omy “'Dr-A, M. Kwami (Lecture Note) eae Mustapha _Lovanin “ ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA UNIVERSITY; BAUCHL FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES min 212 Unmet sttop MTH212: Mathematical Method iegaat Pager: OASIS B.¢0 OASIS B.C. Ordinary differential equiations: First and second order differential equations, existence and uniqueness of Solition, methods of undetermined coefficients, methods of variation of parameters, serie’ solution of - second order equations, the general theory of Nt order linear equations,‘application of ordindty Uifferential equations to physical life and social seience, Yestors: Dot, cross and triple products, vector field theory, Divergence (Div.), Gradient (grad), and Cur, expressions for div, rad, and curl in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. Multiple Integrals: Line integral, milkiple integral, change of variables, the Jacobean, area of surface and Volume ofa solid, ; Reference books: G ) Elementary Differential Equations with Linear Algebra Ross L. Finney, Donald R. Ostberg i) Differential Equations (third edition) : Richard Bronson, Gabriel Costa “iti) Brief Calcudus and its applications (eighth edition) : - Larry J. Goldstein. David C. lay. David I. Schneider -iy) Advance Engineering Mathematics (ninth edition) . = Envin Kreyszig . . Y— -Advance Engineering Mathematics . ‘ - HK Dass DivA.M. Kwami (Lecture Note). * Page 2. OASIS B.¢ag because many ineerii : A jence and. engin to-solve ‘ latroduetion: Differential equations are of great importance 10 SINT tions, fave Wat oe 2 ‘ it Fitter jon nysicalfaws and relations appear mathematically in the form o! ical expressi Physical ia Sapp athematical Imodel of the as mathematical ysical or ot pliysical ‘es, Many phenomena s, these may be the problems ofa physical nature we first have to formulate the problem as a 1 of variables, functions, equations, and so forth. Such ani expression is known. ive problem; we then.soive the vnithematiea miodel and interpret the result in P99" Diffrential equations play an important role in Science, Engineering and Social scien in te branches have mathematical’ model in terms of differential equations. Perhap “reason Wi i i assumed importance. = pce betes ecu ccasgg entrar vrelend Ueraotchngofone abl wh TSH ‘bles and their derivatives are another as a derivative, Equation expressing a relationship among these varial saivereal law kaown as differential equations, In. other words, differential equations originate whenever a her terins, is expressed by means of variables and their derivatives. fien an Since many physical concepts, such as velocity and acceleration are derivatives, a model is very O} ‘suution containing derivatives of an unknown functions, such a model is called a differential equation. OF Course, we then want fo find a solution (a function that satisfies the equation), explore its properties, graph find values of it, and interpret it in physical terms so that we can understand the behaviot of the physical system in our given problem. However, before we can turn to methods of solution we must first define basic concepts needed. 2. Preliminary Definitions: ° Definition}: An equation which involves differential coefficient is called a differential eqization: ann ase i) 4% 498 ; 202-4 i) 2422-ay Be aAsinx zy 3 . Sy tae oe 2 ; ivy [Fal +22 v) Sao x’y=0 vi) y=sinx 7 ay a a: a vil) xt = ysinx Mil) xy 4 y2e™ =0 i Be 4 3008x = 0 ‘The general form ofa differential equation may be given as dy ay ay x,y £Y ey OL ae Et aR -. Q Remark. 