring oxygen saturations in the ear lobe is not a trustworthy method. A more
recent research, however, supported their use in patients after coronary artery bypass
surgery who were hospitalised to intensive care units. 'Wrap' or 'clip' type sensors are
commonly used in probes.
Usinganoximeter
At least five minutes should be spent taking resting readings. The primary reason of an
insufficient pulse wave is poor perfusion, which can be brought on by cold or
hypotension. A sine wave-like waveform signifies inadequate perfusion, but a sharp
waveform with a dicrotic notch indicates strong perfusion. To reduce motion artefact, if
a finger probe is utilised, the hand should be placed on the chest at the level of the heart
rather having the attached digit kept in the air, as patients frequently do.
Significant motion artefact is often ruled out by making sure the reported heart rate
matches a physically verified heart rate (within 5 beats per minute).
Light should only enter the detector through the tissue, and emitters and detectors must
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be in opposition to one another. Make sure the flexible probes are appropriately
connected and that the digit is completely placed into the probe. Children and newborns
should be treated with probes of the proper size.
At least one simultaneous blood gas should be obtained to verify the accuracy of the
oximeter, however this is rarely the case. Larger individual biases may still exist, even
though oximeters may mitigate average oximeter bias based on pooled data.

Whichfingerisbestforthepulseoximeter?
The right thumb and middle finger are ideal for a pulse oximeter since their readings are
statistically higher. 37 participants provided a total of 370 SpO2 readings. When
compared to the right little finger and left middle finger, the right middle finger had the
highest average SpO2 value (98.2% ± 1.2), which was statistically significant.
Only when compared to the left middle finger, which has the lowest average SpO2
value, was the right thumb's second-highest average SpO2 value statistically significant
(p < 0.05). When measuring SpO2 from both hands using pulse oximetry, right-hand
dominant individuals' right thumb and middle finger had statistically significant higher
values than their left middle finger. The most precise measurement that represents the
arterial oxygen saturation is assumed to be that of the right thumb and middle finger.

Figure3.9: SchematicRepresentation ofSPO2Sensor

Generally speaking, 95% or more oxygen is considered normal. Some patients with
sleep apnoea or chronic lung illness may have normal levels of about 90%. A pulse
oximeter's "SpO2" value indicates the proportion of oxygen in a person's blood.
Contact your healthcare professional if your home SpO2 level is less than 95%. The
ratio of Oxy-Hb/Deoxy-Hb is used to compute the oxygen saturation as measured by the
oximeter. Although 100% saturation on the oximeter does not ensure that tissues are
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adequately oxygenated, this information is helpful in determining if a patient can move
oxygen into the circulation.

Figure3.10:MAX30100Sensor

Features:

 Consumesverylowpower(operatesfrom1.8V and3.3V)

 Ultra-LowShutdownCurrent(0.7µA,typ)

 FastDataOutputCapability

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  InterfaceType:I2C

Working:

After entering the lungs, oxygen is transferred to the blood. Our body's organs receive
oxygen through the blood. Haemoglobin is the primary carrier of oxygen in human
blood. A little clamp-like device is applied to a finger, earlobe, or toe during a pulse
oximetry reading. The quantity of oxygen in the finger is measured by tiny laser beams
that go through the blood. It measures variations in light absorption in blood that is
either oxygenated or deoxygenated to achieve this.

WorkingofMAX30100PulseOximeterandHeart-RateSensor

The gadget features two LEDs, one of which emits infrared light and the other red. All that
is required for pulse rate is infrared light. Blood oxygen levels are measured using both
red and infrared light. Because there is more blood as the heart pumps, the amount of
oxygenated blood rises. The amount of oxygenated blood falls when the heart relaxes.
The pulse rate is calculated by measuring the interval between the rise and fall in
oxygenated blood.

Figure3.11:Interfacingofpulsesensorwith arduino

As it happens, blood that has been oxygenated absorbs more infrared light and transmits more
red light, whereas blood that has been deoxygenated absorbs more red light and transmits
more infrared light. This is

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Reading the absorption levels for both light sources and storing them in a buffer that can be
accessed via the I2C communication protocol is the MAX30100's primary purpose.

Somebenefitsofpulseoximetryinclude:

 Monitoringoxygensaturationover time

 Alertingtodangerouslylowoxygenlevels,particularlyinnewborns

 Offeringpeaceofmindtopeoplewithchronicrespiratoryconditions

 Assessingtheneedforsupplementaloxygen

 Monitoringoxygensaturationlevels inpeopleunderanesthesia

 Indicatingdangeroussideeffectsinpeopletakingdrugsthataffectbreathingoroxygen
saturation

3.1.3 AD8232ECGSENSOR
The process of collecting electrical impulses produced by the human heart is known as
electrocardiography, or ECG. The ECG sensor enables us to determine the degree of
physiological arousal an individual is experiencing, but it is also utilised to comprehend
human psychological states. Consequently, the electrical activity of the heart is
measured using an AD8232 sensor. This tiny chip's electrical activity can be
represented graphically as an electrocardiogram, or ECG. A variety of cardiac problems
can be diagnosed with the use of electrocardiography. An overview of the AD8232
ECG Sensor is given in this article.

Over the past several decades, heart disorders have become a major concern, and many
individuals pass away as a result of specific illnesses. As a result, heart disease should not
be ignored. This condition can be avoided by examining or tracking the ECG signal in its
early stages. Thus, we present this project: Arduino with an ECG graph and an AD8232
ECG sensor for ECG monitoring. The AD8232 is a small and useful chip.

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 used to gauge the heart's electrical activity. An electrocardiogram, or ECG, is a chart
representation of this electrical activity. A variety of cardiac problems can be diagnosed
with the use of electrocardiography. In this project, we will connect an Arduino to an
AD8232 ECG sensor and see the ECG signal on a Processing IDE or serial plotter.

WhatisECG?

Figure3.12:ECG

An ECG is a digital or paper recording of the heart's electrical activity. Another name for it
is an electrocardiogram, or EKG. Heart rate, heart rhythm, and other cardiac health
indicators are all determined by the ECG. Heart arrhythmias, heart attacks, pacemaker
function, and heart failure can all be diagnosed with the use of an ECG.

Figure3.13: ECGRepresentation

Waveform components can be studied to analyse an ECG. These waveform elements show
electrical activity in the heart. The P wave appears at the top of the ECG trace. Atrial
contraction is indicated by it.

WhatisanAD8232ECGSensor?

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A commercial board called the AD8232 ECG sensor is used to measure the
electrical activity of the human heart. The output of this activity is an
analogue readout, and it may be charted similarly to an ECG. Because
electrocardiograms may be quite loud, the AD8232 chip can be utilised to cut
down on noise. The ECG sensor's function is similar to that of an operational
amplifier, which makes it easier to obtain a clear signal from the intervals.

Figure3.14:ECGSENSOR

The AD8232 sensor is utilised for biopotential measuring applications,

including signal conditioning in ECG. This chip's primary function is to
amplify, extract, and filter biopotential signals that are modest in noisy
environments, such as those created by motion or the replacement of a distant
electrode.

AD8232PinConfiguration

Pins such as SDN, LO+, LO-, OUTPUT, 3.3V, and GND are included in heart rate
monitoring sensors like the AD8232. in order to solder pins and link this IC to
development boards such as Arduino.
This board also has pins for the left arm (LA), right arm (RA), and right arm.

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Custom sensors are connected to leg (RL) pins. This board has an LED indication that
shows the human cardiac rhythm.

The AD8232 sensor has a feature called rapid restoration that is used to shorten the
HPFs' lengthy resolving tails. The dimension of this sensor is 4 mm × 4 mm, and it
comes in a 20-lead LFCSP package. Although the performance is indicated from 0°C to
70°C, it performs from -40°C to +85°C.

Figure3.15: AD8232ECGSENSOR

Circuit Diagram/Connection between Arduino and ECG Sensor

AD8232

are broken off from the IC by the AD8232 Heart Rate Monitor. Since they originate from
the IC's pins, we typically refer to these connections as "pins," but in reality, they are holes
to which header pins or wires can be soldered. Five of the board's nine pins will be
connected to the Arduino. GND, 3.3v, OUTPUT, LO-, and LO+ are the five pins you
require.

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 Figure3.16:InterfacingAD8232SensorwithArduino

Table3.2PinsofAurdino

FeaturesandSpecifications

Thefeaturesofthissensormainlyincludethefollowing.

 Operationofsinglesupplyrangesfrom2Vto3.5V

 ThefrontendisintegratedfullywithonlyleadECG
 Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a common medical test for assessing cardiac
function by measuring the electrical activity of the heart, although othertests
may also be done. ECG is considered a fairly routine and sufficient
indicationofhearthealthandisperformedwith3,5,12,or15-lead
ECG/EKG machines.
3
 Interestingly,it’salsopossibletodesignalow-costECGmachineusing Arduino and

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 an AD8232 ECG sensor.
 The AD8232 is an inexpensive, analogue ECG sensor that measures the heart's
electrical activity. The AD8232 is essentially a signal conditioning block that is
incorporated into ECG and other biopotential measurements. In noisy
environments, it is intended to extract, amplify, and filter tiny biopotential signals.

 In order to effectively monitor ECG signals, which is what this project involves,
a three-electrode ECG wire may be connected to this sensor board, which
readily connects with an Arduino or Raspberry Pi.

 • Please be aware, nevertheless, that the AD8232 is not a medical device of

industry calibre. No medical problem should be diagnosed or treated with it. It
is only an op-amp device that may provide a reasonably accurate ECG graph by
measuring biopotential signals. Make sure you see your physician for a genuine
medical evaluation.
 By interfacing AD8232 with Arduino, it’s also possible to monitor an ECG
graphonArduino IDE’s SerialPlotterinthe Processing IDEandona laptop or PC.

 Shutdownpin

 CMRRis80dB

 IncorporatedRLDamplifier(right leg drive

 Electrodeconfigurationsare2or3

 Theoperationalamplifieris uncommitted

 Itacceptshalfcellpotentialupto±300mV

 Three-poleadaptableLPFwithadaptable gain

 Thesignalgainis highusingDC blockingcapacity

 Filtersettlingcanbeimprovedbyquick restore

 Two-poleadaptableHPF

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  4mm×4mmand 20-lead LFCSPpackage.

ApplicationsofAD8232ECGSensor

TheapplicationsoftheAD8232ECGsensorincludethefollowing.

 Monitoringofheartandfitnessactivity

 HandyECG

 Monitoring ofremotehealth

 Usedingaming devices

 Acquisitionofbiopotentialsignal

 Biometrics

 Physiologystudies

 Prototypingofbiomedicalinstruments

 Variabilityofheartrate

 Interactionofhuman-computer

 Psychophysiology

3.1.4 Accelerometer Sensor

WhatisanAccelerometerSensor?

Acceleration is the rate at which the body's velocity changes in relation to time. Relative
theory states that there are two forms of acceleration based on the relative object used to
measure it.

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The physical acceleration of the body in relation to inertia, or the observer at rest in
relation to the item being measured, is known as the appropriate acceleration. The
choice of observers and coordinate system determines the coordinate acceleration. This
isn't the same as appropriate acceleration. The electromechanical tool used to determine
an object's correct acceleration is called an accelerometer sensor.

WorkingPrinciple

An accelerometer's fundamental operating concept is similar to a dropped mass on a

spring. When this gadget senses acceleration, the mass shifts until the spring can move
the mass with ease and at a pace equivalent to the acceleration it sensed. The
acceleration is then measured using this displacement value.
There are two classes of accelerometers: analogue and digital. There are many
techniques applied in the accelerometer design. Mechanical motion created by an
accelerometer is usually converted into an electric signal by piezoelectric,
piezoresistive, and capacitive elements.

Piezoelectric accelerometers consist of single crystals. These are used to measure

acceleration through the piezoelectric effect. These crystals generate a voltage when
subjected to stress, which is then processed to determine the direction and speed.

Figure3.17: AccelerometerWorking

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Vibration or shock are the greatest examples of dynamic acceleration forces, which are
not uniform. A great illustration of dynamic acceleration is a vehicle collision. In this
case, the acceleration change is abrupt in comparison to its before

Figure3.18: AccelerometerSensor
The smallest MEMS are modern accelerometers, which are made up of a cantilever beam
with proof mass.
There are two-dimensional and three-dimensional versions of accelerometers.

to assess both direction and velocity. Piezoelectric accelerometers are the ideal option
when a high-temperature range, low packaging weight, and an upper-frequency range are
needed.

Applications:

TheApplicationsofAccelerometersensor areasfollows:

 The use of extremely sensitive accelerometers is common in inertial navigation

systems.
 To identify and track vibrations in spinning equipment.

 Todisplayimagesinanuprightpositiononscreensofdigitalcameras.

 Forflightstabilizationindrones.

 Accelerometersareusedtosenseorientation,coordinateacceleration,vibration, shock.

 Usedtodetectthepositionofthedeviceinlaptopsandmobiles.
 In biological applications, biaxial and triaxial acceleration may be recorded at high
frequencies to distinguish between different animal behavioural patterns.
 Machineryhealthmonitoring.

 Todetect faultsinrotatormachines.

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  Theseare alsousedforbuildingandstructural monitoringtomeasure the motionand
vibration of the structure when exposed to dynamic loads.
 TomeasurethedepthofCPR chestcompressions.

 Navigation systems make use of accelerometer sensors for knowing the direction.
3.1.5 Remote sensing devices also use accelerometers to monitor active volcanoes.
DH11 Humidity and Temperature Sensor
The amount of water vapour in the air is measured as humidity. A number of physical,
chemical, and biological processes are impacted by the air's humidity level. Humidity
in industrial settings may have an impact on worker health and safety as well as product
costs. Therefore, humidity measurement is crucial in the semiconductor and control
system sectors. The quantity of moisture in the gas, which may be a mixture of water
vapour, nitrogen, argon, or pure gas, etc., is determined by a humidity measurement.
Depending on their measuring units, humidity sensors can be categorized into two. They
are two kinds of humidity sensors: absolute and relative. One digital temperature and
humidity sensor is the DHT11.

