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Measure 2

The document discusses measurement errors in electronic instrumentation, focusing on gross and systematic errors, as well as absolute and relative errors. It explains concepts such as accuracy, precision, resolution, and the basics of statistical analysis related to measurement. Various examples illustrate how these errors can occur and how they can be quantified.

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18 views24 pages

Measure 2

The document discusses measurement errors in electronic instrumentation, focusing on gross and systematic errors, as well as absolute and relative errors. It explains concepts such as accuracy, precision, resolution, and the basics of statistical analysis related to measurement. Various examples illustrate how these errors can occur and how they can be quantified.

Uploaded by

eyadkrar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELECTRONIC

INSTRUMENTATION
AND MEASUREMENT
2nd year communication

Akhnbar El Youm Academy

Dr. Abdel rahman Swalem


Chapter 2: Measurement Errors
• Gross errors and systematic errors

• Absolute errors and relative errors

• Accuracy, precision, resolution, and significant figures

• Measurement error combinations

• Basics of statistical analysis


Gross errors
• Are essentially human errors that are the result of carelessness.
• Most common errors is the simple misreading of an instrument.
• Example:
• The digital display of 32.5 mA with range is 300 mA might inadvertently
be read as 32.5 A.
• In analog instrument with three scales: 0 to 25, 0 to 10, and 0 to 50. the
25 scale is used when the range selection switch is set to multiple of 25,
the 10 scale is for ranges that are a multiple and the 50 scale is for
multiple of 50 ranges.
Gross errors
• Sometimes a meter is read correctly but the reading is
recorded incorrectly.

• Errors will also occur with analog instruments if the


pointer has not been mechanically zeroed before use.

• Example:
• Analog ohmmeters must also be electrically zeroed for correct
use.
Systematic Errors
• Occur because the measurement system affects the
measured quantity.

• Example:
• when voltmeter is employed to measure the potential difference
between two points in a circuit, the voltmeter resistance may
alter the circuit voltage.

• An ammeter resistance might change the level of a current.

• Errors that are the result of instrument inaccuracy are also


systematic error.
Absolute Error Vs Relative error
• If the resistance of 500 Ω with a possible error of ± 50 Ω, the ± 50
Ω is an absolute error.

R = 500 Ω ± 50 Ω

• When the error is expressed as a percentage or as a fraction of the


total resistance, it becomes a relative error.

R = 500 Ω ± 10%
Absolute Error Vs Relative error
• Instead of percentages, errors can be expressed in parts per million
(ppm) relative to the total quantity. Resistance change with
temperature increase is usually stated in ppm/ºC.

• 100 ppm/ºC which mean 100 parts per million per degree Celsius
Example 2-1
Example 2-1
Accuracy and precision
• When the voltmeter ± 1% error which indicates exactly 100 V.
• So the voltage is between 99 V to 101 V
• The measurement accuracy defines how close the measurement is
to the actual measured quantity.
• The precision with which the measurement is made is not the same
as the accuracy of measurement, although accuracy and precision
are related. Defines the smallest change in the instrument.
Resolution
• The smallest observable change is the
resolution.

• In case of 10 V analog instrument scale that


can be read to a precision of 50 mV, 50 mV is
the smallest change that can be observed.

• Thus, the measurement resolution is 25 mV,


while digital measurement resolution is 1 mV.
Measurement Error Combinations
• Sum of Quantities

• Difference Quantities
Example 2-2
Example 2-3
Measurement Error Combinations
• Product Quantities
Measurement Error Combinations
• Quantity raised to power
Example 2-4
Example 2-4
Summary
Basics of statistical analysis
• Arithmetic Mean Value

• Deviation
Example 2-5
Basics of statistical analysis
• Standard Deviation and probable error
Example 2-6
Thank You

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