CHAPTER 7.

THE CONDITIONALS
1. Câu điều kiện loại 1
- Usage: Câu điều kiện loại 1 nói về 1 giả sử CÓ THỂ xảy ra ở hiện tại/tương lai
- Form:
IF + S + Vhtđ , S2 + will/can/may + Vnt
Should/must
Vnt! / Don’t + Vnt!
- Các từ thay thế cho IF:
 Unless (=if not): Nếu…. không/ trừ khi (Unless không đi cùng mệnh đề phủ định)
 Even If: Thậm chí nếu (nhấn mạnh)
 In case: Phòng khi/ trong trường hợp… (thường đi với mệnh đề chính ở dạng câu
mệnh lệnh hoặc lời khuyên vs should/must/have to)
 As long as = so long as: Miễn là
 Provided (that)/ Providing (that): Giả sử như
- Các biến thể với câu đk loại 1
 Biến thể ở mđ If: mđ If có dạng IF + S + Should + Vnt để nhằm nói giảm/nói
tránh, giảm khả năng xảy ra của giả sử, đưa ra tình huống một cách lịch sự
Eg. 1. If you should die, I will never forget you (nếu chẳng
may anh có chết, thì tôi cũng không bao giờ quên anh)
2. If you should have any question, contact us via this email address.
- Đảo ngữ: (để nhấn mạnh): Đảo SHOULD lên đầu mệnh đề If, bỏ IF sau khi đảo, đưa
động từ VHTĐ về dạng Vnt
Eg. 1. If you should die, I will never forget you
=> Should…….
2. If it rains today, we will plant the strees instead of going for a walk
=> Should…….
2. Câu điều kiện loại 2
- Usage: Câu điều kiện loại 2 nói về 1 giả sử KHÔNG THỂ xảy ra ở hiện tại/tương lai/ giả sử
TRÁI NGƯỢC vs thực tế ở hiện tại
- Form:
IF + S + VP1 , S2 + would/could/might + Vnt

- Các từ thay thế cho IF:

 Unless (=if not): Nếu…. không/ trừ khi (Unless không đi cùng mệnh đề phủ định)
 Supposed (that)/ Supposing (that): Giả sử như
 Or (else) / otherwise (= If S + Vp1):
 But for + N (= If S + Vp1): Nếu mà không có …/ Nếu không nhờ có…
Without
Eg: If he didn’t help us, we would fail.
 But for his help, we would fail
- Đảo ngữ:
 TH1: Mđ If chỉ có “WERE/WAS”: Đảo WERE lên đầu mđ, bỏ if
 TH2: Mđ IF không có “WERE”: Mượn và đảo WERE lên đầu mệnh đề If, bỏ IF sau
khi đảo, đưa động từ VP1 về dạng TO + Vnt
 Eg. 1. If we were studying French, it would be much harder
2. If I had 1 billion dollar, I would buy a sea viewing villa and take rest there
3. If I were you, I would accept that offer.
3. Câu điều kiện loại 3
- Usage: Câu điều kiện loại 3 nói về 1 giả sử KHÔNG THỂ xảy ra ở Quá khứ/ giả sử TRÁI
NGƯỢC vs thực tế ở Quá khứ
- Form:
IF + S + Had + VP2 , S2 + would/could/might + have + VP2

- Các từ thay thế cho IF:

 Unless (=if not): Nếu…. không/ trừ khi (Unless không đi cùng mệnh đề phủ định)
 But for
Without
If it hadn’t been for + N (= If + S + had + Vp2): Nếu mà không có …/ Nếu không
nhờ có…
Had it not been for

- Đảo ngữ: Đảo HAD lên đầu mệnh đề If, bỏ IF sau khi đảo
Eg. 1. If we had worked harder, we would have got much money

4. Các loại câu điều kiện hỗn hợp

4.1. Hỗn hợp 3 -2 (mđ If loại 3, mđ chính loại 2)
- Usage: Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp loại 3 – 2 nói về một giả sử trái ngược vs thực tế ở QUÁ
KHỨ, nhưng lại ảnh hưởng đến một sự thật ở HIỆN TẠI
- Form:
IF + S + Had + VP2 , S2 + would/could/might + Vnt
Eg. If you hadn’t stayed up late last night, you wouldn’t be sleepy now.