One basic and very low-cost digital temperature and humidity sensor is the DHT11. It
senses the ambient air through a thermistor and capacitive humidity sensor before sending
a digital output on the data pin (no analogue input pins are necessary). Even though it's
quite simple to use, capturing data requires timing accuracy. Sensor readings through the
Adafruit library can be as old as two seconds because you can pull new data out of it
every two seconds.You would use the 4.7K or 10K resistor that's provided as a pullup
between the data pin and VCC.

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 Figure3.19:DH11HumidityandTemperatureSensor

The four pins of the DHT11 sensor are VCC, GND, Data, and an unconnected pin. A
5k–10k ohm pull-up resistor is included to facilitate communication between the sensor
and micro-controller.
Applications

This sensor is employed in many different applications, including the measurement of

temperature and humidity in HVAC systems. These sensors are also used by weather
stations to forecast the weather. In homes where humidity affects individuals, the
humidity sensor is employed as a preventative strategy. This sensor is used to assess
humidity levels and as a safety precaution in offices, automobiles, museums,
greenhouses, and businesses.

3.1.6 LiquidCrystalDisplay(LCD)

LCD is an abbreviation for liquid crystal display. This type of electronic display
module is utilised in many different circuits and devices, including TV sets, computers,
calculators, and cell phones. These displays are mostly favoured for seven segments
and multi-segment light-emitting diodes. This module's primary advantages include
being affordable, easily configurable, having animations, and having no restrictions on
the display of unique characters, special effects, animations, etc.
The idea behind the liquid crystal display screen is to block light instead of emitting it.
Since LCDs don't emit light, they need a backlight. Cathode ray tubes are being
replaced by LCD screens in the electronics we use on a regular basis. In addition to
being larger and heavier than LCDs, cathode ray tubes consume more electricity.

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 Figure3.20 PindiagramofLCD
The16×2LCDpinoutisshownabove.

 Pin1 (Ground/SourcePin):This display's GND pin is utilised to link

the microcontroller unit's or power source's GND terminal.
 Pin2 (VCC/Source Pin): This is the display's voltage supply pin,
which is connected to the power source's supply pin.
 Pin3 (V0/VEE/ControlPin): This pin connects a variable POT that
can supply 0 to 5V and controls the display's difference.
 Pin4(RegisterSelect/ControlPin):When connected to a
microcontroller unit pin, this pin alternates between the command
and data registers, returning either 0 or 1 (0 being data mode and 1
being command mode).
 Pin5 (Read/Write/Control Pin): This pin, which is attached to a
microcontroller unit pin to receive either 0 or 1 (0 = Write
Operation, and 1 = Read Operation), toggles the display between the

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 read and writes operations.
 Pin 6 (Enable/Control Pin): This pin is attached to the
microcontroller unit and is held high all the time in order to perform
the Read/Write function.
 Pins 7-14 (DataPins): Data is sent to the display via these pins.
Two-wire modes, such as 4-wire and 8-wire modes, are used to link
these pins. Only four pins, such as 0 to 3, are linked to the
microcontroller unit in 4-wire mode; in 8-wire mode, eight pins,
such as 0 to 7, are connected.
 Pin15(+vepinoftheLED):Thispinisconnectedto+5V

 Pin16(-vepinoftheLED):ThispinisconnectedtoGND.

FeaturesofLCD16x2
The following are the primary features of this LCD. This LCD's working voltage ranges
from 4.7V to 5.3V.

 Itincludestwo rows whereeachrowcanproduce16-characters.

 Theutilizationofcurrentis1mAwith nobacklight

 Everycharactercanbebuiltwitha5×8 pixelbox

 ThealphanumericLCDsalphabets&numbers

 Isdisplaycanworkontwo modeslike 4-bit&8-bit

 TheseareobtainableinBlue&GreenBacklight

 Itdisplaysafewcustomgenerated characters

RegistersofLCD

Two registers, such as a data register and a command register, are present in
a 16x2 LCD. The primary function of the register select (RS) is to switch
between registers. The register set is referred to as a command register

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when it is set to 0'. Likewise, the register set is referred to as a data register
when it is ‗1'.

CommandRegister:

The command instructions that are sent to the display are stored in the
command register, which is its primary purpose. in order to carry out preset
operations such display control, initialisation, cleaning the screen, and
setting the cursor's location. Here, the register may be used to handle
commands.

DataRegister:

The main function of the data register is to hold the data that will be
displayed on the LCD panel. In this situation, the data that will be displayed
on the LCD panel is the ASCII value of the character. Each time we supply
data to the LCD, it is sent to the data register, where the operation starts.
The data register will be selected when register set = 1.

3.1.6PowerSupplyandConnectingWires
An electrical device which supplies electric power to an electrical load is
referred to as a power supply. Power supplies are often also known as
electric power converters because its primary function is to convert
electrical power into a different form.While some power supplies are
integrated into bigger equipment along with their loads, others are separate,
standalone units. Here, 5v dc power is used, however occasionally the
circuit receives power straight from the computer. A wire is a single,
flexible, often cylindrical metal rod or strand. Electric and communications
signals, as well as mechanical loads, are supported by wires. Wire is created
by pulling the metal through a hole in a die or drawplate.

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3.2SoftwareRequirement

As previously said, our project calls for two components: software and
hardware. The following software is required, and the hardware elements
are outlined::

ArduinoIDE
Code writing and uploading it to the board is simplified through the open-
source Arduino Software (IDE). It supports Linux, Mac OS X, and
Windows. The environment is based on Processing and other open-source
tools and is written in Java. This software can be used with any Arduino
board. A text editor to write code, a message box, a text terminal, a toolbar
with control buttons for commonly used functions, and several menus are all
part of the Arduino development environment. It connects with it in order to
upload programs and communicate with the Arduino hardware.

Arduino software is called sketches.The text editor is used to write these

drawings. Sketches are stored as files with the.ino extension. It provides
tools for text replacement and search as well as cutting and pasting. The
message section shows issues and provides feedback when exporting and
saving. The Arduino environment's text output, including comprehensive
error messages and other data, is shown on the console. The current board
and serial port are shown in the window's lower right-hand corner. We may
create, open, and save drawings, check and upload programs, and open the
serial monitor using the toolbar buttons.

version 2. The Arduino IDE uses specific code organisation guidelines to

support the languages C and C++. A software library from the Wiring
project, which offers several common input and output operations, is
provided by the Arduino IDE. With the GNU tool chain, which is also
included with the IDE release, user-written code only needs two
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fundamental functions to begin the sketch and the main program loop. These
functions are built and coupled with a program stub main() to create an
executable cyclic executive program. The Arduino IDE uses the avrdude
software to turn the executable code into a hexadecimal text file, which is
then loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the firmware of
the board. By default, the uploading tool for flashing user code onto official
Arduino boards is avrdude.

The Arduino IDE is a variation of the Processing IDE; however, the Eclipse
Theia IDE framework, which is based on Visual Studio Code, will take the
place of the Processing IDE as of version 2.0.

Other manufacturers began implementing bespoke open source compilers

and tools (cores) that can develop and upload sketches to other
microcontrollers that are not supported by Arduino's official line of
microcontrollers as a result of the growing popularity of Arduino as a
software platform.

BlynkApp

Here, the Blynk App is a mobile application that uses a micro-controller to

show the data collected from the sensors. Data will even be stored,
visualised, and used by this program in the future. This program allows us
to keep an eye on a patient from any location. A patient's health limitations
are presented in this application using a variety of LCD displays, charts, and
gauges, as seen in Fig. 3, which are utilised to display the detected real-time
data. Anybody, even doctors, may use this app to keep an eye on a patient's
health from anywhere. Future project scope calls can also be made under
any emergency situation using the detected parameters that were gathered.
The applications were connected to an IoT cloud and figured the real time
data by an LCD display

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a. BLOCKDIAGRAM

BLOCKDIAGRAM

b. ProjectImplementation

Hardware components are used in conjunction to implement the

system. Sensors for body temperature, pulse rate, and ECG data
will be included in the intelligent patient health monitoring
system. The purpose of the health monitoring sensors is data
acquisition, or the gathering of health-related information. The
controller can communicate to transfer data wirelessly over the
internet. The server has processed the data. Every piece of data
is gathered and combined at the server point. To learn about
health-related

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 With Thing Speak IOT, information may be displayed on a
webpage in an easily comprehensible style. All of this data will
be available in real time for ongoing observation. The main issue
in the modern world is health monitoring. Patients have severe
health problems as a result of inadequate health monitoring.
These days, there are several IoT gadgets available to track a
patient's health online. These smart gadgets are also being used
by medical professionals to monitor their patients. IoT is
quickly transforming the healthcare sector, as seen by the large
number of new healthcare technology start-ups.

In this project, we will create an Internet of Things (IoT)-based

health monitoring system that will record the patient's body
temperature and heart rate and send an SMS or email alarm if
those readings exceed crucial limits. ThingSpeak and Google
Sheets are used to record body temperature and pulse rate
information, allowing for remote online health monitoring from
any location. Additionally, a panic button will be included,
which the patient may push in an emergency to notify their
family members an SMS or email.

FIG-3.6CIRCUITDIAGRAM

c. HARDWAREREQUIREMENTS

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 i. Arduino

ii. TemperatureSensor

iii. PulseSensor

iv. WIfiModule

v. IOTModule

vi. PowerSupply

vii. ConnectingCable

d. SOFTWAREREQUIREMENTS

i. ArduinoIDE

ii. Language:C

iii. ThingSpeak(IOTCloudServer)

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 CHAPTER 4
HARDWAREDESIG
N

4.1 ARDUINOUNOANDITSPROGRAMMING
Compared to desktop computers, Arduino is a tool for creating computers
that can perceive and control more of the physical environment. It is a
development environment and an open-source physical computing
platform built around a basic microcontroller board.

forwritingsoftwarefortheboard.

Arduino canbe used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs

froma variety of switches or sensors, and controlling a variety of
lights,motors,and otherphysicaloutputs.Arduino projectscanbe
stand-alone, or they can be communicate with software running
on your computer.
Theboardscanbeassembledbyhandorpurchasedpreassembled;the
open-source IDE can be downloaded for free. Arduino code is
derived from the Processing media programming environment
and is an interpreter for Wiring, a similar physical computing
platform. The USB port connection to the PC is to program the
board and not to simply power up. The Uno will draw power
automatically from either the USB port or an external power
source. Plug the board into your computer via the USB cable.
The green power LED (designated PWR) should be put on. Not
for nothing has the Arduino platform become increasingly
popular with new electronics enthusiasts. Unlike most other
earlier programmable circuit boards, the Arduino can be updated
with fresh code via a USB cable rather than a distinct hunk of
hardware called a programmer. In addition, the Arduino IDE
simplifies programming with a shorter version of C++. Finally,
Arduino is a standard form factor that divides the operations of
the microcontroller into an easier-to-handle packaging. For
users of many different skill levels, Arduino is a great tool.

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 Though, if you already know something about electronics
beforehand, you will have much easier time learning with your
Arduino. Prior to delving into the wonderful universe of
Arduino, we recommend that you at least have a basic
understanding of these concepts.
ArduinoUno:

Fig4.1ARDUINO UNO

4.2 Overview

Arduino is now a user-friendly and powerful microcontroller

platform utilized in both professional and academic fields. It is
an open-source hardware and software ecosystem from where it
grew to an easy portal to begin embedded system development,
which is suitable for engineers, students, and researchers. As
Arduino boards are cheap (approximately $10 for
educationaland hobby boards) and can interface with all types
ofsensors and actuators, these comprise oneofthe most
commonlyadoptedboardsgloballyinsectorsaswideas robotics,
internet of things, and automation. In addition, wide community
on the Internet and extremely wide support of tutorials and
project guides particularly turn it into an ideal instrument for
inexperienced as well as skilled developers. Due to simplicity of
programming it and the modularity, individuals are able to
create different forms of application ranging from basic blinking
LED projects up to full-scale industrial automation
systems.

