1.

Which normal form ensures that there are no transitive

dependencies in a relation?
a. First Normal Form (1NF)
b. Second Normal Form (2NF)
c. Third Normal Form (3NF)
d. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
ANSWER:d
2.In the context of DBMS, what does the term "ACID" stand for?
a. Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability
b. Association, Compatibility, Integration, Durability
c. Aggregation, Concurrency, Isolation, Durability
d. Atomicity, Completeness, Isolation, Durability
Answer: d
3. Who created the first DBMS?
a) Edgar Frank Codd
b) Charles Bachman
c) Charles Babbage
d) Sharon B. Codd
Answer: b
Explanation: Charles Bachman along with his team invented the first
DBMS known as Integrated
Data Store (IDS).
4. Which type of data can be stored in the database?
a) Image oriented data
b) Text, files containing data
c) Data in the form of audio or video
d) All of the above
Answer: d
Explanation: The reason for creating the database management
system was to store large data
and these data can be of any form image, text, audio, or video files,
etc. DBMS allows the users
to store and access the data of any format.
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5. In which of the following formats data is stored in the database
management system?
a) Image
b) Text
c) Table
d) Graph

Answer: c
Explanation: The data is stored in a table format intended to manage
the storage of data and
manipulate stored data to generate information.
6. Which of the following is not a type of database?
a) Hierarchical
b) Network
c) Distributed
d) Decentralized

Answer: d
Explanation: Different types are:
1) Centralized
2) Distributed
3) Relational
4) NoSQL
5) Cloud
6) Object-oriented
7) Hierarchical
8) Network
7. Which of the following is not an example of DBMS?
a) MySQL
b) Microsoft Acess
c) IBM DB2
d) Google
Answer: d
Explanation: MySQL, Microsoft Access, IBM DB2 are database
management systems while
Google is a search engine. MySQL is a Linux-based database
management system, Microsoft
Access is a tool that is a part of Microsoft Office used to store data,
IBM DB2 is a database
management system developed by IBM. Google’s Bigtable is the
database that runs Google’s
Internet search, Google Maps, YouTube, Gmail, and other products.

8. The term "DFD" stands for?

a. Data file diagram

b. Data flow document

c. Data flow diagram

d. None of the above

Answer: C

Explanation: The term"DFD" stands for the Data Flow Diagram, and
to represent the flow of the data( or information), the data flow
diagram is used. The data flow diagram also helps in understanding
how the data is managed in the application. Therefore the correct
answer is C.

9. Which of the following is a feature of the database?

a) No-backup for the data stored
b) User interface provided
c) Lack of Authentication
d) Store data in multiple locations
Answer: b
10.Foreign key is the one in which the________ of one relation is
referenced in another relation.
a)Primary key
b)Super key
c)Degree
d)domain
Answer:A
11. Which of the following is not a function of the database?
a) Managing stored data
b) Manipulating data
c) Security for stored data
d) Analysing code
Answer: d
Explanation: It allows authorized users to update, store, manipulate,
or access data. Since data
is stored in table format it is easy to access the data and perform the
required functions. It also
removes duplicate and redundant data.
12. Which of the following is a function of the DBMS?
a) Storing data
b) Providing multi-users access control
c) Data Integrity
d) All of the above
Answer: d
Explanation: The purpose of creating DBMS was to store the data.
The data stored in the
database management system can be can accessed by multiple users
if the access is provided.
The data stored will be accurate and complete hence providing data
integrity.
13. Which of the following is a component of the DBMS?
a) Data
b) Data Languages
c) Data Manager
d) All of the above
Answer: d
Explanation: The components of DBMS are as follows:
1) Hardware: Like a hard drive, monitor, etc.
2) Software: Provides a user interface
3) Data Manager: Manages operations of DBMS.
4) Data: The collection of information on the DB is known as data.
5) Data Languages: Languages like DDL, DML, DAL, and DCL allow to
perform operations like
creating, modifying, storing, or retrieving data.

