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Plotly tutorial
Last Updated : 26 Dec, 2023
Plotly library in Python is an open-source library that can be used for data
visualization and understanding data simply and easily. Plotly supports various
types of plots like line charts, scatter plots, histograms, box plots, etc. So you
all must be wondering why Plotly is over other visualization tools or libraries.
So here are some reasons :

Plotly has hover tool capabilities that allow us to detect any outliers or
anomalies in a large number of data points.
It is visually attractive and can be accepted by a wide range of audiences.
Plotly generally allows us endless customization of our graphs and makes
our plot more meaningful and understandable for others.

This tutorial aims at providing you the insight about Plotly with the help of the
huge dataset explaining the Plotly from basics to advance and covering all the
popularly used charts.

Table of Content
How to install Plotly?
Package Structure of Plotly

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Getting Started
Creating Different Types of Charts
Heatmaps
Error Bars
3D Line Plots
3D Scatter Plot Plotly
3D Surface Plots
Interacting with the Plots
Adding Buttons to the Plot
Creating Sliders and Selectors to the Plot
More Plots using Plotly
How to install Plotly?
Before installing Plotly in system, you need to install pip in your system, Refer
to –

Download and install pip Latest Version

Plotly does not come built-in with Python. To install it type the below
command in the terminal.

pip install plotly

This may take some time as it will install the dependencies as well.
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Package Structure of Plotly

There are three main modules in Plotly. They are:

plotly.plotly
plotly.graph.objects
plotly.tools

plotly.plotly acts as the interface between the local machine and Plotly. It
contains functions that require a response from Plotly’s server.

plotly.graph_objects module contains the objects (Figure, layout, data, and the
definition of the plots like scatter plot, line chart) that are responsible for
creating the plots. The Figure can be represented either as dict or instances of
plotly.graph_objects.Figure and these are serialized as JSON before it gets
passed to plotly.js. Consider the below example for better understanding.

Note: plotly.express module can create the entire Figure at once. It uses the
graph_objects internally and returns the graph_objects.Figure instance.

Example:

Python3

import plotly.express as px

# Creating the Figure instance

fig = px.line(x=[1,2, 3], y=[1, 2, 3])

# printing the figure instance

print(fig)

Output:

Figure({
'data': [{'hovertemplate': 'x=%{x}<br>y=%{y}<extra></extra>',
'legendgroup': '',
'line': {'color': '#636efa', 'dash': 'solid'},
'marker': {'symbol': 'circle'},

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'mode': 'lines',
'name': '',
'orientation': 'v',
'showlegend': False,
'type': 'scatter',
'x': array([1, 2, 3]),
'xaxis': 'x',
'y': array([1, 2, 3]),
'yaxis': 'y'}],
'layout': {'legend': {'tracegroupgap': 0},
'margin': {'t': 60},
'template': '...',
'xaxis': {'anchor': 'y', 'domain': [0.0, 1.0], 'title':
{'text': 'x'}},
'yaxis': {'anchor': 'x', 'domain': [0.0, 1.0], 'title':
{'text': 'y'}}}
})

Figures are represented as trees where the root node has three top layer
attributes – data, layout, and frames and the named nodes called ‘attributes’.
Consider the above example, layout.legend is a nested dictionary where the
legend is the key inside the dictionary whose value is also a dictionary.

plotly.tools module contains various tools in the forms of the functions that
can enhance the Plotly experience.

Getting Started
After learning the installation and basic structure of the Plotly, let’s create a
simple plot using the pre-defined data sets defined by the plotly.

Example:

Python3

import plotly.express as px

# Creating the Figure instance

fig = px.line(x=[1, 2, 3], y=[1, 2, 3])

# showing the plot

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fig.show()

Output:

In the above example, the plotly.express module is imported which returns the
Figure instance. We have created a simple line chart by passing the x, y
coordinates of the points to be plotted.