12. @)There are many types of differential equatins, but the most contmon differential equations include _ « O Ordinary Differetial Equations (ODE) - i) Partial Differential Equations (PDE) (b) One very important concept worth nothing is the distinction between Ordinary differential equations (ODE) and Partial Differential Equations (PDE), : : » Definition2:, An Ordinary Differential Equations is an equation that contain one of several derivatives of “an unknown function, which we isually'cailed. (x) (or sometimes y(t), if the independent’ S u . s ) di variable is * timé). The equation tay also ccntain y itself,-knowa function of x (6rt), and constant sa nd an a Baoy = a; “ea: * eg i) Becosx. i) . iti)” x8 Bde Le (2 V2}? dx Dr. A:M.Kivami (Lecture Note) ~~ 5; eet PRB ‘ OASIS B.CDefinition3: Partial differential equations is an equation invélving one or more partial derivatives of a (unknown) function, say u, that depends ori two more variables, often time t and one or several variable in siice : a a ce ay? > ifferential equations may be divided into two large classes, linear ordinary differential Remark 2: Ordinary equations and non-linear ordinary differential equations, Whereas non-linear ordinary differential equations ofsecond (and higher) order generally are difficult o sélve, linear ordinary differential equations are much Simple because, various properties of their solutions ean, be characterized in gencral way, ad there are standard methods Yor solving many of these equatioins: 3. Formation of Differential Equation: 7 "The differeitia! equations can be Formed by differentiating the ordinary algebraic equation and eliminating the arbitrary constants, or can be obtainied from physical phenomena. Examplel: Form a differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants in the following Qo y=Axta? i) y=Ce® iit) yox44 iv) y=Ax4x? Solution: : ) ysax+ae 0) ii) y=Cer 2) e Bsa . - Q2). me B= cer eer (2) Substituting (2) in (2) we have 7 a a de = i) yaxed fa) ‘wy ysdrex? =.) 7" . 3 g 14 (2) 2 2s At ex 2 2R) ats Sea . @ xB= (ard etxt 2. 3) From (1) we have m 2) "+ Substituting (1)in (3) we have "| : A=xy-x) BF e(ae Ee ae gett ooo. ke s. Substituting (3) in'(2) we have: - * ‘Dr. A:M. Kwami (Lecture Note) :OASIS B.C g xdimple2: Form a differential equation by. eliminating the arbitrary Constants in the following i) y=Acosx+Bsinx ii) y= Asin(3x +B) iii). y = (A+ Bre“ iv) y= A+ Bem . Solution: : : ‘4 ii) y = Asin(Bx + 8) (2) i) y= Acosx+Bsinx ooce'(), a : a ° 3A cos(3x +B) 2 & Ba-Asine + Beosx (2 @ = p ~@ £%=-9Asin(3x +B) (3), 2. he hens x Bslax a : 2, From (1) and (3) we have that © Sea -(Acosx + Bsinz) 3) es eg sy 2 2 From (1) and (3) we have that ey #y, ee gityeo iii). y = (A+ Bx)e"* oath) iv) y= A+ Be" ew 2 B= Be 24+ Bx)e™ .. 2) o 2=-2pe-* = (2) ~2Be-* = 2(Be* —2e-*(A 4 Bx)} * Pye -2(-28e-**) .-@) “abe 4H AG Bre...) substituting (2) in (3] we have : #y_ pe Substituting (1} in (2) we have ae ae 2 naz eo 428% gt Be 2y aa tte = Za2y= pet 24) : : Substituting (1) and (4) in (3) we have that Bat (S24 2y) aay a = Basteay=0 Example3: Form a differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants in the following i) y? Ax? 4 Bx + Dei a i) y= dex +Be™* 4.0 Solution: + Be rere age : Oy? aA taxte oy 22s Act + 986% ay : & rE 8 ya raeee | sy) Pos set bombed LG) * + Ean) Gives S222 gp gae © aly ody ay , gaily a Eqn.