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Wide-Stopband SIW Filters Using Modified Multi-Spurious Modes Suppression

Technique

Article in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs · March 2020
DOI: 10.1109/TCSII.2020.2982449

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 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—II: EXPRESS BRIEFS, VOL. 67, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2020 2883

Wide-Stopband SIW Filters Using Modified

Multi-Spurious Modes Suppression Technique
Hao-Wei Xie , Student Member, IEEE, Kang Zhou , Member, IEEE,
Chun-Xia Zhou , Member, IEEE, and Wen Wu , Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—A modified multi-spurious modes suppression tech- stopband is also limited and unsatisfactory owing to closely
nique is proposed to realize wide-stopband substrate-integrated spaced TZs. Another method of adding suppression slots is
waveguide (SIW) bandpass filters (BPFs), which is to set the applied in [7]–[9], but the stopbands are confined as well.
external ports and internal coupling windows to the positions To significantly extend the stopbands and reduce footprints,
of weakest electric fields of specific spurious modes. To extend quarter-/eighth-/sixteenth-mode SIW cavities are applied to
the stopband as wide as possible with the limited design degrees wide-stopband BPFs based on their inherent property of widely
of freedom, different feeding and coupling positions are fully
separated resonant modes [10]–[12]. However, extra struc-
exploited to reject unwanted modes in specific cavities. By sup-
pressing the out-of-band spurious peaks as much as possible and tures such as the etching slots have to be introduced and
removing the first unsuppressed spurious resonance to the far- the much lower unloaded quality factor (Qu ) would definitely
thest position, the widest stopband can be achieved intrinsically. lead to increased ILs. Additionally, by using disparate SIW
A second- and a third-order SIW BPFs are synthesized, designed, cavities with the same fundamental frequency, higher order
fabricated, and tested as demonstrations, realizing the stopbands resonances can be staggered well to realize better out-of-band
of 2.51f 0 and 3.85f 0 with the rejection level better than 25 dB performance [9], [13], [14], but the limitations on the rejec-
and 20 dB, respectively. tion level and stopband bandwidth still exist due to the serried
Index Terms—Bandpass filter (BPF), multi-spurious modes harmonics. Subsequently, the appropriately arranged external
suppression technique, substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW), ports are utilized to intrinsically reject the spurious peaks in
wide-stopband. microstrip [15] or SIW [16]–[18] structures, with the shackle
of complex multilayered structures, more unsuppressed modes,
and lower-orders. From the above, it is still a challenging task
to extend the stopband to a great extent with simple planar
I. I NTRODUCTION structures and straightforward design procedures.
ITH the fast development of modern wireless commu-
W nication technology, the great demands for cutting-edge
microwave and millimeter-wave components, devices, circuits,
In this brief, a simple modified multi-spurious modes sup-
pression technique is proposed to design planar wide-stopband
SIW BPFs, realizing much wider stopband compared with
