1.

SQL (MSSQL)

Q1: What are the different types of joins in SQL?

A1: There are several types of joins:

- INNER JOIN: Returns records with matching values in both tables.

- LEFT JOIN (or LEFT OUTER JOIN): Returns all records from the left table and matched records from the
right table.

- RIGHT JOIN (or RIGHT OUTER JOIN): Returns all records from the right table and matched records from
the left table.

- FULL JOIN (or FULL OUTER JOIN): Returns records when there is a match in either left or right table
records.

- CROSS JOIN: Returns the Cartesian product of two tables.

Q2: How do you create an index in MSSQL, and why is it important?

A2: You create an index using the `CREATE INDEX` statement:

```sql

CREATE INDEX idx_column_name ON TableName (ColumnName);

```

Indexes improve query performance by allowing the database engine to find rows faster, similar to how a
book index helps find topics quickly.

Q3: What is normalization, and why is it important?

A3: Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve
data integrity. It involves dividing large tables into smaller ones and defining relationships between
them. This is important to prevent anomalies in data manipulation.

Q4: What are stored procedures, and how do they differ from functions?

A4: Stored procedures are precompiled collections of SQL statements that can perform operations on
the database. They can return multiple values and support complex logic. Functions, on the other hand,
return a single value and can be used within SQL statements.

Q5: How do you handle error handling in SQL?

A5: Error handling in SQL can be done using `TRY...CATCH` blocks. For example:

```sql

BEGIN TRY

-- SQL code here

END TRY

BEGIN CATCH

SELECT ERROR_MESSAGE() AS ErrorMessage;

END CATCH;

```

Q6: What is the purpose of the `HAVING` clause in SQL?

A6: The `HAVING` clause is used to filter records after an aggregation (using `GROUP BY`). It allows you to
specify conditions for aggregated data, such as:

```sql

SELECT COUNT(*), Department FROM Employees GROUP BY Department HAVING COUNT(*) > 10;

```

Q7: How do you perform a backup and restore in MSSQL?

A7: A backup can be performed using:

```sql

BACKUP DATABASE YourDatabase TO DISK = 'C:\backup\YourDatabase.bak';

```

Restoration can be done using:

```sql

RESTORE DATABASE YourDatabase FROM DISK = 'C:\backup\YourDatabase.bak';

```

Q8: What are common performance issues in SQL, and how do you resolve them?
A8: Common performance issues include slow queries, excessive locking, and poor indexing. To resolve
them:

- Optimize queries by reviewing execution plans.

- Use appropriate indexing.

- Consider partitioning large tables.

Q9: How can you prevent SQL injection attacks?

A9: To prevent SQL injection:

- Use parameterized queries.

- Avoid dynamic SQL.

- Validate user inputs.

- Use stored procedures with parameters.

Q10: How do you update multiple rows in SQL?

A10: You can update multiple rows using:

```sql

UPDATE TableName SET ColumnName = NewValue WHERE Condition;

```

For example:

```sql

UPDATE Employees SET Salary = Salary * 1.10 WHERE Department = 'IT';

```

---

2. APIs - Development, Testing (Postman), and Securing

Q1: What is REST, and how does it differ from SOAP?

A1: REST (Representational State Transfer) is an architectural style that uses standard HTTP methods
(GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) for communication. SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is a protocol that
uses XML and is more rigid with its standards. REST is generally simpler and more flexible than SOAP.

Q2: How do you implement versioning in an API?

A2: Versioning can be implemented in several ways:

- URI versioning: Include the version in the URL (e.g., `/api/v1/resource`).

- Query parameter: Pass the version as a query parameter (e.g., `/api/resource?version=1`).

- Header versioning: Use custom headers to specify the version.

Q3: What are some best practices for API security?

A3: Best practices include:

- Use HTTPS for secure data transmission.

- Implement authentication and authorization (e.g., OAuth 2.0).

- Validate inputs to prevent injection attacks.

- Implement logging and monitoring for API usage.

Q4: How do you test an API endpoint using Postman?

A4: To test an API in Postman:

1. Select the HTTP method (GET, POST, etc.).

2. Enter the endpoint URL.

3. Add headers and body data as needed.

4. Click “Send” and observe the response, status code, and headers.

5. Use tests scripts to validate response data.

Q5: What is the purpose of using middleware in API development?

A5: Middleware functions are used to process requests before reaching the endpoint. They can handle
authentication, logging, error handling, or modify request/response objects.

Q6: How do you handle errors in API responses?