Creating Different Types of Charts

With plotly we can create more than 40 charts and every plot can be created
using the plotly.express and plotly.graph_objects class. Let’s see some
commonly used charts with the help of Plotly.

Line Chart

Line plot in Plotly is much accessible and illustrious annexation to plotly which
manage a variety of types of data and assemble easy-to-style statistic. With
px.line each data position is represented as a vertex (which location is given
by the x and y columns) of a polyline mark in 2D space.

Example:

Python3

import plotly.express as px

# using the iris dataset

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df = px.data.iris()

# plotting the line chart

fig = px.line(df, x="species", y="petal_width")

# showing the plot

fig.show()

Output:

Refer to the below articles to get detailed information about the line charts.

plotly.express.line() function in Python

Line Chart using Plotly in Python

Bar Chart

A bar chart is a pictorial representation of data that presents categorical data

with rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to the values that
they represent. In other words, it is the pictorial representation of dataset.
These data sets contain the numerical values of variables that represent the
length or height.

Example:

Python3

import plotly.express as px

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# using the iris dataset

df = px.data.iris()

# plotting the bar chart

fig = px.bar(df, x="sepal_width", y="sepal_length")

# showing the plot

fig.show()

Output:

Refer to the below articles to get detailed information about the bar chart.

Bar chart using Plotly in Python

How to create Stacked bar chart in Python-Plotly?
How to group Bar Charts in Python-Plotly?

Histograms

A histogram contains a rectangular area to display the statistical information

which is proportional to the frequency of a variable and its width in successive
numerical intervals. A graphical representation that manages a group of data
points into different specified ranges. It has a special feature that shows no
gaps between the bars and similar to a vertical bar graph.

Example:

Python3

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import plotly.express as px

# using the iris dataset

df = px.data.iris()

# plotting the histogram

fig = px.histogram(df, x="sepal_length", y="petal_width")

# showing the plot

fig.show()

Output:

Refer to the below articles to get detailed information about the histograms.

Histogram using Plotly in Python

Histograms in Plotly using graph_objects class
How to create a Cumulative Histogram in Plotly?

Scatter Plot and Bubble charts

A scatter plot is a set of dotted points to represent individual pieces of data in

the horizontal and vertical axis. A graph in which the values of two variables
are plotted along X-axis and Y-axis, the pattern of the resulting points reveals
a correlation between them.

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A bubble plot is a scatter plot with bubbles (color-filled circles). Bubbles have
various sizes dependent on another variable in the data. It can be created using
the scatter() method of plotly.express.

Example 1: Scatter Plot

Python3

import plotly.express as px

# using the iris dataset

df = px.data.iris()

# plotting the scatter chart

fig = px.scatter(df, x="species", y="petal_width")

# showing the plot

fig.show()

Output:

Example 2: Bubble Plot

Python3

import plotly.express as px

# using the iris dataset

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df = px.data.iris()

# plotting the bubble chart

fig = px.scatter(df, x="species", y="petal_width",
size="petal_length", color="species")

# showing the plot

fig.show()

Output:

Refer to the below articles to get detailed information about the scatter plots
and bubble plots.

plotly.express.scatter() function in Python

Scatter plot in Plotly using graph_objects class
Scatter plot using Plotly in Python
Bubble chart using Plotly in Python

Pie Charts

A pie chart is a circular statistical graphic, which is divided into slices to

illustrate numerical proportions. It depicts a special chart that uses “pie slices”,
where each sector shows the relative sizes of data. A circular chart cuts in a
form of radii into segments describing relative frequencies or magnitude also
known as circle graph.

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Example:

Python3

import plotly.express as px

# using the tips dataset

df = px.data.tips()

# plotting the pie chart

fig = px.pie(df, values="total_bill", names="day")

# showing the plot

fig.show()

Output:

Refer to the below articles to get detailed information about the pie charts.