(4) (3) gives © 3, Bh ee) 4 284 C10) Be a 8 4 BRE gn (5) ives 3 (EE a agg 3 ws pa : at an fae © +n. (7)=(6) gives‘OASIS B.C Exampled: Determine ifthe given primitive function is a solution of the given differential equation Dy se $e S+oy=0 iihy = cosdx ‘ Solution: : Dy =e 403" -) i) y = cos dx ae) 2 Ba 20% 4 303 ++ Q) © B= -tcos4x +++ (Q) Sy 402 4 90 () 2 B= tbeosar +B) dy y wr SE + by 2 = (4e™ 4903) — 5(26™ + 363%) 4 = (16c0s 4x) ~16(cos 42) = 0.2. . (a) 6 +e) = 0 ++ 4) Hence, the given function is solution Hence, the given function isa solution ExampleS:Given that a Particle moves so that its distance S from a fixed point at time t is S= Asin(Se+.£)° Where A and E:are constants Find the original differential equation governing the motion of the particle Solution: 5 = Asin(3e-+6) . tl) 2° Ha 3Acos(ae+2) ° @ From (1) and (2) we hive +95 Examples: tn certain chemical eactio, the amount x ofone substance at any tne ¢srelated tothe peed of the reaction by the equation 2aKa- DO- x) Where a,b arid k are arbitrary constants rample7:Itis shown in mechanics that if isthe distance passed over intime t-by the body moving with Uiiforn acceleration a, then “Sq =0 ae Exercises: . i : ie a. Féa differential ‘cavation by eliminating the-arbitrary-constants in the following, ‘Dye Acos(et3) Fo. Wy yt = ante +a) a i) y= V8EFC ~ 2 Foim’a differential equation by elininating the axbitrary constants in tie following aan s Se Asad 34+ ast) Beenie et Ber a). y= det so) da By : Be aek + Base SS Ts EE Dr: A.M. Kwarnt (Lecture Note) “<0 = *- 7 "Page 6”OASIS B,C / / 4, Order and Degree of a Differential Equation Definition4: 4) The order of a differential equation is the order of highest differential coefficient present in the equation 5) The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest differential coefficient which appears in the equation after removing radical sign and fractions, Examples: are) é = Asinx : ~ 1 Order, degree aw) ¢ at sZ- 6y = cosx > 24Order,1*degree a) i ey tx2ti1-yso ~ 240 rder, 2°degree iv) (2y +32=0 1 Order, 2"4degree Exercises: State the order and the degree of the following differential equations 2 2 yi Ov exay a) Bare -2y iv) (By 4243y 20 Remark 3:,From examples 1-3 we observe that, elimiriting one écnstant yield’ differential equation of Orderone, eliminating two constants yields a differential equation of order two, eliminating three constants Yields a differential equation of order three, and in general eliminating m constants yields a differential equation of ordem. 5. Solution of a differential Equation i Definitions: A function y (2) fsa solution of the differential equation (1) in an open interval | iea<, eg, yl? 4 32%+ 22 = 0 The Solution y? = Ax?-4Bx +0: isa general solution, Dr A.M: Kwami (Lecture Note): ° 5 =OASS B.C. * Definition8:. If particular values are assigned to the. arbitrary constants in the general solution; ‘then the soliton obiained is called a particular solution. Refiak 4: A problem leading to a differential equation may or-may not have an analytic solution, itis therefore necessary to be sure of the existence of the desired solution; if it exist,-then the question of. uniqueness becomes of paranmiount importanice 6. First order linear differential equations: Since soltion of differential equations involve integration, it iF not possible in consequence to formiulate rules, as with differentiation which we will apply to any type of equation, some