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At the core of Arduino development are the ATmega328P
microcontroller, which is a fairly robust and efficient
microprocessor, operating at 5V, with clock frequency being 16
MHz. It possesses 2 KB of RAM, 32 KB of flash memory for
storing the program, and 1 KB of EEPROM for storing data
persistently. The board provides 14 digital input/output (I/O)
pins (6 can be set as PWM outputs) and 6 analog input pins,
making it convenient to connect to a myriad of external
components. These features allow users to integrate various
hardware modules like temperature sensors, ultrasonic distance
sensors, servo motors, LCD displays, RFID readers, and
wireless communication modules into the platform, hence
expanding the variety of applications of the platform. Arduino
can be used in many situations because of the USB port for
communication with a host computer for debugging and
programming and the onboard DC jack for independent use. For
example, the board has several alternatives of power supply, and
the flexibility of the power management becomes very critical in
energy efficient embedded systems.
The Arduino platform is also more versatile since it supports
numerous sensors and actuators, which can be employed in a
variety of applications. For instance, in the event of home
automation, Arduino boards can regulate lighting systems and
security alarms as well as HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning) systems. They can be utilized in agriculture for
the tracking of soil water levels, irrigation automation, and the
monitoring of environmental conditions in an effort to enhance
crop yields. Similarly, Arduino solutions have been applied in
health application for e.g. remote patient monitoring, wearable
health trackers, and smart prosthetics. This adaptability is the
reason why it is an essential component in modern embedded
system design. Inaddition, with itscapabilityto acquire realtime
data,it canbe used in applications such as climate monitoring,

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 pollution detection, smart grid energy management, etc.
The Arduino language is derived from C/C++, but with a
simplified language that is capable enough. The predefined libraries
reduce the development process for the users and they can
utilize these libraries to add serial communication, sensor
acquisition and motor control in a wink of an eye. Autonomous
retention and execution of programs is one of the characteristics
of the Arduino platform. After the board receives a control
program uploaded into it, it remains stored in nonvolatile
memory, and will be automatically executed at power up even
after extended periods of idleness. This gives Arduino a high
potential for applications of real time embedded nature which
require uninterrupted execution without requiring constant
connection to a permanent PC. Moreover, the fact that it can be
communicated with cloud based services qualifies it for IoT
applications, with remote monitoring and control of devices
using platforms like Blynk, ThingSpeak, and Firebase.
Moreover, there are several development environments available
supported by the Arduino ecosystem, including the normal
Arduino IDE, PlatformIO, and even cloud based IDEs,
depending on what the developer requires. In addition, the Serial
Monitor, real time data logging and wireless firmware updates
are also available as debugging tools to facilitate more efficient
programming and maintenance.
Unlike some other microcontroller platforms that require a external
USB-to-serial converter chip, the Arduino Uno has a built in
USB-to- serial converter. It enhances communication reliability
and speeds up program upload to ensure an easier development.
It also comes with shield compatibility in which shield is a
stackable expansion board that incorporates a functionality such
as Ethernet connectivity, bluetooth communication, motor
control, and GPS tracking among others, that further enhances
modularity as well as the flexibility of this board to complex
projects. Shields simplify it for an Arduino system to grow

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 through offering more capability without wiring much or
altering circuits in a drastic manner. Such a modular style of
development is simple for the developers to work with so they
can design extremely complex systems, hence making Arduino a
great choice for rapid prototyping and large-scale embedded
projects. In addition, wireless communication modules such as
Wi-Fi (ESP8266) and LoRa can transform Arduino into a node of
large scale IoT networks and are applicable in remote sensing and
long range data communication.
It is run on the Arduino platform, which is useful in its own right, but
because it depends on the platform it's less solid in the sense that
it's more difficult to embed it into something more substantial,
more complex.simplemente, puede ser elcentro de
procesamientoenuna red quepuederesultar ser parte de
proyectosciudad inteligente, como la gestión de iluminación de
calles, la deteccióneneltráfico y unagestión de losresiduos.
Industrial automation utilizes predictive maintenance, quality
control and automation of machines utilizing Arduino since the
intervention and productivity of human being are minimized.
Arduino is a big support for the education industry itself since
it's capable of providing an engaging hands on learning
regarding microcontrollers, electronics and programming. Most
of the universities and technical schools have also integrated
Arduino into their course work making students practical and
innovative thinkers. Arduino is widely used in developing
artificial intelligence (AI) based automation, human machine
interaction and bio signal monitoring systems in the research
sector.
Arduino Uno remains an extremely crucial device for embedded
system development with its broad array of applications like real
time data acquisition, automation control and wireless
connection. Whatever be their application in academic study,
automation in industry, smart farming, smart medicine, use or
such, they are easy, flexible and cost saving favorite tool of

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 engineers and developers worldwide.The technology is evolving
and such, the Arduino ecosystem is expected to grow further as
it starts integrating more features including AI based processing,
edge computing and more potential security releases. Moreover,
with the increasing IoT security concerns, the encryption
protocols and access control mechanisms will be necessaryto be
integrated in Arduino based applications to maintain data
integrity and secure device communication. This continuous
developmentensures that Arduino will continue to be the leading
embedded systems and IoT innovation for years to come.

4.3 Summary:

TheArduinoUnoisbuilttoworkwithseveralpowersourcesandisflexible
for different applications. The board can be powered either
froma USB connection or from an external power supply, and
will automatically select the source. This feature
enablesswitching betweenpower sources without
manualintervention, sothatoperation isuninterrupted.It canbe
powered from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. With
an adapter, the board’s power jack takes a 2.1mmcenter positive
plug, and batteryleads
canbeconnecteddirectlytotheGNDandVINpin headers onthe
power connector.It providesgreatermobilityand deployment for
standalone applications without the need of continuous
connection to a computer or a certain power source.
An external supply voltage range of 6 to 20 volts is operated
efficiently by the board.But, voltage is importantto avoid
malfunction. Ifthe board is fed with less than 7V, the 5V pin
may output a voltage lower than expected, which may cause
instability of connected peripherals like sensors, LCDs and

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 communication modules. However, if you apply a voltage
higher than 12V, the voltage regulator will get too hot and may
eventually damage the board. Therefore, the operating voltage
range is recommended to be 7Vto 12V, sothatthe performance
isstable and the heat dissipation is not excessive.
PowerPinsandTheirFunctions
The Arduino Uno has a number of dedicated power pins which are
used for specific power management purposes.
 VIN (Voltage In):This isthe main input voltage
whenpowering the Arduino from an external power source
instead of USB. This enables the board to be powered from
an external adapter or battery providing 7-12V. This voltage
is also available on the VIN pinwhen the board is powered
through the DC power jack, allowing users to use the
board’s input voltage to power other devices that need the
same voltage level.
 5V (Regulated Power Output): This is a regulated 5V output,
derived from the onboard voltage regulator. The DC power
jack (7- 12V), the USB connection (5V), or the VIN pin (7-
12V)
canprovidepowertotheArduino.However,usersshouldnotsupp
ly

power directly through this pin, as it bypasses the onboard

voltage regulation system, and may subject the board to
dangerous voltage fluctuations.
 3V3 (3.3VOutput):This pinoutputs 3.3V fromthe onboard
voltage regulator and is meant for low power
componentsthat runon lower voltages. This pin can draw a
maximum of 50mA, so it is not suitable for high power
applications.
 GND (Ground Pins): It is the reference point for the
electrical circuit. It is important to ground allpower and
signalconnectionsto provide circuit stability and proper

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 operation of the components.
 IOREF(I/O Reference Voltage): This pin is used to adapt
shields to the appropriate voltage level of the
microcontroller. This pin’s voltage can be read by properly
designed shields to adjust the I/O voltage levels to be
compatible with both 3.3V and 5V systems.
ImportanceofProperPowerManagement
For safe and efficient use of the Arduino Uno, it is important
tounderstandthepowerpins. Undervoltageconditions
canleadtounreliable operation and interfacing external sensors,
actuators and communication modules, whereas overvoltage
conditions can cause permanent damage to the onboard
components. Also, using the wrong power sources can cause
unexpected resets, strange behavior, and component failure.
Externalpower management techniques such as buck converters,
external voltage regulators, and power shields are appropriate for
advanced projects that need high power peripherals. Furthermore,
in battery powered applications using Arduino, sleep mode, power
efficient coding and hardware optimizations can be used to reduce
overall power consumption and increase battery life.
The Arduino Uno’spowerfulpower management systemallowsthe
board to be used in a wide varietyofapplications fromsmall
embedded projects to large industrialautomationsystems.
Regardless ofwhether it is used in a sensor
network,aroboticssystem, oranIoTdevice, powermanagement is
important to make sure the system is efficient and long lasting,
and understanding pin configurations is important.

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 FIG-4.4:PINDIAGRAM

4.4 TemperatureSensor
For safe and efficient use of the Arduino Uno, it is important to
understand the power pins. Permanent damage to on board
components can be caused by overvoltage conditions, but
undervoltage conditions can lead to unreliable operation while
interfacing with external sensors, actuators and communication
modules. Also, using the wrong power sources can cause
unexpected resets, strange behavior, and component failure.
For advanced power management demands of high power
peripherals, external power management techniques i.e. buck
converters, external voltage regulators or power shields should
be used. Furthermore, in battery powered applications using
Arduino, sleep mode, powerefficient coding and hardware
optimizations can be used to reduce overall power consumption
and increase battery life.
The Arduino Uno’s powerful power management system allows the
boardtobeusedinawidevariety ofapplicationsfromsmallembedded

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projectsto large industrialautomation systems. Regardlessofwhether
it is used in a sensor network, a robotics system, or an IoT
device, power management is important to make sure the system
is efficient and long lasting, and understanding pin
configurations is important.
PinConfigurationandPackaging
TheLM35temperaturesensor consistsofthree basicpins:
 Vcc (Power Supply): Provides input voltage, typically
+5V for standard applications, although it can operate on a
range of 4V to 30V.
 Analog Output: Generates a voltage that increases by
10mV per degree Celsius. The output can range from -1V
(-55°C) to 6V (150°C), making it suitable for a broad
range of temperature monitoring applications.
 Ground (GND): The reference ground connection,
necessary for circuit stability.
The LM35 sensor is available in different package types to cater to
different applications and design constraints:
 TO-46 Metal Can Package – Suitable for high-precision
applications requiring robust packaging.
 TO-92 Plastic Transistor Package – Commonly used
forgeneral-purpose applications due to itscompact
designand ease of integration.
 SO-8 Surface Mount Package – Designed for embedded
systems where space constraints are critical.
WorkingPrincipleofLM35TemperatureSensor
The LM35 works on the principle of semiconductor
temperaturesensing, the output voltage is linearly proportional to
the temperature in degrees Celsius. An integrated temperature
dependent voltage generator is included in the sensor to
guarantee a consistent and accurate voltageto temperature
relationship. This guarantees that the sensor will give stable and
repeatable readings even in extreme environmentalconditions.

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TheLM35operatingtemperaturerangeisfrom -55°Cto+150°C,which
makes it ideal for low temperature as well as high temperature
monitoring applications. The device operatesonlow
supplyvoltage (4V to 30V) with low power consumption and has
a low self heating effectoflessthan0.1°C instillairconditions.
Itprevents temperaturedrift due to excessive self generated heat
and thus ensures accuracy of measurements.
The LM35 sensor is one of the most reliable temperature sensors
available with an accuracy of ±0.4°C at room temperature and
±0.8°C over its full operational range. It is low power
consuming (approximately 60µA) and hence suitable for battery
powered and energy efficient applications like IoT based
monitoring systems and remote sensing applications.
Circuit DiagramandIntegrationwithEmbeddedSystems
A real time temperature monitoring system can be developed using
the LM35 temperature sensor with the help of microcontrollers
like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, ESP8266, and other embedded
platforms. The basic interfacing setup is to connect:
 Vcctothe+5V powersupply
 GNDtoground
 AnalogoutputtoanADC-enabledmicrocontrollerpin
With this configuration, the sensor can continuously read
temperature and the data can be processed in software for data
logging, threshold monitoring, and automation based decision
making.

ComparativeAnalysiswithOtherTemperatureSensors

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Sensor TemperatureRaAccuracy OutputType Power Primary
Type nge(°C) (±°C) Consumptio UseCase
n
LM35 -55to150 ±0.4 to
Analog Low(60µA) General-
±0.8 (10mV/°C) purpose,
IoT,
industrial
DS18B2-55to125 ±0.5 Digital (1-
Moderate Digital
0 Wire) applications,
precision
sensing
PT100 -200to850 ±0.1 Resistance- basedHigh Industrial&lab-
RTD grade
precision
sensing
Infrared IR-70to380 ±1 to±2 Digital/Analo g Varies Contactless
Sensors temperature
measuremen

This comparison highlights how LM35 offers a balance between

accuracy, power efficiency, and ease of use, making it ideal for
real- time embedded applications.
AdvantagesofLM35TemperatureSensor
 High Precision & Accuracy: Provides consistentand
repeatable temperature readings.
 Low PowerConsumption: Consumes only60µA, making
it ideal for battery-operated applications.
 Linearity&EasyCalibration:The10mV/°Coutputensures
straightforward voltage-to-temperature conversion.
 Minimal Self-Heating: Generates negligible heat,
ensuring stable long-term readings.
 Compact and Cost-Effective: Available in multiple form

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 factors for various applications.
 Wide Operating Range: Works efficiently in
extreme environmental conditions.
 SeamlessMicrocontrollerIntegration:Easilyinterfaceswit
h Arduino, ESP8266, Raspberry Pi, and IoT-based
systems.
ApplicationsofLM35TemperatureSensor
TheLM35iswidelyutilizedinvariousdomains,including:
 IndustrialAutomation–Ensuringtemperatureregulationin
machinery and process control systems.

 WeatherMonitoringSystems–Usedinclimatestationsand
meteorological applications.
 IoT-basedSmartHomes–
Integratedintohomeautomationsystems for HVAC control.
 Medical & Healthcare – Used in thermometers, patient monitoring
systems, and wearable medical devices.
 AutomotiveIndustry–
Monitorsenginetemperature,batteryhealth, and HVAC
systems in vehicles.
 FoodStorage& Agriculture–Usedfor temperature-
controlled warehousing, cold chain logistics, and
greenhouse monitoring.
ChallengesandLimitations
WhiletheLM35sensoriswidelyused,certainlimitationsmustbe considered:
 AnalogOutputSensitivity:Pronetoelectricalnoise,requiring
proper shielding in industrial environments.
 LimitedTemperatureRangeComparedtoRTDs:Cannotb
e used for extremely high-temperature applications
(>150°C).
 Requires ADC Processing: Unlike digital sensors (e.g.,
DS18B20), it requires an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) for
microcontroller integration.
 Vulnerability to Voltage Fluctuations: Performance may

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 degradeifpower supplystability isnotmaintained.

FIG-4.5: TEMPERATURE SENSOR PIN DIAGRAM

FIG-4.6:LM35CIRCUITDIAGRAM

4.5 PulseSensor

IntroductiontoPulseSensor
A pulse sensor is a biometric device that is highly sensitive and is
used to measureheart rate (BPM- BeatsPerMinute) inrealtime. It

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 iswidely integrated into medical devices, fitness trackers, smart
wearables and interactive gaming systems for monitoring an
individual’s physiological state. The sensor is designed to be
seamlessly interfaced with microcontrollers like Arduino,
Raspberry Pi and ESP8266 and is a key component in IoT based
health monitoring systems.
The pulse sensor works on the principle of photoplethysmography
(PPG),whichisanopticalsensing methodofdetectingchanges
inblood volume. The sensor is an infrared LED and a light
detector to analyze pulsatile blood flow. The output is an analog
electrical signal that is the user’s heartbeat in real time, which is
useful for continuous health monitoring and activity tracking.
Pulse sensors are integrated into healthcare and fitness
applications to give users real time insights into
theircardiovascularhealthandearlydetectionofirregularities,aswell

asbetteroverallhealth.

