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Linear Regression

The document outlines a data preprocessing and analysis workflow for a CO2 emissions dataset, including data loading, cleaning, and feature encoding. It employs linear regression to predict CO2 emissions based on various vehicle attributes, evaluating model performance with metrics such as R-squared and Mean Absolute Error. Visualizations, including correlation heatmaps and scatter plots, are also utilized to illustrate relationships and model predictions.

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hmussawar477
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6 views9 pages

Linear Regression

The document outlines a data preprocessing and analysis workflow for a CO2 emissions dataset, including data loading, cleaning, and feature encoding. It employs linear regression to predict CO2 emissions based on various vehicle attributes, evaluating model performance with metrics such as R-squared and Mean Absolute Error. Visualizations, including correlation heatmaps and scatter plots, are also utilized to illustrate relationships and model predictions.

Uploaded by

hmussawar477
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data Preprocessing

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn import metrics
from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error, mean_squared_error,
r2_score

df = pd.read_csv('co2.csv')
df.head()

Make Model Vehicle Class Engine Size(L) Cylinders


Transmission \
0 ACURA ILX COMPACT 2.0 4
AS5
1 ACURA ILX COMPACT 2.4 4
M6
2 ACURA ILX HYBRID COMPACT 1.5 4
AV7
3 ACURA MDX 4WD SUV - SMALL 3.5 6
AS6
4 ACURA RDX AWD SUV - SMALL 3.5 6
AS6

Fuel Type Fuel Consumption City (L/100 km) \


0 Z 9.9
1 Z 11.2
2 Z 6.0
3 Z 12.7
4 Z 12.1

Fuel Consumption Hwy (L/100 km) Fuel Consumption Comb (L/100


km) \
0 6.7 8.5

1 7.7 9.6

2 5.8 5.9

3 9.1 11.1

4 8.7 10.6

Fuel Consumption Comb (mpg) CO2 Emissions(g/km)


0 33 196
1 29 221
2 48 136
3 25 255
4 27 244

df.shape
df.columns

Index(['Make', 'Model', 'Vehicle Class', 'Engine Size(L)',


'Cylinders',
'Transmission', 'Fuel Type', 'Fuel Consumption City (L/100
km)',
'Fuel Consumption Hwy (L/100 km)', 'Fuel Consumption Comb
(L/100 km)',
'Fuel Consumption Comb (mpg)', 'CO2 Emissions(g/km)'],
dtype='object')

df = df.drop(['Make', 'Model','Vehicle Class','Transmission'], axis=1)


df.shape

(7385, 8)

df["Fuel Type"].value_counts()

Fuel Type
X 3637
Z 3202
E 370
D 175
N 1
Name: count, dtype: int64

from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder


le = LabelEncoder()
df["Fuel Type"] = le.fit_transform(df["Fuel Type"])
df["Fuel Type"].value_counts()

Fuel Type
3 3637
4 3202
1 370
0 175
2 1
Name: count, dtype: int64

Correlation
correlation = df.corr()
correlation
Engine Size(L) Cylinders Fuel Type
\
Engine Size(L) 1.000000 0.927653 0.058296

Cylinders 0.927653 1.000000 0.125175

Fuel Type 0.058296 0.125175 1.000000

Fuel Consumption City (L/100 km) 0.831379 0.800702 -0.075605

Fuel Consumption Hwy (L/100 km) 0.761526 0.715252 -0.129812

Fuel Consumption Comb (L/100 km) 0.817060 0.780534 -0.095539

Fuel Consumption Comb (mpg) -0.757854 -0.719321 -0.016880

CO2 Emissions(g/km) 0.851145 0.832644 0.100306

Fuel Consumption City (L/100 km) \


Engine Size(L) 0.831379
Cylinders 0.800702
Fuel Type -0.075605
Fuel Consumption City (L/100 km) 1.000000
Fuel Consumption Hwy (L/100 km) 0.948180
Fuel Consumption Comb (L/100 km) 0.993810
Fuel Consumption Comb (mpg) -0.927059
CO2 Emissions(g/km) 0.919592

Fuel Consumption Hwy (L/100 km) \


Engine Size(L) 0.761526
Cylinders 0.715252
Fuel Type -0.129812
Fuel Consumption City (L/100 km) 0.948180
Fuel Consumption Hwy (L/100 km) 1.000000
Fuel Consumption Comb (L/100 km) 0.977299
Fuel Consumption Comb (mpg) -0.890638
CO2 Emissions(g/km) 0.883536