Pie plot using Plotly in Python

Box Plots

A Box Plot is also known as Whisker plot is created to display the summary of
the set of data values having properties like minimum, first quartile, median,
third quartile and maximum. In the box plot, a box is created from the first
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quartile to the third quartile, a vertical line is also there which goes through the
box at the median. Here x-axis denotes the data to be plotted while the y-axis
shows the frequency distribution.

Example:

Python3

import plotly.express as px

# using the tips dataset

df = px.data.tips()

# plotting the box chart

fig = px.box(df, x="day", y="total_bill")

# showing the plot

fig.show()

Output:

Refer to the below articles to get detailed information about box plots.

Box Plot using Plotly in Python

Box plot in Plotly using graph_objects class
How to create Grouped box plot in Plotly?

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Violin plots

A Violin Plot is a method to visualize the distribution of numerical data of

different variables. It is similar to Box Plot but with a rotated plot on each side,
giving more information about the density estimate on the y-axis. The density
is mirrored and flipped over and the resulting shape is filled in, creating an
image resembling a violin. The advantage of a violin plot is that it can show
nuances in the distribution that aren’t perceptible in a boxplot. On the other
hand, the boxplot more clearly shows the outliers in the data.

Example:

Python3

import plotly.express as px

# using the tips dataset

df = px.data.tips()

# plotting the violin chart

fig = px.violin(df, x="day", y="total_bill")

# showing the plot

fig.show()

Output:

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Refer to the below articles to get detailed information about the violin plots

Violin Plots using Plotly

Gantt Charts

Generalized Activity Normalization Time Table (GANTT) chart is type of

chart in which series of horizontal lines are present that show the amount of
work done or production completed in given period of time in relation to
amount planned for those projects.

Example:

Python3

import plotly.figure_factory as ff

# Data to be plotted
df = [dict(Task="A", Start='2020-01-01', Finish='2009-02-02'),
dict(Task="Job B", Start='2020-03-01', Finish='2020-11-11'),
dict(Task="Job C", Start='2020-08-06', Finish='2020-09-21')]

# Creating the plot

fig = ff.create_gantt(df)
fig.show()

Output:

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Refer to the below articles to get detailed information about the Gantt Charts.

Gantt Chart in Plotly

Contour Plots

A Contour plots also called level plots are a tool for doing multivariate
analysis and visualizing 3-D plots in 2-D space. If we consider X and Y as our
variables we want to plot then the response Z will be plotted as slices on the
X-Y plane due to which contours are sometimes referred as Z-slices or iso-
response.

A contour plots is used in the case where you want to see the changes in some
value (Z) as a function with respect to the two values (X, Y). Consider the
below example.

Example:

Python3

import plotly.graph_objects as go

# Creating the X, Y value that will

# change the values of Z as a function
feature_x = np.arange(0, 50, 2)
feature_y = np.arange(0, 50, 3)

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# Creating 2-D grid of features

[X, Y] = np.meshgrid(feature_x, feature_y)

Z = np.cos(X / 2) + np.sin(Y / 4)

# plotting the figure

fig = go.Figure(data =
go.Contour(x = feature_x, y = feature_y, z = Z))

fig.show()

Output:

Refer to the below articles to get detailed information about contour plots.

Contour Plots using Plotly in Python

Heatmaps
Heatmap is defined as a graphical representation of data using colors to
visualize the value of the matrix. In this, to represent more common values or
higher activities brighter colors basically reddish colors are used and to
represent less common or activity values, darker colors are preferred. Heatmap
is also defined by the name of the shading matrix.

Example:

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Python3

import plotly.graph_objects as go

feature_x = np.arange(0, 50, 2)

feature_y = np.arange(0, 50, 3)

# Creating 2-D grid of features

[X, Y] = np.meshgrid(feature_x, feature_y)

Z = np.cos(X / 2) + np.sin(Y / 4)

# plotting the figure

fig = go.Figure(data =
go.Heatmap(x = feature_x, y = feature_y, z = Z,))

fig.show()

Output:

Refer to the below articles to get detailed information about the heatmaps.

