JUNIOR COLLEGE

PRE–FINAL – 2 EXAMINATIONS – 2024

No. of Questions – 21 HT
No. of Printed Pages – 2 No.
Part – III
CHEMISTRY, Paper – I
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 60

SECTION - A

I. Very Short Answer Type questions. 10  2 = 20

Answer ALL questions.
Each question carries TWO marks.

1. Define BOD and COD.

Ans. BOD: The amount of oxygen used by micro organisms present in water during five days at 20C is
called biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
COD : The amount of oxygen required to oxidise organic substances present in polluted water is
called chemical oxygen demand (COD).

2. Name the common components of photochemical smog.

Ans. Photochemical smog :
Common components of photochemical smog are ozone, nitric oxide, formaldehyde, acrolein and
PAN(peroxy acetyl nitrate). It is also called as oxidising smog.

3. How many number of moles of Glucose are present in 540 grams of glucose?
mass of the substance
Ans. Number of moles 
molar mass of the substance
540

180
=3moles

4. Lithium salts are mostly hydrated. Why?

Ans. Lithium salts are mostly hydrated due to
(a) Smaller size (ii) High hydration energy
Eg: LiCl. 2H2O

5. What happens when magnesium metal is burnt in air?

Ans. Magnesium metal burns with dazzling brilliance in air to give MgO and Mg 3N2.
2Mg  O2  2MgO
3Mg  N2  Mg3N2

O
6. Calculate the kinetic energy of 4 grams of methane at -73 C (in calories).
Ans. Kinetic energy for ‘n’ moles of gas is given by
3
K.E.  nRT
2
R = Universal gas constant = 2 cal; T = absolute temperature = (273-73) = 200 K
3 4
K.E    2  200  150cal
2 16

7. Write the conjugate acid and conjugate base of each of the following:
(a) HCO31 (b) H2O

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Ans.
Species Conjugate acid Conjugate base
(a) HCO3 H2 CO3 CO32

(b) H2 O H3O  OH

8. What is allotropy? Name two crystalline allotropes of carbon.

Ans. The phenomenon of existence of an element in different physical forms having similar chemical
properties is called allotropy. Crystalline allotropes of carbon are (i) diamond, (ii) graphite and (iii)
fullerenes.

9. What is synthesis gas?

Ans. The mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas is known as water gas or synthesis gas. It is
prepared by the passage of steam over red hot coke.
C  S   H2O  g    CO  g  H2  g 
473 1273k 
synthesis gas

10. Write the IUPAC names of the following

(i) CH3  CH2  CH2  CH  CH2 (ii) CH3  CH2  CH2  CHO
Ans. (i) Pent-1-ene (ii) Butanal

SECTION - B

II. Short Answer Type questions. 6  4 = 24

Answer ANY SIX questions.
Each question carries FOUR marks.

11. Explain the structure and hybridisation involved in PCl5 molecule.

Ans. sp3d hybridization:

Electronic configuration of P (ground state):  Ar  3s2 3p3 3d0

Electronic configuration of P (in excited state):  Ar  3s13p1x 3p1y 3p1z 3d1

In PCl5 molecule phosphorous undergoes sp3d hybridisation.

one 3s, three 3p orbitals and one 3d orbital with unpaired electrons undergo hybridisation forming
five equivalent sp3 d orbitals.
Each sp3 d hybrid orbitals overlaps with the singly occupied p - orbital of
chlorine atom forming five sigma (  ) bonds. Out of these five bonds,
sp3dp
three  bonds lie in one plane and the remaining two are present in the
axial position. Therefore, PCl5 acquires a trigonal bipyramidal shape, with
bond angles of 90 or 120 .

12. What is hydrogen bond? Explain different types of hydrogen bonds with examples.

Ans. The weak electrostatic force of attraction between partially positively charged hydrogen atom and a
more electronegative atom like F, O, N is called hydrogen bond.
Types of hydrogen bond: There are two types of H-bond
(1) Inter molecular hydrogen bond (2) Intra molecular hydrogen bond.
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 Inter molecular H-bond:
When H-bond is present between two similar or different molecules it is called inter molecular H-
bond.
   