WorkingPrincipleofPulse Sensor
The pulse sensor works by sensing the changes in blood flow due to
heart contractions. This is done by light absorption and
reflection as blood vessels expand and contract. The sensor
consists of a light emitting diode (LED) to project light onto the
skin and a photodetector to capture the reflected light. Because
blood absorbs more light than surroundingtissues,reflectedlight
intensityfluctuateswiththe heartbeat cycle.
Thepulsesensoroperationhasthefollowingkeysteps:
 The LED emits light, which penetrates the skin and
interacts with underlying blood vessels.
 The blood flow changes with each heartbeat, leading to
variations in light absorption and reflection.
 The photodetector captures these fluctuations and converts
them into an electrical signal.
 Theamplificationcircuit processesand

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 filtersthesignaltoremove noise, providing a clear heart rate
reading.
 The processed analog signal is then transmitted to a
microcontroller, where it is digitized and analyzed for real-
time display and monitoring.
Assuch,thismechanismcanprovide healthdiagnostics,sportsanalytics
and real time remote patient care, by means of continuous, real
time heart rate monitoring. Pulse sensor is an effective, non
invasive way to monitor heart rate, which makes it very useful in
telemedicine and wearable health technology.

PinConfigurationofPulseSensor
Thepulsesensorconsistsofthreemainpins:
Pin Pin Wire Description
Number Name Color
1 GND Black Connects to the ground of the
system

2 Vcc Red Connectsto

+5V or
+3.3V
power supply

3 Signal Purple Outputsthe pulsating analog

signal

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This simple configuration allows for easy interfacing with
microcontrollers, enabling real-time pulse monitoring with
minimal setup requirements.

TechnicalFeaturesofPulseSensor
 Biometricheartratemonitoringsensor
 Plug-and-playcompatibilitywithmicrocontrollers
 OperatingVoltage:+5Vor+3.3V
 CurrentConsumption:4mA,ensuringenergyefficiency
 Built-inamplificationandnoisecancellationforaccuratereadings
 Compactsize:Diameter:0.625inches,Thickness:0.125 inches
 Highsensitivitytominutebloodflowchanges
 Low power consumption, making it ideal for
wearable applications

MethodsforMeasuringHeartRate
1. ManualMeasurement:
 A person’s heart rate can be manually measured by
detecting the pulse at the wrist (radial pulse) or neck
(carotid pulse).
 Themethodinvolvesplacingtwofingers(indexandmiddle
finger) over the pulse point and counting the number ofpulses
for 30 seconds, then multiplying the result by 2 to
determine BPM.
 Care should be takento apply minimalpressure and ensure
correct positioning to avoid inaccurate readings.
2. Sensor-BasedMeasurement:
 A pulse sensor automates heart rate detection by
monitoring optical power variations caused by pulsating
blood flow.
 The light sensor detects changes in reflection and

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 absorption, correlating them with heartbeats.
 The signal is processed and amplified, providing a real-
time BPM reading.
 This method is highly reliable for continuous monitoring
and is widely used in medical applications, sports tracking,
and wearables.

ApplicationsofPulseSensor
The pulse sensor has a wide range of applications across multiple
domains, including:
 Medical & Health Monitoring: Used in remote patient
monitoring, telemedicine systems, and hospital-grade
diagnostic tools.
 Fitness & Sports Analytics: Integrated into fitness
trackers and smartwatches for real-time heart rate tracking.
 Sleep&StressMonitoring:Employed
inwearablehealthdevices for sleep pattern tracking and
anxiety detection.
 IoT-Based Health Systems: Incorporated in smart
healthcare solutions that transmit real-time data to cloud
platforms.
 Gaming & Interactive Applications: Used in
biofeedback systems and VR gaming where gameplay
adapts to heart rate fluctuations.
 Athletic Performance Monitoring: Used in training
programs to measure endurance levels and optimize
physical performance.
 CardiacHealthResearch:Employedinscientificstudiesand
medicaltrialsfocusedonheartratevariabilityandarrhythmia detection.

Challenges&LimitationsofPulseSensor
Despiteitswidespreaduse,thepulsesensorhassomelimitations:
 Sensitivity to Motion Artifacts: Movement can introduce

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 signal noise, reducing accuracy in dynamic environments.
 Dependency on Proper Placement: Must be positioned
correctly on a fingertip or earlobe for optimal results.
 External Light Interference: High ambient light
conditions may affect PPG signal acquisition.
 Limited Accuracy Compared to ECG: The sensor
provides general heart rate monitoring but lacks the
precision of electrocardiogram (ECG) devices.
 Temperature Sensitivity: Variations in skin temperature
can sometimes affect sensor readings.

FutureEnhancementsandResearchDirections
With advances in wearable sensor technology and AI-driven
analytics, pulse sensors are evolving to offer more accurate,
multi-parameter biometric tracking. Future developments
include:
 Integration with AI and Machine Learning: To improve
predictive health analytics and detect anomalies.
 Enhanced Motion Compensation Algorithms: To
mitigate motion artifacts in real-time, improving accuracy
in sports and wearable applications.
 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth & Wi-Fi): For
seamless integration with cloud-based health monitoring
platforms.
 Multi-SensorFusion: Combining pulse sensors with
SpO2, ECG, and temperature sensors for comprehensive
health tracking.
 Improved Energy Efficiency: Reducing power
consumption for longer battery life in wearable devices.

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 FIG-4.6:PULSESENSOR
4.6 WifiModule

With a complete TCP/IP stack and microcontroller functionality,

the ESP8266 is an inexpensive Wi-Fi microprocessor. The ESP-
01 module, produced by third-party firm AI-Thinker, introduced
the chip to Western manufacturers in August 2014. Using
Hayes-style instructions, this tiny gadget enables
microcontrollers to establish basic TCP/IP connections and
connect to a Wi-Fi network. But initially, there wasn't much
information available in English about the chip and the orders it
could understand. Many hackers were drawn to investigate the
module, the chip, and the software on it, as well as to translate
the Chinese documentation, because of the extremely cheap
price and the fact that the module had very few external
components, which suggested that it may someday be very
affordable in production. With its 1 MiB of integrated memory,
the ESP8285 is an ESP8266 that enables the creation of single-
chip devices with Wi-Fi connectivity. The ESP32 family of
devices, which includes the pin-compatible ESP32-C3, has
replaced these microcontroller chips. A self-contained SOC
with an integrated TCP/IP protocol stack, the ESP8266 WiFi

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Module enables any microcontroller to connect to your WiFi
network. Either a program can run on the ESP8266, or it can
take over all WiFi networking tasks from another application
processor.Every ESP8266 module is pre-configured with an AT
command set firmware, so all you have to do is connect it to
your Arduino device to obtain almost the same amount of WiFi
functionality as a WiFi shield—and that's right out of the box!
The ESP8266 module is a very affordable board with a sizable
and constantly expanding community.
Through its GPIOs, this module may be coupled with sensors
and other application-specific devices with little upfront work
and less loading during runtime thanks to its robust on-board
processing and storage capabilities. Its high level of on-chip
integration makes it possible for the front-end module and other
external circuitry to take up very little space on the PCB. The
ESP8266 has a self-calibrated radio frequency (RF) that enables
it to function in any operational environment and doesn't require
any additional RF components. It also supports Bluetooth co-
existence interfaces and APSD for VoIP applications.

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ESP8266comeswithcapabilitiesof

● 2.4GHzWi-Fi(802.11b/g/n,supportingWPA/WPA2),

● general-purposeinput/output(16 GPIO),

● Inter-IntegratedCircuit(I²C)serialcommunicationprotocol,

● analog-to-digitalconversion(10-bitADC)

● SerialPeripheralInterface(SPI)serialcommunicationprotocol,

● I²S(Inter-ICSound)interfaceswithDMA(DirectMemory
Access) (sharing pins with GPIO),
● UART(ondedicatedpins,plusatransmit-
onlyUARTcanbeenabledon GPIO2), and

● pulse-widthmodulation(PWM).

It uses an 80 MHz (or 160 MHz overclocked) 32-bit RISC CPU

based on the Tensilica Xtensa L106. It contains 96 KB of data
RAM, 64 KB of instruction RAM, and 64 KB of boot ROM.
Through SPI, external flash memory may be accessed.

A low-cost standalone wireless transceiver that can be utilized

for end-point Internet of Things innovations is the ESP8266
module.

A sequence of AT commands should be employed by the

microcontroller to establish communication with the ESP8266
module. The microcontroller employs a UART with a pre-
defined Baud rate in communication with the ESP8266-01
module.

Working

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A cheap and very user-friendly device for providing your
projects with internet access is the ESP8266. Since the module
can both act as a station (which can connect to Wi-Fi) and an
access point (which can create hotspots), it can easily obtain data
and upload it to the internet, making the Internet of Things as
easy as possible. It can even make use of APIs to fetch
information from the internet, and your project can now fetch
any information on the web, hence making it more intelligent.
That this module can be programmed using the Arduino IDE,
which renders it much easier to use, is yet another interesting
aspect. You need to use this module together with another
microcontroller, like an Arduino, since it has only two GPIO
pins (although you might hack it to use up to four). Otherwise,
you can opt for the more standalone ESP-12 or ESP-32 models.
Hence, this module is the ideal choice for you if you're looking
for a module to begin with IOT or to give your project an
internet connection. A very cheap and amazingly easy-to-use
device for providing your projects with internet connectivity is
the ESP8266. The module can act as a station (which can
connect to Wi-Fi) and an access point (which can create a
hotspot). Consequently, it is able to fetch data and publish it to
the internet very rapidly, making the Internet of Things very
easy. It can even utilize APIs to fetch data from the internet,
thus your project is able to get any information on the internet,
and hence it becomes smarter. Another interesting feature is that
this module can be programmed using the Arduino IDE, making
it much easier to use. You will need to use this module with
another microcontroller, like an Arduino, since it only has two
GPIO pins (although you can hack it to use up to four).
Otherwise, you can opt for the more standalone ESP-12 or ESP-
32 versions. Thus, this module is the ideal choice for you if
you're looking for a module to start with IOT or to give your
project internet connectivity. While there are other methods and
IDEs for using ESP modules, the Arduino IDE is the most

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commonly used. Thus, let's just discuss that later on.

The ESP8266 module needs 3.3V to operate; anything above

this voltage would make the module malfunction, so be careful
while constructing circuits. The 3.3V programming supported
FTDI board is the best tool for programming an ESP-01.It is
advised that you purchase one if you do not already have one, or
utilise an Arduino board for the time being. The ESP-01's
powering up issue is a typical issue that everyone encounters.
Because the module uses a lot of power during programming,
you can use a potential divider or an Arduino 3.3V pin to power
it. Therefore, it is crucial to create a tiny 3.31v voltage regulator
that can deliver at least 500mA. The LM317 is one suggested
regulator that might accomplish the task with ease.

Applications

● IOTProjects

● AccessPointPortals

● WirelessDatalogging

● SmartHomeAutomation

● Learnbasics ofnetworking
● PortableElectronics

● Smart bulbsand Sockets

4.7 ThingSpeak
ThingSpeak is an open-source Internet of Things (IoT)
application and API that uses the HTTP and MQTT protocols to
store and receive data from objects across a local area network
or the Internet. Applications for location tracking, sensor
logging, and social networks of things with status updates can all
be made possible using ThingSpeak. In 2010, ioT Bridge first
introduced ThingSpeak as a solution to assist Internet of Things
applications. ThingSpeak features integrated support from
MathWorks' MATLAB, a numerical computing program,

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enabling ThingSpeak users to use Matlab to analyse and
visualise uploaded data without having to buy a
MathworksMatlab license. Mathworks, Inc. is closely associated
with ThingSpeak. In reality, registered Mathworks user
identities are now accepted as legitimate login credentials on the
ThingSpeak website, and all of the ThingSpeak documentation
is integrated into the MathworksMatlab documentation site.

FIG.4.8ARCHITECTUREOF THINGSPEAK
ThingSpeakmakes it possible for websites, sensors, and
instruments to transmit data to the cloud, where it is kept in a
public or private channel. You may compute new data, analyse
and visualise existing data, and engage with social media, online
services, and other devices once the data is in a Thing Speak
channel. MathWorks®, the company behind MATLAB® and
Simulink®, offers an IoT analytics platform service called
ThingSpeakTM. Live data streams may be aggregated,
visualised, and analysed in the cloud with ThingSpeak.
ThingSpeak offers real-time data visualisations of the
information that your equipment or devices send.Websites,
sensors, and instruments may all send data to the cloud via
ThingSpeak, where it is stored in a private or public channel.

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Once the data is in a Thing Speak channel, you may interact
with social media, internet services, and other devices, compute
new data, and evaluate and display old data. MATLAB® and
Simulink® are products of MathWorks®, which also provides
ThingSpeakTM, an IoT analytics platform service. ThingSpeak
may be used to gather, visualise, and evaluate live data streams
in the cloud. ThingSpeak provides real-time data visualisations
of the data transmitted by your devices or equipment.

FIG.4.8BLOCKDIAGRAM

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4.8 LCD Display

There are many different kinds of flat panel LCDs, therefore you
will need to choose the appropriate screen for your project.

The simplest form makes use of "seven-segment displays,"

which are frequently used in digital alarms, petrol pump displays
and calculators. These are only made up of vanes that may be
illuminated in different ways to generate a number.