and systems are growing rapidly. When it comes to bandpass the prior reported works without using extra components. By
filters (BPFs), the high-performance, low-cost, high-integrity, setting the external excitation ports and internal coupling win-
and high power-capacity substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) dows to the positions of weakest electric fields of specific
technology has provided an outstanding platform. unwanted modes in specific cavities instead of all cavities,
As a very important figure-of-merit for SIW BPFs, the more spurious peaks can be suppressed intrinsically. A second-
wide-stopband characteristics are always constructive with and a third-order SIW BPFs are synthesized, designed, fab-
an efficient reduction of the external or internal signal ricated, and tested for demonstration, with their stopbands
interferences, whose realization methods can broadly be extended to 2.51f 0 and 3.85f 0 with the rejection level better
divided into several categories [1]–[18]. Firstly, the reasonably than 25 dB and 20 dB, respectively.
designed low-pass filter (LPF) is used to improve the upper- This brief is arranged as follows. Section II conducts the
stopband [1], [2], leading to increased insertion losses (ILs) and investigation of the proposed modified multi-spurious modes
circuit sizes. To achieve better performances and more compact suppression technique, and Section III demonstrates the syn-
sizes, a commonly used method is to introduce transmission thesis and design of the second- and third-order wide-stopband
zeros (TZs) produced by cross couplings, mixed couplings, SIW BPFs. Finally, Section IV draws concise conclusions.
and defected ground structure (DGS) [3]–[6]. Nevertheless, the
II. P ROPOSED M ODIFIED M ULTI -S PURIOUS M ODES
Manuscript received December 23, 2019; accepted March 18, 2020. Date of
publication March 23, 2020; date of current version November 24, 2020. This S UPPRESSION T ECHNIQUE
brief was recommended by Associate Editor A. J. Acosta. (Corresponding A. Modified Multi-Spurious Modes Suppression Technique
author: Chun-Xia Zhou.)
Hao-Wei Xie, Chun-Xia Zhou, and Wen Wu are with the Ministerial Key As is known to all, the resonant mode in an SIW rectangular
Laboratory of JGMT, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing cavity would be intrinsically suppressed to some extent if it
210094, China (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; is coupled at the region of its weakest electric field, which
[email protected]). has already been applied to improve the stopband of SIW
Kang Zhou is with the Poly-Grames Research Center, École Polytechnique BPFs in [16] and [17]. To show more clearly the suppres-
de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada (e-mail: [email protected]).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this article are available sion mechanism, Fig. 1 illustrates the electric field magnitude
online at https://ieeexplore.ieee.org. distributions of the first several leading modes in an SIW
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TCSII.2020.2982449 rectangular cavity, where the arrows indicate the external or
1549-7747 
c 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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 2884 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—II: EXPRESS BRIEFS, VOL. 67, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2020