indeed is not possible io solve, But a large number of equations with very many practical importance’s can be classified into various ‘types, solutions for which can be found by established methods. Some of these types we will proceed .to ‘consider. We shall discuss the standard method of solving differential equations of the following types. @) Direct integration ©) Homogeneous differential equation ®) Exact differential equation b) Variables separable 4) Linear differential equation E f) Non-homogeneous reducible to homogeneous 5) Variables separable ae Ifa differential equation can be written in the form fOMy = Ob)dx w we say that variables are separable y on the left hand side, and x on the right hand side. We get the solution by interpreting both side Example] : Solve the following differential equations 9 @+yZ-x07 +n W) (14 xydx + (1 -y)xay 0 Solution: : . G+ y2=297 41 fi) (1 tx)ydx + (1 j)eay Sepa the vate, wee Separating the variables, we have (gly =a Integrating both sides we have * Vay = j (Jax 2. -y=Inlyl Ips fe a. Stary sent) c + Ini +c Le ystaniy ind DEd ett Pues ’ Remark: 7 Ifthe variable y.is absent, equation (1) reduces is dy = Q(s)iix * 3 = valet, % .oasis 8.¢ Exaiple2: Solve the following differential equations. 2 10x" i w 2 ) Set sine ) ae Solution: ' : e : a 2 : 2 iy = 10x* i) Baer + sinx i i = 10x‘dx 2 dy=(e¥+sinx) dx = ° y 40x ; : © Jdy = J(e* +sinx) dx @ fdy= J 10x*dx s yHle%- cosxtec 2 yaadtec Remark 6: ifthe variablex is absent, equation (1) reduces to fO)de = ay = x isabsent Which we can rewrite as : ax i eet . oy” Te) 8. dea aydy ‘And the solution is obtained by integration as as Sr 5 And after iitegration try to make y-the subject where possible Example3- Solve the following differential equations * Qe S=tany = x isabsent ® x isabsent 3 x=In|siny|+ec 2 pdx = af ® 2 y 2 Inlsiny| =x~e Bi 2 xsalnbltc. , 2 : : S) siny's ett = ete : a £ = 2 ysinl(4eX) where A = . *. . Exariple4: Solve the differential oaiation using Separatio. \ Of Variables 4d Gene 240- y=0 *’DreA-M.Kivamt (Lécture Note) —— —/ ‘oasse:c Solution: ‘ )G-NZ-O-N=0 i) G4eyz . Separating the variables, we have : Separating the variables, we have a site : * re 7 = jt 5 2 i yt E @. Inly- 1] =-Inja-al +e 2 Inbl= the) be . eoystt oy sel ieriea or = y= 14A(1- x)" where A= ee * . ©» Exercises: 1. Solve the following differén tal equations using method of Séparation 6f Variables ) xyha@edy B) ory sys 0 0 Put sya-n= e) yranx (4ty*)sec?x f) aly? +1)dx +O? + 1dy = 0 9. fee A) costes y43 0.202 + de + WE Flay 7, Linear differential equations: ‘ ‘Definition: Any equation of the form . Sapy=a@ - 2.0) Where P and Q are constants or function of x only is called ‘linear differential equation (or linear avations):This type of equations eatinot be solved by direst integration but it has been discovered that if Such an equation is multiplied by some factor ¢/°** called integrating factor, the resulting equation can be solved easily. : sie, ef Pax | 4 py] = QelPex a - 7 ‘Now, imtegrating both sides with respect to.dx, the integral on the left hand reduces to % . yelris = [QelPe ar : ° . ee. Q) The procedure'in solving this typeof equation isto begin by finding the integral J pareduce i, then subsite the'redced vale in @) : Di. A:M.Kwami (Lecture Note) Page 10 OASIS B,COASIS B. C Examplel. Solve the following Linear differential equations » Q ZH yeosx set il) etdy = (1 = yeX)dx Solution: 3. 2 ycosx = ests ++ @) ‘Comparing with equation (1) we have Pe cosx and Q.