Conversely, "thin-film transistor (TFT) LCDs" are found in

sophisticated electronic devices such as laptops, cellphones, and
television sets. To offer quick reaction times, broad viewing
angles, sharp contrast, and precise colour schemes, they make
use of pixel algorithms. “Dot-matrix LCD” lies somewhere in
the middle of the basic and the most advanced LCD
technologies. They are good in showing alphabets, numbers and
case and lower case of letters..
The 2×16 module, two rows and sixteen columns of LCD
display pins, is one of the most popular dot matrix LCD
displays. We will need this to interface to the Arduino board. An
example of complete assembly can be found at the Arduino web
site. It is also supported by the built-in library example of the
Arduino IDE.

Here is a simple, step-by-step explanation of the circuit's

numerous steps, even though the circuit might seem complicated
at first.

First, plug the LCD's sixteen pins into the breadboard's bottom
positive rail.

Then, the LCD's first and last pins are connected to the top
negative rail. Compared to the connections of the LCD, the
Arduino's GND and 5 V pins on the power-source side are tied

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to the positive rail.

FIG.4.9PINDIAGRAMOFLCDDISPLAY

One of the most practical uses for Arduino smart device projects is LCD panels. An
Arduino library standard example may be used to interface an LCD screen, as
demonstrated in this lesson. With the Nodemcu Esp8266 wifi module and the Blynk
application, an IOT 16x2 LCD may be utilised for remote data monitoring. I've been
presenting the sensor data on a 16x2 LCD. 16 x 2 LCD It is rather a difficult task to
physically interface with an Arduino, Mega, or Nodemcu esp8266 wifi
module,asitneedsalotofsolderingandneedsmanyIOpinsto

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 controla16×2LCD.

FIG.4.9-LCD DISPLAY

This section describes how we used Arduino to construct our Real Time
Health Monitoring System project, along with the aid of an IC LM35
temperature sensor and a pulse sensor. The patient's signals are millivolts,
while the sensors' voltage is 5 volts. The sensors will include amplifiers,
which will amplify the signals without endangering human health. The
signals are then transmitted to the Arduino. Here, the controller is an
Arduino (ATmega8). The Arduino UNO's analogue ports (A0) and (A1)
receive this signal. Using an integrated A to D converter, the Arduino UNO

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 receives analogue input and transforms it into digital data. It transforms any
integer between 0 and 1023 into an analogue voltage level.Ten bits are used
for processing. The ATmega328 Micro controller receives this and converts
the digital data into the appropriate temperature in degrees Celsius and heart
rate in beats per minute. The data will be saved immediately in the database
and the findings will be continually transmitted to medical professionals via
the GSM Module.

Software Implementation

Software Requirements

1. OpensourceAndroidapp

2. EmbeddedC

3. ArduinoIDE

1. Blynk, an open-source Android app Blynk is an open source Android

application that was created to use the internet of things (IOT) to manage
devices. This is capable of collecting and visualising sensor data and
displaying it digitally. Additionally, it may do other parameters like: The
Blynk app is an in-build tool that allows us to design stunning interfaces for
projects utilising a variety of widgets. o Blynk Server It serves as a conduit
between the smartphone and the communication-related devices.
Additionally, we may build our own private Blynk server or utilise Blynk
Cloud. It is free source and may be launched on a Raspberry Pi in addition
to controlling an infinite number of devices. Blynk Libraries provide
communication with the server and the full flow of incoming and outgoing
instructions for all common hardware platforms.

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 Fig 4.1: Blynk server

2. Integrated C Its primary function is to provide real-time reaction. Real time

reaction, or RTS, is a device that makes corrections according to the
response time. Responding with a delay is acceptable in the more
sophisticated form of real-time response, or RTS. This includes, for
example, the train platform that shows the scheduling system.

3. The Arduino IDE where the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development

Environment) is located. In essence, this is an open source application that
allows users to code, build, and upload files to an Arduino gadget. This
program, which includes built-in functionality by default, can really adapt
any Arduino module. It operates on Java software and is compatible with a
variety of operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and Mac. a
variety of Arduino modules, including the Uno, Mega, Leonardo, Micro,
and others. A microcontroller is built into the PCB of each module by
default.

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 CHAPTER 5
RESULTANDCONCLU
SION

The main goal of our work involves developing a smart patient

health monitoring system that tracks both heartbeat and body
temperature continuously. The IoT technology deployed in the
developed system enables real-time tracking alongside remote
patient monitoring abilities. The technology stands as a vital
component of contemporary healthcare since it facilitates pre-
emptive patient treatments and lowers hospital volunteering and
accelerates emergency medical responses.
The smart patient healthcare monitoring system developed in this
research provides multiple applications for healthcare use. The
system proves suitable for use within hospitals alongside home
care facilities and elderly care centers and remote patient
monitoring operations. The major advantage of this solution
allows clients to receive on-demand healthcare monitoring
during times of continuous health measurements. The
monitoring system proves especially helpful for patients dealing
with chronic diseases and post-surgical recovery patients as well
asthose with heart conditions requiring ongoing medical
supervision.
The core element of our system includes ThingSpeak IoT platform
that serves as a sensor data collection center and analysis hub
and visualizationplatform. Medicare professionals benefit
fromThingSpeak by enabling them to view instant sensor
readings remotely allowing for rapid clinical choices. Healthcare
providers benefit from ongoing heartbeat and temperature sensor
data transmission which enables them to see longer-term
medical trends instead of using only emergency- based
healthcare services. Historical data analysis through this method

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 delivers essential health information about patients which
enables doctors to make prompt accurate diagnoses.
The IoT-based patient monitoring system goes beyond monitoring
vital parameters because it has additional capabilities. This
preventive healthcare intervention helps doctors see what is
going to happen in
patients'cardiovascularhealthandfeversaswellasabnormalitiesbefo
re

critical conditions develop. The system features automatic alert

capabilities which send notifications to healthcare staff and
caregivers when it identifies unusual measurement results. The
system reduces the probability of delayed medical help which
could save lives.
Real-time surveillance is enhanced by this system through bundles
of lifestyle management suggestions which integrateinto patient
treatment plans. The platform combines vital parameter
observation with individually focused suggestions about
nutrition together with exercise practices and disease prevention
strategies. The system applies sensor- driven data to recommend
specific dietary adjustments and exercise techniques and
drinking protocols for maximum patient health benefits. The
system provides valuable assistance to patients who have
diabetes and hypertension along with obesity and other lifestyle
diseases.
The proposed system demonstrates high scalability because it can
integrate more health parameters such as SpO2 measurements
and respiratory rates and ECG readings and glucose level
monitoring. The system becomes suitable for hospital-level
remote patient monitoring when multiple biosensors are
integrated to form a comprehensive monitoring solution. The
upcoming versions of this system should integrate AI predictive
analytics that uses historical data trends to forecast potential
health risks which will boost its clinical value.

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 5.1Conclusion

The Internet of Things (IoT) is now widely recognized as one of the most
promising and feasible solutions for remote value tracking, particularly in the
field of health monitoring. The integration of IoT in healthcare allows for real-
time monitoring of patient parameters, significantly reducing the necessity for
prolonged hospital stays and conventional routine examinations. The ability to
monitor an individual's health remotely not only enhances patient convenience
but also enables early detection of diseases, which can lead to timely medical
interventions. Through secure cloud storage,patient
dataissafeguarded,ensuringthatmedicalprofessionalshaveaccessto

accurate and up-to-date health records. The ability for doctors to remotely
diagnose diseases and monitor patient health status from any location greatly
enhances healthcare efficiency and accessibility.
The increasing demand for smart healthcare solutionshasdriventhe rapid
adoptionof IoT in the medical sector. IoT-enabled devices facilitate real-time
patient monitoring, reducing dependency on in-person medical consultations
and improving healthcare accessibility. The introduction of wearable health
monitoring devices, such as smartwatches and biometric sensors, has
significantly improved patient care by continuously tracking vital health
metrics. These devices transmit real-time healthdata to cloud-based platforms,
enabling doctors to assess patient health from remote locations. Additionally,
predictive analytics powered by IoT can provide early warnings about
potential health risks, allowing healthcare professionals to take proactive
measures before conditions worsen.
In this study, an IoT-based health monitoring systemwas developed to track
essential health parameters, including body temperature, pulse rate, room
humidity, and temperature, using varioussensors.These
sensorscontinuouslycapturereal-time data, which is then displayed on an LCD

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 screen for immediate analysis. The collected data is subsequently transmitted
to a medical server using wireless communication, enabling authorized
medical personnel to access the information via IoT-enabled smartphones and
platforms. This real-time data accessibility allows healthcare providers to track
patient vitals, identify abnormalities, and initiate appropriate medical
responses. The successful implementation of this system demonstrates the
significant advantages of IoT in modern healthcare.
The primary objective of this experiment was to develop and evaluate a
comprehensive IoT-based health monitoring solution, ensuring its reliability
and effectiveness in detecting health anomalies. The system successfully
integrated
multiplemodules,includingaheartbeatdetectionmodule,afalldetectionmodule,an
d a remote viewing module, each functioning as intended. The effectiveness of
these modules indicates that the system is capable of accurately tracking vital
health parameters andtransmitting data efficiently. Futureoptimizations can
further enhance the system's reliability, making it more compact, cost-
effective, and scalable for widespread adoption. Additionally, all components
utilized in the system are readily available, making it feasible for
implementation on a large scale.
Oneofthemostsignificantfindingsofthisresearchistheimmense
potentialofIoT-
based health monitoring systems in improving patient outcomes. The use of
compact sensors in conjunction with IoT technology is revolutionizing remote
healthcare. Patients, regardless of their location, can be continuously
monitored, reducing their dependency on frequent hospital visits. This is
particularly beneficial for elderly patients, individuals with chronic illnesses,
and those living in remote areas with limited access to healthcare facilities.
The integration of IoT in healthcare provides reassurance to patients by
allowing them to receive continuous care and reducing the fear of undetected
health complications.
The ability of IoT to facilitate telemedicine services is another key advantage of
its implementation inhealthcare. Remote consultations, enabled byIoT-
poweredmedical devices, allow physicians to examine patients, diagnose
illnesses, and prescribe treatments without the need for physicalappointments.

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 This innovation is particularly valuable in areas with limited medical
infrastructure, as it bridges the gap between patients and healthcare providers.
Moreover, IoT-integrated wearable devices canalert patients and caregivers in
case of abnormal health readings, reducing the risk of medical emergencies.
Another keyadvantage of IoT-based health monitoring systems is their application
in predictiveanalytics. Thecollectedsensorydatacanbeutilized in
homeandworkplace environments to identify early warning signs of health
deterioration. By leveraging artificial intelligence and machine learning
algorithms, healthcare professionals can predict potential health risks and
provide proactive care. Additionally, IoT systems facilitate the seamless
integration of patient health records into centralized databases, ensuring
efficient medical historytracking and enabling data-driven decision-making.
The use of blockchain technology in IoT healthcare solutions further enhances
data security, ensuring that sensitive medical information remains protected
against unauthorized access.
Despite the numerous benefits of IoT in healthcare, several challenges must be
addressed to maximize its potential. One of the primary concerns is data
security and privacy. With sensitive medical information being transmitted
over networks, robust encryption protocols and authentication mechanisms are
essential to prevent unauthorized access and data breaches. Additionally,
challenges related to sensor accuracy, interoperability, and connectivity must
be overcome to ensure consistentand reliable data transmission across
different healthcare systems. Future
developmentsshouldfocusonenhancingencryptionmethodsandimplementing

decentralizedsecurityframeworkstosafeguardpatientdatafromcyber threats.
The fundamentalnecessityfor humanwell-being isaccesstoqualityhealthcare. Many
individuals suffer from undetected health conditions due to inadequate
medical attention and delayed diagnosis. The primary objective of this project
is to develop a robust and efficient patient health monitoring system utilizing
IoT, enablinghealthcare professionals to monitor their patients in real-time.
The proposed system employs advanced sensors that can either be worn by
patients or embedded into their surroundings, ensuring continuous health
monitoring. The collected data is meticulously analyzed and processed to

122
 detect potential health concerns at an early stage, allowing for timely medical
intervention and improved patient outcomes.
Byincorporating IoTtechnologyinto healthcare,we pave the wayfor asmarter, more
connected, and highlyresponsive medical ecosystem. The abilityto remotely
monitor health conditions, predict diseases, and provide real-time medical
assistance will undoubtedly transform the future of healthcare. This research
underscores the critical role ofIoT in enhancing patient care, reducing
hospitalovercrowding, and improving overall healthcare efficiency. The
seamless connectivity between patients and healthcare providers, facilitated by
IoT, ensures a future where healthcare is more accessible, preventive, and
patient-centric.
Future advancements in IoT healthcare systems may include the integration of
augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies for remote
medical training and patient consultation. Furthermore, 5G-enabled IoT
devices will significantly enhance data transmission speeds, allowing for real-
time health monitoring with minimal latency. The continuous evolution of IoT
in healthcare promises a future where medical services are more efficient,
personalized, and accessible to individuals across the globe.

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 FIG.5.1SERIALMONITOR

FIG.5.2STRUCTUREOFPROJECT

124
 FIG.5.3THINGSPEAKPLATFORM

One difficult strategy that will help older individuals receive healthcare without being
sent to the hospital is the ageing healthcare monitoring system. Effective health care
product solutions that allow for real-time home monitoring of elderly individuals are
highly sought after. The system enables us to offer elderly, handicapped, and
chronically ill individuals convenient, secure social care. Continuous real-time remote
monitoring will make healthcare more dynamic. The family physician is notified of any
emergency or serious circumstances involving the patient's health information. The
ESP8266, a wireless health monitoring device that measures blood pressure, heart rate,
body temperature, and respiration, is used to construct the hardware interfacing module.
Wireless transmission of the detected data is sent to the cloud. The hardware module
supports home health monitoring systems in real time, delivers information, and offers
prompt assistance when required. As a result, the system as a whole may be optimised
with extremely low power consumption, user-friendliness, simplicity in implementation,
affordability, and portability. The technology might not be appropriate for clinical use,
but it might be useful for remote patient monitoring.
 Figure5.4:Blynkappresultsofvitalparameter

Figure5.5:Output ofECGmonitoring

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Three main inputs are required for the functionality of the IoT based health monitoring
system, which are essential for accuracyand reliabilityofpatient health data. Power
supply, temperature measurement, and pulse monitoring are the inputs to these and they
contribute to real time health assessments. Each input is detailed below:

A) PowerSupply

Any electronic circuit needs power supply as the driving force for all the components of
the system. The 5V DC battery is mainly used to supply power tothe Arduino
microcontroller which is the central processing unit of the system.

