LEVEL:BSLIS

COURSE CODE
Assignment No.1
Aut 2024

Student’s Name: Gul Bibi

Student’s ID. 00000753548
Course Code: 9213

Assignment No: 1

Q:1 Discuss ‘creating static web page reports’ and creating dynamic web page
report’ with examples.

Static internet pages are quite simple. it's miles written in languages together with HTML,
JavaScript, CSS, and so on. For static web pages whilst a server receives a request for a
web web page, then the server sends the response to the consumer with out doing any extra
procedure. these web pages are visible thru a web browser. In static internet pages, Pages
will stay the same until a person changes it manually.

Dynamic Web Pages are written in languages such as CGI, AJAX, ASP, ASP.NET, etc. In dynamic web pages, the
Content of pages is different for different visitors. It takes more time to load than the static web page. Dynamic web
pages are used where the information is changed frequently, for example, stock prices, weather information, etc.

Static Web Page Dynamic Web Page

In static web pages, Pages will remain

In dynamic web pages, Content of pages are
same until someone changes it
different for different visitors.
manually.

Static Web Pages are simple in terms of

Dynamic web pages are complicated.
complexity.

In static web pages, Information are In dynamic web page, Information are
change rarely. change frequently.
 Static Web Page Dynamic Web Page

Static Web Page takes less time for Dynamic web page takes more time for
loading than dynamic web page. loading.

In Static Web Pages, database is not

In dynamic web pages, database is used.
used.

Static web pages are written in

Dynamic web pages are written in languages
languages such as: HTML, JavaScript,
such as: CGI, AJAX, ASP, ASP.NET, etc.
CSS, etc.

Static web pages does not contain any Dynamic web pages contains application
application program . program for different services.

Static web pages require less work and Dynamic web pages require comparatively
cost in designing them. more work and cost in designing them.

Q.2 Explain Database management approaches with relevant examples

Database management approaches involve structuring and managing data using a
centralized collection, accessed and updated by various users and applications. Key
approaches include relational (using tables), object-oriented (data as objects), and NoSQL
(flexible schemas), each suited for different applications.
1. Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS):
 Concept:

Data is organized into tables with rows (records) and columns (attributes), and relationships
between tables are defined through keys.

 Example:

An e-commerce platform might store product information (product ID, name, price) in one
table and customer data (customer ID, name, address) in another, linking them through a
common key (customer ID).

 DBMS Examples:

MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle.

 Suitable for:
Applications requiring structured data, strong consistency, and well-defined relationships,
such as financial systems, inventory management, and customer relationship management
(CRM).
2. Object-Oriented Database Management Systems (OODBMS):
 Concept:

Data is represented as objects with properties and methods, similar to object-oriented

programming languages.

 Example:

A CAD system might store 3D models as objects, with properties like color, shape, and
dimensions, and methods for manipulation and rendering.

 DBMS Examples:

ObjectDB, db4o.

 Suitable for:
Applications requiring complex data structures, advanced data modeling, and real-world
simulations, such as CAD/CAM systems, multimedia applications, and geographic
information systems (GIS).
3. NoSQL Database Management Systems:
 Concept:

Flexible schemas that can store various data formats, such as documents, key-value pairs,
or graphs.

 Example:

A social media platform might store user profiles as documents, with different fields for
different users, or store relationships between users as edges in a graph.

 DBMS Examples:

MongoDB, Cassandra, Redis.

 Suitable for:
Applications requiring scalability, flexibility, and high availability, such as social media,
content management systems, and real-time analytics.
4. In-Memory Database Management Systems (IMDBMS):
 Concept:

Data is stored and managed in main memory (RAM) instead of on disk, leading to faster
access and processing times.

 Example:

A real-time trading platform might use an in-memory database to store and process order
book data, ensuring rapid access to the latest information.
 DBMS Examples:

SAP HANA, Redis.

 Suitable for:
Applications requiring high performance and real-time data processing, such as online
transaction processing (OLTP), real-time analytics, and financial applications
Q.3 Open-Source software
Open-source software (OSS) is software whose source code is made publicly
available, allowing users to view, modify, and distribute it, fostering collaboration and
transparency among developers.
Here's a more detailed explanation:
 Definition:

Open-source software means the source code of a program is accessible to the public,
unlike closed-source software where the code is proprietary.