= esin= = Jpdx= ~fcosdx eSPer'a posing = sinx SIPS Substitution in equation (2} we have yersinx = fp psinzg sing, & yensinx = pax = ye = ree Sys (x+cesinz oo Example2:-Solve the following linear differential equations a 2+ 3y ot Solution: 0 Z+ay= a) Com paring with equation (1) we have P =3andQ= e* . © pdx = f3dx =3x" SRS olre a gt * Substitution in-(2) we have ; ye%= fe%etdr 2 Sede et F pt ° Fe tt : ad v7. + . =. IF ae el Pax = ii) e*dy = (1-ye*)ax Rearranging we have ; = (a) with equation (1) we have Sirs Substituting in (2}.we have ye* = Je*e*dx = fade 2 yeraxrte => ys (r+oe™ it) xe +y=xsinx ii) Bs (Lyssinx - a) Comparing with equation (1) we have P =tandQ = sinx : Ss Jpde= jax =tnlx] ainbel = ‘Substitution in (2) we have yx = J xsinxdx @. | yx = sinx~xesx ic Page 11 oasisa,cOASIS B.C Bample3: Solve the following linear diffétestial equations a x@-yar4axt— Sato y2 Sel-dys (et +3x—2) oe fa) Comparing with equation (1) we have : P= —LandQ = (x? 43x -2) © Jpdes -J2 dea Inja| Imbel = 2 SIF =-elPdx = @ Substitution in (2) we have SEG? + 3x=2ax 2 x+3-2)dx= F4ax-2inx}+e © yp=(E4ar-2inx}te oy x? — In x) tex Exerises: 1. Solve the following linear differential equations a) tnx +y = secx a) fay ne 9) 2+ y tanx = secx 8. Bernoulli’s equation: ‘Any equation of the form it) 24 ytane = sinx ti) 2+ ytonx = sinx fa) Comparing with equation (1) we have P=tanxandQ=sinx | 2 Jpdx= ftanx de = ~Inloosx| 3 IF = eb Ptr = ec iniessal = secy Substitution in (2) we have ysecx= J seexsinxde = jtanxdx=~Inleos xl +¢ = ysecx = —Infoos x] +¢ ‘i © y= (-Infoos x| +c) cosx 3-42 ays f) xtta3y = fm 8) xdy + ydx = (sin z)de “24 ry =a" : -@ Where P aiid @ are function of x or constant is called Bernoulli's equation . . ividing, both’sides of equation (1)}:by y" gives : . B+ byte . ®@ Nowlet 2 = ree : Gy: sheen equation (2) by (1~ n).we have ; a wet ade Genie é Pf Xa eg mess =nd eae, bela ‘ Dea Kwai (lecture Not) Page 12,OASS B.C Seling (1 n)P = Py anid(1—n)Q.= Q, we have & Ssn2=0, ‘Whefe P, and Q, are funétion of x of constant. And this can now be solve using integrating factor. Kinally ; having found’z, we:convert back to y using z = y™ Exanple1: Solve the following Bernoulli equations ) S+ly=x? - Solution: ) 24 Uys? aay From eqn: (1) we have that n= 2 ‘Dividing eqn. {2} by y? we have yea (yy? Now let 5 zey? # oye Cay? rr Multiply eqn. (3) by (1) we have Gy? 2-Giy: Substitute eqn. (4) & (5) in eqn. (5) Eqn, (7) is linear in. 2 2 pa[-1} andQ= ‘Substituté eqn. (8) into eqn. {4).- 3S yt et (x= (2) (3) (a) (5) (6) 7) o 2G) Oe - 2) From eqn. (1) we have n= 5S Dividing eqn. pre “2 ys2- (3) Now tet zy" 4) e S=-Hy Ze oe (3) Multiply eqn. (3) by (—4) we have (ay Shay ante... 6) substitute ean, (4) & (5) in eqn (6) Bates 4x oe () Equation {7)s linear in 2 -@ P=4andQ=-4x © LP welt a ett i And zeltte = SQelrardx (8) + ze = +) axe dr (9) eae RGEVreee Dr-A. M. Kwami (Lecture Note)f OASIS B.C. 2 Example2; Solve the following Bernoulli equations a Bays y?(cosx +sinx) i BeBe xty a2yt Sohition: Sart erree 38 4 pty = 2xby4 i) Saya y*(cosxtsinz) . .°. (2) fi) 84 ty = 2xby From eqn, (1) we have n= 2 Rearranging we have Dividing ean. (2) by y? 2p Leaetys Bay y Zoya = cosx+sinx.... (3) From eqn. (1) we have n= 4 m Dividing eqn. (2) by y* «) fe eo oyttey- (3) (5) 4 (4 Métiply eqn. (3) by (~1) we have ‘ - (5) Ply? Zty7 =cosxtsinx. .. (6) * © Multiply eqn. (3) by (3) we have Substitute eqn. (4) & (5) into eqn. (6) * . (39-2 ayy 6x6... (6) S42 =cosx+sinx mo * . 