Key Mathematical Formulas from
Cambridge Lower Secondary
Mathematics Workbook 9
Number and Calculation
Standard Form
$a \times 10^n$ where $1 ≤ a < 10$ and $n$ is an integer
Indices Rules
$x^a \times x^b = x^{a+b}$
$x^a \div x^b = x^{a-b}$
$(x^a)^b = x^{ab}$
$x^0 = 1$
$x^{-n} = \frac{1}{x^n}$
Expressions and Formulae
Changing the Subject of a Formula
Perform the same operations to both sides of the equation.
Decimals, Percentages and Rounding
Compound Percentages
Increase by p%: multiply by $(1 + \frac{p}{100})$
Decrease by p%: multiply by $(1 - \frac{p}{100})$
Percentage Rules
Percentage of an amount: $\text{amount} \times \frac{\
text{percentage}}{100}$
Finding the percentage: $\frac{\text{part}}{\text{whole}} \times
100%$
Percentage change: $\frac{\text{new value - original value}}{\
text{original value}} \times 100%$
Percentage profit: $\frac{\text{selling price - cost price}}{\text{cost
price}} \times 100%$
Angles
Interior Angles of Polygons
Sum of interior angles of a polygon with $n$ sides: $(n - 2) \times 180°$
Exterior Angles of Polygons
Sum of exterior angles of any polygon: $360°$
Pythagoras' Theorem
$a^2 + b^2 = c^2$ where $c$ is the hypotenuse
Angle Rules
Angles on a straight line sum to $180°$
Angles around a point sum to $360°$
Alternate angles are equal
Corresponding angles are equal
Vertically opposite angles are equal
Interior and exterior angles at the same vertex of a triangle sum to
$180°$
Angles in a triangle sum to $180°$
Base angles in an isosceles triangle are equal
Angle Bisector
An angle bisector divides an angle into two equal parts
In a triangle, an angle bisector divides the opposite side in the ratio of
the adjacent sides
For angle bisector from vertex A: $\frac{AB}{AC} = \frac{BD}{DC}$
where D is on side BC
Shapes and Measurements
Circle Formulas
Circumference: $C = \pi d$ or $C = 2\pi r$
Area: $A = \pi r^2$
Surface Area Formulas
Cuboid: $2(lw + lh + wh)$
Cube: $6a^2$ where $a$ is the length of one edge
Cylinder: $2\pi r^2 + 2\pi rh$
Triangular prism: area of triangular faces + sum of areas of rectangular
faces
Sphere: $4\pi r^2$
Pyramid: area of base + sum of areas of triangular faces
Cone: $\pi r^2 + \pi rl$ where $l$ is slant height
Ratio and Proportion
Direct Proportion
If $y$ is directly proportional to $x$: $y = kx$ where $k$ is the constant of
proportionality
Inverse Proportion
If $y$ is inversely proportional to $x$: $y = \frac{k}{x}$ where $k$ is the
constant of proportionality
Position and Transformation
Enlargement
Lengths multiply by scale factor $k$
Areas multiply by $k^2$
Volumes multiply by $k^3$
Volume and Surface Area
Volume Formulas
Prism: area of cross-section × length
Cylinder: $\pi r^2 h$
Cube: $a^3$
Cuboid: $l \times w \times h$
Pyramid: $\frac{1}{3} \times$ area of base $\times$ height
Cone: $\frac{1}{3} \pi r^2 h$
Sphere: $\frac{4}{3} \pi r^3$
Statistics
Grouped Data Estimates
Mean: sum of (midpoint × frequency) ÷ total frequency
Median: found in the class containing the middle value
Mode: the class with the highest frequency