 Licensing:

Open-source licenses allow users to use, study, change, and distribute the software and its
source code, often for any purpose.

 Collaboration and Transparency:

Open-source development encourages collaboration and transparency, as developers can

contribute to and build upon the work of others.

 Examples:

Some well-known open-source software includes Linux, Mozilla Firefox, GIMP, LibreOffice,
and WordPress.

My SQL vs. Postgres SQL

MySQL and PostgreSQL are both popular open-source relational database management
systems (RDBMS), but they differ in architecture, features, and use cases. MySQL is known
for its simplicity and speed, while PostgreSQL excels in handling complex queries, advanced
features, and data integrity.
 Here's a more detailed comparison:
1. Architecture:
 MySQL: A purely relational database management system (RDBMS).
 PostgreSQL: An object-relational database management system (ORDBMS). This means it
supports object-oriented features in addition to relational features, allowing for more complex
data types and structures.
2. Features:
 MySQL:
 Known for its speed and reliability, particularly for read-heavy operations.
 Simpler to set up and manage, making it a good choice for beginners and smaller projects.
 Offers a wide range of storage engines, allowing for flexibility in data storage and retrieval.
PostgreSQL:
 Stronger support for complex queries, transactions, and data integrity.
 Offers advanced features like materialized views, triggers, and stored procedures in multiple
languages.
 Supports a wider range of data types, including arrays, ranges, XML, and hstore.
 More robust and feature-rich, making it suitable for enterprise-level applications.
3. Use Cases:
 MySQL:
 Ideal for web applications, online transactions, and applications with a high volume of read
operations.
 Well-suited for simpler data environments and applications where ease of use is a priority.
PostgreSQL:
 Preferred for applications requiring complex queries, large datasets, and advanced features.
 Suitable for data warehousing, analytical applications, and applications where data integrity is
critical.

Data loading
Data loading is the process of importing or transferring data from a source system to a target
system.

 Purpose:

It's a crucial step in data processing, enabling organizations to move data for analysis,
reporting, or other business purposes.
 ETL Context:

In the context of ETL, data loading is the final stage, where transformed data is moved to the
target system.

 Examples:
 Loading data from a CSV file into a database.

 Transferring data from a source database to a data warehouse.

 Importing data from an API into a system.

Common Data Loading Techniques
 Full Load: Loading the entire dataset into the target system.

 Incremental Load: Loading only the changes or new data since the last load.

 Refresh: Complete reloads at specified intervals.

 Update: Applying incremental changes in the data sources.

 Using Load Buffers: Useful when loading multiple data files efficiently, particularly in
aggregate storage databases.

Creating data structures

 A data structure is a way of organizing and storing data in a computer so that it can be used
efficiently.

 They are fundamental to computer science and programming, enabling the development of
efficient algorithms and software systems.

 Data structures help manage large amounts of data, reduce complexity, and increase
efficiency.
Types of Data Structures:
 Linear Data Structures:

 Arrays: Store elements in contiguous memory locations, allowing for fast access by index.

 Linked Lists: Store elements in nodes, where each node contains data and a pointer to the
next node, enabling dynamic allocation and insertion/deletion.

 Stacks: Follow a Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) principle, where elements can only be added or
removed from the top.

 Queues: Follow a First-In, First-Out (FIFO) principle, where elements are added to the rear
and removed from the front.
Non-Linear Data Structures:
 Trees: Hierarchical structures where elements are organized in a parent-child relationship,
useful for searching and sorting.

 Graphs: Represent relationships between objects using nodes and edges, useful for
representing networks and connections.

 Hash Tables: Use a hash function to map keys to values, providing fast access and retrieval
Q.4 What do you mean by the terms ‘defining the data’, ‘offloading the data-text file’
and ‘implementing the data model’? discuss.

In computing, data is information translated into a form that is efficient for movement or
processing. Relative to today's computers and transmission media, data is information
converted into binary digital form. It is acceptable to use data as a singular subject or a plural
subject. Raw data is a term that describes data in its most basic digital format.