4.2. Hỗn hợp 2 – 3 (mđ If loại 2, mđ chính loại 3)

- Usage: Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp loại 2 – 3 nói về một giả sử luôn luôn không thể xảy ra, nhưng
nếu có thì sẽ gây ảnh hưởng đến một sự thật trong quá khứ
- Form:
IF + S + VP1/were , S2 + would/could/might + have + VP2
Eg. - If you were my brother, would you have hit me on that day?
- If I were a superman, I would have stopped the accident last week.

Exercise 1: Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
Question 1:______have enough apples, she’ll make an apple pie this afternoon.
A. Should she B. If she C. Will she D. Unless she
Question 2: If you don’t know how to spell a word, you______look it up in the______dictionary.
A. must B. will C. should D. ought
Question 3: If the sun______, we______for a walk.
A. shines / will go B. shone / will go C. shone / would go D. had shone / would go
Question 4: The campfire______if it______last night.
A. wouldn’t be cancelled/hadn’t rained B. wouldn’t have been cancelled/hadn’t rained
C. would have been cancelled/hadn’t rained D. will be cancelled/rains
Question 5: But for our parents, we______successful in life.
A. will never be B. would never be C. wouldn’t have D. would have never been
Question 6: If I______my wallet at home this morning, I______money for lunch now.
A. leave / will have B. didn’t leave / would have
C. hadn’t left / would have D. hadn’t left / would have had
Question 7: If we______the plans carefully, we would not have had so many serious mistakes.
A. study B. had studied C. studied D. were studying
Question 8: I will never talk to you again______you apologize me______your being rude.
A. if / for B. unless / for C. or / of D. whether / or
Question 9:______ you work harder, you will be sacked.
A. Whether B. If C. However D. Unless
Question 10: " I think you should stop smoking."
A. If I am you, I will stop smoking. B. If I were you, I will stop smoking.
C. If I were you, I would stop smoking. D. If I had been you, I would stop smoking.
Question 11: If you take the ice out of the fridge, it______.
A. vaporizes B. melts C. heats D. disappears
Question 12: Unless we______more snow, we can’t go skiing.
A. will have B. have C. have had D. had
Question 13: You’ll fail the exam______you start revising.
A. if B. until C. when D. unless
Question 14: Unless you wash the car, you______not drive it at the weekend.
A. would B. could C. have to D. may
Question 15: If Peter______his car before the drive, he______the problem of out of petrol.
A. checked / will not get B. had checked / would not have got
C. checks / will not have got D. would be checking / will not have got
Question 16: Most people you meet will be polite to you______.
A. if you are polite to them B. if you will be polite to them
C. unless you are polite to them D. if you were polite to them
Question 17: If you do so, it______the matter worse.
A. makes only B. would only make C. will only make D. had only made
Question 18: Hurry up______you will miss the bus and be late for school.
A. if B. and C. or D. as
Question 19: You will get a good seat if you______first.
A. come B. came C. have come D. will come
Question 20: If Margaret hadn’t been wearing a seat belt, she______injured.
A. has been B. would has been C. would be D. would have been
Question 21: If I______the rain yesterday, I______ill.
A. had not caught / would have been B. had not caught / would not have been
C. have not caught / were not D. have not caught / would have been
Question 22: What______if there______a serious nuclear accident.
A. will happen / was B. happens / were C. would happen / were D. would happen / had been
Question 23: If I hadn't stayed up so late last night, I______so tired this morning.
A. don't feel B. felt C. didn't feel D. wouldn't have felt