A6: Error handling can be managed by returning standardized error responses, such as:

```json

"error": {

"code": "BadRequest",

"message": "Invalid input"

```

HTTP status codes should reflect the type of error (e.g., 400 for bad requests, 404 for not found).

Q7: How can you document your API effectively?

A7: Effective API documentation can be created using tools like Swagger or Postman. It should include:

- Endpoint details (URLs, methods).

- Parameters and their descriptions.

- Response formats and examples.

- Authentication methods.

Q8: How do you implement caching in API responses?

A8: Caching can be implemented using:

- HTTP caching: Set cache headers like `Cache-Control` and `Expires`.

- Application-level caching: Store responses in memory or using caching services like Redis.

Q9: What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous API calls?

A9: Synchronous calls block the execution until a response is received, while asynchronous calls allow
execution to continue without waiting for the response. Asynchronous calls are often implemented using
callbacks, promises, or async/await in JavaScript.

Q10: How do you use environment variables in Postman?

A10: Environment variables in Postman allow you to store and reuse data. To use them:

1. Create an environment and add variables.

2. Reference them in your requests using `{{variableName}}`.

3. This is useful for managing different configurations (e.g., URLs, authentication tokens).

---

3. Programming (.NET & JavaScript)

Q1: How do you create a simple API using ASP.NET Core?

A1: To create a simple API:

1. Set up a new ASP.NET Core project.

2. Create a controller class:

```csharp

[ApiController]

[Route("api/[controller]")]

public class ProductsController : ControllerBase

[HttpGet]

public IActionResult GetAll() { /* Code to get products */ }

```

3. Define routes and methods for various HTTP verbs.

Q2: What is the difference between an abstract class and an interface in C#?

A2: An abstract class can have implementation and state (fields), while an interface can only define
method signatures without implementation. A class can implement multiple interfaces but can inherit
only one abstract class.
Q3: How do you handle asynchronous programming in .NET?

A3: Asynchronous programming in .NET can be done using the `async` and `await` keywords:

```csharp

public async Task<DataType> GetDataAsync()

var data = await httpClient.GetStringAsync(url);

return data;

```

This allows non-blocking calls, improving application responsiveness.

Q4: What is LINQ, and how is it used in C#?

A4: LINQ (Language Integrated Query) is a feature in C# that allows querying collections using a SQL-like
syntax. Example:

```csharp

var result = from p in products where p.Price > 50 select p;

```

LINQ can be used with various data sources, including databases, XML, and collections.

Q5: How do you manage state in a JavaScript application?

A5: State management can be handled using:

- Local state: Managed in the component itself using hooks (in React).

- Global state: Libraries like Redux or Context API for sharing state across components.

- Server state: Use APIs to fetch data and update state accordingly.

Q6: How can you prevent memory leaks in JavaScript?

A6: Prevent memory leaks by:

- Properly managing event listeners (remove them when not needed).

- Avoiding global variables.

- Cleaning up references to unused objects.

Q7: What is the

Model-View-Controller (MVC) design pattern?

A7: MVC is a design pattern that separates an application into three interconnected components:

- Model: Represents the data and business logic.

- View: Displays the data (UI).

- Controller: Handles user input and interacts with the model to update the view.

Q8: How do you implement error handling in .NET applications?

A8: Error handling in .NET can be done using:

- `try...catch` blocks to catch exceptions.

- Using global exception handling middleware in ASP.NET Core to handle unhandled exceptions.

Q9: What are the advantages of using JavaScript frameworks like React or Angular?

A9: Advantages include:

- Component-based architecture: Promotes reusability.

- State management: Efficient handling of application state.

- Rich ecosystem: Availability of libraries and tools for various functionalities.

Q10: How do you optimize performance in a .NET application?

A10: Optimization strategies include:

- Using asynchronous programming to improve responsiveness.

- Caching frequently accessed data.

- Reducing database calls by using efficient queries.

---
4. Graphs and Reports

Q1: What are some popular tools for data visualization in .NET?

A1: Popular tools include:

- Power BI: For interactive reports and dashboards.

- SSRS (SQL Server Reporting Services): For generating reports.

- Chart.js: A JavaScript library that can be integrated into .NET applications.

Q2: How do you design a database schema for reporting?

A2: Designing a schema involves:

- Identifying key entities and their relationships.

- Creating fact and dimension tables for a star schema.

- Ensuring that the schema supports efficient querying for report generation.

Q3: How do you use Excel for reporting in a .NET application?