Fig. 1. Electric field magnitude distributions of the first several leading

modes in an SIW rectangular cavity. (The arrows indicate the external or
internal coupling positions for the suppression of spurious modes.).

internal coupling positions for the suppression of spurious

modes. For instance, if TE201 or TE102 mode needs to be
rejected, the cavity should be coupled at the center region
of the corresponding sidewall. Similarly, to suppress TE301
or TE103 mode, the coupling windows should be placed at
one third of the corresponding sidewall. Besides, the suppres-
sion position for TE302 mode should be arranged at half of
the top or bottom sidewall, or one third of the left or right
sidewall. In [16] and [17], only two centered external ports Fig. 2. Curves of k = f TEm0q /f TE101 against W/L. (The red and black thick
lines indicate the curves of TE103 and TE501 modes, respectively.).
are employed to reject even modes in two coupled cavities,
but other higher-order ones are still not taken into account.
Therefore, the stopband can only be extended to 2.5f 0 at most
by using the conventional techniques.
To effectively extend the stopband, a modified multi-
spurious modes suppression technique is proposed and would
be demonstrated. Different from the conventional intrinsic sup-
pression technique that all the ports or windows focus on
specific one or two modes, our goal is to reject different spu-
rious modes by fully exploiting the position of each external
port and internal coupling window. Theoretically, for a BPF
composed of several identical cavities, the spurious modes in
specific one or two cavities instead of all cavities can also be
rejected to realize desired stopband rejection level in many
cases. Given this fact, varied positions of each external port
and internal coupling window have been set to the regions Fig. 3. Geometric configurations of the (a) second-order and (b) third-order
wide-stopband SIW BPFs.
of weakest electric field of different spurious modes in cor-
responding cavities to suppress these unwanted resonances in
this brief. After that, wider stopband would be obtained only synthesized and designed, just as shown in Fig. 3. There are
if we determine the cavity dimensions to remove the first two ports and one coupling sidewall available to suppress spu-
unsuppressed spurious resonances as far as possible. rious modes for the second-order BPF, which is composed
According to the frequency ratio design formula in [13] of two identical rectangular cavities as shown in Fig. 3(a).
 Similarly, the third-order BPF shown in Fig. 3(b) composed of
fTEm0q m2 − q2 three identical cavities possesses four design degrees of free-
k= = q2 + (1)
fTE101 1 + (W/L)2 dom to suppress the spurious modes. As the order of the BPF
increases, the design degrees of freedom for the suppression
where m and q are the mode indices while W and L are of spurious modes also increase.
the physical width and length of a rectangular cavity, the For the second-order BPF, the centered Port 1 is arranged to
frequency distributions can be obtained as shown in Fig. 2, reject TEm0q (m = 2, 4, 6 . . .) modes of Resonator 1 (R1) and
which depicts the curves of frequency ratio k = f TEm0q /f TE101 the centered Port 2 is arranged to reject TEm0q (q = 2, 4, 6 . . .)
against W/L. As can be seen, with W/L increasing, k decreases modes of Resonator 2 (R2). To simultaneously suppress TEm0q
when m > q, increases when m < q, and remains unchanged (m = 3, 6, 9 . . .) modes of R1 and R2, the symmetric two cou-
when m = q. Therefore, two kinds of suppression strategies pling windows are placed at the one third of the common
are concluded in all circumstances. If the first unsuppressed sidewall instead of a wider one in consideration of avoid-
spurious mode is TEm0q (m > q), let W/L decrease even close ing the deterioration of the rejection level. The first spurious
to 1 to extend the stopband maximally. If the first unsuppressed mode that could not be eliminated by proposed suppression
spurious mode is TEm0q (m < q), let W/L increase up to the technique would be TE103 or TE501 mode, which we wish to
position of the frequency of the first unsuppressed spurious remove simultaneously as far as possible. Since the change of
mode close to the next one. f TE103 /f TE101 and f TE501 /f TE101 appears reverse trends against
W/L as indicated in Fig. 2, the point √ P1 can be extracted as
B. Application to the Second- and Third-Order BPFs f TE103 /f TE101 = fTE 501 /f TE101 = 7 ≈ 2.65 with W/L =
√
To validate the theory, two design examples, including 3 ≈ 1.73. As a result, the theoretical value W/L ≈ 1.73 is
a second- and a third-order wide-stopband SIW BPFs are chosen to design the second-order wide-stopband SIW BPF,

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 XIE et al.: WIDE-STOPBAND SIW FILTERS USING MODIFIED MULTI-SPURIOUS MODES SUPPRESSION TECHNIQUE 2885

Fig. 4. Frequency distributions of the first several leading modes normalized

to the fundamental one in the identical cavities of the second-order wide-
stopband SIW BPF. (The grey shadows indicate the unsuppressed spurious
modes of corresponding cavities). Fig. 6. Design curves of (a) external quality factor Qe versus the coupling
slot length ls and (b) internal coupling coefficients Mij versus the coupling
windows width wij for the second- and third-order BPFs.