Question 24: I______in terrible trouble right now if you hadn't helped me.
A. am B. will be C. would be D. would have been
Question 25: If I had a computer, I______the assignment last night.
A. finished B. have finished C. would have finished D. had finished
Question 26: If you______harder, you'd have passed the exam.
A. had studied B. have studied C. studied D. study
Question 27: If you had lots of money, what______?
A. do you do B. will you do C. would you do D. have you done
Question 28: I'd______out with you if I weren't so tired.
A. go B. went C. had gone D. will go
Question 29: I'm sure your parents would have been happier if you______harder
before that important exam.
A. work B. worked C. have worked D. had worked
Question 30: Tom______so careless if he'd known what would happen.
A. would have been B. wouldn't have been C. would be D. wouldn't be
Question 31: If she______on time, I would have been surprised.
A. arrived B. have arrived C. had arrived D. would arrive
Question 32: We wouldn't______the bus if we'd left home earlier.
A. have missed B. had missed C. will miss D. would miss
Question 33: If John had studied more, he______better marks.
A. gets B. will get C. would get D. would have got
Question 34: If he had tried harder, he might______.
A. succeed B. have succeeded C. be success D. will succeed
Question 35: If you had saved some money, you______so hard up now.
A. aren't B. won't C. wouldn't be D. wouldn't have been
Question 36: Why didn't you tell me? If you______me, I would have helped.
A. tell B. told C. have told D. had told
Question 37: If he______the money, he wouldn't be in prison now.
A. hadn't stolen B. didn't steal C. had stolen D. stole
Question 38: If Tim______so fast, his car wouldn't have crashed into a tree.
A. didn't drive B. hadn't driven C. haven't driven D. drives
Question 39: What a bad luck! If Nam______over, he would have won the race.
A. doesn't fall B. didn't fall C. hasn't fallen D. hadn't fallen
Question 40: If you______me last week, I would have been able to come.
A. invited B. had invited C. would invite D. would have invited
Question 41: I'm sure your letter hasn't arrived yet. If it had come, I'm sure I______it.
A. will notice B. noticed C. would have noticed D. would notice
Question 42: Why didn't you phone? If I had known you were coming, I______you at the airport.
A. would have met B. would meet C. met D. had met
Question 43: It's a pity you missed the party. If you______, you would have met my teacher from Australia.
A. came B. have come C. come D. had come
Question 44: I wouldn't have resat the exam if I______harder.
A. study B. studied C. had studied D. would have studied
Question 45: If Jane______, I wouldn't have been able to move the table.
A. didn't help B. hadn't helped C. hasn't helped D. wouldn't help
Question 46: Unless you______me about Sue's hair, I wouldn't have noticed.
A. had told B. hadn't told C. told D. didn't tell
Question 47: "If I______and my life depended on the solution, I would spend the first 55 minutes determining the
proper question to ask, for once I know the proper question, I could solve the problem in less than five minutes."
Albert Einstein
A. have an hour to solve a problem B. had an hour solving a problem
C. had had an hour to solve a problem D. had an hour to solve a problem
Question 48: If he had spent his youth learning something, he______himself for his lack of knowledge now.
A. will not blame B. would not blame
C. would not have blamed D. would blame
Question 49: If he______this homework to do, he would have gone out with his friends.
A. had not B. didn't have C. had had D. hadn't had
Question 50: Were my grandfather alive, he______learning something new. He was really a studious.
A. will be B. would be C. would have been D. will have been