Fuel Consumption Comb (L/100 km) \


Engine Size(L) 0.817060
Cylinders 0.780534
Fuel Type -0.095539
Fuel Consumption City (L/100 km) 0.993810
Fuel Consumption Hwy (L/100 km) 0.977299
Fuel Consumption Comb (L/100 km) 1.000000
Fuel Consumption Comb (mpg) -0.925576
CO2 Emissions(g/km) 0.918052

Fuel Consumption Comb (mpg) \


Engine Size(L) -0.757854
Cylinders -0.719321
Fuel Type -0.016880
Fuel Consumption City (L/100 km) -0.927059
Fuel Consumption Hwy (L/100 km) -0.890638
Fuel Consumption Comb (L/100 km) -0.925576
Fuel Consumption Comb (mpg) 1.000000
CO2 Emissions(g/km) -0.907426

CO2 Emissions(g/km)
Engine Size(L) 0.851145
Cylinders 0.832644
Fuel Type 0.100306
Fuel Consumption City (L/100 km) 0.919592
Fuel Consumption Hwy (L/100 km) 0.883536
Fuel Consumption Comb (L/100 km) 0.918052
Fuel Consumption Comb (mpg) -0.907426
CO2 Emissions(g/km) 1.000000

# constructing a heatmap to nderstand the correlation


plt.figure(figsize=(8,8))
sns.heatmap(correlation, cbar=True, square=True, fmt='.1f',
annot=True, annot_kws={'size':8}, cmap='Blues')

<Axes: >
DATA SPLITING
X = df.drop(['CO2 Emissions(g/km)'], axis=1)
Y = df['CO2 Emissions(g/km)']

X.head()

Engine Size(L) Cylinders Fuel Type Fuel Consumption City (L/100


km) \
0 2.0 4 4
9.9
1 2.4 4 4
11.2
2 1.5 4 4
6.0
3 3.5 6 4
12.7
4 3.5 6 4
12.1

Fuel Consumption Hwy (L/100 km) Fuel Consumption Comb (L/100


km) \
0 6.7 8.5

1 7.7 9.6

2 5.8 5.9

3 9.1 11.1

4 8.7 10.6

Fuel Consumption Comb (mpg)


0 33
1 29
2 48
3 25
4 27

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split


X_TRAIN , X_TEST , Y_TRAIN, Y_TEST = train_test_split(X,Y, test_size =
0.25, random_state=25)
print("Size of Train X = " , len(X_TRAIN))
print("Size of Train Y = " , len(Y_TRAIN))
print("Size of Test X = " , len(X_TEST))
print("Size of Test Y = " , len(Y_TEST))

Size of Train X = 5538


Size of Train Y = 5538
Size of Test X = 1847
Size of Test Y = 1847

LINEAR REGRESSION
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
model= LinearRegression()
model.fit(X_TRAIN, Y_TRAIN)

LinearRegression()
Evaluation
Prediction on Training Data
# accuracy for prediction on training data
training_data_prediction = model.predict(X_TRAIN)
print(training_data_prediction)

[277.53821201 312.33640233 147.36539728 ... 298.22931218 239.77783577


201.51288521]

# R squared error
score_1 = metrics.r2_score(Y_TRAIN, training_data_prediction)

# Mean Absolute Error


score_2 = metrics.mean_absolute_error(Y_TRAIN,
training_data_prediction)

print("R squared : ", score_1)


print('Mean Absolute Error : ', score_2)

R squared : 0.9124830358066793
Mean Absolute Error : 11.128722988272692

plt.scatter(Y_TRAIN, training_data_prediction)
plt.xlabel("Actual Prices")
plt.ylabel("Predicted Prices")
plt.title("Actual Price vs Preicted Price")
plt.show()
Prediction on Test Data
y_pred = model.predict(X_TEST)
y_pred
print(y_pred)

[232.4062013 280.46048354 246.9986957 ... 232.6947596 188.04758241


175.35879895]

# R squared Score
score_1 = metrics.r2_score(Y_TEST, y_pred)

# Mean Absolute Error


score_2 = metrics.mean_absolute_error(Y_TEST, y_pred)

print("R squared Score : ", score_1)


print('Mean Absolute Error : ', score_2)

R squared Score : 0.915458485471068


Mean Absolute Error : 10.936146875715842

plt.scatter(Y_TEST, y_pred)
plt.xlabel("Actual")
plt.ylabel("Predicted")
plt.title("Actual vs Preicted")
plt.show()

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