A3: You can generate Excel reports using libraries like EPPlus or ClosedXML to create and manipulate
Excel files programmatically. For example:

```csharp

using (var package = new ExcelPackage())

var worksheet = package.Workbook.Worksheets.Add("Sheet1");

worksheet.Cells[1, 1].Value = "Report Data";

package.SaveAs(new FileInfo("report.xlsx"));

```

Q4: How do you create dynamic reports in a web application?

A4: Dynamic reports can be created by allowing users to define parameters (e.g., date range, filters) that
are then applied when generating the report. This can involve querying the database based on user input
and rendering the results.
Q5: What is the importance of data aggregation in reporting?

A5: Data aggregation allows you to summarize data, making it easier to understand trends and patterns.
Common aggregation functions include `SUM`, `COUNT`, `AVG`, `MAX`, and `MIN`, which help in
generating insightful reports.

Q6: How do you schedule automated report generation?

A6: Automated report generation can be scheduled using:

- SQL Server Agent: For scheduling SQL Server tasks.

- Windows Task Scheduler: For running scripts or applications at specified times.

- Cron jobs: On Unix/Linux systems for executing scheduled scripts.

Q7: What are KPIs, and how are they used in reporting?

A7: Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are measurable values that indicate how effectively an
organization is achieving key business objectives. They are often used in reports to track progress and
performance against goals.

Q8: How do you ensure data accuracy in reports?

A8: Ensuring data accuracy involves:

- Regularly validating data sources and calculations.

- Implementing data quality checks.

- Keeping the reporting processes documented and transparent.

Q9: What role do graphs play in reports?

A9: Graphs help visualize data, making it easier to identify trends, compare values, and communicate
insights effectively. They can enhance understanding and retention of information presented in reports.

Q10: How do you handle user feedback for report improvements?

A10: Handling user feedback involves:

- Collecting feedback through surveys or direct communication.

- Analyzing common requests and pain points.

- Iteratively improving reports based on user input to enhance usability and effectiveness.

---

5. Ingesting Data from Different Data Sources (e.g., CSV)

Q1: How do you read a CSV file in Python?

A1: You can read a CSV file using the `pandas` library:

```python

import pandas as pd

data = pd.read_csv('file.csv')

```

Q2: What are some common challenges when ingesting data from CSV files?

A2: Challenges include:

- Handling inconsistent data formats.

- Managing missing values.

- Ensuring proper encoding (e.g., UTF-8).

Q3: How do you ingest JSON data into a database?

A3: You can parse JSON in your application and insert it into a database using:

```csharp

var jsonData = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<MyObject>(jsonString);

dbContext.MyTable.Add(jsonData);

dbContext.SaveChanges();

```

Q4: How do you implement data validation when ingesting data?

A4: Data validation can be implemented by:

- Checking for required fields.

- Validating data types and formats.

- Applying business rules (e.g., no negative values for age).

Q5: How can you automate data ingestion from various sources?

A5: Automation can be achieved using:

- ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) tools like Apache NiFi or Talend.

- Writing scripts to schedule and execute data ingestion tasks.

Q6: What are the steps to transform data after ingestion?

A6: Steps include:

- Cleaning the data (removing duplicates, handling nulls).

- Structuring data into the desired format.

- Aggregating or filtering data as needed for analysis.

Q7: How do you handle large volumes of data ingestion?

A7: Handling large volumes can be done by:

- Using batch processing to reduce load.

- Utilizing parallel processing or multithreading.

- Implementing streaming data processing with tools like Apache Kafka.

Q8: What tools can you use for data ingestion from APIs?

A8: Tools include:

- Postman for manual testing and data extraction.

- Apache NiFi for automated workflows.

- Talend for data integration.

Q9: How do you monitor data ingestion processes?

A9: Monitoring can be done by:

- Implementing logging for tracking progress and errors.

- Setting up alerts for failures.

- Using dashboards for real-time visualization of data flow.

Q10: How do you ensure the integrity of ingested data?

A10: Ensuring data integrity involves:

- Performing checksums or hash validations.

- Cross-referencing with source data.

- Implementing database constraints (e.g., foreign keys).

---

6. Sprints in Development

Q1: What are the key roles in a Scrum team?

A1: Key roles include:

- Product Owner: Defines the product backlog and prioritizes tasks.

- Scrum Master: Facilitates the Scrum process and removes impediments.

- Development Team: Cross-functional team members who work on tasks.

Q2: How do you estimate tasks in a sprint?

A2: Tasks can be estimated using methods like:

- Planning Poker: Team members use cards to estimate effort.

- T-shirt sizes: Assigning relative sizes (S, M, L) to tasks.