Exercise 2: Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
Question 1: Students will not be allowed into the exam room if they______their student cards.
A. don’t produce B. didn’t produce C. produced D. hadn’t produced
Question 2: Without your help, I______the technical problem with my computer the other day.
A. wouldn’t solve B. couldn’t have solved
C. could solve D. can’t solve
Question 3: If Martin were here now, he______us to solve this difficult problem.
A. would help B. helps C. will help D. has helped
Question 4: If he didn’t have to work today, he______his children to the zoo.
A. will take B. takes C. would take D. has taken
Question 5: If you didn’t have to leave today, I______you around the city.
A. have shown B. showed C. will show D. would show
Question 6: If our teacher were here now, he______us with this difficult exercise.
A. has helped B. helps C. will help D. would help
Question 7: If he were younger, he______a professional running competition now.
A. will j oin B. had j oined C. would have joined D. would join
Question 8: If you watch this film, you______about the cultures of Southeast Asian countries.
A. learned B. were learning C. will learn D. would learn
Question 9: If he were better qualified, he______get the job.
A. will B. can C. may D. could
Question 10: If life______predictable it would cease to be life, and be without flavor.
A. is B. would be C. were D. had been
Question 11: That sounds like a good offer. I______it if I______you.
A. would accept - were B. accepted - would be C. accept - will be D. will accept - were
Question 12: If he improved his IT skills, he______a job.
A. will easily get B. would easily get C. will easily have got D. would easily have got
Question 13: If it had not rained last night, the roads in the city______so slippery now.
A. must not be B. would not be C. could not have been D. would not have been
Question 14:______ten minutes earlier, you would have got a better seat.
A. Had you arrived B. If you arrived C. Were you arrived D. If you hadn’t arrived
Question 15: If it______their encouragement, he could have given it up.
A. hadn’t been for B. wouldn’t have been for C. had been for D. hadn’t been
Question 16: But for his kind support, I______.
A. would not have succeeded B. did not succeed C. had not succeeded D. would succeed
Question 17: - Jean: “Why didn’t you tell me about the plans for the merge?” - Jack: “I would have told you______.”
A. if you asked me to B. had you asked me to C. you had asked to me D. you were asking me
Question 18: We______on the beach now if we hadn't missed the plane.
A. will lie B. could be lying C. will be lying D. might have lain
Question 19:______anyone call, just say I'll be back in the office at four o'clock.
A. If B. Were C. Should D. Unless
Question 20:______me twice my current salary, I wouldn't work for them.
A. If they paid B. Weren’t they paid C. Were they not to pay D. Had they not paid
Question 21: If we______, the work would have been completed, I’m sure.
A. hadn’t been disturbed B. weren’t disturbed C. didn’t disturb D. hadn’t disturbed
Question 22: The palace is so heavy and massive that no redecoration can make it look like a little gracious villa.
Even if we______it pink, which, of course, is out of the question.
A. would paint B. had painted C. were to paint D. paint
Question 23: Well, you see, if I______up in a neighborhood where drink problems were endemic, I might find these
jokes really funny.
A. wouldn’t be brought B. weren’t brought C. didn’t bring D. hadn’t been brought
Question 24: If, as Mark says, the landlord______so surprised seeing the group, he must have forgotten the arrangement.
A. has been B. was C. would have been D. had been
Question 25: I’m glad I managed to talk Sandra out of buying a dog. If I______, we would now be looking for a pet-
friendly hotel.
A. hadn’t B. did C. didn’t D. wouldn’t
Question 26:______she to call you immediately, what would you do?
A. Does B. If C. Unless D. Were
Question 27: If Karol Wojtyia______elected Pope, there wouldn’t be so many Poles visiting Rome every year now.
A. wasn’t to be B. weren’t C. hadn’t been D. wouldn’t have been
Question 28: Who will pay for the coach if almost two fifths of the passengers______a free ride?
A. will receive B. are to be given C. were to give D. would receive
Question 29: Don’t tell me I acted too quickly. I’m sure nobody in my place______a minute longer.
A. would have to wait B. would wait
C. would be able to wait D. would have waited
Question 30: The company’s situation is hopeless and I can’t see what the new president might do to improve it; even
if he______a genius, which he is not.
A. were B. is to be C. will be D. would be
Exercise 3 - Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first
1. If you don’t work harder, you will be sacked because of your laziness
Unless__________________________________________________ .
2. I didn’t realize that the traffic lights were red, so I didn’t stop.