The concept of data in the context of computing has its roots in the work of Claude Shannon,
an American mathematician known as the father of information theory. He ushered in binary
digital concepts based on applying two-value Boolean logic to electronic circuits. Binary digit
formats underlie the CPUs, semiconductor memories and disk drives, as well as many of the
peripheral devices common in computing today. Early computer input for control and data
took the form of punch cards, followed by magnetic tape and the hard disk.

Early on, data's importance in business computing became apparent by the popularity of the
terms data processing and electronic data processing, which, for a time, encompassed the
full gamut of what is now known as information technology. Over the history of corporate
computing, specialization occurred, and a distinct data profession emerged along with growth
of corporate data processing.

The proliferation of data in organizations places more emphasis on ensuring data quality by
reducing duplication and guaranteeing the use of the most accurate, current records. The
many steps involved with modern data management include data cleansing, and extract,
transform and load processes for integrating data. Metadata complements data for
processing. Metadata is sometimes referred to as "data about data." It helps administrators
and users understand database and other data.
Analytics advancements can combine structured and unstructured data. They increasingly
strive for real-time performance, can handle incoming data consumed at high ingestion rates
and process data streams for immediate use in operations.

The idea of the database for operations and transactions extends to the database for
reporting and predictive data analytics. An example is the data warehouse, which is
optimized to process questions about operations for business analysts and business leaders.
The increasing emphasis on finding patterns and predicting business outcomes led to the
development of data mining techniques.

Q.5 Explain the different processes of creating reports with relevant examples
Report writing refers to the process of creating a document that represents information in a
clear and concise manner. Reports can be written for various purposes, such as providing
updates on a project, analyzing data or presenting findings, or making recommendations.
Effective report writing requires careful planning, research, analysis, and organization of
information. A well-structured report should be accurate, and objective, and contain a clear
introduction, body, and conclusion. It should also be written in a professional and accessible
style, with appropriate use of headings, subheadings, tables, graphs, and other visual aids.
Overall, report writing is an important skill for professionals in many fields, as it helps to
communicate information and insights in a clear and concise manner.

By understanding the different types of report writing, individuals can select the appropriate
format and structure to effectively communicate information and achieve their objectives.
However, the kind of report used will depend on the purpose, audience, and context of the
report.
1/ Informational reports: These reports provide information about a topic, such as a
product, service, or process.

2/ Analytical reports: These reports present data or information in a structured and

organized manner, often with charts, graphs, or tables, to help the reader understand trends,
patterns, or relationships.
3/ Formal Reports: These are detailed and structured reports written for a specific audience,
often with a specific objective. In comparison with informal reports, formal reports are
typically longer and more complex than other types of reports.
 4/ Progress reports: These reports provide updates on a project or initiative, detailing the
progress made and any challenges or obstacles encountered.
5/ Technical reports: These reports provide technical information, such as specifications,
designs, or performance data, often aimed at a technical audience.
6/ Research reports: These reports present the findings of research conducted on a
particular topic or issue, often including a literature review, data analysis, and conclusions.
7/ Feasibility Report: A feasibility report assesses the likelihood of achieving success for a
suggested project or initiative.
8/ Business Reports: These reports are used in a business setting to communicate
information about a company’s performance, operations, or strategies. Different types of
business reports include financial statements, marketing reports, and annual reports.
Structure of report writing
The structure of a report refers to the overall organization and layout of the report, including
the sections and subsections that make up the report, their order, and their relationships to
each other. A report can we divided into three parts.
Preliminary Parts:
 Title page
 Date
 Acknowledgments (Preface or Foreword)
 Table of Contents
 List of Tables and Illustrations
Main Text:
 Introduction (clear statement of research objectives, background information, hypotheses,
methodology, statistical analysis, scope of study, limitations)
 Statement of findings and recommendations (summarized findings, non-technical
language)
 Results (detailed presentation of findings with supporting data in the form of tables and
charts, statistical summaries, and reductions of data, presented in a logical sequence)
 Implications of the results (clearly stated implications that flow from the results of the study)
 Summary (brief summary of the research problem, methodology, major findings, and major
conclusions)
End Matter:
 Appendices (technical data such as questionnaires, sample information, and mathematical
derivations)
 Bibliography of sources consulted.