7 5 Substitute eqn, (4) & (5)in eqn. (6) © P= 1 and Q=cosx+sinz ‘ . 0) 2 LF = elPt = @X And " : LF a elit = glnx? a yd . rel Pax = J Qos Paxgy (8) > laa es : © ze* = f(cosz +sinz)e"dz ond © zea (sinxje® +e zelPar =. Qel Pera ++ (8 © z= sinxt+ce* eee oe xX 76 J x8x“Fdx Substitute eqn. (9) into'egn. (4) tele ° etext +8) 2 ytt= sinx+ce* > Substitute eqn. (9} into eqn. (4) 2 | y= (sinx +ce Exercises: Solve the fallowirig Bernioulli equations’ . Asectx 1 1b) Sty syle? ay S+ytane= ce x- y= y? cosx a). x4 3y= CE Daya: Dr. A.M, Kwami (Lecture Note)OASIS B, 9. Homogeneous Equations Concept of homogeneous functio Definition: A faction f (x,y) is said to be homogeneous of degree m,if f(lex, ky) = k™ f(x,y) Exanplel: Show that the functions (x,y) = 3k? ~ 4xy + 2y? is homogencous and of degree two | Solation: ‘ . Flay) = 3x? = dxy +25? file, key) = 3 kx)? — 4 (lox) (ky) + 2(ky)? r = 3K2x2 = kD xy + 2k2y? = h2(32? — dxy + 2y2) = RPV) Hetee, the fimetion is homogeneous and is of dearee two : 20 Example2: Show that the function f(x,y) = x3 — Sxy?'+ y? - xy is homogeneous and of degree 3 Solution: 7 fly) = F(x ky) ASzy? 433 = (ex)? S(kx) (ey)? + (ky)9 ~ (ex]*Cky) = 3x3 — Sk8xy? + Koy? — boxy = 3 (x3 - Sry? + y? - x?y) = f(x,y) Horce, the function is homogeneous and is of degrée three Oo, Definition: Any equation of the form Prq=o a Where P and Q are homogeneous function’ ofthe same degree in x and y is called homogeneous equation ie. P(x. 9), QC.9). ‘This type of differential equations may be solved by making the following substitution. Let y =vx : -Q) Differentiating’ with respect to x We have Seveit a fe ‘Substituting (3) in (1) we have : : +x : Plex) + Qiex) lot xB tvtet 0 ee ‘teat Expanding and separating the variables we have = zy aw ete “ “Afterintegration we make v the subjectiand substitute-in equation (3) "5". Ski {29 SD#.A'M, Kwami (Lecture Note) i Ei pec Page is oasis 8.c“Exanplel:Solve-the following differential equations i) (x? -y")dx = ~2xydy wy 2 ra Solution: : (x? -y2)dx = -2xydy : i). 2 oe y Rearranging we have Rearranging we have = (2) rey ay 2.7m tae (8-99) + 2xyZ 0 ve (2) i From eqn. (1) we have P=(x?~y?) and Q= 2xy From eqn. (1) we have 3y + Py) =F and Q= Nowlet_y = vx Ben) ‘ 3 : Now let y = vx fee B) ty a © oo Peng? (a) : . a ae such that B= vex (4) Substitutin, 4} in (2) we hi Substituting eqn. (3} & (4) in (2) we we Substituting eqn. (3) & (4) in (2} we have 225 (ox)? + 2x (ox) |v tr SY ; an totxe ; A Es Expanding.and Separating the variables Expanding and Separating the variables 3 £4 Re. : yf gy 20 ie x line By =J Zao © Ine] + Inj + v2] (5) 4 4 2 Zin +») +e ++. (5) Substituting eqn. (3) in.(5) we have ~ Tet oe 8) Substituting eqn. (3) in (5) we have yi? © Infxl+inf(2)' ga) ©. Inx=2in(1 42) 46 “y= Ax-x? where A= © y=xi(VA—Vvz) Where A i Exercises: Solve the following differential equations © GP ty de= Qaydy, 8), (ay ty"Ndx—lydy = 0.) say 4 (yd -ay)de 0 2) Gta) Ze xy? 7 i ‘Dr.A: M. Kami (Lecture Note) an So oy tia) Pepe Te . oasis 8ci) Gry) B= x+y Solution: é : gory | 7 9 i 1. ) Gog aaty. Rearranging we have eS Rearranging we have G+y)-xyZ (2) (ty) +0-) = (2) ‘Comparing with equation (1) we have From equatian (1) & (2) we . P(x,y) = (x? +y?) and Q(x,y) = xy have Now let y = vx -. 