III. S YNTHESIS AND D ESIGN OF W IDE -S TOPBAND BPF S

A. Synthesis and Design of the Second-Order BPF
The prototype is designed and fabricated on Rogers
RT/Duriod 5880 substrate with the relative dielectric constant
εr = 2.2, thickness h = 0.508 mm, and tanδ = 0.0009, while
Fig. 5. Frequency distributions of the first several leading modes nor- the diameter of the via-holes d = 0.6 mm and center-to-center
malized to the fundamental one in the identical cavities of the third-order pitch p = 1 mm are selected. The second-order BPF, synthe-
wide-stopband SIW BPF. sized with Chebyshev response and 20 dB return loss (RL),
is centered at f 0 = 6.5 GHz with the ripple fractional band-
and the frequency distributions of the first several leading width (FBW) of 0.9%, i.e., 3-dB FBW of 2.11%. Therefore,
modes normalized to the fundamental one in the two identical the theoretical external quality factor and the internal coupling
cavities are shown in Fig. 4. As can be seen, the first several coefficients can be obtained as Qe = 74.07 and M 12 = 0.0149
spurious modes in at least one cavity could be suppressed, based on the synthesis approach developed in [19]. Figs. 6(a)
and the first spurious mode that could not be suppressed by and (b) show the curves of Qe versus the coupling slot length
the modified technique is TE103 or TE501 mode, which is ls with ws = 0.7 mm and wi = 4 mm (ws = 1.2 mm and
corresponding to the aforementioned analysis. wi = 5.2 mm for Port 2 of the second-order BPF), and Mij
As for the third-order BPF, there are two external ports versus the coupling windows width wij for the second- and
and two coupling sidewalls that can be used to reject the third-order BPFs, respectively. According to the theoretical Qe
resonances. The centered Port 1 is arranged to reject TEm0q and Mij , the required ls1 , ls2 , and w12 of the second-order BPF
(m = 2, 4, 6 . . .) modes of R1 and the centered Port 2 is can then be derived.
arranged to reject TEm0q (q = 2, 4, 6 . . .) modes of Resonator Fig. 7 gives the simulated, the measured, and the theoretical
3 (R3). Compared with the second-order BPF, one more cou- results with average unloaded quality factor Qu = 400, with
pling sidewall could be used to suppress the harmonics so the photograph of the fabricated filter inserted and the final
that the coupling windows between R1 and R2 are set to dimensions followed. The overall circuit size of the print is
reject TEm0q (m = 3, 6, 9 . . .) modes of R1 and R2 while 37.09 mm × 32.01 mm, i.e., 1.19 λg × 1.03λg. The simu-
the coupling windows between R2 and R3 are set to reject lated 3-dB bandwidth and FBW are 0.131 GHz and 2.02%,
TEm0q (q = 3, 6, 9 . . .) modes of R2 and R3. Therefore, respectively, while the measured 3-dB bandwidth and FBW are
the first spurious mode that could not be rejected by the 0.125 GHz and 1.92%, respectively. The minimum measured
suppression technique would be TE501 mode. By using (1), IL is 2.52 dB, while the stopband is extended to 2.51f 0 with
when W/L = 1, the widest √ stopband can be implemented the rejection level better than 25 dB, and to 1.77f 0 with the
with f TE501 /f TE101 = 13 ≈ 3.61 in theory, shown as the rejection level better than 37 dB. Fig. 8 shows the comparison
point P2 in Fig. 2. Finally, we choose W/L = 1.11 instead of the simulated results between the proposed second-order
of W/L = 1 to reduce the influence between the degen- BPF with 3-dB FBWs of 2%, 5%, 8%, 12%, and the con-
erate modes. Fig. 5 depicts the frequency distributions of ventional BPF composed of two coupled square cavities with
the first several leading modes normalized to the fundamen- 3-dB FBW of 2%. As can be seen, our BPFs implement much
tal one in the cavities of the third-order wide-stopband SIW better stopband performances compared with the conventional
BPF. Obviously, the stopband may be extended to 3.43f 0 in one without the deterioration of IL, and with FBW increasing,
theory. the stopband bandwidth and suppression level become worse
Compared with the conventional intrinsic suppression tech- while the IL decreases with it.
nique, the advantages of the modified one are listed as Fig. 9 shows the electric field magnitude distributions in the
follows. second-order wide-stopband SIW BPF with the excitation of
(1) Much more spurious modes can be intrinsically sup- Port 1 or Port 2 at f TE101 , f TE201 , and f TE301 , respectively.
pressed because all the ports or coupling windows are As can be seen, TE101 mode of each cavity comprises the
efficiently employed to suppress different spurious modes. passband regardless of the excitation ports. When setting Port
(2) Planar structures and compact circuit sizes can be 1 as excitation port, TE201 mode could not be excited in R1
realized without extra components or distributed elements. and R2, while TE301 mode is excited in R1 but could not be
(3) Higher orders can be implemented thanks to asymmet- excited in R2 and transmitted to Port 2 as shown in Fig. 9(a).
rical planar structures, leading to much wider stopband. When setting Port 2 as excitation port, TE201 mode is excited

