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Measure 3

This document covers Chapter 3 of a course on Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement, focusing on the Permanent-Magnet Moving-Coil (PMMC) instruments, including galvanometers, DC ammeters, and their operational principles. It explains the deflection, controlling, and damping forces involved in PMMC instruments, as well as the torque equation and scale. Additionally, it discusses shunt and swamping resistances, multi-range ammeters, and the Aryton shunt for current measurement.

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5 views24 pages

Measure 3

This document covers Chapter 3 of a course on Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement, focusing on the Permanent-Magnet Moving-Coil (PMMC) instruments, including galvanometers, DC ammeters, and their operational principles. It explains the deflection, controlling, and damping forces involved in PMMC instruments, as well as the torque equation and scale. Additionally, it discusses shunt and swamping resistances, multi-range ammeters, and the Aryton shunt for current measurement.

Uploaded by

eyadkrar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELECTRONIC

INSTRUMENTATION
AND MEASUREMENT
2nd year communication

Akhnbar El Youm Academy

Dr. Abdel rahman Swalem


Chapter 3
• Permanent-Magnet Moving-Coil Instrument
• Galvanometer
• DC Ammeter
• DC Voltmeter
• Rectifier Voltmeter
• Rectifier Ammeter
• Deflection Instrument Errors
• Series Ohmmeter
• Shunt Ohmmeter
• Volt-Ohm-Milli ameter
• Electrodynamic Instrument
PERMANENT-MAGNET MOVING-COIL
INSTUMENT
• Deflection Instrument Fundamentals
• A deflection instrument uses a pointer that moves over a calibrated
scale to indicate a measured quantity.
• Three forces operating in electromechanical mechanism:
• Deflection Force
• Controlling Force
• Damping Force

• Deflection Force:
• Caused the pointer to move from its zero position when a current
flows.
• In PMMC instrument the deflection force is magnetic.
• When current sets up a magnetic field in a lightweight moving coil
pivoted between the poles of a permanent magnet
PERMANENT-MAGNET MOVING-COIL
INSTUMENT
• Deflection Force:
PERMANENT-MAGNET MOVING-COIL
INSTUMENT
• Controlling Force:
• PMMC instrument is provided by spiral springs
• The springs retain the coil and pointer at their zero position when
no current flows.
• When current flows, the springs wind up as the coil rotates.
• The coil and pointer stop rotating when the controlling force
becomes equal to the deflecting force.
PERMANENT-MAGNET MOVING-COIL
INSTUMENT
• Damping Force:
• The pointer and coil tend to oscillate for some time before settling
down at their final position.
• Damping fore is required to minimize the oscillations.
• Damping force must be present only when the coil is in motion
• The damping force is normally provided by eddy currents.
• Eddy currents in the coil form a magnetic flux that opposses the coil
motion
PERMANENT-MAGNET MOVING-COIL
INSTUMENT
• Torque Equation and Scale
• When current I flows through a one turn coil situated in a magnetic
field
• Force F on each side of the coil
F=BIL
• B is the magnetic flux density in tesla
• I current in amperes
• L length of the coil in meters
• Since the force acts on each side of the coil, the total force a coil of
N turns is
F= 2 B I L N
• Deflecting torque:
𝑇𝐷 = B L I N 2 r = B L I N D
Example 3-1
•
GALVANOMETER
• Is essentially a PMMC instrument designed to be
sensitive to extremely low current levels.
• The simplest galvanometer is a very sensitive instrument
with center-zero scale.
• The deflection system can deflect either right or left to
zero, depending on the direction of current.
• The scale may be calibrated in microamperes (µA/mm).
GALVANOMETER
• Light Beam Galvanometer
• A galvanometer is simply an extremely sensitive PMMC instrument
with a center-zero scale.
• For maximum sensitivity, the mass of the moving system is
minimized by using a pointer that consists of a light beam reflected
from a tiny mirror fastened to the coil.
GALVANOMETER
• Protection:
• An adjustable shunt resistor is employed to protect the coil of a
galvanometer from destructively excessive current levels.
• The shunt resistance is initially set to zero.
• And then gradually increased to divert current through the
galvanometer.
Example 3-2
DC AMMETER
• Ammeter Circuit:
• An ammeter is always connected in series with a circuit to be
measured.
• the ammeter resistance must be much lower than the circuit
resistance.
• To avoid affecting the current level in the circuit.
• The PMMC is an ammeter pointer is directly propotional to the
current flowing in the coil.
Example 3-3
•a
Example 3-3
•a
Example 3-4
•a
Shunt Resistance
• If a shunt having a smaller resistance is used.

• The shunt current and the total meter current will be larger
than the levels calculated.

• Shunt resistance values can be determined to convert a


PMMC instrument into an ammeter for measuring virtually
any desired level of current.
Swamping Resistance
• The moving coil in a PMMC instrument is wound with thin
copper wire.
• The resistance can change significantly when temperature
changes.
• Any change in coil resistance will introduce an error in
ammeter current measurements.
• Adding swamping resistance higher than the coil resistance.
• So the change in temperature will lead to very small value in
the PMMC resistance.
Multi Range Ammeter
• A multi range ammeter consists of a PMMC instrument,
several shunts, and a switch that makes contact with the
next shunt before losing contact with the previous one
when range switching.
Aryton Shunt
• An Aryton shunt used with an
ammeter consists of several
series-connected resistors all
connected in parallel with the
PMMC instrument.

• Range change is effected by


switching between the resistor
junctions.
Example 3-5
•a
Example 3-5
Example 3-5
Thank You

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