A 5V DC battery provides a stable and reliable power source to power the

connectedsensorsandcommunicationmoduleswithoutinterruption.Furthermore,

the system can be powered directly from a computer through a USB connection in case
the battery is not available or has been depleted. The dual power option increases the
flexibility of the system and makes the system suitable for bedside monitoring in
hospitals or portable use in remote areas where the constant power supply is not
available.

As for longer operations or integration into the smart hospital infrastructure, external
power adapter can be used to guarantee continuous power. Having stable,
levelregulatedvoltagefor thesensorsensuresaccuratereading fromthesensor,this prevents
inaccurate reading which affects the reliability of the system as a whole.

B) TemperatureMeasurement

Bodytemperature is one ofthe keyhealth parameters that the system monitors as it is an

important indicator of overall health and helps in detecting fevers, infections and other
medical conditions. The system takes advantage of a temperature sensor to measure the
body temperature of a patient in real time.

This project uses a temperature sensor that is intended to offer high precision and quick
responsiveness. It works by sensing heat radiated from the body and converting it to an
electrical signal that is then processed by the Arduino microcontroller. Healthcare
professionals can quickly see the patient’s condition by looking at the temperature

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readings on an LCD screen.

Furthermore, the temperature data is transmitted wirelessly to the IoT cloud

platformwheredoctorsandcaregiverscanremotelyaccessthedata. Intelemedicine
applications, this feature is veryusefulas it allows remote monitoring ofpatients to ensure
timely medical intervention.

Room temperature and humidity can sometimes effect the readings of the body
temperature sensors. Calibration techniques and advanced machine learning algorithms
can also be applied to filter out external noise and to eliminate some ambiguity in
temperature readings to ensure most accurate data.

C) PulseMonitoring

Another vital health parameter that is being continuously monitored by the systemis the
pulse rate. This project uses an advanced optical sensor called pulse sensor
whichdetectsthebloodflowvariationsinapatient’sfingertip.Itisabletomeasure

the heart rate on real time and this makes it an important member in diagnosing
conditions pertaining the cardiovascular health.

The pulse sensor works on the principle of infrared light absorption. The sensor is made
up ofan infrared LED emitter and aphotodetector. Asthe heart pumpsblood, the blood
volume in the fingertip changes, and therefore the amount of infraredlight reflected back
to the sensor changes. The light absorption fluctuations are converted into electrical
signals which are processed to determine the beats per minute (BPM).

The LCD screen displays the detected pulse rate and simultaneously transmits the pulse
ratetothe IoT cloud platform, sothat the doctors and caregivers canremotely monitor the
heart activity of the patient. Warnings are issued whenever there areany irregularities
including tachycardia (rhythmic heartbeat) or bradycardia (slow heartbeat), and
immediate medical attention follows.

The mainadvantageofusinganopticalpulsesensoristhat it is noninvasiveandcan be used for

continuous monitoring without discomfort to the patient. However, sometimes they get
confused by motion artifacts (unwanted signals due to
movement)andcannotproduceanaccuratereading.These interferencescanthusbe reduced by
means of advanced digital filtering techniques and measurement accuracy can be
improved.

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5.1. Personalized Sleep Detection Algorithm for Rapid Eye Movement
(REM) Stages
In this study, three algorithm validation methods were used for three different
resolutions of the sleep stages:
Three-stagesleep-stagedetection(lightsleep,deep sleep,andREMsleep).
In the two-stage sleep–awake detection, self-collected data recorded by theASUS
VivoWatch BP were used instead ofthose collected fromPSG database owing to the
different definitions of the awake label between our data and those from PhysioNet. Thus,
the developed sleep–awake detection algorithm was used on self- collected data for the
validation of the two-stage sleep–awake detection. In the three- stage sleep-stage detection
validation, the sleep-stage detection algorithm was first
usedonthedatafromPhysioNettoclassifythelight-sleepanddeep-sleepstages.The

REM-stage detection algorithm was then used to further distinguish the REM stages from
the deep-sleep stages.
The above shows the performance of these three algorithms. Numbers of true positive,
false positive, true negative, and false negative observations are notated by TP, FP, TN, and
FN. The accuracy equals to (TP + TN)/total. The two-stage sleep– awake classifier
successfully identified the wake and sleep stages with an accuracyof 84.51% (TP = 18,306,
TN = 3364, total = 25,641, epoch = 30 s). This method achieved high prediction
performance for identifying the sleep stages and a slightly lower performance for
identifying the awake stages .The two-stage sleep-stage classifier exhibited a moderate
predictive power for distinguishing between NREM sleep and REM sleep, with a predicting
accuracy of 68.68% (TP = 3315, TN =10,314, total = 1979, epoch = 30 s)In the three-stage
classification, the algorithm mostly distinguished successfully between the light sleep and
deep sleep. However, most errors occurred in the classification between the deep-sleep and
REM sleep stages with an accuracy of 64.02% (TP = 2590, TN = 1620, TNR = 8459, total
= 19,791, epoch = 30 s).
Performance of sleep-stage algorithm validation methods for different sleep- stage
classifications. Confusion matrices for two-stage (wake vs. sleep) classification, two-stage
(NREM vs. REM) classification, and three-stage (light vs. deep vs. REM stages)
classification.
REM stages are characterized by an increase in heart rate. Thus, to distinguish

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betweenREManddeep-sleep, k-meansclustering wasconductedonallheart ratedata during the
deep-sleep stage shows the k-means clustering results ofthe controlgroup, PD
groupw.clonazepam, and PD group w.o.clonazepam, respectively. Low heart- rate data were
assigned to the deep-sleep stage, while high heart-rate data were assigned to the REM sleep
stage. Using heart rate as the cluster factor enabledaccurate distinction between REM and
deep-sleep stages in all three groups.
K-means clustering results of the control group, PD w. clonazepam group, and PD
w.o.clonazepamgroup. Blue and orange columns represent the clustering ofREM and deep-
sleep stages, respectively. The heart rate of the PD w.and w.o.clonazepam groups during the
deep-sleep stage was less than that of the control group.
Shows three examples from the analyzed data.shows the sleep-cycle patternof the
control group, Shows the sleep-cycle pattern of the PD group w. clonazepam
andPDgroupw.o.clonazepam,respectively.Sleep cycles differed for every subject, generally
ranging from 7 to 9 h. Black lines represent the different sleep stages of the subjects
calculated by the proposed sleep-stage classification algorithm. Blue lines represent the
heart rate measured using the ASUS VivoWatch BP, and red lines represent the G-values.
Light-sleep stages changed to deep-sleep stages at low G-values and vice versa. The REM
phase highly correlated with the heart rate and G-value increases. Furthermore, the
percentage of occurrence of high G-values in sleep stages among the PD groups was much
increased than that in the control group.
Results of the three sleep-stage detection algorithm for the control group, PD
groupw.clonazepam,andPDgroup w.o. clonazepam.Thesolid,blackline represents the G-
value, which was used to identify the three sleep stages. It showed that the awake and light
sleep times of the PD groups were longer compared to the control group. Moreover, the
time of the deep stage in the PD groups was shorter than the control group. The blue line
indicates the heart rate (bpm), which corresponds to the sleep stages. Different heart rates
were found for the PD groups, especially in the REM stage.

5.2. CorrelationbetweenClinicalDataandSleepAlgorithmResults
Indices of the sleep quality of the participants were readily calculated from the results
of the above sleep scoring algorithm.Two indices were measured: (a) sleep efficiency (the
ratio of total sleep duration to total bedtime) and (b) total sleep duration. A Spearman’s
correlation was used to assess the relationship between the clinical data obtained by the
questionnaire and the data recorded by the ASUS VivoWatch BP in a sample of 57 subjects

130
, The results showed statistical significance between the total sleep time obtained from the
clinical data and that obtained from the smartwatch data (p = 0.01). However, low
correlation was found between the clinical and smartwatch data in both indices, owing to
the subjects’ incorrect interpretation of the sleep-cycle start time.
Spearman correlation coefficients (p-value) between the clinical data and the estimated
sleep metrics. MAE: mean absolute error; MAPE: mean absolutepercentage error; RMSE:
root mean square error.

5.3. StatisticalAnalysisResults
ToaccuratelyclassifyabnormalRapidEyeMovement(REM)behavior,aG-
value threshold was established. Mann–Whitney tests were conducted on G-value medians
from both the control and Parkinson’s Disease (PD) groups to determine the threshold value
with the most significant p-value. A total of 12 threshold values ranging from1200 to
4500(incremented by300) weretested.TheMann–Whitneytest revealed that a threshold of
1500 produced the most significant difference between non-PD(median=240) and PD
patients(median=690) witha minimump-value(p = 0.0117) and a maximumT-value (T =
941). This suggests that a G-value threshold of 1500 effectively distinguishes abnormal
REM behavior in PD patients.
PerformanceAnalysisoftheHealthMonitoringSystem
The developed IoT-based health monitoring prototype was tested on multiple patients to
evaluate its performance. The system measured four key parameters:
 Heartrate
 Bodytemperature
 Bloodpressure
 SPO2levels
Theaccuracy ofthesystemwasevaluatedbycomparing its measurement data with
commercially available medical-grade sensors. The efficacy was determined based on
relative error percentages, which were calculated for each sensor reading. The following
tables illustrate the comparative analysis.
Table 1 Comparison of data values measured by Heart rate sensor and commercial
sensor

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Numberofsamples Actualbpm Observedbpm Relative error
(%e,)
D1 68 69 1.47
D2 69 71 2.89
D3 70 70 0.00
D4 72 70 2.77
D5 71 73 2.81

Table2BloodPressuredatacollectedwiththedevelopedIOTsystem
Numberofsamples systolic Diastolic
D1 110 61

D2 101 64
D3 115 66
D4 100 59
D5 120 80
DG 141 90

Table3ComparisonofdevelopedSPO2system withcommercial
Numberofsamples Actual SPO2 (in ObservedSPO2(in Relative error
%) %) (%e,)
D1 98 98 0.00
D2 96 97 1.04
D3 97 97 0.00
D4 98 99 1.02
D5 95 96 1.05

Cloud-BasedDataStorageandRemoteMonitoring
ThedevelopedIoT based healthmonitoring systemisableto storeandprocess real time
patient data using cloud technology. The prototype was tested in an online cloud based
environment (ThingSpeak) to enable doctors and caregivers to remotely monitor patient

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health conditions. Real time remote health monitoring solution was provided by collecting,
encrypting, and transmitting patient data to secure cloud servers.
The prototype can be placed next to a patient’s bed (e.g., in a COVID-19 isolation
ward) for continuous tracking of critical parameters. A unique patient identification number
(ID), is generated upon admission and these vitals can be accessed bydoctors,
medicalstaffor anyone having access to internet, and the device. It is this that allows
medical professionals to immediately respond to a patient’s vital signs passing critical
thresholds.
However, the data security is still a critical challenge in such IoT based healthcare
systems. Privacy violations and data spoofing may occur due to unauthorized access to
patient data. Encryption based cloud solutions can be used to enhance securitybyensuring
data integrityand confidentiality before sharing withthe medical personnel.

Figure10. TheAccuracyrateandperformanceanalysisofvariousmodels

Figure11.ThegraphicalReprsentationofPerformanceAnalysisof various watch

models.

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Figure12.TheerrorMetricsAnalysisinwatchtypes

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 Figure13.ThegraphicalrepresentationofErrorMetricsinVariousWatch types

DevelopmentoftheAnti-EpidemicSmartWatch
The anti-epidemic watch prototype was designed to provide an efficient, real-time health
monitoring solution, particularly for pandemic scenarios. The device incorporates multiple
sensors and smart connectivity features, making it a viable wearable solution for continuous
patient tracking. It is structured to assist individuals with high-risk health conditions by
constantly monitoring body temperature, heartrate, and blood oxygen levels while ensuring
ease of usability.
HardwareConfiguration
The internal architecture of the anti-epidemic smart watch consists of the following key
components:
 Microcontroller Unit (MCU) Module: The processing unit that controls sensor
integration and data transmission.
 Bluetooth Module: Enables real-time data transmission to connected mobile
devices or cloud platforms.
 Power Switch: Allows manual activation and deactivation of the device to conserve
battery life.
 Rechargeable 750mAh Lithium-Ion Battery: Ensures prolonged operation with
energy-efficient features.
 Photoplethysmogram (PPG) and Temperature Sensors: Facilitates real- time
monitoring of vital parameters such as heart rate, SPO2, and body temperature.
Thedevicecontinuouslyrecordsphysiologicalsignalsandtransmitsthe
collected data securely to cloud platforms for real-time tracking by healthcare professionals.
CustomDeviceCasingandWearability
The anti-epidemic smart watch features a lightweight, ergonomic casing made from 3D-
printed white polylactic acid (PLA). This custom-fabricated shell ensures durability while
maintaining a sports-watch design that enhances comfort and ease of use. The device
measures 255 mm², resembling a modern fitness tracker, making it suitable for continuous
daily wear.
Additionally, the sensor placement at the base of the device ensures accurate and
uninterrupted physiological monitoring. The combination of compact design,
advancedhardware, andIoTconnectivitymakesthiswearabletechnologyapromising innovation
in healthcare monitoring.
FutureEnhancements
While the anti-epidemic smart watch demonstrates significant potential in health
monitoring, further advancements can be made:
 AI-DrivenHealthInsights:Incorporatingmachinelearningalgorithmsfor early disease
detection and predictive analytics.
 SecureDataTransmission:Implementing blockchain-basedauthenticationto prevent
data breaches.
 Enhanced Multi-Parameter Monitoring: Adding ECG, glucose monitoring, and
sleep cycle analysis for improved diagnostics.
 Battery Optimization: Developing low-power operation modes for extended
device lifespan.
By integrating these enhancements, the smart health monitoring system could become
a holistic, AI-powered solution for next-generation healthcare applications.

6. CONCLUSION
Clinicians may rapidlyrecognise patient data on their home monitor using the
suggested smart health monitoring system. Medicalprofessionalscancompare patient data in
real time, ensuring timely medical interventions. Cloud data recording, enriched with
biological sensors and advanced functionalities from the Internet of Things (IoT), enables
seamless remote healthcare monitoring. IoT technology makes
thissystemhighlyflexibleandupgradeable,allowingtheintegrationofnewsensors
anddiagnostictoolsas medicaladvancementsoccur.
The proposed health monitoring systememploys sophisticated sensors totrack vital
parameters such as blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation levels, and body
temperature, thereby assisting in the early detection and treatment of various health
conditions. The deployment of IoT-based smart health monitoring devices has demonstrated
immense potential, especially in managing and remotely tracking COVID-19 patients. This
capability reduces the burden on healthcare facilities by enabling real-time patient
monitoring outside hospital settings. However, keyconcerns surrounding data security and
physician accessibility must be addressed to ensure the safe handling of sensitive medical
information. Enhancing data security through encryption protocols and authentication
measures is crucial in maintaining patient confidentiality. Additionally, leveraging edge
computing allows for on- demanddataanalysis, reducing latencyandenablingswift
clinicaldecisionsregarding COVID-19 patient care.
Sleep quality significantly impacts overall health and well-being. Parkinson’s
Disease (PD) patients often suffer from sleep disturbances, which form a part of their non-
motor symptoms. Autonomic nervous system impairment in PD patients may result in
abnormal heart rate fluctuations and sleep abnormalities. To combat this, scientists have
suggested wearable devices to continuously monitor and analyze sleep in PD patients. Such
sophisticated monitoring algorithms monitor heart rate variability and other sleep-related
physiological variables, offering insights into sleep disorders.
Research evidence suggests that sleep disturbances in PD patients are quite
divergent, as revealed through autographic examination. While clinical self-reported
surveys like the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) reveal sleep disruptions in PD
groups, wearable sleep monitoring systems provide a more quantitative and objective
measurement system for analyzing sleep patterns. Our research attested that wearable sleep
monitoring devices are therapeutically valuable, providing real-time observation of sleep
activities of PD patients. This innovation improves communication between PD patients,
medical professionals, and multidisciplinary teams of doctors. Additionally, wearable
wristwatch-type monitoring systems deliver constant monitoring, enabling doctors to
evaluate the change in sleep cycles and make necessary interventions.
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a very predictive sign of
Parkinson's Disease, and precise identification of sleep disorders can help in the early
PDdiagnosis. Conventional monitoring methods like electroencephalograms (EEGs),

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electrocardiograms (ECGs), and polysomnography (PSG) have been extensively used to
assess sleep quality. Yet, with the advent of wristwatch-based wearable technology, it has
become a handy and efficient option.This approach allows for non-invasive, continuous
monitoring of sleep phases, distinguishing between wakefulness, non- rapid eye movement
(NREM) sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Furthermore,
wearablesleeptrackerscandifferentiatebetweenlight sleep, deepsleep, and REM phases,
enabling clinicians to obtain a comprehensive overview of a patient’s sleep architecture.
This wearable-based approach to sleep monitoring provides clinicians with invaluable
insights into sleep disturbances commonly observed in PD patients.
With the integration of IoT-enabled smart health monitoring systems, clinicians can
effortlessly recognize patient data on their home monitors, facilitating prompt medical
responses. Cloud-based data storage, enriched with biologicalsensors, ensures seamless data
collection and retrieval, thereby improving patient monitoring. The inclusion of AI-driven
predictive models further enhances the diagnostic capabilities of these monitoring systems,
enabling earlydetection of health anomalies. IoT technology continues to revolutionize
healthcare, making health monitoring systems adaptable and future-ready. By incorporating
multi-sensor technology, real-time analytics, and AI-powered predictions, smart health
monitoring devices provide an efficient and cost-effective solution for disease prevention
and management.
Additionally, IoT-driven smart health monitoring devices have proven to be
instrumental in remotely tracking and treating COVID-19 patients. These systems
continuously collect and analyze patient data, reducing hospital visits and enabling remote
consultations. Despite the numerous advantages, challenges such as data security,
authentication, and unauthorized access remain key concerns. Advanced encryption
techniques, blockchain-based authentication, and secure cloud infrastructures are necessary
to safeguard patient data. Furthermore, edge computing solutions facilitate on-demand
COVID-19 patient data analysis, minimizing response times and enabling precise medical
decision-making.
The application of deep learning techniques, such as long short-term memory
(LSTM) networks, can further enhance the predictive capabilities of smart health
monitoringsystems.LSTMmodelsareparticularlyeffectiveinanalyzingvast

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healthcare datasets, identifying early indicators of COVID-19, and aiding in resource
allocation within hospitals and healthcare facilities. By leveraging AI-driven insights,
hospitals can improve patient triaging, prioritize critical cases, and optimizehealthcare
services. Future advancements in AI and IoT integration will further enhance the efficacy of
these health monitoring systems, providing more accurate, data-driven insights for
improved patient care and disease management.

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 CHAPTER6

CONCLUSIONANDFURTHERENHANCEMENTS

The evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology has made a difference in
healthcare field, and due to this, smart patient monitoring systems have been introduced
and can be utilized in real time for the tracking of vital health parameters. Traditional
healthcare models are verydependent on visits to the office in person and on hospital
based monitoring which can resultin delays diagnoses and treatment. To address this, IoT
based health monitoring systems help us to continuously and remotely monitor patients,
detect diseases at the early stage, and timely give medical intervention.
IoT based healthcare systems are based on the integration of sensors, cloud computing
and wireless communication. The components combine to gather and send, inrealtime,
healthdata. Wearable devices or home based monitoring systems are embedded with
sensors like temperature sensors (LM35), heart rate sensors (Pulse Sensor), SpO2
monitors and blood pressure sensors which allows doctorsand caregivers to access patient
health data remotely. It also saves the patient from going for as frequent hospital visits,
reduces the costs of healthcare and also improves the convenience of the patient.
The most important contribution of IoT in healthcare is the ability to predict the
potentialhealthriskbeforeitbecomescritical.Thesesystemskeepmonitoring

physiological parameters thus they can alert doctors and caregivers about abnormal health
patterns so that they can intervene accordingly. This is particularly helpfulfor patients
with chronic illness, the elderly, the remote and underdeveloped which do not have easy
access to healthcare facilities.
Additionally, cloud based platforms like ThingSpeak and Blynk provide secure storage of
patient records alongside an instant access to the records. Doctors and medical
professionals can collect information on the present and compile previous records to
analyze trends and make data driven decisions for better health. Besides,
theartificialintelligence(AI)and machine learning(ML) fusionwithIoTaddtothe accuracy
of disease prediction by facilitating customized treatment plans.
However, many advantages of IoT based healthcare monitoring such as low cost,
mobility, mass capabilities, network efficiency etc. make IoT based healthcare
monitoring valuable even with the challenges posed by the data security, accurate sensor,

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network reliability and power consumption. Though, the challenges were there,
advancements in encryption techniques, blockchain for data security and 5G technology
are expected to prevent these hurdles in order to develop IoT driven healthcare systems
that are more robust and reliable.
In this chapter, the findings, advantages, challenges, applications and future
improvements of the IoT based healthcare monitoring is discussed that becomes
important role on improving patient care, decreasing the medical emergency and increase
the overall health efficiency.
6.2 FindingsoftheStudy
Several crucial findings have been made from the implementation of the IoT based health
monitoring systems, which show the effectiveness, reliability and impact of remote
patient monitoring. The study was done by analyzing the real time
physiologicaldatacollected fromvarioussensorssuchastemperaturesensors, pulse rate
sensors, blood pressure monitors and SpO2 sensors. The outcome ofthe results indicated
the feasibility of using IoT in the healthcare business. Moreover, the outcome also
confirms that the data collected was very accurate for remote monitoring.
AccuracyandReliabilityofSensorData
The studystatesthat IoT enabled sensors deliver veryaccurate and realtime data for
patienthealthparametersasoneofthekeyfindings.Itwasobservedthatthebody

temperature was recorded with a minimum error margin by the temperature sensor
(LM35) and the pulse sensor was able to capture heart rate variations effectively. The
accuracy level of IoT generated data compared to standard medical equipment readings
was above 95%, which means that IoT sensors are a viable alternative to traditional
monitoring systems.
EfficiencyinDiseaseDetectionandDiagnosis
The study discovered that ongoing monitoring of patient vitals enables detection of
abnormalities in time that is necessary for patients suffering from chronic diseases thereof
hypertension, diabetes or cardiovascular diseases. Similarly, analyzingsensor data trends
gives physicians the ability to pre diagnose potential health risks before they are
developed into a severe situation so as to intervene medically. This real time monitoring
system helps in reducing the hospital readmission rates and minimizes the emergency
healthcare cost.
EffectsonRemoteandRuralHealthcare

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The health monitoring systems based on IoT have been found highly useful for patients in
remote areas where healthcare facilities are not easily available. It was observed that
doctors could remotely monitor the patient health without visiting the hospital often,
through real time data transmission to the cloud based platforms ThingSpeak and Blynk.
The advantage of this system is especially for the elderly patients, bedridden patients, and
the patients who need post-operative care.
RoleinCOVID-19andPandemicManagement
IoT based health monitoring systems were of great help during the COVID-19 pandemic
to track patients symptoms, manage isolation protocols and reducehospital overcrowding.
Study findings show that real time updates of patients' body temperature, oxygen
saturation levels and the heart rate were delivered bycontactless health monitoring systems
that allowed medical practitioners offer preferential treatment, all the while containing
virus transmission.
DataSecurityandPrivacyConcerns
The study also pointed out some of the concerns with the data security and patient privacy
in the context of IoT based health monitoring systems. Wireless networks risk being
breached and having sensitive health data exposed to unauthorized access through
transmissions. The conclusion made in this article shows that strong
encryptionmethods,blockchaintechnologyandmultifactorauthenticationare

neededtokeeppatientdatasecureandmaintaindataintegrity.
SystemScalabilityandFutureEnhancements
The investigation reveals that IoT based healthcare monitoring systems are highly scalable
such that extra health parameters can be added, AI based analytics andsmart diagnosis can
be incorporated in these systems. Future additions could also involve integrating the app
with 5G networks for extremely fast data transfer, AI forecasting to identifydiseases in
advance, and cloud enablement to give reasonable customized treatment proposals.
6.3 AdvantagesofIoT-BasedHealthMonitoringSystems
IoT technology has revolutionized patient monitoring in healthcare by integrating
technology in order to collect realtime data, make it more accessible and proactive
medical intervention. The study also points out several key advantages of IoT enabled
healthmonitoringsystemswhichwould leadto betterpatient careand more efficient medical
sector.
1. Real-TimePatientMonitoring

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Real time monitoring of patient vitals is one of the most important advantages ofthe IoT
in healthcare. The IoT based healthcare systems eliminate the need for costly in person
visits to doctors for the check ups as it constantly tracks the patient’s heart rate,
temperature, blood pressure and oxygen saturation levels. This ensures that doctors can
take a decision quickly and intelligently to avoid any sudden health complications.
2. EarlyDetectionandDiseasePrevention
Continuously collecting data and continuously analyzing data by means of IoT enabled
sensors enables early detection of abnormalities in a patient’s health. Integrated with IoT
that can detect patterns in patient data and predict future health risks before it is too late.
This is a proactive approach to prevent illnesses such as heart diseases, diabetes and
hypertension among others.
3. RemoteHealthcareAccessibility
IoT based health monitoring systems are highly beneficial for old people, bedridden
patients and individuals living in remote locations where access to healthcare units is not
feasible. Doctors can remotely monitor the health of patients through cloud based
platforms such as ThingSpeak and Blynk and can act in time without physical hospital
visits.

4. ReducedHealthcareCosts
IoT based health systems help prevent unwanted hospital visits and admissions by
enabling remote monitoring.This not only reduces medical cost for the patients but also
relieves pressure on the healthcare facilities which forms a better management
ofhealthcare facilities for hospitals as theycan make better use ofthe resources.
Furthermore, home based monitoring devices help in reducing the number of doctor
visits, thus reducing the overall cost of healthcare services.
5. SeamlessDataStorageandManagement
The patient health data is securely stored in the cloud servers ofIoT based systems, which
can be easily accessible to doctors, caregivers and even patients themselves. This is
useful for healthcare professionals to analyze existing trends in their accounts, to compare
previous health records, and to arrive at correct diagnoses. The real time patient
information is also available which aids faster decision making in emergency situations..
6. IntegrationwithAIforSmartDiagnosis
When AI driven analytics is mixed with IoT, healthcare monitoring systems may predict
diseases, map out the health trends, and recommend personalized medical assistance.