If __________________________________________________ .
3. If there hadn’t been the heavy storm, the climbers would not have died
Unless__________________________________________________ .
4. If she has enough apples, she’ll make an apple pie this afternoon.
Should__________________________________________________
5. You didn’t listen to me. That’s why you have so much trouble now.
If __________________________________________________ .
6. Lucia isn’t here now, so she can’t find out the truth about her uncle’s accident.
If __________________________________________________
7. I didn’t know you were in financial difficulty, so I didn’t help you.
If __________________________________________________
8. Thanks to his parents’ support, he was successful in life.
ut for__________________________________________________
9. I left my wallet at home this morning, so I don’t have money for lunch now.
If __________________________________________________ .
10. I will never talk to you again if you don’t apologize me for your being rude.
unless__________________________________________________.
11. I didn’t know Alice’s address, I couldn’t write to her.
Had__________________________________________________.
12. Margaret was wearing a seat belt, so she wasn’t injured.
If __________________________________________________ .
13. I think you should stop smoking.
If __________________________________________________
14. We should do something to protect water from being polluted or we will have nothing to drink in the future.
If __________________________________________________.
15. I cannot buy a new computer because I haven’t save enough money.
If __________________________________________________.
Exercise 4: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the
questions.
Question 1: I didn't have an umbrella with me, so I got wet.
A. Since I got wet, I didn't have an umbrella with me. B. My umbrella helped me to get wet.
C. I wouldn’t have got wet if I had had an umbrella with me. D. I got wet, so I didn't have an umbrella.
Question 2: Unless you leave me alone, I'll call the police.
A. I'll call the police because you leave me alone. B. I'll call the police if you don't leave me alone.
C. If you leave me alone, I'll call the police. D. You leave me alone, so I'll call the police.
Question?: Ifyou hadn't told me about the changes in the timetable, I wouldn't have noticed.
A. You hadn't told me about the changes in the timetable, so I didn't notice.
B. Unless you had told me about the changes in the timetable, I wouldn't have noticed.
C. If you had told me about the changes in the timetable, I would have noticed.
D. Unless you tell me about the changes in the timetable, I won't notice.
Question 4: If I had known the reason why she was absent from class, I would have told you.
A. I knew the reason why she was absent from class, but I didn't tell you.
B. Unless I knew the reason why she was absent from class, I wouldn't tell you.
C. I didn't know the reason why she was absent from class, so I didn't tell.
D. Although I knew the reason why she was absent from class, I didn't tell you.
Question 5: But for your carelessness, you could have been a partner in the firm.
A. If it hadn't been your carelessness, you could have been a partner in the firm.
B. Your carelessness was only thing to prevent being a partner in the firm.
C. It was your carelessness that made you impossible to be a partner in the firm
D. You could have been a partner in the firm, but you were so careless.
Question 6: Without skillful surgery, he would not have survived the operation.
A. With skillful surgery, he would have survived the operation.
B. Had it not been for skillful surgery, he would have survived the operation.
C. But for skillful surgery, he would not have survived the operation.
D. He wouldn't have survived the operation if he hadn't skillful surgery.
Question 7: We could not handle the situation without you.
A. You didn't help us handle the situation.
B. If you had not helped us, we could not have handled the situation.
C. If you did not help us, we could not handle the situation.
D. We will handle the situation if you help.
Question 8: Unless you have tickets you can't come in.
A. You can't come in provided that you have tickets. B. You can come in provided that you have tickets.
C. If you didn't have tickets, you couldn't come in. D. Unless you don't have tickets, you can come in.
Question 9: He stepped on the mine, and it exploded.
A. If he doesn’t step on the mine, it doesn’t explode. B. If he doesn’t step on the mine, it won’t explode.
C. If he didn’t step on the mine, it wouldn’t explode. D. If he hadn’t stepped on the mine, it wouldn’t have exploded.
Question 10: It may rain this afternoon. I hope it doesn’t because I don’t want the match to be cancelled.
A. If it rains, the match is cancelled.
B. If it rains, the match will be cancelled.
C. if it rained, the match would be cancelled.
D. If it had rained, the match would have been cancelled.