Trigonometry

Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

A Level
 Sketch the Trigonometric
graphs
 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃,
1
𝑦=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃,
1
𝑦=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃,
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑦= or
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 Trigonometry graphs
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜽
𝜽 0 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝟐 𝟐
𝑦 ∞ 1 ∞ -1 ∞

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜽

𝜽 0 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝟐 𝟐
𝑦 1 ∞ −1 ∞ 1

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜽

𝜽 0 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝟐 𝟐
𝑦 ∞ 1 ∞ 1 ∞
 Trigonometric Identities Formulae
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ ≡
𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
1
𝑠𝑒𝑐θ ≡
𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
1
cosec θ ≡
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
𝑐𝑜𝑡θ ≡ 0r.
𝑡𝑎𝑛θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 θ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ ≡ 1
2

1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 θ ≡ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 θ
𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 θ + 1 ≡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 θ
 Example – 1
Solve the equation cot 𝜃 cosec 𝜃 = −4 cot 𝜃 in the
interval 0° ≤ 𝜃 < 360°. Give your answers to 1
decimal place.
Solution

cot 𝜃 cosec 𝜃 = −4 cot 𝜃

Rearrange to make the equation equal to zero

cot 𝜃 cosec 𝜃 + 4 cot 𝜃=0

Factorise
cot 𝜃(cosec 𝜃 + 4) =0
 cot 𝜃(cosec 𝜃 + 4) = 0

Make each factor equal to zero

cot 𝜃 = 0 or cosec 𝜃 + 4 = 0

cot 𝜃 = 0 gives answers of

𝜃 = 90° or 270°
cosec 𝜃 + 4 = 0 gives
1
cosec 𝜃 = −4 or sin 𝜃 = −
4
Using a calculator gives
−1
1
𝜃 = sin − = −14.477 …
4
Using the CAST diagram or sine graph gives
𝜃 =194.477… or 345.522…
So to 1 decimal place all the solutions are
𝜃 = 90.0°, 270.0°, 194.5° , 345.5°

(No other solutions should be given, even outside the

given range.)
 Some example of Trigonometric
Identities
Solve each of following equations
for 00 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 3600
a) s𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = 3
b) c𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 2.
c) 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 2.
d) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 4
e) 2𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 − 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
f) 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 – 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
g) 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 3sec + 3 = 0
 Trigonometric
Compound angle Formulae
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴+𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴−𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
cos 𝐴+𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
cos 𝐴−𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 + 𝐵 =
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴.𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 − 𝐵 =
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴.𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
 Example – 1
Compound angle Formulae
4 5
Given that 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = and cosB= ,
where A
5 13
is obtuse and B is acute. Find the value of.
a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 + 𝐵
b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − 𝐵
c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 − 𝐵
Solution
4 5
Given that 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = and cosB=
5 13
Now, we have 𝑐𝑜𝑠 A + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 ≡ 1
2
 4 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 + ≡1
5
3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = ±
5
3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = − 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ′𝐴′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
5
Again, we have 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐵 ≡ 1
2
5
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐵 ≡ 1
13
12
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = ±
13
 12
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ′𝐵′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
13
a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
4 5 3 12
= + −
5 13 5 13
16
=−
65
𝑏. cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
3 5 4 12
= − +
5 13 5 13
33
=
65
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 4 4
Again we have, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 = = 5 = −
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 −3
3
5
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 12 12
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 = = 13 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 5
5
13
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
c. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 − 𝐵 =
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴.𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
4 12
− −
= 5 5
4 12
1+ −
5 5
56
=
33
 Trigonometric
Double Angle Formulae
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 ≡ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 ≡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑜𝑟
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1
𝑜𝑟
1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 ≡
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
 Example - 2
Double Angle Formulae
3
Given that 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = − and that 1800 < 𝑥 <
5
2700 , find the exact value of,
a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥
Solution
3
Given that 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = −
5
Now, we have 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ≡ 1
2 3 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + − ≡1
5
4
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = ±
5
4
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = − 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 1800 < 𝑥 < 2700
5
a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
3 4
=2 − −
5 5
24
=
25
b. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
2 2
4 3
= − − −
5 5
7
=
25
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
c. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 =
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3 3
Again we have, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = =- 5 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −4
4
5
3 6
2×
4 4 96
= 3 2
= 7 =
1− 28
4 16
 Prove Trigonometric
First Approach
1. Show that cot(45 + 𝐴) + cot(45 − 𝐴) ≡ 2 sec 2𝐴