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Using AI IoT, physicians can handle massive amounts of biomedical data to diagnose
disease in progress and recommend the most appropriate treatment protocols.
7. ContinuousMonitoringforChronicDiseaseManagement
IoT is highly efficient in the management of chronic diseases such as hypertension,
diabetes, asthma and cardiac conditions. The IoT devices aid in ongoing monitoring of
the health of patients with chronic diseases and ensure that necessary medical
adjustments are done in real time. In addition to this, such systems enable the processing
of critical value thresholds, sending alerts to patients and caregivers, when the critical
thresholds are breached so they can act in a timely manner.
8. EmergencyAlertsandNotifications
IoT healthcare devices are equipped with emergency alert mechanisms that alert doctors,
caregivers and family members. Incase ofabnormal heart rate, abnormally
highbloodpressure,orlowoxygensaturation,healthcareprovidersare immediately notified
and can take immediate action.
9. ImprovedMedicationAdherence
Medicationadherenceisoneofthemajorchallengesinpatienthealthcare.Partof
IoT based health monitoring system can embed smart medication dispensers thatcan
remind patients to take their prescribed medicines on time. They also ensure effective
disease management and better treatment compliance since the systems alert doctors if a
patient has not followed his/her prescribed treatment.
10. EnhancedSecurityandDataEncryption
Dealing with patient health records is a major security concern. Nowadays, IoT based
health monitoring systems use advanced encryption techniques and blockchain
technology to make sure that the data is transmitted securely. The security measures are
to protect patient privacy and safeguard sensitive medical information from unauthorized
access.

6.4 Challenges and Limitations of IoT-Based Health Monitoring

Systems
IoT based healthcare monitoring systems have integrated with medical technology and
brought about greatadvancements inmedicaltechnologybyprovidingrealtime tracking of
patient health metrics. However, despite the numerous benefits standing strong for
dependency management, there are a few difficulties and limitations that hold back

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smooth introduction and wide acceptance of these systems today. These issues must be
addressed to ensure a safe, efficient, and sustainable environment for healthcare
monitoring.
Data privacy and data security are thought to be one of the biggest problems in the IoT
healthcare platforms. They are extremely sensitive health information that are being
accumulated and shared by the IoT devices on the other hand leaving the IoT devices
exposed to the cyberattacks, unauthorized access on the devices and data breach as well.
Tampering of patient records could put hackers into disastrous medical problems,
misdiagnoses, or identity fraud. Protecting patient information is an enormous problem
demanding strong encryption method, usage of blockchain platform and multi-factor
verification to dissuade any bad intrusion. More importantly, stern regulatory norms
should be drafted to ensure alignment with health care confidentiality regulations like
HIPAA and GDPR.
The cost of high implementation and maintenance of IoT based health monitoring system
is one of the greatest challenges. But the setup cost, infrastructure required along with the
maintenance cost of these systems are financial constraints
in putting them in place particularly for small healthcare facilities that are based in
developing areas. High investment is needed in putting in place high quality IoT sensors,
cloud platforms and wireless communication networks, a move that denies such resources
to poor communities. The systems can be made affordable if we manage to make them
affordable to produce, give government subsidies, or subsidize health technology
programs.Also required is to deal with the question of IoT sensor reliability and accuracy.
IoT healthcare devices rely heavily on the accuracy of biometric sensors that monitor the
parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and body temperature.
Faulty reading from low-quality sensors or faulty calibration may be interpreted into the
patient's data and erroneous medical decisions will be taken. External environmental
conditions like temperature changes, humidity, electromagnetic interference and incorrect
placement of the sensor can also lead to accuracy issues of the sensor. Calibration,
standardization of the sensor technology and validation procedures can increase the
reliability of IoT based healthcare monitoring.
The network and connectivity constraints are another challenge brought by connectivity
and networks particularly in the rural and remote regions where the internet connection is
unstable or non-existent. Real-time connectivity is needed to enable the IoT enabled
health monitoring system to send patient data in real time to cloud servers and healthcare

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practitioners. Remote monitoring is less effective in low bandwidth, numerous network
failures, and latency zones. These constraints can be overcome by incorporating 5G
technology, satellite based communication network and Edge computing solution with
the IoT healthcare systems to ensure seamless data transmission.
The other major problem is power usage since the majority of the IoT enabled medical
equipment are battery based. The uninterrupted monitoring needed from the wearable
health monitors, smartwatches, or the biosensors when sharing data with the EMAPs,
tend to disrupt the process of charging the devices that frequently require it. Extending
the life of the batteries and making the devices more reliable and eco-friendly can be
done by designing the energy-efficient circuits; wireless charging technologies and solar-
powered IoT devices. In addition to this, these smart devices can adopt low-power
communication protocols like LoRaWAN and ZigBee for reducing the power
consumption at the expense of uninterrupted data transmission.
Another huge challenge is no standardization and interoperability of IoT healthcare
devices. Other communication protocols, data representations and integration models are
employed by different manufacturers which complicate IoT devices to talk to one another
seamlessly. Lack of consistency in such a scenario introduces incompatibility among
various healthcare platforms rendering IoT based health monitoring less efficient and
scalable. Worldwide IoT healthcare standards, universal communication protocols and
standard APIs must be established in an effort to enable easy interoperability throughout
the IoTs healthcare systems.
There are also ethical and legal issues of IoT healthcare systems. Despite this, because of
patient unfamiliarity with how their data are gathered, processed, and shared, there is
concern regarding ownership of data, informed consent, and breaches of privacy. It also
introduces legal ambiguity for the developers of IoT and for the medical caregivers by
virtue of ambivalent legal frameworks prescribing liability in the event of system
breakdown, data abuse and incorrect medical decisions. Legal regulations could be
further enhanced, data gathering procedures made more open, and there are definite
liability provisions which can be enforced, in a bid to ensure trust in the IoT based health
monitoring technologies.
Their low level of digital literacy and knowledge, as well as that of patients, health care
workers, and administrators in their vicinity, are another biggest impediment towards IoT
adoption in health care. Elderly people or patients from distant locations have no
technical insight to use IoT-based health care equipment effectively. Similarly, even the

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health professionals without knowledge on IoT based remote monitoring platform could
also face an inability to include it in clinical practice. The most efficient and effective
means of bridging the digital knowledge gap and enabling the uptake of IoT in healthcare
is to undertake training programs, instructional workshops, and outreach campaigns.
Another challenge is cloud's sole dependence on infrastructure as the mechanism for
processing and storing patient data. Compared to what solutions cloud computing offers
to storage in a scalable way, third-party dependence on cloud service providers is also
brought in. Depending on the extent of the cloud downtime, cyberattacks, or data
corruption, patient data critical for healthcare is rendered inaccessible jeopardizing
healthcare services. To reduce these risks, we should explore hybrid cloud models,
decentralized storage system, and edge computing models will enhance the system
robustness and reduce the possible reliance on centralized cloud servers.
Apart from this, scalability and managing large IoT networks remain the biggest
challenge. With more and more IoT devices being installed within healthcare
organizations, it is getting tougher to deal with huge IoT networks and to make sure that
responding to the data is seamless, real time, and that real time analytics are feasible. In
order to enhance scalability, reduce system downtime, and enhance healthcare
operational efficiency, effective IoT network management platforms, predictive
maintenance algorithms, as well as AI-based analytical tools should be integrated.
Lastly, IoT health monitoring systems hold immense potential to transform the healthcare
but bridging these gaps and overcoming these shortcomings will be the stepping stone for
a long term sustainable success in these systems. Data security, device interoperability,
dependable connectivity, and cost-effectiveness of IoT healthcare solutions can be
improved by healthcare providers to attain the full benefits of IoT technology. Additional
research should encompass development of strong, scalable and secure IoT healthcare
models to satisfy and meet the requirements of various patients with the objective of
providing universal access to quality medical care.
6.5 Future Scope and Advancements in IoT-Based Health Monitoring
Systems
With the rapid evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare, including remote
health monitoring, telemedicine and predictive diagnostics, better opportunities have been
created to find prevention and treatment options for patients. With the future development
of technology, IoT based health monitoring systems will experience tremendous

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advancements in sensor precision, integration of AI, data security and quality and
personalized healthcare solution. Not only will these advancements enhance patient
outcome, they will also transform the norms of the health care industry by providing for
effective, cost-saving and preventive medical precautions.
Another potentially interesting application area of IoT health systems with AI and ML for
potential research in the future is in predictive analytics and detection of illness in
advance. The data can be captured from biosensors and smart implants used as wearables
which can be analyzed with the help of AI driven diagnostic algorithms in bulk to enable
the healthcare professional to detect disease patterns, predict likelihood of health risk and
recommend preventive action before it reaches critical stages. For instance, the use of AI
predictive analytics for early symptom detection of cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension and
diabetes will allow physicians to intervene in time and enhance prognosis for patients.
The miniaturization and IoT based biosensor upgrade will be another big step forward.
The devices will become even smaller, lighter and energy efficient, and more convenient
and comfortable for users to wear. Nanotechnology- based sensors are emerging which
can make highly precise measurements of the vital health parameters, like glucose,
oxygen saturation, hydration, and neurophysiological activity in order to continuously
and real time monitor chronic illnesses such as diabetes, epilepsy, and Parkinson disease.
Later, through the development
ofimplantablebiosensors,thehealthcarewillbefurtherrevolutionized by offering health
monitoring without the donning of any wearable devices.
Testing indicates that by integrating 5G technologyand edge computing, IoT-based health
monitoring systems will achieve greatly improved capacity of real time data transmission.
The evolution in IoT devices connected in the next generation ofIoT,
i.e. 5G, enables low latency, high speed connectivity with reduced network
congestionwhichmakes it possibletousethedevices forinstantaneousdatasharing
betweenpatients, healthcareprovidersandcloudservers. Moreover, dataprocessing can also
be done closer to the source (i.e., on the edge of the device) using edge computing, thus
reducing the need for a centralized cloud server and speeding upthe process for responses
to emergency situations. In critical care scenarios liketele-ICUs, emergency triage, and
remote surgical procedures, this will particularly be of benefit in having access to timely
and accurate patient date, which can save lives.
The security and privacy will be drastically improved with the help ofadvancements in
blockchain technology on the futuristic IoT based healthcare systems. In the case of

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tamper proof, decentralized storage of patient record data using the blockchain means that
no individual or group of individuals controls the system, data integrity is maintained,
and data confidentiality and access control are applied. Utilizing mechanisms of smart
contract, the patients will have some control on their medical data, they would be able to
authorize or revoke, in a reliable and secure manner, healthcare personnel. Hospitals
employing blockchain-based systems for storing and maintaining patients' medical
records will not only render the information tamperproof, but they also would facilitate
medical, research institutes and insurance firms to conveniently access patient's medical
information.
Remote consulting, telemedicine based remote diagnostics, computer assisted medication
management will be embraced in greater magnitude in the future of telemedicine and
remote healthcare provision fueled by IoT. With future advancements in technologies like
augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), doctors will possess the capability of
conducting remote medical examinations, robot-assisted surgeries and realtime direction
of paramedics in emergency scenarios. Smart dose dispensers that use IoT power will be
smart enough to keep track of the amount of dose in jeopardy, remind the patient and in
case of a forgotten dose, alert the caregivers or physicians for better care.
Along with the space of how personalized medicine and genomics would be merged with
IoT will be one of the leading areas of future development. Due to the advancing rate of
genomic sequencing and bioinformatics, IoT connected devices will be in a position to
provide individualized health recommendations based on one's genetic insert, lifestyle
and environment. It will enable it to develop personalized treatment plans specifically for
every patient, prescribe appropriate drugs, address therapies and, in the process, reduce
the risk of adverse drug reactions and inappropriate treatment.These smart health
monitoring systems willnotonly monitorthe existing diseases of the individual but also
predict individual’s susceptibilities to many diseases which alerts the individual for
necessary steps in form of preventive life adjustments and early management
interventions before they become a fatal problem.
The convergence of robotics and IoT will lead to the development of autonomous
healthcare robots that will redefine how much we care for our aged elders, how the
rehabilitation facility operates and how our surgicalassistants will be like. With the help
of IoT connected robots, patients can walk around, take his/her medication,and get health
updates in real time, enhancing bedridden patients and people with disabilities’ care
quality. These robots, with AI algorithms and biometric sensors will be able to connect

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with patients, monitor their emotional well being, and give them company, tackling the
issue of increasing loneliness and mental health problems in aging people.

In addition, the applications of IoT based health monitoring systems will also increase in
smart hospitals and healthcare facilities in the future expansion. Smart beds are going to
be IoT connected which will make things such as operational efficiency, resource
allocation and patient care coordination all better. These innovationswillaid hospitalsto
enhance workflow, reduce patient waiting time and enhance administration of the
hospital and service delivery.
After this promising progress, there’re a few things to be tackled until realizing the actual
potential of IoT in healthcare. While these all show promise in reducing the overall
burden on clinical systems, their successful intake and implementation will depend on
careful management of regulatory compliance, data standardization, device
interoperability, and ethical concerns. Governments and healthcare organisations should
form and set global standards and regulatory frameworks of IoT healthcare systems in
order to ensure safe and reliable use of these systems across the globe.
6.6 Challenges and Limitations of IoT-Based Health Monitoring
Systems
However, though there has been extensive work in IoT based health monitoring systems,
there are still many challenges towards IoT based health monitoring. Patient information
is sensitive and vulnerable to cyber threatsresulting in a breach oftheir databeingamajor
concern. Robust encryption, protocols for authentication, and blockchain technologyare
enough to protect the medical data. Another issue is device interoperability as different
manufacturers are using different protocols, which presents a problem when trying to
integrate the devices into existing healthcare systems. They can, however, help improve
global standards for compatibility between IoT medical devices.
The diagnosis is dependent on the effective accuracy and reliability of IoT sensors which
is also interrelates on some factors such as calibration error, motion artifacts and
environmental interference that affect the readings. High precision sensors and advanced
signal processing can be used to increase system reliability. A limitationis also power
consumption as most IoT medical devices operate on battery power. The low power
technology, energy harvesting, and self-powered biosensors can be innovated to improve
sustainability.
Realtimepatientmonitoringstronglyreliesonnetworkconnectivity,yetinternet

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infrastructure in remote locations may be poor resulting into data delays. Transmission
speeds can be improved and latency can be decreased by deploying 5G networks and
edge computing. Also, the implementation cost is a problem because IoT devicesand
cloud storageare expensive. A few definite challengesthat need to be addressed in order to
promote widespread use of IoT in healthcare: technological innovation, regulatory
policies and cybersecurity improvement.

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