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 2886 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—II: EXPRESS BRIEFS, VOL. 67, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2020

Fig. 10. Comparison of the theoretical, the simulated, and the measured
Fig. 7. Comparison of the theoretical, the simulated, and the measured results results with the inserted photograph of the fabricated third-order wide-
with the inserted photograph of the fabricated second-order wide-stopband stopband BPF. Dimensions in mm: w0 = 1.55, ls1 = 3, ls2 = 3.4,
BPF. Dimensions in mm: w0 = 1.55, ls1 = 3.15, ws1 = 0.7, wi1 = 4, ws1 = ws2 = 0.5, wi1 = wi2 = 4, w1 = w3 = 20, w2 = 20.14,
ls2 = 3.15, ws2 = 0.9, wi2 = 5, w1 = w2 = 31, l1 = 17.95, l2 = 18.13, l1 = l2 = l3 = 18, w12 = 3.9, t12 = 3.33, w23 = 4.2, t23 = 3.
w12 = 4.26, t12 = 5.17.

Fig. 8. Comparison of the simulated results between the proposed second-

Fig. 11. Comparison of the simulated results between the proposed third-
order BPF with 3-dB FBWs of 2%, 5%, 8%, 12%, and the conventional
order BPF with 3-dB FBWs of 2%, 5%, 8%, and the conventional third-order
second-order BPF with 3-dB FBW of 2%. (ILs: 1.75/0.81/0.55/0.42/1.67 dB).
BPF with 3-dB FBW of 2%. (ILs: 2.36/1.01/0.71/2.32 dB).

Fig. 9. Electric field magnitude distributions in the second-order wide-

stopband SIW BPF with the excitation of (a) Port 1 and (b) Port 2 at f TE101 ,
f TE201 , and f TE301 , respectively.
Fig. 12. Electric field magnitude distributions in the third-order wide-
stopband SIW BPF with the excitation of (a) Port 1 and (b) Port 2 at f TE101 ,
in R2 and R1 but could not be transmitted to Port 1, while f TE201 , and f TE301 , respectively.
TE301 mode is excited in R2 but could not be excited in R1
and transmitted to Port 1 as shown in Fig. 9(b). Therefore, both are 0.139 GHz and 1.84%, respectively. The minimum mea-
TE201 and TE301 modes could be suppressed, which is also sured IL is 3.22 dB. Because the harmonics produced by TE501
applied to the other higher-order ones. It is worth mentioning modes are coincidently suppressed up to 20 dB by the cou-
that the distortion of TE301 mode comes from the impact of pling windows between R1 and R2, the stopband is extended
adjacent TE102 mode. near the frequency of the next unsuppressed TE105 mode, lead-
ing to the stopband to 3.85f 0 with the rejection level better
than 20 dB, and to 3.05f 0 with rejection level better than
B. Synthesis and Design of the Third-Order BPF 34 dB. Fig. 11 shows the comparison of the simulated results
The third-order BPF, synthesized with Chebyshev response between the proposed third-order BPF with 3-dB FBWs of
and 20 dB RL, is centered at f 0 = 7.55 GHz with the 2%, 5%, 8%, and the conventional BPF with 3-dB FBW of
ripple-FBW of 1.32%, i.e., 3-dB FBW of 1.93%. Therefore, 2%. Similar to the second-order one, as FBW increasing, the
the theoretical Qe and M 12 = M 23 can be obtained as 64.7 stopband performance becomes worse while the IL decreases
and 0.0136, respectively, and the required ls1 , ls2 , w12 , and accordingly.
w23 can then be derived as shown in Fig 6. Fig. 10 displays Fig. 12 shows the electric field magnitude distributions in
the simulated, the measured, and the theoretical results with the third-order wide-stopband SIW BPF with the excitation
average Qu = 400. The overall circuit size of the print is of Port 1 and Port 2 at f TE101 , f TE201 , and f TE301 , respec-
41.15 mm × 37.01 mm, i.e., 1.54λg × 1.38λg. The simu- tively, indicating that TE101 mode of each cavity comprises
lated 3-dB bandwidth and FBW are 0.147 GHz and 1.95%, the passband. When setting Port 1 as excitation port, TE201
respectively, while the measured 3-dB bandwidth and FBW mode could not be excited in all cavities, while TE301 mode is