H F H F
,
H
O O

H H H
,
H
N
N H
H H
H H
,
H F H O
H
HF in H2O

(2) Intra molecular hydrogen bonding:

When H-bonding occurs within a molecule to form a ring it is called intra molecular H-bonding.
O H
N C 
O

O

 H
H
O O

o  nitro phenol o  hydroxy benzaldehyde

13. Derive ideal gas equation.

Ans. A gas that follows Boyle’s law, charles’ law and Avogadro law strictly is called an ideal gas.
1
According to Boyle’s law at constant T and n; V ….(1)
P
According to charle’s law at constant P and n; V T ….(2)
According to Avogadro law at constant P and T ; V  n. ….(3)
From (1), (2), (3)
nT
V
P
nT
V R
P
R is proportionality constant
PV = nRT (4)
R is called gas constant. It is same for all gases. Therefore it is also called ‘universal gas constant’.
Equation-(4) is called Ideal gas equation.
R value = 0.0821 lit atm k–1 mol–1
= 8.314 × 107 J K–1 mol–1.
= 8.314 J K–1 mol–1

14. Define heat capacity. What are Cp and Cv? Show that Cp – Cv = R

Ans. Heat capacity (C) of a substance is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of a substance through one degree.
 q
i.e. C  where q = heat absorbed, dT=rise in temperature.
dT
Relation between CP and C V :
For an ideal gas H  U  PV
Differentiating with temperature
dH dU d PV 
 
dT dT dT
For one mole of ideal gas PV =RT
dH dU d RT  dU dT dU  dH dU 
    R  R  dT  Cp , dT  Cv 
dT dT dT dT dT dT  
CP
 CP  C V  R or CP  C V  R or 
CV

15. Balance the following redox reaction by ion-electron method in basic medium:

MnO41 aq  I1aq  MnO2 s   I2 s

Ans. (i)
I– + MnO 4  I2 + MnO2 (Basic)
Reduction half reaction – Oxidation half reaction
MnO 
4  MnO2 I-  I2
MnO 4 + 2H2O  MnO2 + 4OH– 2I-  I2
(MnO 4 + 2H2O + 3e–  MnO2 + 4OH–) 2 2I-  I2 + 2e–
2MnO 4 + 4H2O + 6e–  2MnO2 + 8OH– (2I–  I2 + 2e–) 3
6I–  3I2 + 6e–
By adding two half reactions
2MnO 4 + 6I– + 4H2O  2MnO2 + 3I2 + 8OH–

16. Derive the relation between Kp and Kc for the equilibrium reaction N2 g  3H2 g  2NH3 g
     

Ans. 

N2  g  3H2  g  
 2NH3  g 

P 
2
NH3
KP 
P P 
3
N2 H2

But PV=nRT
n
P    RT  CRT
V
Where C = Concentration of gas
PNH3  NH3  RT
PN2  N2 RT
PH2  H2 RT

KP 
NH3 2 RT 2
N2 RT H2 3 RT 3


NH3 2 . RT 2  K C RT 
2

N2 H2 3 RT 4

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 2
Or KP  K C RT 

17. Define the terms 'Hard water' and 'Soft water'. Which salts are responsible for the hardness of water?
How is hardness of water is removed by Calgon method?

Ans. Hard water : Water which does not give lather readily with soap is called hard water.

Soft water: Water which give lather immediately with soap is called soft water.
(or)
Water which is free from soluble salts of Ca, Mg is called soft water.
 This hardness is due to presence of Ca, Mg soluble salts.
 Presence of Ca, Mg–bicarbonates causes temporary hardness.
 Presence of Ca, Mg – chlorides, sulphates causes permanent hardness.
Calgon Process:
Calgon is sodium hexa metaphosphate Na6P6 O18 or NaPO3 6 
Calgon does not precipitate the Ca (or) Mg salts but removes Ca+2 and Mg+2 ions from water.
 The removal of Ca+2 (or) Mg+2 ions from water may takes place either by adsorption (or) by
complex formation.