8) such that 2 = v +5 pea a) P(xy) = (et y)and Qa yx Substituting eqn. (3) & (4}in (2) we have Now let y= vx ws GB) “such that $2 = v + xt » (a) GP 42709) oxy tak i : ‘Substituting eqn. (3) & (4) in'(2) we have : Expanding and separating the variables ne ear ( od dienes (+ vx) + (ux =x) vt x& Expanding and separating the variables 8 sides fodv Pane Saeco. = Inlx| = Inkl =254¢ 5 2 Infx| = tan“ (v) —FIn| — v2) + ¢ © y?=2(Inlx| —2)x? > Inix| = tan? (”) 10. Equations reducible to homogeneous: Defi mn: Any equation of the form dy 2 axtbyte ee ax” extiytg s #40 (0), Where a, b,c,e,f atid g are all constants is, a non-homogencois. This equation rhay be'soived by . © Teducing the equation to a homogeneous.by making the following substitution no ! Let x= X+q‘and y= Y +f such that dx +dX and dy = d¥ di. alxta)soreD ie. , j ae eel eae : ee Lak Ceueeayyirrayes | ts = @" “Where a and f are constants'to be determine by setting ease ‘ac i bb += 0 ae wee fee aie lle er eat FR eG ae 5 3 . : by. ‘Then equation (1) caii-be written a “ "Dr. A.M. Kwami (Lecture Note) : "Page 17ar ax ax+oy exeye Equation (5) is a homogeri¢ous equation, 2 Remirk 7216 $ Example]: Solve the following first order ordinary differential equation ay y E De T asayne Qe Sohtion: : 4 4 yt xtiy4a ) 0 2a eee ae, Devt 2 lax=Xtaand y=¥+p [email protected]=¥ +h Where a and’ are found from Where e and Bare found from 2a-5B+3=0 (2) a+Bp+3=0 + (2) 2a+4f -6=0 . 8) 2a-f-1=0 - (3) Soiving (2) and (3) gives = Land f= 1 Solving (2) and (3) gives « = -2.and B Then equation (1) cah be written Then equation (1) can be written ay = 2x-sr wy _ x42y ax ~ ievay +1) ae ay (a This is homogeneous This is homogeneous let Y = vx (s) let Y= ox (5) a _ a . a ay oe Bavexe 2, Kavexe . (6) Substitiite eqn. (5) & (6) in (4) we have ‘Substitute egn. (5) & (6) in (4) we have dv _ 2X-5(vx) dv _ x42(0x) 9 VENT Teatox) 8 REX Seton) Expandirfy and separating the variables i ing the variables 5 tea py ak Pw . oF —thnl4y — 1] + 2in|v+ 2] = nix] +c. 6) » then equation (3) and (4) are not iidependent and s6 eaninot be solved uniquely for a and f. e eis S nfo? av +7 Solve the following ordinary differential equations” wee no py By aw Bera ai ign + 0H) ae Saya fi): ae Sopp a : ey DrvA.M, Kwami (Lecturé Note) B Page 18, . OASIS B.CILMiscellancous equati ‘Thee are further types of first order equations that occur fairly regularly but do-not fall into’ any of the abore categories. They may be reduced to one of the above equations, however by suitable change of variables. “+ a is a generalization of the homogeneous equations discussed in the previous section and is of the =f 7 3 zs © Oy) e o Where the equation is dimensionally consistent ify and dy are each given a weight m relative to x and d, i. ifthe substitution y = vx™ make it separable Examplel: solve the following Isobaric equations Za biy yy i) es Det my HD 02 Solution: 9 fo Rb) Rearanging the terms, we have [y? +2) det axydy = 0 Giving y and dy the weight m, x and dx the weight 1, the sums of the powers in each term on the LHS are 2m+1, 0 and 2m + 1 respectively. These are equal if 2m +1 =0 ic. ifm = Substituting y = ve" = vx7 ith the results that ty = chav or las Weobtain yav+ =o ‘This is separable and may be integrated directly to give Wweing =0 7 Replacing v by yx -we obtain the solution Yirtinxso me 4) Let us consider the equation 3 peers yey ot | oe 2 iap 2 Where @,6 and ¢ ate constants, ie, x and y appeat on the’RifS in the particulér cémibination [* ak tbyFe and siot any lier combinations or by tlieniselves. This equation can be solved by making the substitution -.” ies ps | USax iby +c in which case :