- Story points: Using a Fibonacci sequence to quantify complexity.

Q3: What are the characteristics of a good sprint goal?

A3: A good sprint goal is:

- Specific: Clearly defined and focused.

- Measurable: Allows tracking of progress.

- Achievable: Realistic given the team's capacity.

- Relevant: Aligns with the overall project objectives.

- Time-bound: Completed within the sprint timeframe.

Q4: How do you conduct a sprint retrospective?

A4: In a sprint retrospective:

1. Gather the team and review the sprint’s successes and challenges.

2. Discuss what went well, what didn’t, and how to improve.

3. Create actionable items for the next sprint.

Q5: What is a product backlog, and how is it managed?

A5: The product backlog is a prioritized list of tasks/features for the project. It is managed by the Product
Owner, who continually refines and reprioritizes items based on stakeholder feedback and project
progress.

Q6: How do you deal with unfinished tasks at the end of a sprint?

A6: Unfinished tasks should be reviewed during the sprint retrospective:

- Determine why they were not completed.

- Reassess their priority and move them back to the product backlog for future sprints.

- Ensure that tasks are well-defined and estimated.

Q7: How do you measure the success of a sprint?

A7: Success can be measured by:

- The number of completed tasks versus planned tasks.

- Stakeholder feedback on delivered features.

- Team satisfaction and morale post-sprint.

Q8: What are common challenges faced during sprints?

A8: Common challenges include:

- Scope creep: Adding new tasks during the sprint.

- Resource constraints: Lack of available team members.

- Poor estimation leading to incomplete work.

Q9: How do you

ensure continuous improvement in sprints?

A9: Continuous improvement can be ensured by:

- Regularly conducting sprint retrospectives.

- Encouraging open communication and feedback.

- Implementing changes based on lessons learned in future sprints.

Q10: What is the significance of a daily stand-up meeting?

A10: Daily stand-ups keep the team aligned by:

- Allowing team members to share progress and challenges.

- Identifying blockers early.

- Encouraging accountability and collaboration.

---

7. Planning Work and Being Effective

Q1: How do you set SMART goals for your tasks?

A1: SMART goals are:

- Specific: Clearly define the goal.

- Measurable: Establish criteria for measuring progress.

- Achievable: Ensure that the goal is realistic.

- Relevant: Align with broader objectives.

- Time-bound: Set a deadline for completion.

Q2: How do you prioritize your daily tasks?

A2: Task prioritization can be achieved using:

- Eisenhower Matrix: Classify tasks into urgent/important.

- ABC prioritization: Rank tasks as A (high), B (medium), or C (low) priority.

Q3: What tools do you use for task management?

A3: Common task management tools include:

- Trello: For visualizing tasks using boards.

- JIRA: For managing Agile projects and workflows.

- Asana: For tracking projects and assigning tasks.

Q4: How do you manage distractions while working?

A4: Managing distractions can involve:

- Setting specific working hours and sticking to them.

- Using techniques like the Pomodoro Technique (25 minutes of focused work followed by a break).

- Limiting notifications and distractions from devices.

Q5: How do you evaluate your work performance?

A5: Work performance evaluation can be done by:

- Setting clear performance metrics.

- Seeking feedback from peers and supervisors.

- Reflecting on completed tasks and their outcomes.

Q6: How do you stay organized with your workload?

A6: Staying organized can involve:

- Keeping a to-do list or task board.

- Regularly reviewing tasks and deadlines.

- Utilizing calendar applications for scheduling.

Q7: What is the importance of work-life balance?

A7: Work-life balance is important for:

- Reducing burnout and stress.

- Enhancing overall productivity and job satisfaction.

- Allowing time for personal interests and family.

Q8: How do you handle tight deadlines?

A8: Handling tight deadlines involves:

- Prioritizing tasks based on urgency and importance.

- Communicating with stakeholders about the feasibility.

- Breaking tasks into smaller, manageable steps.

Q9: What strategies do you use to improve your time management skills?

A9: Time management strategies include:

- Setting clear goals and deadlines.

- Using time-blocking techniques.

- Regularly reviewing and adjusting priorities.

Q10: How do you deal with feedback on your work?

A10: Dealing with feedback can be approached by:

- Remaining open-minded and accepting constructive criticism.

- Reflecting on feedback to identify areas for improvement.

- Implementing changes based on feedback in future work.

---
This expanded list should provide you with a comprehensive set of questions and answers for your
interview preparation! Feel free to ask if you need further assistance or specific details on any topic.