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 XIE et al.: WIDE-STOPBAND SIW FILTERS USING MODIFIED MULTI-SPURIOUS MODES SUPPRESSION TECHNIQUE 2887

TABLE I
C OMPARISONS W ITH S OME R EPORTED W IDE -S TOPBAND SIW BPF S

excited in R1 but could not be excited in R2 and R3 as shown [4] F. Zhu, W. Hong, J. X. Chen, and K. Wu, “Wide stopband substrate
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mode is excited in all cavities but could not be transmitted to no. 1, pp. 50–52, Jan. 2013.
[5] S. Kurudere and V. B. Ertürk, “Novel SIW based interdigital bandpass
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not be excited in R1 as shown in Fig. 12(b). Therefore, both Rome, Italy, Oct. 2014, pp. 845–848.
TE201 and TE301 modes could be suppressed. [6] A. R. Azad and A. Mohan, “Substrate integrated waveguide dual-band
and wide-stopband bandpass filters,” IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon.
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Table I shows the comparisons between the proposed wide- waveguide,” Electron. Lett., vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 314–316, Mar. 2009.
stopband SIW BPFs and the other reported designs. Compared [8] W. Shen, X.-W. Sun, W.-Y. Yin, J.-F. Mao, and Q.-F. Wei, “Design
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been obtained by our designs with more compact circuit sizes. [9] M. Salehi and E. Mehrshahi, “Spurious-response suppression of sub-
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It is noticeable that the quarter-, eighth-, and sixteenth-mode slotted plane structures,” Int. J. RF Microw. Comput.-Aided Eng., vol. 21,
cavities with low Qu in [10]–[12] could only be applied to no. 6, pp. 650–657, Nov. 2011.
lower frequency bands with increased ILs, and the open struc- [10] A. P. Saghati, A. P. Saghati, and K. Entesari, “Ultra-miniature SIW cav-
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[11] A. R. Azad and A. Mohan, “A compact sixteenth-mode sub-
complex multilayered and folded structures. Consequently, our strate integrated waveguide bandpass filter with improved out-of-
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much better stopband responses. pp. 1728–1733, Jul. 2017.
[12] L. Li, Z. Wu, K. Yang, X. Lai, and Z. Lei, “A novel miniature single-
layer eighth-mode SIW filter with improved out-of-band rejection,” IEEE
IV. C ONCLUSION Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 407–409, May 2018.
[13] K. Zhou, C.-X. Zhou, and W. Wu, “Resonance characteristics of
A modified multi-spurious modes suppression technique is substrate-integrated rectangular cavity and their applications to dual-
proposed in this brief to realize wide-stopband SIW BPFs, band and wide-stopband bandpass filters design,” IEEE Trans. Microw.
obtaining the widest stopband with full-mode SIW so far. Two Theory Techn., vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 1511–1524, May 2017.
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band filter with wide-stopband performance,” Electron. Lett., vol. 53,
synthesized, designed, fabricated, and tested as demonstra- no. 16, pp. 1121–1123, Aug. 2017.
tions. Much more spurious harmonics have been suppressed [15] J.-X. Chen, Y.-L. Li, W. Qin, Y.-J. Yang, and Z.-H. Bao, “Compact multi-
and the upper stopbands are extended to 2.51f 0 and 3.85f 0 , layer bandpass filter with wide stopband using selective feeding scheme,”
respectively. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs, vol. 65, no. 8, pp. 1009–1013,
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[16] R. Moro, S. Moscato, M. Bozzi, and L. Perregrini, “Substrate inte-
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