Create Heatmaps using graph_objects class in Plotly

Annotated Heatmaps using Plotly in Python

Error Bars

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For functions representing 2D data points such as px.scatter, px.line, px.bar,

etc., error bars are given as a column name which is the value of the error_x
(for the error on x position) and error_y (for the error on y position). Error bars
are the graphical presentation alternation of data and used on graphs to imply
the error or uncertainty in a reported capacity.

Example:

Python3

import plotly.express as px

# using the iris dataset

df = px.data.iris()

# Calculating the error field

df["error"] = df["petal_length"]/100

# plotting the scatter chart

fig = px.scatter(df, x="species", y="petal_width",
error_x="error", error_y="error")

# showing the plot

fig.show()

Output:

3D Line Plots
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Line plot in plotly is much accessible and illustrious annexation to plotly which
manage a variety of types of data and assemble easy-to-style statistic. With
px.line_3d each data position is represented as a vertex (which location is
given by the x, y and z columns) of a polyline mark in 3D space.

Example:

Python3

import plotly.express as px

# data to be plotted
df = px.data.tips()

# plotting the figure

fig = px.line_3d(df, x="sex", y="day",
z="time", color="sex")

fig.show()

Output:

Refer to the below articles to get detailed information about the 3D line charts.

plotly.express.line_3d() function in Python

3D Line Plots using Plotly in Python

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3D Scatter Plot Plotly

3D Scatter Plot can plot two-dimensional graphics that can be enhanced by
mapping up to three additional variables while using the semantics of hue, size,
and style parameters. All the parameter control visual semantic which are used
to identify the different subsets. Using redundant semantics can be helpful for
making graphics more accessible. It can be created using the scatter_3d
function of plotly.express class.

Example:

Python3

import plotly.express as px

# Data to be plotted
df = px.data.iris()

# Plotting the figure

fig = px.scatter_3d(df, x = 'sepal_width',
y = 'sepal_length',
z = 'petal_width',
color = 'species')

fig.show()

Output:

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Refer to the below articles to get detailed information about the 3D scatter
plot.

3D scatter plot using Plotly in Python

3D Scatter Plot using graph_objects Class in Plotly-Python
3D Bubble chart using Plotly in Python

3D Surface Plots
Surface plot is those plot which has three-dimensions data which is X, Y, and
Z. Rather than showing individual data points, the surface plot has a functional
relationship between dependent variable Y and have two independent
variables X and Z. This plot is used to distinguish between dependent and
independent variables.

Example:

Python3

import plotly.graph_objects as go
import numpy as np

# Data to be plotted
x = np.outer(np.linspace(-2, 2, 30), np.ones(30))
y = x.copy().T
z = np.cos(x ** 2 + y ** 2)

# plotting the figure

fig = go.Figure(data=[go.Surface(x=x, y=y, z=z)])

fig.show()

Output:

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Interacting with the Plots

Plotly provides various tools for interacting with the plots such as adding
dropdowns, buttons, sliders, etc. These can be created using the update menu
attribute of the plot layout. Let’s see how to do all such things in detail.

Creating Dropdown Menu in Plotly

A drop-down menu is a part of the menu-button which is displayed on a

screen all the time. Every menu button is associated with a Menu widget that
can display the choices for that menu button when clicked on it. In plotly, there
are 4 possible methods to modify the charts by using update menu method.

restyle: modify data or data attributes

relayout: modify layout attributes
update: modify data and layout attributes
animate: start or pause an animation

Example:

Python3

import plotly.graph_objects as px
import numpy as np
# creating random data through randomint
# function of numpy.random
np.random.seed(42)

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# Data to be Plotted
random_x = np.random.randint(1, 101, 100)
random_y = np.random.randint(1, 101, 100)

plot = px.Figure(data=[px.Scatter(
x=random_x,
y=random_y,
mode='markers',)
])

# Add dropdown
plot.update_layout(
updatemenus=[
dict(
buttons=list([
dict(
args=["type", "scatter"],
label="Scatter Plot",
method="restyle"
),
dict(
args=["type", "bar"],
label="Bar Chart",
method="restyle"
)
]),
direction="down",
),
]
)

plot.show()

Output:

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Output

In the above example we have created two graphs for the same data. These
plots are accessible using the dropdown menu.

Adding Buttons to the Plot

In plotly, actions custom Buttons are used to quickly make actions directly
from a record. Custom Buttons can be added to page layouts in CRM,
Marketing, and Custom Apps. There are also 4 possible methods that can be
applied in custom buttons:

restyle: modify data or data attributes

relayout: modify layout attributes
update: modify data and layout attributes
animate: start or pause an animation

Example:

Python3

import plotly.graph_objects as px
import pandas as pd

df = go.data.tips()

plot = px.Figure(data=[px.Scatter(
x=data['day'],
y=data['tip'],
mode='markers',)

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])

# Add dropdown
plot.update_layout(
updatemenus=[
dict(
type="buttons",
direction="left",
buttons=list([
dict(
args=["type", "scatter"],
label="Scatter Plot",
method="restyle"
),
dict(
args=["type", "bar"],
label="Bar Chart",
method="restyle"
)
]),
),
]
)

plot.show()

Output:

In this example also we are creating two different plots on the same data and
both plots are accessible by the buttons.

Creating Sliders and Selectors to the Plot

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In plotly, the range slider is a custom range-type input control. It allows

selecting a value or a range of values between a specified minimum and
maximum range. And the range selector is a tool for selecting ranges to display
within the chart. It provides buttons to select pre-configured ranges in the
chart. It also provides input boxes where the minimum and maximum dates can
be manually input.

Example:

Python3

import plotly.graph_objects as px
import plotly.express as go
import numpy as np

df = go.data.tips()

x = df['total_bill']
y = df['day']

plot = px.Figure(data=[px.Scatter(
x=x,
y=y,
mode='lines',)
])

plot.update_layout(
xaxis=dict(
rangeselector=dict(
buttons=list([
dict(count=1,
step="day",
stepmode="backward"),
])
),
rangeslider=dict(
visible=True
),
)
)

plot.show()

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Output:

Output

More Plots using Plotly

plotly.express.scatter_geo() function in Python
plotly.express.scatter_polar() function in Python
plotly.express.scatter_ternary() function in Python
plotly.express.line_ternary() function in Python
Filled area chart using plotly in Python
How to Create Stacked area plot using Plotly in Python?
Sunburst Plot using Plotly in Python
Sunburst Plot using graph_objects class in plotly
plotly.figure_factory.create_annotated_heatmap() function in Python
plotly.figure_factory.create_2d_density() function in Python
Ternary contours Plot using Plotly in Python
How to make Log Plots in Plotly – Python?
Polar Charts using Plotly in Python
Carpet Contour Plot using Plotly in Python
Ternary Plots in Plotly
How to create a Ternary Overlay using Plotly?
Parallel Coordinates Plot using Plotly in Python
Carpet Plots using Plotly in Python
3D Cone Plots using Plotly in Python
3D Volume Plots using Plotly in Python
3D Streamtube Plots using Plotly in Python

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3D Mesh Plots using Plotly in Python

How to create Tables using Plotly in Python?
plotly.figure_factory.create_dendrogram() function in Python
Define Node position in Sankey Diagram in plotly
Sankey Diagram using Plotly in Python
Quiver Plots using Plotly in Python
Treemap using Plotly in Python
Treemap using graph_objects class in plotly
plotly.figure_factory.create_candlestick() function in Python
plotly.figure_factory.create_choropleth() function in Python
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Streamline Plots in Plotly using Python
How to make Wind Rose and Polar Bar Charts in Plotly – Python?
Title alignment in Plotly
Change marker border color in Plotly – Python
Plot Live Graphs using Python Dash and Plotly
Animated Data Visualization using Plotly Express
Introduction to Plotly-online using Python
How to display image using Plotly?

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