Reactions :
Na6P6O18  2Na   Na 4P6 O18
2

2 2
Ca 2  or  Mg2  Na4P6 O18
2
 Na2 CaP6 O18   2Na   or  Na2MgP6O18   2Na 

18. Explain the structure of diborane.

Ans. 1) In structure of diborane the four terminal hydrogens atoms and two boron atoms lie in one
plane.
2) Above and below this plane, there are two bridging hydrogen atoms.
3) The four terminal B  H bonds are regular two centre two electron bonds while the two bridge
B  H  B  bonds are different and can be described in terms of three centre-two electron
bonds as shown in figure.

H H H

B B
H H H
3 3
4) Each ‘B’ atom uses sp hybrid orbitals for bonding. Out of the four sp orbitals on each ‘B’
atom, one is without an electron.
5) The terminal B  H bonds are normal 2-centre-2-electron bonds; but the two bridge bonds are 3-
centre-2-electron bonds.
6) The 3-centre-2-electron bridge bonds are also referred to as banana or tau bonds.
 SECTION - C

III. Long Answer Type questions. 8  2 = 16

Answer ANY TWO questions.
Each question carries EIGHT marks.

19. Write the postulates of Bohr's atomic model and explain how spectral lines are formed in the
hydrogen spectrum with neat diagram along with Limitations.
Ans. Postulates of Bohr’s atomic model:
1. The electrons in an atom revolve around the nucleus in certain fixed circular paths called
orbits or energy levels or shells.
2. A certain fixed amount of energy is associated with each electron in a particular orbit.
So the orbits are also called as energy levels. The energy levels are numbered as 1, 2, 3,
4........ and also designated by letters K, L, M, N respectively.
3. As long as electron revolves around the nuclues in an orbit, the energy of electron remains
constant. Hence these orbits are called Stationary Orbits.
4. The orbit near to nucleus will have low energy and the orbit away from nucleus will have
high energy.
E1  E2  E3  E4 .......
5. Energy is emitted when an electron jumps from higher energy level to lower energy level.
E  E2  E1 E2 = Higher energy level E1  Lower energy level
E E2  E1
  h  Planck’s Constant  6.625  1027 erg.sec (or) 6.625  10 34 J  sec
h h
Where E1 and E2 are energies of the lower and higher allowed energy states
6. The angular momentum of an electron moving around the nucleus is quantised. The angular
h
momentum is an integral multiple of
2
nh
i.e., mvr  m = Mass of Electron v = Velocity of Electron
2
r = Radius of orbit n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ….
h  Planck’s Constant  6.625  1027 erg.sec (or) 6.625  10 34 J  sec
Explanation of Hydrogen Spectrum
Hydrogen atom contains only one electron and shows many lines in the spectrum. When hydrogen
gas is subjected to electric discharge, hydrogen molecules absorb energy and split into atoms.
The electrons in atoms absorb energy and will get excited and come back to their ground state and
emit radiations of different frequencies. These series of lines observed in hydrogen spectrum are as
follows
1. Lyman series: When electron jumps from any one of the higher energy orbits to first orbit,
the group of lines formed are called Lyman series. They are observed in UV region.
n1  1, n2  2,3,...
2. Balmer Series:- Group of lines observed when electron jumps from any one of the higher
energy orbits to 2nd orbit they are called Balmer series. These lines are observed in visible
region. n1  2, n2  3,4,5,...
3. Paschen series: Group of lines observed when electron jumps from any one of the higher
energy orbits to 3rd orbit is called Paschen series. Observed in near IR region
n1  3, n2  4,5,6,...
4. Bracket Series: Group of lines observed when electron jumps from any one of the higher
energy orbits to 4th orbit is called Bracket series. Observed in IR region.
n1  4, n2  5,6,7,...
5. Pfund series: Group of lines observed when electron jumps from any one of the higher
energy orbits to the 5th orbit is called Pfund series. Observed in far IR region.
n1  5, n2  6,7,...