So, we have
1 1
cot 45 + 𝐴 + cot 45 − 𝐴 ≡ +
tan(45 + 𝐴) tan(45 − 𝐴)

tan 𝐴±tan 𝐵
Now use tan(𝐴 ± 𝐵) ≡ 1∓tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
So
1 1
+
tan(45 + 𝐴) tan(45 − 𝐴)
1 − tan 45 tan 𝐴 1 + tan 45 tan 𝐴
≡ +
tan 45 + tan 𝐴 tan 45 − tan 𝐴
Use tan 45 = 1 to get
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 45 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 45 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
+
𝑡𝑎𝑛 45 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛 45 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
≡ +
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
Combine the fractions
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
+
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴)² + (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴)²
≡
(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴)(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴)
Expand the brackets
(1 − tan 𝐴)² + (1 + tan 𝐴)²
(1 + tan 𝐴)(1 − tan 𝐴)
1 − 2 tan 𝐴 + tan2 𝐴 + 1 + 2 tan 𝐴 + tan ²𝐴
≡
1 − tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐴 − tan ²𝐴
and simplify

1 − 2 tan 𝐴 + tan2 𝐴 + 1 + 2 tan 𝐴 + tan ²𝐴

1 − tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐴 − tan ²𝐴
Second Approach
1. Show that
cot(45 + 𝐴) + cot(45 − 𝐴) ≡ 2 sec 2𝐴
2 sin ²𝐴
2 + 2 tan ²𝐴 2 + cos ²𝐴
≡
1 − tan ²𝐴 sin ²𝐴
1−
cos ²𝐴
Multiply through by cos ²𝐴 to simplify the fractions
2 sin ²𝐴
2+
cos ²𝐴 ≡ 2cos ²𝐴 + 2 sin ²𝐴
sin ²𝐴 cos ²𝐴 − sin ²𝐴
1−
cos ²𝐴
 2cos ²𝐴 + 2 sin ²𝐴 2(cos ²𝐴 + sin ²𝐴)
≡
cos ²𝐴 − sin ²𝐴 cos ²𝐴 − sin ²𝐴

Use cos ²𝐴 + sin ²𝐴 ≡ 1 to get

2(cos ²𝐴 + sin ²𝐴) 2

≡
cos ²𝐴 − sin ²𝐴 cos ²𝐴 − sin ²𝐴

Use cos ²𝐴 − sin ²𝐴 ≡ cos 2𝐴 to get

2 2
≡ ≡ 2 sec 2𝐴
cos ²𝐴 − sin ²𝐴 cos 2𝐴
 Expressing 𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 + 𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 in the form
𝑹𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽 ± 𝜶) or 𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽 ± 𝜶)
If ′𝑎′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ′𝑏′ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒,
𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ≡ 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝛼
𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ≡ 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝛼
𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≡ 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝛼
𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≡ 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝛼
Now,
𝑅 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
−1
𝑏
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑎
Where 𝑅 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 00 < 𝛼 < 00
 Example – 1
Expressing 𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 + 𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 in the form
𝑹𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽 ± 𝜶) or𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽 ± 𝜶)
a) Express 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 in the form
𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝛼 , where 𝑅 > 0 and 00 < 𝜃 <
900 . Give the value of 𝛼 correct to 2 decimal
places.
Solution
We have, 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Where 𝑎 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 3
𝑅 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 22 + 32 = 13
 −1
𝑏 −1
3
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 56.310
𝑎 2
Now, 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 13 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 56.310
b. Hence, solve the equation
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2 for 00 < 𝜃 < 3600 .
Solution
Here, 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2
Now,
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2
We have, from 𝑎
00 −56.310 < 𝜃 − 56.310 < 3600 − 56.310
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 13𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 56.310
13 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 56.310 = 2
0
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 56.31 =
13
0 −1
2
𝜃 − 56.31 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛
13
𝜃 − 56.310 = 23.090
From CAST rule
𝜃 − 56.310 = 1800 − 23.090 = 156.910
𝜃 = 23.090 + 56.310 = 79.40
𝜃 = 156.910 + 56.310 = 213.20
𝜽 = 𝟕9.4𝟎 , 𝟐𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟎