INTRODUCTION & REVIEW OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE BEHAVIOR

Outline
• National Structural Code of the Philippines (2015, Volume 1)
• Reinforced Concrete
• Prestressed Concrete
• Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete
Ø Introduction to cement and concrete.
Ø CO2-induced evolution of chemical, structural and mechanical properties of reinforced concrete: A review
Ø Assessment of corrosion protection methods for reinforced concrete.
Ø Reinforced concrete structural design optimization: A critical review.
Ø Repair, Strengthening, and Replacement.
Ø Bridge Elements and Materials.
Ø Developments and research on fire response behaviour of prestressed concrete members – A review.
• References

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

National Structural Code of the Philippines

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

National Structural Code of the Philippines

Referenced Standards (Section 403, NSCP 2015 Vol. 1):

• American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials (AASHTO)
• American Concrete Institute
• American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)/ Structural
Engineering Institute (SEI)
• ASTM International
• American Welding Society
• Australian Standard (AS) and New Zealand Standard (NZS)

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

National Structural Code of the Philippines

Referenced Standards (Section 403, NSCP 2015 Vol. 1):

• American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

National Structural Code of the Philippines

Referenced Standards (Section 403, NSCP 2015 Vol. 1):

• American Concrete Institute

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

National Structural Code of the Philippines

Referenced Standards (Section 403, NSCP 2015 Vol. 1):

• American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)/ Structural Engineering Institute (SEI)

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

National Structural Code of the Philippines

Referenced Standards (Section 403, NSCP 2015 Vol. 1):

• ASTM International

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

National Structural Code of the Philippines

Referenced Standards (Section 403, NSCP 2015 Vol. 1):

• ASTM International

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

National Structural Code of the Philippines

Referenced Standards (Section 403, NSCP 2015 Vol. 1):

• ASTM International

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

National Structural Code of the Philippines

Referenced Standards (Section 403, NSCP 2015 Vol. 1):

• American Welding Society

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

National Structural Code of the Philippines

Referenced Standards (Section 403, NSCP 2015 Vol. 1):

• Australian Standard (AS) and New Zealand Standard (NZS)

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

National Structural Code of the Philippines

Referenced Standards (Section 403, NSCP 2015 Vol. 1):

• Australian Standard (AS) and New Zealand Standard (NZS)

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

National Structural Code of the Philippines

Steel Reinforcement Properties, Durability, and Embedment

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: CONCRETE VS REINFORCED CONCRETE
• CONCRETE is a mixture of

held together in a
rocklike mass with a
paste of cement and
water.

• Sometimes one or more ADMIXTURES are added to change certain characteristics of the
concrete such as its workability, durability, and time of hardening.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: CONCRETE VS REINFORCED CONCRETE
• Reducing Water Will …
üIncrease compressive and flexural strengths
üLower permeability and increase water tightness
üIncrease durability and resistance to weathering including chemical attack and freezing-
thawing cycles including surface scaling
üReduce concrete drying shrinkage and potential for cracking
*References: Kosmatka, S. H., and Wilson, M.L., Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures, 15th edition, Portland Cement Association (PCA),
www.concrete.org

As with most rocklike substances, CONCRETE has a high compressive strength and a very low
tensile strength.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: CONCRETE VS REINFORCED CONCRETE
• REINFORCED CONCRETE is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel
reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in the concrete. Steel reinforcing is also capable
of resisting compression forces and is used in columns as well as in other situations (To be
discussed further).

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

• Reinforced concrete may be the most important material available for construction. It is used in one
form or another for almost all structures, great or small—buildings, bridges, pavements, dams,
retaining walls, tunnels, drainage and irrigation facilities, tanks, and so on.

• The tremendous success of this universal construction material can be understood quite easily if
its numerous advantages are considered. These include the following:

HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH per unit cost compared with

1
most other materials.
Reinforced concrete has great RESISTANCE TO THE ACTIONS OF
2 FIRE AND WATER and, in fact, is the best structural material
available for situations where water is present.

3 Reinforced concrete structures are VERY RIGID.

4 It is a LOW-MAINTENANCE material.
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
Reinforced Concrete: ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

As compared with other materials, it has a very LONG SERVICE LIFE.

Reinforced concrete structures can be used indefinitely without
5
reduction of their load carrying abilities. The strength of concrete does
not decrease with time.
It is usually the only ECONOMICAL material available for footings,
6
floor slabs, basement walls, piers, and similar applications.

A special feature of concrete is its ability to be CAST INTO AN

7 EXTRAORDINARY VARIETY OF SHAPES from simple slabs,
beams, and columns to great arches and shells.

In most areas, concrete takes advantage of INEXPENSIVE local

materials (sand, gravel, and water) and requires relatively small
amounts of cement and reinforcing steel, which may have to be shipped
8 from other parts of the country.
A LOWER GRADE OF SKILLED LABOR IS REQUIRED for
erection as compared with other materials such as structural steel.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: DISADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

• To use concrete successfully, the designer must be completely familiar with its weak points as well
as its strong ones. Among its disadvantages are the following:

Concrete has a very LOW TENSILE STRENGTH, requiring the use of

1
tensile reinforcing.
FORMS ARE REQUIRED to hold the concrete in place until it hardens
sufficiently. In addition, falsework or shoring may be necessary to keep
the forms in place for roofs, walls, floors, and similar structures until
2 the concrete members gain sufficient strength to support themselves.
FORMWORK IS VERY EXPENSIVE, its costs run from one-third to
two-thirds of the total cost of a reinforced concrete structure, with
average values of about 50%.
The low strength per unit of weight of concrete leads to HEAVY
MEMBERS. This becomes an increasingly important matter for long-
span structures, where concrete’s large dead weight has a great effect
3 on bending moments. Lightweight aggregates can be used to reduce
concrete weight, but the cost of the concrete is increased.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: DISADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

Similarly, the low strength per unit of volume of concrete means

members will be RELATIVELY LARGE, an important consideration
4 for tall buildings and long-span structures.

The PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE VARY widely because of

variations in its proportioning and mixing. Furthermore, the placing
5 and curing of concrete is not as carefully controlled as is the production
of other materials, such as structural steel and laminated wood.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
• Why discuss this?
A thorough knowledge of the properties of concrete is necessary for the student before he or she begins to
design reinforced concrete structures.
A. Compressive Strength , f ’c
• Is the capacity of structure or a material to withstand pushing forces that are axially
directed. It is the maximum stress a material can sustain under crushing load.
• The compressive strength of concrete, f ’c , is determined by testing to failure of a 28-day-old
6-in by 12-in concrete cylinders. (This is the normal size)
• Testing for concrete…
7 days
14 days
28 days – maximum strength (ultimate strength from 2500-psi up to as high as 10,000-psi to
20,000-psi but most concrete used to fall into the 3000-psi to 7000-psi range.)

CONCRETE GAINS STRENGTH WITH TIME AFTER CASTING.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
• For ordinary applications…
3000-psi to 4000-psi.
• For prestressed concrete…
5000-psi to 6000-psi are commonly used.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE ARE CONCRETE THAT ARE COMPRESSED DURING
PRODUCTION. COMMONLY USED IN CONSTRUCTION.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
• Common f ’c
21Mpa = 3 ksi
𝝈
28 Mpa = 4 ksi
Ultimate Compressive Strength, f ’c
34 Mpa = 5 ksi
• *minimum = 17 MPa
(NSCP 2015, Table 419.2.1.1) Non-linear, Inelastic

Elastic Limit
Breaking Point
• Conversion: 0.5f ’c Proportionality Limit

1 ksi = 6.895 MPa

1 ksi = 1000 psi
Linear, Elastic (w/ slope)

• Slope = modulus of elasticity CONCRETE: Stress, 𝝈 – Strain, 𝝐 𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐩

𝝐
𝛔
= 𝛜 (MPa)

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
B. Static Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus), E
• Is defined as the ratio of the axial stress to axial strain for a material subjected to uni-axial load.
𝛔
E=𝛜
• Normal weight of concrete (NWC, 2300 01!2!):
𝐄𝐜 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝛌 f ’c (NSCP 2015, Section 419.2.2.1.b)
• For values of W4 between 1440 and 2560 01!2! :
𝐄𝐜 = 𝐖𝐜𝟏.𝟓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑 𝛌 f ’c (NSCP 2015, Section 419.2.2.1.a)
• λ values:
λ = 1.0 for NWC
λ = 0.75 for Light WC
• Weight of concrete
08
γ4 = 24
2!
08
𝛄𝐜 = 𝐬𝛄𝐰 (when speci<ic weight s = 2.4, and weight of water = 9.81 2!)
08
γ4 = 23.54 2!
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
Reinforced Concrete: PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
C. Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity
• Is the ratio of stress to strain under vibratory conditions

D. Creep
• The creep of concrete originates from the calcium silicate hydrates in the hardened Portland
cement paste. It occurs at all stress level and within the service stress range, is linearly
dependent in the stress if the pore water content is constant. If the concrete is fully dried, it
does not creep.

E. Shrinkage
• Is changing of pore water content due to drying or wetting processes causing changes of
concrete in load-free specimens. Due to change in temperature.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
F. Tensile Strength
• Is the maximum amount of tensile stress that a material can be subjected to before failure.
• Determined via modulus of rupture test.
• Modulus of rupture, f r (MPa)
f r=0.𝟔𝟐𝛌 f ’c (NSCP 2015, Section 419.2.3.1)

𝐌𝐜
f r= 𝐈 (𝐛𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬)
• For normal-weight concrete and for concrete having normal-weight fine aggregate and a blend
of lightweight and normal-weight coarse aggregate, λ = 1.0.
• Modification Factor can be checked on Table 419. 2.4.2.

G. Shear Strength
• Material’s ability to resist forces that can cause the internal structure of the material to slide
against itself.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: PROPERTIES OF STEEL
PROPERTIES OF STEEL
A. Strength
• Yield strength is the most common property of which the designer will need as it is the basis
used for most of the rules given in design codes.

• Sizes of Steel cars (reinforcing bars, commercial):

• Diameter, d
10 mm 25 mm
12 mm Residential 28 mm High-rise
16 mm 32 mm
20 mm 36 mm

• Length, L:
6 m, 7.5 m, 9 m, 12 m, …
*Local hardware offer +1.5m starting from 6 m

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: PROPERTIES OF STEEL
PROPERTIES OF STEEL
B. Toughness
• It is true for all materials to contain some imperfections.
• In steel, these imperfections take the form of vey small cracks. If the steel is insufficiently
tough, the “crack” can propagate rapidly, without plastic deformation and result in a “brittle
fracture”.
C. Ductility
• Is a measure of the degree to which a material can strain or elongate between the onset yield
and eventual fracture under tensile loading.
D. Weldability
• All structural stress are essentially weldable. However, welding involves locally melting the
steel, which subsequently cools.
E. Durability
• A further important property is that of corrosion prevention. Although special corrosion
resistant steels are available, these are not normally used in building construction. The
exception to this is weathering steel.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: PROPERTIES OF STEEL
PROPERTIES OF STEEL

• Commercial Yield Strength, f 𝒚

𝝈 Actual Rupture Point
ASTM PNS NSCP Color
Ultimate
33 230 230 White Strength
40 275 280 Yellow
60 415 420 Green
ksi MPa MPa Elastic
Yield
Limit Rupture
Point
Point
Proportionality Limit
• There are 3 types of steel reinforcement
1. Hot rolled steel bars
2. Longitudinal bars
3. Prestressed cables 𝝐
STEEL: Stress, 𝝈 – Strain, 𝝐 𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐩
• Modulus of elasticity of steel:
𝐄𝐬 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐌𝐏𝐚

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: Structural Elements of a Building Frame

Surface load (DL + LL)

BEAM
One-way slab Two-way slab

GIRDER

COLUMN

FOOTING

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Reinforced Concrete: Structural Elements of a Building Frame
Definition of Terms
• FRAME
Formation of elements/ members (vertical, horizontal, diagonal)
2D (Truss) is composed of braces(resist lateral deformation) that holds diagonal members.
• SPACE FRAME
Connection between horizontal and vertical frames.
Only composed of column and girders.
Hold the suspended floor (gravity loads)
• MOMENT RESISTING FRAME
Specially design to resist earthquake,, wind and gravity loads (lateral forces)
• FLOOR LOADS
Superimposed dead load
Self-weight of slab -DEAD LOADS
Ceiling, mechanical wirings, etc.
-Live loads (non-permanent)

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: Structural Elements of a Building Frame
Definition of Terms
• BEAMS and GIRDERS

Minimum angle Vertical cracks

of diagonal
cracking is 45◦.
FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BEAMS AND GIRDERS
The main difference between a girder and a beam is the size of
the component. In general, workers in the construction industry
Size refer to large beams as girders.
For example, the structural support of a bridge is typically a girder, while the smaller
supports of a residential home are beams. Most horizontal supports in large structures are
girders due to their immense sizes.

Functionality There is no difference between how a beam and girder behave.

Load-bearing capabilities Girders carry dynamic loads and rolling loads.
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
Reinforced Concrete: Structural Elements of a Building Frame
Definition of Terms
• BEAMS and GIRDERS
Hanger
• Girders are the main horizontal supports of
a structure and support smaller beams.

• All girders are beams, but not all beams are Closed hoop
girders.
Stirrups
• Beams and girders have defined cross- Placed to resist shear
stress (diagonal cracks
H
sectional area. Reinforcements and splitting of
concrete.)
(main)
• Girder fabrication consists of load
requirements from smaller beams the girder
will support. Beam fabrication does not. B

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: Structural Elements of a Building Frame
Definition of Terms
• COLUMN
• Vertical structures that resists compressive forces.
• Suffers against BUCKLING.
-BUCKLING EFFECT is due to moment and instability because of the applied compressive
force.

© https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeThtvAfPnY

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Reinforced Concrete: Structural Elements of a Building Frame
Definition of Terms
• COLUMN
1. PEDESTALS
2. SHORT COLUMNS
3. LONG COLUMNS

Actual Photos
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Reinforced Concrete: Structural Elements of a Building Frame
Definition of Terms
• COLUMN
REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS
• Longitudinal Bars
Provided to sustain compressive forces caused by
axial loads and tensile forces caused by bending moments.
• Confinement
Individual hoop ties with cross-ties or continuous
spiral bars to provide:
a) Lateral bracing of longitudinal bars to prevent
buckling when concrete cover breaks.
b) Prevention against spitting of the column due
to shear failure
c) Confinement of concrete column core for
increased strength and ductility.
*COLLAPSE STAGE (Ultimate Strength) is when FACTORED
LOADS (service loads are multiplied with LOAD FACTORS)
provide non-linear inelastic behavior.
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
Reinforced Concrete: Flexural Behavior of Beams
CONCEPT OF BENDING AND STAGES OF LOADING
UNCRACKED STAGE
• Actual moment is less than the Cracking moment.
MA < Mcr
MA is the maximum moment in member due to service loads.
• Actual stress is less than the Modulus of rupture.
ft < fr
ft may also be denoted as the extreme fiver stress in tension.
• Small loading does not produce tensile cracking. At this stage, concrete resists both tension and
compression linearly, elastically with minimal tension in steel.
• In an uncracked stage, stresses are as follows:
Concrete Stress in Compression, 𝒇𝒄𝒄

Concrete Stress in Tension, 𝒇𝒄𝒕

Steel Stress, 𝒇𝒔

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: Flexural Behavior of Beams
CONCEPT OF BENDING AND STAGES OF LOADING
UNCRACKED STAGE

x Cc
N.A
+𝑴 +𝑴
H
(n-
1)(As)
Ts
As Tc
*Extreme concrete
B
tensile fiber

TRANSFORMED SECTION

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Reinforced Concrete: Flexural Behavior of Beams
CONCEPT OF BENDING AND STAGES OF LOADING
UNCRACKED STAGE, from the given transformed section:
top fiber Concrete Stress in Compression:
𝐌(𝐱)
𝐟𝐜𝐜 =
x 𝐈𝐍𝐀
N.A

h
d
Concrete Stress in Tension:
𝐌(𝐡 − 𝐱)
𝐟𝐜𝐭 =
𝐈𝐍𝐀
(n-1)(As)
b Steel Stress:
𝐧(𝐌)(𝐝 − 𝐱)
Taking the moment about top fiber: 𝐟𝐬 =
𝐈𝐍𝐀
[b(h) + (n−1)(As)] x = bh(h/2) + (n−1)(As)(d)

bh< h
INA = + b(h)(x − )=+ (n−1)(As)(d − x)=
12 2

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Reinforced Concrete: Flexural Behavior of Beams
CONCEPT OF BENDING AND STAGES OF LOADING
CRACKED STAGE
• Actual moment is grater than the Cracking moment.
MA > Mcr
• Actual stress is greater than the Modulus of rupture.
ft > fr
• Working Stress Design, using service loads.
• Service loads are actual “unfactored” loads that produces tension cracks in concrete. Therefore,
concrete resist compression only and steel resist all tension under linear elastic stage.
• In a cracked stage, stresses are as follows:
Concrete Stress, 𝒇𝒄

Steel Stress, 𝒇𝒔

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Reinforced Concrete: Flexural Behavior of Beams
CONCEPT OF BENDING AND STAGES OF LOADING
CRACKED STAGE

x C
N.A
+𝑴𝒏 +𝑴𝒏
H
(n)(As
)
T
As

*Extreme concrete
B
tensile fiber

TRANSFORMED SECTION

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Reinforced Concrete: Flexural Behavior of Beams
CONCEPT OF BENDING AND STAGES OF LOADING
CRACKED STAGE, from the given transformed section:
Concrete Stress:
𝐌(𝐱)
x 𝐟𝐜 =
𝐈𝐍𝐀
N.A
d Steel Stress:
𝐧(𝐌)(𝐝 − 𝐱)
𝐟𝐬 =
(n)(As) 𝐈𝐍𝐀
b

Taking the moment at neutral axis:

x = n(As)(d−x)
" MNA = b(x)
2
%&!
INA = ' + n(As)(d − x)(

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Reinforced Concrete: Flexural Behavior of Beams
CONCEPT OF BENDING AND STAGES OF LOADING

• Modular Ratio, n:
@ @"
n = @" = , as the nearest whole number
# ABCC D&4
• Flexural Stress, fb:
Mc
fb =
INA
• Modulus of Rupture, fr:
Mcrct
fr =
Ig
fr = 0.62 f E c (NSCP 2015, Section 419.2.3.1)
• Effective depth, d
dG
d = h − C. C − dF −
2
C.C is concrete cover. (NSCP 2015, Section 420.6.1.3)

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Determine the properties of the transformed section and calculate the elastic stresses of the given
beam if:
a. M = 30 kN-m
Solution:
b. M = 70 kN-m a.
1. Compute cracking moment;
Use 𝑓 E 𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 2. Determine if cracked or uncracked section;
3. Compute “x” and “INA” ;
4. Resolve fcc,fct,fs (uncracked section) or fc ,fs (cracked
section).
b.
1. Compute cracking moment;
500 2. Determine if cracked or uncracked section;
d = 425
3. Compute “x” and “INA” ;
4. Resolve fcc,fct,fs (uncracked section) or fc ,fs (cracked
section).
3-32 mm ∅

300

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 1.a
Step 1: Compute cracking moment;
H$%4&
fr = I'
and fr = 0.62 f E c a. M = 30 kN-m
Mcrct Use 𝑓 4𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎
= 0.62 f E c 500
Ig d = 425

Mcr 500!2 mm
= 0.62 21 MPa
300 500< ! mmA 3-32 mm ∅
12
𝐌𝐜𝐫 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟓𝟏𝟓 kN-m (stored in calculator at A) 300

Step 2: Determine if cracked or uncracked section;

Comparing the cracking moment to the actual moment,
To compute for the
MA < Mcr cracking moment, we need
to isolate the BxH section.
∴, UNCRACKED SECTION. 300 by 500 mm

From the given, Ct = 500/2

and Ig = BH3/12

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 1.a
Step 3: Compute “x” and “INA” ; Taking the moment about top fiber:
The transformed section is given as,
top fiber [b(h) + (n−1)(As)] x = bh(h/2) + (n−1)(As)(d)

h/2 x Effective [300(500) + (9−1)(768π)] x =300(500)(500/2) +

depth, d (9−1)(768π)(425)
Local centroid = 425
h = 500 ? Global centroid N.A x =𝟐𝟔𝟗. 𝟗𝟓𝟏 𝐦𝐦(stored in calculator at B)
?
INA = ∑ Ig+Ad= (use exact values)
(n-1)(As) concrete steel
b = 300 bh< h
Es Es INA = + b(h)(x − )=+ (n−1)(As)(d − x)=
n= = 12 2
EC 4700 f E c 300(500)! LCC =
INA = K=
+300(500)(269.951 − =
) +
200,000 MPa (9−1)(768π)(425 − 269.951)=
n= = 9.29
4700 21 INA = 3648.729 x 106 𝐦𝐦𝟒(stored in calculator at C)
𝐧≈𝟗
𝟑𝟐𝟐
𝐀𝐬 = 𝟑𝛑 = 𝟕𝟔𝟖𝛑 𝐦𝐦𝟐
𝟒
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 1.a
Step 4: Resolve 𝐟𝐜𝐜,𝐟𝐜𝐭,𝐟𝐬 (uncracked section) Concrete Stress in Compression:
M(x)
fcc =
top fiber INA
30 kN − m(269.952 mm)
x= = x10002
269.952 mm Effective 3648.729 x 106 mmA
depth, d
= 425 𝐟𝐜𝐜 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 𝐌𝐏𝐚
h = 500 N.A Concrete Stress in Tension:
M(h − x)
fct =
INA
(n-1)(As) 30 (500 − 269.952)
= x10002
b = 300 3648.729 x 106
𝐟𝐜𝐭 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗 𝐌𝐏𝐚
Steel Stress:
n(M)(d − x)
NOTE: fs =
Use exact values when computing stresses. INA
Round-off only on the final answer. 9(30)(425 − 269.952)
= x10002
3648.729 x 106
𝐟𝐬 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝐌𝐏𝐚

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 1.b
Step 1: Compute cracking moment;
H$%4&
fr = I'
and fr = 0.62 f E c b. M = 70 kN-m
Mcrct Use 𝑓 4𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎
= 0.62 f E c
Ig 500
d = 425

Mcr 500!2
= 0.62 21
300 500< !
3-32 mm ∅
12
𝐌𝐜𝐫 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟓𝟏𝟓 kN-m (stored in calculator at A) 300

Step 2: Determine if cracked or uncracked section;

Comparing the cracking moment to the actual moment,
MA > Mcr
∴, CRACKED SECTION.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 1.b
Step 3: Compute “x” and “INA” ; Taking the moment at neutral axis:
The transformed section is given as, x
0= b(x) = n(As)(d−x)
2
x
0= 300(x) = 9(768π)(425−x)
x
2
Local centroid x = 𝟏𝟖𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 (stored in calculator at B)
Global centroid N.A
? Effective INA = ∑ Ig+Ad= (use exact values)
depth, d = 425
concrete steel
bx< x
(n)(As) INA = + bx ( )= +n(As)(d − x)=
b = 300
12 2
𝐛𝐱𝟑
Es Es INA = + n(As)(d − x)𝟐 (use exact values)
n= = 𝟑
EC 4700 f E c <CC(KRS.CCL)!
INA = + 9(768π)(425−x)=
<
200,000 MPa INA = 1883.850 x 106 𝐦𝐦𝟒(stored in calculator at C)
n= = 9.29
4700 21
𝐧≈𝟗
𝟑𝟐𝟐
𝐀𝐬 = 𝟑𝛑 = 𝟕𝟔𝟖𝛑 𝐦𝐦𝟐
𝟒
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 1.b
Step 4: 𝐟𝐜 ,𝐟𝐬 (cracked section) Concrete Stress:
M(x)
fc =
INA
BC 08U2(KRS.CCL 22)
x= = 1883.850 x 106 22(
x 10002
186.005 mm

N.A 𝐟𝐜 = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟏 𝐌𝐏𝐚
Effective
depth, d = 425

Steel Stress:
(n)(As) n(M)(d − x)
b = 300 fs =
INA
V(BC 08U2)(A=LUKRS.CCL 22)
= 1883.850 x 106 22( x 10002
NOTE: 𝐟𝐬 = 𝟕𝟗. 𝟗𝟐𝟓 𝐌𝐏𝐚
Use exact values when computing stresses.
Round-off only on the final answer.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

 Reinforced Concrete: SRRB Flexure Equation Under WSD
Hanger
Concrete cover, 𝑘𝑑 b
cc (420.6.1.3) b 3
fc
𝟏
C = 𝟐fckdb
c kd
N.A

h Effective d jd d
Stirrups, ds depth, d
As
fs/n T = As(fs)
nAs
b
c is = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis, mm.
As, total area of steel bars.
𝛑𝐝𝐛𝟐
𝐀𝐬 = 𝐍
𝟒
Where N is no. of bars.
k, investigation factor
𝐤 = 𝟐𝐧𝛒 + 𝐧𝛒 𝟐 − 𝐧𝛒
WX
Where 𝜌 = YZ and n = modular ratio
𝐤
𝐣=𝟏−
𝟑
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
 Reinforced Concrete: SRRB Flexure Equation Under WSD
Hanger
Concrete cover, 𝑘𝑑 b
cc (420.6.1.3) b 3
fc
𝟏
C = 𝟐fckdb
c kd
N.A

h Effective d jd d
Stirrups, ds depth, d
As
fs/n T = As(fs)
nAs
b

STATICS: ∑ FH = 0 ∴,
C=T Compression: Maximum moment when
∴ 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 concrete stress is at allowable value.
𝟏
C and T are couples with jd as a lever arm. 𝐌 = fckjb𝐝𝟐
𝟐
M = Cjd Tension: Maximum moment when steel stress
is at allowable value.
M = Tjd 𝐌 = 𝐀𝐬𝐟𝐬𝐣𝐝
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
Reinforced Concrete: Criteria and Guidelines
• From NSCP 2015, Section 429.4.1, Flexure in concrete shall not exceed:
𝐟𝐜 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝐟 E 𝐜
RECALL: 𝑓𝑐 is the compressive stress in concrete.
• From NSCP 2015, Section 429.4.2, Tensile stress in reinforcement, 𝑓𝑠 shall not exceed:
𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝐌𝐏𝐚 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚 𝐆𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝐫𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭
𝐟𝐬 ≤
𝟏𝟕𝟎 𝐌𝐏𝐚 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚 𝐆𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝐫𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭
RECALL: 𝑓𝑠 is the tensile stress in reinforcement or steel.
• From NSCP 2015, Section 429.6.4, Tensile stress in reinforcement, 𝑓𝑠 shall not exceed:
𝐄𝐬 𝐄𝐬
𝐧= =
𝐄𝐂 𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝐟 E 𝐜
RECALL: 𝑛, as the nearest whole number (but not less than 6).
𝐸𝑠 = 200,000𝑀𝑃𝑎

For values of W4 between 1440 and 2560 01!2!

𝐄𝐜 = 𝐖𝐜𝟏.𝟓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑 𝛌 f ’c (NSCP 2015, Section 419.2.2.1.a)
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
Reinforced Concrete: Criteria and Guidelines
• In DESIGNING under BALANCED CONDITION:
fc = 0.45f E c and fs = 140 or 170 MPa

Under BALANCED CONDITION, the tension steel also reaches yield

strain simultaneously as the concrete reaches the failure strain in bending.

𝑓𝑐 = 0.45𝑓 + 𝑐
𝑘𝑏 𝑑
b
3 By ratio and proportion:
𝟏
C = fckbdb
solving for kb,
𝟐
kbd 0([ [
D$
= )
D$\*$

𝟏
jb d d 𝐤𝐛 = 𝐟
𝟏"𝐧𝐟𝐬
𝐜

solving for jb,

fs/n T = As(fs) 𝐤𝐛
𝐣𝐛 = 𝟏 −
𝟑
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Calculate the moment capacity of the beam in problem 1 using SRRB Flexural Equation.
Use 𝑓 E 𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and fs = 170 MPa. Use WSD.

Solution:
M = 70 kN-m 1. Solve for k.
Use 𝑓 4𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐤= 𝟐𝐧𝛒 + 𝐧𝛒 𝟐− 𝐧𝛒
2. Solve for j.
500 𝐤
d = 425 𝐣=𝟏−
𝟑
3. Use Flexural Equation in SRRB.
𝟏
𝐌 = fckjb𝐝𝟐
3-32 mm ∅ 𝟐
300 𝐌 = 𝐀𝐬𝐟𝐬𝐣𝐝

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 2
Step 1: Solve for k;
•k= 2nρ + nρ 2 − nρ M = 70 kN-m
=CC,CCC H^_
•n= = 9.29 Use 𝑓 4𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎
ABCC =K
𝐧≈𝟗 500
d = 425
`+
•ρ= G[
32=
AF = 3π = 768π mm=
4 = 3-32 mm ∅
32
3π 4 300
ρ= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟐 (𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐭 𝐀)
(300)(425)

k = 2)(9)(0.01892 + ( 9)(0.01892 )2 − (9)(0.01892)

• k = 0.438 (store in calculator at B)

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 2
Step 2: Solve for j;
0
• j =1−< M = 70 kN-m
0.438 Use 𝑓 4𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎
j =1− 500
3 d = 425
𝐣 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟒(𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐭 𝐂)

Step 3: Use Flexural Equation in SRRB;

3-32 mm ∅
K
• M = = fckjbd= 300
1
M = (0.45f E )(0.438)(0.854)(300)(425)=
c
2
= 95.71 kN-m
• M = Asfsjd,
M = (768π)(170)(0.854)(425)
= 148.89 kN-m
∴, moment capacity of the beam is 95. 71 kN-m.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
A reinforced concrete beam having a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 520 mm is
reinforced for tension only with 5-28 mm bars. Given that fs = 128 MPa, f′c = 27 MPa, fc = 0.45f′c,
and n = 9, Determine the following using WSD:
1. The balance Moment capacity of the beam.
2. If the tension steel is 5-28 mm bars, determine the moment capacity of the beam
Solution to 1: Solution to 2:
1. Solve for k. 1. Solve for k.
𝟏 𝐤 = 𝟐𝐧𝛒 + 𝐧𝛒 𝟐 − 𝐧𝛒
kb =
𝐟 2. Solve for j.
𝟏+ 𝐬 𝐤
𝐧𝐟𝐜
2. Solve for j. 𝐣=𝟏−
kb 𝟑
jb = 𝟏 − 3. Use Flexural Equation in SRRB.
𝟑 𝟏
3. Use Flexural Equation in SRRB. 𝐌 = fckjb𝐝𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
𝐌 = fckbjbb𝐝 𝟐
𝟐 𝐌 = 𝐀𝐬𝐟𝐬𝐣𝐝

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

SOLUTION PROBLEM 3.1
Step 1: Solve for k. Step 3: Use Flexural Equation in SRRB.
1 1
kb = M = fckbjbbd=
fs 2
1+ M
nfc
1 1
kb =
128 MPa
= (.45(27MPa))(0.46071)(0.84643)(300mm)(520mm)=
1+ 2
9 (.45(27))MPa 𝐌 = 𝟏𝟗𝟐. 𝟏𝟕 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦
M = Asfsjd = 173.45 kN−M
kb = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟎𝟕𝟏 (𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞)
Step 2: Solve for j. Problem:
kb
jb = 1 − A reinforced concrete beam having a width of 300 mm and
3
0.46071
jb = 1 − an effective depth of 520 mm is reinforced for tension only
3
with 5-28 mm bars. Given that fs = 128 MPa, f′c = 27 MPa,
jb = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟔𝟒𝟑 (𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞) fc = 0.45f′c , and n = 9 , Determine the following using
WSD:
1. The balance Moment capacity of the beam.
2. If the tension steel is 5-28 mm bars, determine the
moment capacity of the beam
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 3.2
Step 1: Solve for k. Step 3: Use Flexural Equation in SRRB.
k = 2nρ + nρ 2 − nρ 1
π(28=) M = fckjbd=
(5) 2
As 4
𝜌= = M = Asfsjd
𝑏𝑑 (300)(520)
𝜌 = 0.01974 (𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒) In terms of concrete (use exact values):
k 1
= 2)(9)(0.01974 + (9)(0.01974) 2 M = (.45(27MPa))(0.44430)(0.85190)(300)(520)=
2
− (9)(0.01974) 𝐌 = 𝟏𝟖𝟔. 𝟓𝟑 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦
k = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟎 (𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞) In terms of Steel (use exact values):
Step 2: Solve for j. M = Asfsjd
k 𝜋(28=)
j =1− M = ((5) )(128))(0.85190)(520)
3 4
0.44430 𝐌 = 𝟏𝟕𝟒. 𝟓𝟕 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦
j =1−
3
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆, 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝟏𝟕𝟒. 𝟓𝟕 𝒌𝒏 − 𝒎
jb = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟏𝟗𝟎 (𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞)

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 3.2(Alternate solution)
Step 1: Take moment at N.A of
transformed section.
Aconcretexconcrete=nAstxsteel
c
300 c = 8820π(520 − c)
2
c = 𝟐𝟑𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟖 (𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞)
Step 2: Solve for k and j. 8820π
c = kd
k = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟎 (𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞)
k
j =1− In terms of concrete (use exact values):
3 1
0.44430 M = (.45(27MPa))(0.44430)(0.85190)(300)(520)=
j =1− 2
3
j = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟏𝟗𝟎 (𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞) 𝐌 = 𝟏𝟖𝟔. 𝟓𝟑 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦
Step 3: Use Flexural Equation in In terms of Steel (use exact values):
SRRB. M = Asfsjd
1 𝜋(28=)
M = fckjbd= M = ((5) )(128))(0.85190)(520)
2 4
M = Asfsjd 𝐌 = 𝟏𝟕𝟒. 𝟓𝟕 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆, 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝟏𝟕𝟒. 𝟓𝟕 𝒌𝒏 − 𝒎
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
Reinforced Concrete: Design of SRRB
• There are two types of problems that arise in the study of reinforced concrete.
ANALYSIS VS DESIGN

ANALYSIS:
Given cross section,
concrete strength, DESIGN:
reinforcement size,
location, and yield Given the factored load effect
strength, COMPUTE such as 𝑀M , select a suitable
THE RESISTANCE OR cross-section, including
CAPACITY. dimension, concrete strength,
reinforcement, and so on.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: Design of SRRB
• OUTCOME
I. Size of Beam
II. Reinforcement
III. Section Detail (bar layout)
IV. Bar layout

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: Design of SRRB
• The criteria for the design is:

1
fckjbd= will be utilized todetermine concrete size
Mmax ≤ Ma «2
Asfsjd will be utilized to determine steel area
Where:
Mmax is the maximum positive or negative bending moment under service loads.
Ma is the allowable moment strength under working conditions.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: Design of SRRB
I. SIZE OF BEAM
K
1. Set Mmax = Ma = = fckjbd=
2. Set a DESIGN CONDITION
a. Balanced Condition ; fc max = fc allow & fs max = fs allow
• fc=0.45f’c
• fs=140 MPa or 170 MPa
• Use kb and jb
b. Under Reinforced Condition ; fc max < fc allow & fs max = fs allow
• k<kb
• Steel yields first.
c. Over Reinforced Condition ; fc max = fc allow & fs max < fs allow
• kb<k
• Concrete crashes first.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: Design of SRRB
I. SIZE OF BEAM
3. Set value for “b” – width of the concrete section.
• Finding the minimum “b” based on NSCP 2015
Concrete cover, cc • Concrete Cover, under normal conditioned should
(420.6.1.3) not be exposed.
§ Column/ beam, 𝐶𝐶 ≥ 40 𝑚𝑚
§ Slab/ wall, 𝐶𝐶 ≥ 20 𝑚𝑚
§ Footings, 𝐶𝐶 ≥ 75 𝑚𝑚
§ Stirrups, ds
§ Bend diameter, Db = 4ds (NSCP 2015, Section 425.3.2)
§ Clear spacing, CS (NSCP 2015, Section 425.2.1)
h Effective 25 𝑚𝑚
ds depth, d db
db Db 𝐶𝑆 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 4
d (most common is 3/4 ′′)
3 agg

CS
b
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
Reinforced Concrete: Design of SRRB
I. SIZE OF BEAM
3. Set value for “b” – width of the concrete section.

Concrete cover, cc
(420.6.1.3) • Say
ds= 10 mm, db= 12 mm, CC= 40 mm,
dagg= 3/4 ‘’

Minimum 𝐛 = 𝟐𝐂𝐂 + 𝟔ds + db + 𝐂𝐒

= 2(40) + 6(10) + 12 + 25
= 𝟏𝟕𝟕 𝐦𝐦.
h Effective
ds depth, d *Set any value starting with 175 mm or 180
db Db mm, increasing with 25 mm increment.

• As an alternative, set b/d ratio

𝟏 𝐛 𝟐
CS ≤ ≤
b 𝟐 𝐝 𝟑

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: Design of SRRB
I. SIZE OF BEAM
4. Solve for gross depth, h:
db
+ ds + CC𝐡=𝐝+
𝟐
5. Check for Minimum depth ( NSCP 2015, Section 409.3.1.1)
Simply supported
Simply supported ln⁄𝟏𝟔
One end continuous ln⁄𝟏𝟖. 𝟓
Both ends continuous ln⁄𝟐𝟏
Cantilever
Cantilever ln⁄𝟏𝟖
ln = clear spacing
One end Both ends One end
continuou continuou continuou For beams reinforced with fy< 420 MPa,
s s s fy
multiply values by 𝟎. 𝟒 + 𝟕𝟎𝟎
One end
continuou Cantilever
s

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: Design of SRRB
II. REINFORCEMENT NOTE:
Under “BALANCED CONDITION”:
1. We Set 𝐂 = 𝐓 fc=0.45f’c
𝟏 fs=140 MPa or 170 MPa
fckjb𝐝𝟐 = 𝐀𝐬𝐟𝐬𝐣𝐝
𝟐 Use kb and jb
` (area of steel)
2. Solve for steel ratio, 𝛒 = 𝐛𝐝" (area of concrete)
𝐀𝐬 fck
𝛒= = 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝐛𝐝 𝟐𝐟𝐬
fckb
@ Balanced Condition, 𝛒𝒃 = 𝟐𝐟
𝐬

3. Compute number of bars, N

𝐀𝐬
𝐍=
𝐀𝐛 (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟)

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: Design of SRRB
III. SECTION DETAIL Actual center spacing of rebars, CS:
Concrete cover, cc 𝐛 − 𝟐𝐂𝐂 − 𝟔ds − (𝐍 − 𝟏)db
𝐂𝐒 =
(420.6.1.3) 𝐧 − 𝟏 [𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠]
Where,
N is the number of bars, and
𝟐𝟓 𝐦𝐦
Effective 𝐂𝐒 shoud be ≥ greast value among db
depth, d 𝟒
d
𝟑 agg
For cases when CS < min CS, an engineer can
h ds use:
db • Bundle,
• Double layer,
• Change bar diameter, or
• Change beam width.
CS
b

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: Design of SRRB
III. SECTION DETAIL Assuming CS < min CS, we’ll use double layering.

EXAMPLE of DOUBLE LAYERING:

Vertical CS:
𝐕. 𝐂𝐒 ≥ 𝟐𝟓 𝐦𝐦
General CS:
Effective 𝐛 − 𝟐𝐂𝐂 − 𝟔ds − (𝐍 − 𝟏)db
𝐂𝐒 =
depth, d (𝐧 − 𝟏)
d2
2nd Layer:
d1 𝐛 − 𝟐𝐂𝐂 − 𝟐ds − Ndb
2nd layer. 𝐂𝐒 =
𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐬
To solve d, use Varignon’s theorem.
Vertical CS A1N1d1 + A2N2d2
𝐝=
A1N1 + A2N2
Also,
General CS db
reinforcement. b d1 = 𝐡 − 𝐂𝐂 − ds −
𝟐
d2 = d1 − db − 𝐕. 𝐂𝐒

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Reinforced Concrete: Design of SRRB
III. SECTION DETAIL BUNDLED BAR ARRANGEMENT:

Minimum CS:
𝟐𝟓 𝐦𝐦
𝐌𝐢𝐧. 𝐂𝐒 = greast value among db General CS:
𝟒
d
𝟑 agg

Sample Calculation from the figure:

CS 𝑏 − 2𝐶𝐶 − 6ds − (𝑁 − 1)db
𝐶𝑆 =
(𝑛 − 1)
𝐛 − 𝟐𝐂𝐂 − 𝟔ds − (𝟓 − 𝟏)db
𝐂𝐒 =
𝟐
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4

a. Solve for fc.

𝟏
Mu= fckjb𝐝𝟐
𝟐
Solve for k. fc = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟗 𝐌𝐏𝐚
k = 2nρ + nρ 2 − nρ b. Solve for fs.
As 1500
𝜌= = Mu=𝐀𝐬𝐟𝐬𝐣𝐝
𝑏𝑑 (300)(500)
𝜌 = 0.01 (𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒) fs = 𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟕𝟗 𝐌𝐏𝐚
k = 2)(8)(0.01 + (8)(0.01) 2 − (8)(0.01)
k = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟐 (𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞) Seatwork No. 1:
Solve for j. Draw beam detail in accordance to slides 79-
k
j=1− 90. Decide diameter of main bar. Use ds= 10
3 mm, CC= 40 mm, dagg= 3/4 ‘’ . If CS <
0.44430
j=1− CSmin, decide what to do.
3
j = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟔𝟗 (𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞)
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5

a. As (Take moment at N.A.)

𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝟐
b. fc (Use formula)
𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚
c. fs (Use formula. C=T)
𝟏𝟑𝟖. 𝟐𝟕 𝐌𝐏𝐚

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Prestressed Concrete: Methods of Prestressing
• Prestressed concrete are those in which cracking and tensile forces are greatly reduced or
eliminated by the imposition of internal stress that are of opposite character to those that will be
caused by the service or working loads.
• Prestressed concrete uses concrete and high strength steel known as TENDONS.
• For use of concrete, it must have a higher strength than that used for reinforced concrete members.

Pretension
Prestressed
Posttension
GENERAL METHOD OF PRESTRESSING

• Pretension: tendons are tensioned before pouring of concrete.

• Posttension: tendons are tensioned after the concrete has gained the required strength.
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
Prestressed Concrete: Methods of Prestressing
• Why use PRESTRESSED concrete instead of conventional RC?
SCENARIO: Say we have a conventional beam of length L that carries a uniform load w.
W maximum deflection would be, 5wlA
∆=
384EI
L
𝟓𝐰 ∆ = klA
Taking 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝑬𝑰
as a constant say 𝒌, the deflection can be denoted as,
W maximum deflection would now be, ∆ = k(4)A= 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝐤

4
Then,
W maximum deflection would be, ∆ = k(8)A= 𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟔𝐤
8
The change in length (2x) produces an abrupt change in deflection by a factor of 16.
(
Assuming 256k = 10 mm (actual de•lection) for the 4 m, allowable deflection, ∆%&' = = 16.67 mm.
)*+

(
Multiplying 10 mm by 16 results to 160 mm is much higher to the allowed for 8 m meter beam which is ∆%&' = )*+ = 33.33 mm
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
Prestressed Concrete: Methods of Prestressing
• The previous scenario can be solved by minimizing the deflection by:
G„!
Adjusting the moment of inertia, I = K=
to a larger value.
However,
• this results to an uneconomical “h”. Overall depth will be too deep.
• Architectural problems may arise.
• Larger moment inertia would result to a heavier section.
• To address such problem, WE USE A PRESTRESSED beam.

N.A N.A
Eccentricity, e e
P P P

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Prestressed Concrete: Methods of Prestressing
CONCEPT OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

e
N.A = P P
P P
+
The stresses to be considered in pre-stressed
concrete are those due to:
1. Direct compressive force by the tendons,
2. Moment due to the eccentricity of the ∆ , camber

prestress, and
3. Flexural stress due to loadings. M = Pe
The resultant stress, f at any section is the *NOTE:
Due to moment, beam results to an initial
algebraic sum of the stresses at that section with upward deflection called as camber.
compressive stress treated to be negative and Due to self weight and dead load, beam flattens.
tensile stress treated as positive. The only deflection would be caused by live load.
𝐏 𝐏𝐞𝐜 𝐌𝐜
General Equation: 𝐟=− ± ±
𝐀 𝐈 𝐈
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
Prestressed Concrete: Methods of Prestressing
CONCEPT OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
• For a rectangular beam (bh),
𝐏 𝟔𝐏𝐞 𝟔𝐌 Where,
𝐟=− ± ± P = prestressing force
𝐛𝐡 𝐛𝐡𝟐 𝐛𝐡𝟐
e = eccentricity
• RULE of SIGNS: M = moment due to loading
𝐏 𝐏𝐞𝐜 𝐌𝐜 I = moment of inertia of the gross
𝐟=− ± ± cross section.
𝐀 𝐈 𝐈
1. The first term of the equation above is always negative (compression).
2. For the second term of the equation above, use:
• Negative (-) to get stress at the bottom, and
• Positive (+) to get stress at the top.
3. For the third term of the equation, use:
• Positive (+) is bending causes tension in the fiber, and
• Negative (-) if the bending causes compression in the fiber.
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
A 200-mm by 400-mm concrete beam is prestressed with a final prestressing force of 500 kN at an
eccentricity of 100 mm below the neutral axis. Determine the maximum moment that will produce
no tension at the bottom fiber.
Given:
b = 200 mm
h = 400 mm
Pre − stressing force, P = 500 kN
e = 100 mm below N. A.

Required:
Maximum moment that produces no tension at the bottom <iber.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 4
Given:
b = 200 mm
h = 400 mm
Pre − stressing force, P = 500 kN
e = 100 mm below N. A.
Required:
Maximum moment that produces no tension at the bottom <iber.
The stress at any section of a rectangular beam is given by:
P 6Pe 6M
f=− ± =± =
bh bh bh
For the stress at the bottom fiber, generating maximum moment at f = 0,
P 6Pe 6M 1. The first term of the equation above is always
0=− ± =± =
bh bh bh negative (compression).
500,000 6(500,000)(100) 6M 2. For the second term of the equation above, use:
0=− ± ± Negative (-) to get stress at the bottom, and
200 (400) (200)(400)= (200)(400)= Positive (+) to get stress at the top.
500,000 6 500,000 100 6M 3. For the third term of the equation, use:
0=− − = + =
200 400 200 400 (200)(400) Positive (+) is bending causes tension in the fiber,
𝑀 = 83,333,333.33 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 and
𝑴 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 Negative (-) if the bending causes compression in
the fiber.
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
Prestressed Concrete: Elastic Stresses Under Different Stages Of Loading In Prestress
Construction
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5. The flooring of a warehouse is made up of double-tee joists as shown. The
joists are simply supported on a span of 7.5 m and are pre-tensioned with one tendon in each stem
with an initial jacking force of 745 kN each, located 75 mm above the bottom fiber. Loss of stress at
service loads is 18%.
2.4 m

88 mm
N.A
e Total A = 200,000 mm, DL = 2.3 kPa
267 mm (excl. SW)

75 mm I = 1,880 x 10- mm. LL = 6 kPa

1. Compute the stress at the top fiber at midspan due to the initial prestressing force and self
weight.
2. Compute the resulting stress at the bottom fiber at midspan due to service loads and final
prestressing force.
3. What additional superimposed load can the joists carry so that the resulting stress at the bottom
fiber at midspan is zero?
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
Prestressed Concrete: Elastic Stresses Under Different Stages Of Loading In Prestress
Construction
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 5.1
Stress caused by the prestressing force,
C

C
−P −1490 kN
fYZ[\]^_`[ab = =
A 200,000 mm(
= −𝟕. 𝟒𝟓 𝐌𝐏𝐚
f%ZY\]^_`[ab = −𝟕. 𝟒𝟓 𝐌𝐏𝐚
T

DUE TO PRESTRESSING FORCE: C

Mc 286.08kN − m(88mm)
f,-./%012.&3 = =
I 1,880 x 104 mm*
P = 2 745kN = 𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟎 𝐤𝐍 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟗 𝐌𝐏𝐚
M = 1490 kN e −Mc −286.08kN − m(267mm)
e = 267 − 75 = 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝐦𝐦 f5-,/%012.&3 = =
I 1,880 x 104 mm*
M = 1490 kN .192 = 𝟐𝟖𝟔. 𝟎𝟖 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦
= −𝟒𝟎. 𝟔𝟑 𝐌𝐏𝐚

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Prestressed Concrete: Elastic Stresses Under Different Stages Of Loading In Prestress
Construction
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 5.1
Stress caused by SW,

C
T
−Mc −33.75kN − m(88mm)
f,-./%012.&3 = =
I 1,880 x 104 mm*
= −𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚
−Mc 33.75kN − m(267mm)
f5-,/%012.&3 = =
I 1,880 x 104 mm*
DUE TO SW: = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟗 𝐌𝐏𝐚
kN
W = γ6 (A) = 24 (200,000 mm) )
m7
𝐤𝐍
= 𝟒. 𝟖
𝐦
kN )
wl) 4.8 m (7.5 m)
M= =
8 8
= 𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦(𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞)

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Prestressed Concrete: Elastic Stresses Under Different Stages Of Loading In Prestress
Construction
SOLUTION SAMPLE PROBLEM 5.1
Computing the stress at the top fiber at midspan due to the initial prestressing force and self weight.

DUE TO PRESTRESSING FORCE:

DUE TO SW:

f—˜™U2š[F™_› =  f—˜™

f—˜™U2š[F™_› = −7.45 MPa + 13.39 MPa − 1.58 MPa

𝐟𝐭𝐨𝐩$𝐦𝐢𝐝𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐧 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟔 𝐌𝐏𝐚
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
Prestressed Concrete: Elastic Stresses Under Different Stages Of Loading In Prestress
Construction
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 5.2
Stress caused by the final prestressing force,
C

C
−P −1221.8kN
fYZ[\]^_`[ab = =
A 200,000 mm(
= −𝟔. 𝟏𝟏 𝐌𝐏𝐚
f%ZY\]^_`[ab = −𝟔. 𝟏𝟏𝐌𝐏𝐚
T

DUE TO FINAL PRESTRESSING FORCE: C

Mc 234.5856kN − m(88mm)
f,-./%012.&3 = =
I 1,880 𝑥 104 𝑚𝑚*
P = 2 745kN = 1490 kN = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚
P8 = 82% 1490 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟏. 𝟖𝐤𝐍 −Mc −234.5856N − m(267mm)
M = 1221.8 kN e f5-,/%012.&3 = =
I 1,880 x 104 mm*
e = 267 − 75 = 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝐦𝐦
M = 1221.8 kN .192 = 𝟐𝟑𝟒. 𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟔 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦 = −𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟐 𝐌𝐏𝐚

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Prestressed Concrete: Elastic Stresses Under Different Stages Of Loading In Prestress
Construction
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 5.2
Stress caused by Service load,

C
T
−Mc −173.8125kN − m(88mm)
f,-./%012.&3 = =
I 1,880 x 104 mm*
= −𝟖. 𝟏𝟒 𝐌𝐏𝐚
−Mc 173.8125kN − m(267mm)
f5-,/%012.&3 = =
I 1,880 x 104 mm*
DUE TO SERVICE LOAD: = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟔𝟗 𝐌𝐏𝐚
W = γ6 A + DL + LL
kN
= 24 7 200,000 mm) + 2.3 2.4 + 6(2.4)
m
𝐤𝐍
= 𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟐
kN )
𝐦
wl) 24.72 m (7.5 m)
M= =
8 8
= 𝟏𝟕𝟑. 𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦(𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞)

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Prestressed Concrete: Elastic Stresses Under Different Stages Of Loading In Prestress
Construction
SOLUTION SAMPLE PROBLEM 5.2
Computing the resulting stress at the bottom fiber at midspan due to service loads and final prestressing force.

DUE TO FINAL PRESTRESSING FORCE:

DUE TO SERVICE LOAD:

fG˜—U2š[F™_› = Â fG˜—

fG˜—U2š[F™_› = −6.11 MPa − 33.32 MPa + 24.69 MPa

𝐟𝐛𝐨𝐭U𝐦𝐢𝐝𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐧 = −𝟏𝟒. 𝟕𝟒 𝐌𝐏𝐚

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Prestressed Concrete: Elastic Stresses Under Different Stages Of Loading In Prestress
Construction
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 5.3
From 5.2

fG˜—U2š[F™_› = −14.74 MPa

fG˜—U2š[F™_› = 7.03125W kN − m(store)
7.03125W(c)
14.74 MPa =
I
𝐖 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 𝐤𝐍/𝐦

ADDITIONAL SUPERIMPOSED LOAD

W =?

wl= W(7.5 m)=

M= =
8 8
= 𝟕. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓𝐖 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦(𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞)

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Prestressed Concrete: Pre-stress Losses Under NSCP 2015 Provisions
Additional notations for NSCP 2015 Provisions
A™F = area of prestressed reinforcement in tension zone, 𝑚𝑚2
d™ = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of prestressed reinforcement, 𝑚𝑚
`2+
ρ™ = G[ , ratio of nonprestressed tension reinforcement
2

f′4š = compressive strength of concrete at time of initial prestress, 𝑀𝑃𝑎

f™¢ = specified yield strength of prestressing reinforcement, 𝑀𝑃𝑎
f™£ = specified tensile strength of prestressing reinforcement, 𝑀𝑃𝑎
f™F = stress in prestressing steel at nominal flexural strength, 𝑀𝑃𝑎
fF¤ = effective stress in prestressed reinforcement (after allowance for all prestress losses), 𝑀𝑃𝑎
ρ™f¢ ρ′f¢
ω= and ωE =
f′4 f′4
E
ρ = ratio of nonprestressed compressionreinforcement

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Prestressed Concrete: Pre-stress Losses Under NSCP 2015 Provisions
Permissible Stresses in Concrete
I. Strength of concrete immediately after prestress transfer( before time-dependent prestress
losses) shall not exceed the following:
a. Extreme fiber stress in compression: 0.60 𝐟′𝐜𝐢
End of simply-supported members: 0.70 𝐟′𝐜𝐢
b. Extreme fiber stress in tension except permitted in c: 0.25 𝐟′𝐜𝐢
c. Extreme fiber stress in tension at ends of simply supported members: 0.5 𝐟′𝐜𝐢

II. Stresses in concrete at service loads (after allowable for all prestress losses) shall not exceed the
following:
a. Prestress plus sustained load in compression: 0.45𝐟′𝐜𝐢
Prestress plus total load in compression: 0.60𝐟′𝐜𝐢
b. Extreme fiber stress in tension zone: 0.5 𝐟′𝐜𝐢
c. Extreme fiber stress in tension in precompressed tensile zone of members (except two-way
slab system) where analysis based on transformed cracked sections and on bilinear moment-
deflection relationship show that immediate and long-time deflections: 𝐟′𝐜𝐢

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Prestressed Concrete: Pre-stress Losses Under NSCP 2015 Provisions
Permissible Tensile Stresses In Prestressing Tendons
Shall not exceed the following:
b) Due to jacking force: 0.94𝐟𝐩𝐲
but not greater than the lesser of 0.80 𝐟𝐩𝐮 and the maximum value recommended by the
manufacturer of prestressing tendons or anchorages
b) Immediately after prestress transfer: 0.82 𝐟𝐩𝐲
but not greater than: 0.74 𝐟𝐩𝐮
c. Post-tensioning tendons, at anchorages and couplers immediately after tendon anchorage:
0.70 𝐟𝐩𝐮
Factored prestressing force at the anchorage device, 𝐏𝐩𝐮, shall not exceed the least of (a) through (c),
where 1.2 is the load factor:
a)1.2(0.94𝑓𝑝𝑦) 𝐀𝐩𝐬
b)1.2(0.80 𝐟𝐩𝐮) 𝐀𝐩𝐬
c)Maximum jacking force designated by the supplier of anchorage devices multiplied by 1.2

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Prestressed Concrete: Pre-stress Losses Under NSCP 2015 Provisions
Flexural Strength

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Prestressed Concrete: Pre-stress Losses Under NSCP 2015 Provisions
Flexural Strength

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Prestressed Concrete: Pre-stress Losses Under NSCP 2015 Provisions
Flexural Strength

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Prestressed Concrete: Pre-stress Losses Under NSCP 2015 Provisions
Flexural Strength

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Prestressed Concrete: Pre-stress Losses Under NSCP 2015 Provisions
Prestress Losses
The flexural stresses calculated for beams were based on initial stresses in prestress tendons. These
stresses, however, become smaller with time (over period of roughly five years) due to several
factors. These factors include:
1. Elastic shortening of concrete
2. Shrinkage of concrete
3. Creep of concrete
4. Frictional loss
5. Relaxation of steel or tendons
6. Anchorage take up

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 6 (CE BOARD EXAM)
A prestressed bonded rectangular beam has a width of 300 mm and an overall depth of 600 mm.
Then, effective depth to tendons is 538 mm. The prestressing tendons has an area of 900 sq. mm
with a specified tensile strength of 1.9 GPa and a specified yield strength of 1.65 GPa. The specified
compressive strength of concrete is 34.5 MPa.

1. Calculate the ratio of the prestressed reinforcement in percent.

2. Calculate factor for type of prestressing tendon, γ™.
3. Calculate the stress in prestressing steel at nominal flexural strength 𝑓™F in 𝑀ega𝑃𝑎scals

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

 SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 6 (CE BOARD EXAM)

1.65 GPa
= = 868
1.9 GPa
Therefore, 𝛄𝐩 = 𝟎. 𝟒

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐨𝐫 stress in prestressing steel:

Solving for Steel ratio: γ™ f™£ d
A™F f™F = f™£ 1 −ρ™ + (ω − ω′)
ρ™ = βK f′4 d™
bd
900 mm= ρf¢ ρ′f¢
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟖 (𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞) ω= and ωE =
(300mm)(538 mm) f′4 f′4
ρ = ratio of nonprestressed tension reinforcement
Solving for 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐧: ρ9 = ratio of nonprestressed compressionreinforcement
f™¢
f™£
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
 SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 6 (CE BOARD EXAM)

.05 f E 4 − 28
Use βK = 0.85 −
7
.05(34.5 − 28)
βK = 0.85 −
7
βK = 0.80357 (store)

Since there are no reinforcement in tension and

compression, ω = ωE = 0.

γ™ f™£ d
f™F = f™£ 1 − ρ™ + (ω − ω′)
βK f′4 d™
γ™ f™£ d 0.4 1.9GPa
f™F = f™£ 1 − ρ™ + (ω − ω′) f.2 = 1.9GPa 1 − (𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟖) +0
βK f′4 d™ 0.80357 34.5MPa
Since, 28 < f′4 < 55
𝐟𝐩𝐬 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟗. 𝟓𝟔 𝐌𝐏𝐚

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100275-9.00017-6

A simple reinforced concrete structure therefore uses

steel in tension, and concrete in compression.

The closer the steel is to the bottom of the beam, the

more efficiently it will take the load.

However, it is necessary to maintain a specified cover

depth of concrete between the steel and the outer
surface of the concrete, in order to protect the steel
from corrosion.

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of Simply Reinforced Concrete

Beam

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100275-9.00017-6

Table 1. Major Durability Problems with Concrete

• To protect the steel, both chlorides and carbon dioxide must be kept away from it.
• The steel must be protected with an adequate thickness of cover concrete, with
transport properties low enough to ensure that the carbonation and chlorides do not
reach it during the design life.
• This is normally achieved with a low water/cement ratio in the mix design.
• This requires constant effective supervision of the work to check the concrete quality,
the cover depth, and the curing and is not easily achieved.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129069

Reinforced concrete is one of the most widely used materials in engineering construction and reinforced concrete
structures can be degraded by CO2 in a humid environment.

1. CO2 causes changes in the mineral phases of concrete and steel reinforcement, eventually leading to the deterioration
of their structure and strength.

2. Because of the CO2 reaction, the compressive strength of concrete increases first and then decreases, whereas the
tensile strength of the steel reinforcement decreases.

3. The corrosion reaction at the interface (i.e., the interface between soil/rock and concrete or that between concrete and
reinforcement steel) causes the interfacial bonding strength to increase first and then decrease.

4. Reinforced concrete degradation caused by high-concentration CO2 is considerably more severe than that caused by
atmospheric CO2, and more studies are required to understand the reaction mechanism.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129069

Figure 2. Structure and phase characterization of multilayer corrosion products: (a)–(c) SEM structure characterization
results; (d)–(e) EDS point scan phase characterization results.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129069

New research directions of CO2 carbonation

Figure 3. Schematic showing how the concrete and steel reinforcement may be exposed to high-concentration CO2.
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102181-1.00013-7

Review of published literature and laboratory investigations related to the chloride and carbonation-induced corrosion of
reinforced concrete.

Highlights:
• The first prevention method requires good quality concrete and design as per standards and regulations during the
construction process.

• There are prevention and control methods to extend the useful life of structures. The incorporation of additions, such as
pozzolan or steel slag, contributes to a permeability reduction and lower chloride ion diffusion, which is an excellent
alternative in marine environments.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102181-1.00013-7

Review of published literature and laboratory investigations related to the chloride and carbonation-induced corrosion of
reinforced concrete.

Highlights:
• In environments with CO2, mineral additions have yielded controversial results, and positive effects have only been
observed under suitable curing conditions. Geopolymer inorganic coatings for concrete surface could be a viable
protection alternative for chloride-induced corrosion, because these materials present excellent characteristics, such
as mechanical resistance, reduced permeability to chloride ions, and adhesion strength to the concrete surface.
Coatings have a limited useful lifetime that must be known prior to their application.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120623

Table 2. Optimization techniques to solve the detailed RC structural design optimization problem (Part 1).

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120623

Table 2. Optimization techniques to solve the detailed RC structural design optimization problem (Part 2).

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120623

Table 2. Optimization techniques to solve the detailed RC structural design optimization problem (Part 3).

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120623

Table 3. Computational tools utilized in available research for optimization of RC detailed design (Part 1).
Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120623

Table 3. Computational tools utilized in available research for optimization of RC detailed design (Part 2).

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120623

Figure 4. Systematic flow of suggested future researches in sustainable RC structural optimization.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804432-2.00014-1

The most common causes of bridge failure are structural and design deficiencies, corrosion, construction and supervision
mistakes, accidental overload and impact, scour, and lack of maintenance or inspection (Biezma and Schanack, 2007).

Repair of Steel Structures

A larger number of parameters should be considered in selecting the most appropriate repair technique for a bridge, such
as construction materials, member connection methods like welded, bolted or riveted, degree of redundancy, reasons of
deterioration, and potential cost (Institution of Civil Engineers, 2008).
• Repair of Cracking
• Adding Doubler Plates
• Prestressing Method ü The use of prestressing is an active way to change the load or stress
• Member Replacement distribution and to reduce the displacement.
ü For repairing cracked steel sections due to fatigue, it is recommended that the
tip of the existing crack be removed by drilling in addition to applying a
posttensioning force.
ü Proper corrosion protection must be applied to the posttensioning system
(Dexter and Ocel, 2013). This is experimentally confirmed by Albrecht and
Lenwari in 2008.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802069-2.00002-7

Applying a prestressing force at the

bottom of a simple beam counteracts the
natural state of tension, resulting in an
increase in the load-carrying capacity of
the beam as on the right.

The prestressing tension may be applied

either before or after concrete member is
formed and cast. Pretensioning is used for
members that are precast by fabricators.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104797

A detailed and elaborate literature survey on the performance of prestressed concrete members under elevated
temperature.

Table 4. Studies on prestressed concrete exposed to elevated temperature (Part 1).

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104797

Table 4. Studies on prestressed concrete exposed to elevated temperature (Part 2).

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.
Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104797

Table 4. Studies on prestressed concrete exposed to elevated temperature (Part 3).

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104797

Table 5. Effect of elevated temperature on mechanical properties of prestressing tendons (Part 1).

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Studies about Reinforced and/or Prestressed Concrete DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104797

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.

Table 5. Effect of elevated temperature on mechanical properties of prestressing tendons (Part 2).
References

1. National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015, Volume 1.

2. Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design 2010 NSCP.
3. Design of Reinforced Concrete, 9th Edition.
4. Claisse, P. A. (2016). Introduction to cement and concrete. In Civil Engineering Materials (pp. 155–162). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-
100275-9.00017-6.
5. Xue, Q., Zhang, L., Mei, K., Li, X., Newell, P., Wang, Y., Cheng, X., & Zheng, W. (2022). CO2-induced evolution of chemical, structural and
mechanical properties of reinforced concrete: A review. In Construction and Building Materials (Vol. 353, p. 129069). Elsevier BV.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129069.
6. Aguirre-Guerrero, A. M., & Mejía de Gutiérrez, R. (2018). Assessment of corrosion protection methods for reinforced concrete. In Eco-Efficient
Repair and Rehabilitation of Concrete Infrastructures (pp. 315–353). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102181-1.00013-7.
7. Afzal, M., Liu, Y., Cheng, J. C. P., & Gan, V. J. L. (2020). Reinforced concrete structural design optimization: A critical review. In Journal of Cleaner
Production (Vol. 260, p. 120623). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120623.
8. Lin, W., & Yoda, T. (2017). Repair, Strengthening, and Replacement. In Bridge Engineering (pp. 245–271). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-
12-804432-2.00014-1.
9. Hurt, M., & Schrock, S. D. (2016). Bridge Elements and Materials. In Highway Bridge Maintenance Planning and Scheduling (pp. 31–98). Elsevier.
https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-802069-2.00002-7.
10. Jeyashree, T. M., Kannan Rajkumar, P. R., & Satyanarayanan, K. S. (2022). Developments and research on fire response behaviour of prestressed
concrete members – A review. In Journal of Building Engineering (Vol. 57, p. 104797). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104797.

Prepared by: John Mark G. Payawal, Ph.D.