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 Series n1 (Lower energy) n2 (Higher energy) Spectral Region
Lyman 1 2, 3, 4, 5, … Ultraviolet
Balmer 2 3, 4, 5,… Visible
Paschen 3 4, 5, 6, … Near Infrared
Bracket 4 5, 6, 7,… Infrared
Pfund 5 6, 7, 8, … Far Infrared
1 1 1
The wave number of spectral line is given by    R  2  2  , where R is Rydberg constant.
  n1 n2 
n=8
n=7
n=6
n=5
Pfund far IR
n=4
Brackett IR
n=3
Paschen near IR

n=2
Balmer
(visible)
n=1
Lyman
UV
Series

Limitations of Bohr’s model

It failed to explain line spectra of multi electron atoms.
(i) It could not explain the fine spectrum of hydrogen or hydrogen like species.
(ii) It could not explain ‘Zeeman effect’ i.e., (splitting of spectral line in magnetic field) and also could
not explain ‘stark effect’ i.e, (splitting of spectral line in electric field)
(iii) It could not explain the dual nature of matter.
(iv) It could not explain formation of chemical bonds between atoms.

20. Define first and second ionization potential. Why IE2 > IE1? Explain the factors influencing
ionization potential

Ans. IE1: The minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bounded electron from an isolated
gaseous atom is called as first Ionisation Enthalpy.
M g  IE1  M  g  e

IE2: The energy required to remove an electron from uni positive gaseous ion is called as second
Ionisation Enthlapy IE2.
M  g  IE2  M2 g  e 

Reason for IE2 > IE1: The second Ionization enthalpy is greater than first ionization enthalpy. On
removing the electron from an atom, unipositive ion is formed. In that ion, effective nuclear charge
increases as number of protons are greater than electrons. Hence the nuclear attraction increases
on the remaining electrons.
Therefore more energy is required to remove an electron from uni positive ion.
Hence IE1 < IE2 < IE3

Factors influencing the ionization enthalpy:

1. Atomic radius: As the atomic radius increases, the nuclear force of attraction over the valence
electrons decreases so IE is less
1
IE 
Atomic radius
2. Nuclear charge: As the nuclear charge increases the force of attraction on the valence electrons
increases. Hence IE is more
 IE  Nuclear charge
3. Screening effect or shielding effect: The electrons present in inner orbitals decreases the nuclear
attraction on the valence electrons. This is called screening or shielding effect. As the number of
electrons in the inner shells increases, shielding effect increases. So IE is less
1
Ionisation Energy 
screening effect

4. Extent of penetration of orbitals of valence electrons:

(a) Penetration Power of orbitals depends on the shape of the orbitals.
(b) Penetration power of orbitals is in the order : s > p > d > f
IE  penetrating ability of orbitals
5. Half filled or completely filled sub shells: Atoms with half filled or completely filled sub shells are
more stable. So IE values of these atoms are high.

21. (a) Describe any two methods of preparation of Benzene with corresponding equations.
(b) Explain the following benzene reactions:
(i) Halogenation (ii) Alkylation (iii) Acylation (iv) Nitration

Ans. (a) Methods of Preparation:

(i) From sodium benzoate :
Benzene is prepared in the laboratory by distillation of sodium benzoate with sodalime [a mixture of
NaOH + CaO]
NaOHCaO
C6H5COONa 
 C6H6  Na2CO3

Sodium benzoate Benzene

(ii) Reduction of Phenol :

Benzene can be obtained by the distillation of Phenol with zinc dust.
distillation
C6H5 OH  Zn  C6H6  ZnO
Phenol Benzene
(iii) Preparation of benzene from acetylene : Acetylene when passed through red hot Cu
polymerises and gives benzene.
3C2H2  
Re dhot Cu
600C
 C6H6

(1) Halogenation : Benzene reacts with chlorine (or) bromine in the presence of Lewis acids like
ferric chloride to give corresponding halobenzene.
FeCl3, 25°C Cl
+ Cl2 + HCl

Chlorobenzene
(2) Friedal Craft’s alkylation : Benzene reacts with alkylhalides in the presence of anhydrous
aluminium chloride to give alkybenzene.
Anhydrous AlCl3 CH3
+ CH3Cl + HCl

Methyl benzene (Toluene)

(3) Friedal Craft’s acylation : Benzene reacts with acetyl chloride in the presence of anhydrous
aluminium chloride to give acetylbenzene.
Anhydrous AlCl3 CO CH3
+ CH3COCl + HCl

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 Acetophenone
(4) Nitration : Benzene reacts with conc. HNO3 in the presence of conc. H2SO4 at 50–60C to give
nitrobenzene.

Nitrobenzene

***