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Structured Query Language

Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standardized language used to request information from relational databases and perform tasks such as creating tables and manipulating data. It includes Data Definition Language (DDL) for defining database structures, Data Manipulation Language (DML) for managing data, and Data Control Language (DCL) for managing user privileges. Key SQL commands include CREATE, ALTER, DROP, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, GRANT, and REVOKE.

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20 views14 pages

Structured Query Language

Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standardized language used to request information from relational databases and perform tasks such as creating tables and manipulating data. It includes Data Definition Language (DDL) for defining database structures, Data Manipulation Language (DML) for managing data, and Data Control Language (DCL) for managing user privileges. Key SQL commands include CREATE, ALTER, DROP, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, GRANT, and REVOKE.

Uploaded by

bibekbc
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Structured Query

Language
Definition
A standardized query language

Request information from database

Used in relational database management system

Perform tasks such as create table, insert record, update data, retrieve data etc.

Used in Oracle, MySQL, etc


DDL(Data Definition Language)

Used to define the structure of database

Refers the set of SQL commands that can create and manipulate
the structure of database

DDL Commands: CREATE, ALTER, DROP


CREATE

Create a table

Syntax: CREATE TABLE table_name


(attribute1 data_type1,…........., attributen data_typen );

Example:
CREATE TABLE employees(
emp_id INT(5) PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(50), address VARCHAR(100));
ALTER

1 2 3
Add, delete or Syntax: ALTER Example:
modify columns TABLE table_name ALTER TABLE
ADD COLUMN employees
column_name; ADD COLUMN email
VARCHAR(30);
DROP
Delete table

Syntax: DROP TABLE table_name;

Example: DROP TABLE student;


DML (Data Manipulation Language)

Are used for managing data in database

Includes commands to enable users to enter and manipulate


data in a database

DML commands: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE


INSERT

Insertion of new information to the database

Syntax: INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (v1, v2, …, vn);

Example: INSERT INTO employees(emp_id, name, address, email)


VALUES (1001, 'Hari', 'Kamladi', '[email protected]');
SELECT

Retrieve information from database

Syntax: SELECT * FROM table_name;

Example: SELECT * FROM employees;


UPDATE

Modify or update values in database

Syntax: UPDATE table_name SET attribute='value' WHERE


condition;

Example: UPDATE emplyees SET email='[email protected]'


email='[email protected]

WHERE emp_id=1001;
DELETE
• Delete information from database
• Syntax: DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
• Example: DELETE FROM emplyees WHERE emp_id=1004;
DCL(Data Control Language)

Is used to create
privileges to allow
DCL command:
user access to, and
GRANT, REVOKE
manipulation of
database.
GRANT

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To grant privilege to Syntax: GRANT Example: GRANT
a user SELECT ON SELECT
table_name TO ON emplyees TO
user_name; ram_th;
REVOKE

To remove a privilege from a user

Syntax: REVOKE SELECT ON table_name


FROM user_name;
Example: REVOKE SELECT ON emplyees
FROM ram_th;

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