14. Which of the following is known as a set of entities of the same

type that share same properties, or attributes?
a) Relation set
b) Tuples
c) Entity set
d) Entity Relation model
Answer: c
Explanation: In the actual world, an entity is a distinct “thing” or
“object” from all other objects.
For example: Each employee of an organization is an entity.
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15. What is information about data called?
a) Hyper data
b) Tera data
c) Meta data
d) Relations
Answer: c
Explanation: Information about data is known as Metadata.
Metadata describes the data in
detail by providing additional information like type, length of the
data, etc. Metadata helps the
user to understand the data.
16. What does an RDBMS consist of?
a) Collection of Records
b) Collection of Keys
c) Collection of Tables
d) Collection of Fields
Answer: c
Explanation: It consists of a collection of tables i.e., the data is
organized in tabular format.
The columns of the relation are known as Fields and rows of the
relation are known as fields.
Constraints in a relation are known as Keys.
17. The values appearing in given attributes of any tuple in the
referencing relation must likewise occur in specified attributes of at
least one tuple in the referenced relation, according to
_____________________ integrity constraint.
a) Referential
b) Primary
c) Referencing
d) Specific
Answer: a
Explanation: Consider 2 relations r1 and r2. r1 may include among its
attributes the primary key of relation r2. This attribute is called a
foreign key from r1, referencing r2. The relation r1 is also called the
referencing relation of the foreign key dependency, and r2 is called
the referenced relation of the foreign key.
18. _____________ is a hardware component that is most important
for the operation of a
database management system.
a) Microphone
b) High speed, large capacity disk to store data
c) High-resolution video display
d) Printer
Answer: b
Explanation: Since all the data are stored in form of memory in the
disk, a high speed, and
large-capacity disk is required for the operation of the database
management system.
19. The DBMS acts as an interface between ________________ and
________________ of an
enterprise-class system.
a) Data and the DBMS
b) Application and SQL
c) Database application and the database
d) The user and the software
Answer: c
Explanation: A database management system is an application that
acts as an interface
between the user and the database. The user interacts with the
application to access data.
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20. The ability to query data, as well as insert, delete, and alter
tuples, is offered by ____________
a) TCL (Transaction Control Language)
b) DCL (Data Control Language)
c) DDL (Data Definition Langauge)
d) DML (Data Manipulation Langauge)
Answer: d
Explanation: A query is a request for data or information. Relational
Schema is the design and
structure of the relation. DDL consists of commands that help in
modifying. DML performs the change in the values of the relation.
21. ______________ is a set of one or more attributes taken
collectively to uniquely identify a record.
a) Primary Key
b) Foreign key
c) Super key
d) Candidate key
Answer: c
Explanation: Foreign key creates a relationship between two
relations. Super key is the superset
of all the keys in a relation. A candidate key is used to identify tuples
in a relation.
22. Which command is used to remove a relation from an SQL?
a) Drop table
b) Delete
c) Purge
d) Remove
Answer: a
Explanation: Delete command is used to delete the existing record
from the table. The drop table deletes the whole structure of the
relation. Purge removes the table which cannot be obtained again.
23. Which of the following set should be associated with weak entity
set for weak entity to be meaningful?
a) Neighbour set
b) Strong entity set
c) Owner set
d) Identifying set
Answer: d
Explanation: Every weak entity must be linked to an identifying
entity; in other words, the existence of the weak entity set is
contingent on the presence of the identifying entity set. The
weak entity set that the identifying entity set identifies is said to be
owned by the identifying entity set. Owner entity set is another
name for it.
24. Which of the following command is correct to delete the values in
the relation teaches?
a) Delete from teaches;
b) Delete from teaches where Id =’Null’;
c) Remove table teaches;
d) Drop table teaches;
Answer: a
Explanation: To delete the entries from the table Delete from table
command should be used.
25. Procedural language among the following is __________
a) Domain relational calculus
b) Tuple relational calculus
c) Relational algebra
d) Query language
Answer: c
Explanation: Non-Procedural Languages are Domain relational
calculus and Tuple relational calculus. Relational algebra is a
procedural language that takes input in the form of relation and
output generated is also a relation.
26. _________________ operations do not preserve non-matched
tuples.
a) Left outer join
b) Inner join
c) Natural join
d) Right outer join
Answer: b
Explanation: Left outer join returns all the rows from the table that is
on the left side and matching rows on the right side of the join. Inner
join returns all rows when there is at least one match in BOTH tables.
Natural join returns the common columns from the tables being
joined. A right outer join returns all the rows from the table that is on
the right side and matching rows on the left side of the join.
27. Which forms have a relation that contains information about a
single entity?
a) 4NF
b) 2NF
c) 5NF
d) 3NF
Answer: a
Explanation: If and only if, for each of its non-trivial multivalued
dependencies X\twoheadrightarrow Y, a table is in 4NF. X is a
superkey—that is, X is either a candidate key or a superset thereof.
28. The top level of the hierarchy consists of ______ each of which
can contain _____.
a) Schemas, Catalogs
b) Schemas, Environment
c) Environment, Schemas
d) Catalogs, Schemas
Answer: d
Explanation: Schemas represent the logical configuration of the
DBMS. Catalogs consist of metadata of the objects and system
settings used.
29. _______ indicates the maximum number of entities that can be
involved in a relationship.
a) Greater Entity Count
b) Minimum cardinality
c) Maximum cardinality
d) ERD
Answer: c
Explanation: The term cardinality refers to the uniqueness of data
values included in a single column (attribute) of a table in SQL
(Structured Query Language).
30. The user IDs can be added or removed using which of the
following fixed roles?
a) db_sysadmin
b) db_accessadmin
c) db_securityadmin
d) db_setupadmin
Answer: b
Explanation: Along with security, as the name suggests the
db_accessadmin role also handles access. db_sysadmin refers to the
system administrator. db_securityadmin as the name suggests it
involves granting or declining permission to access the data ensuring
security.
31. Why the following statement is erroneous?
SELECT dept_name, ID, avg (salary)
FROM instructor
GROUP BY dept_name;
a) Dept_id should not be used in group by clause
b) Group by clause is not valid in this query
c) Avg(salary) should not be selected
d) None
Answer: a
Explanation: Any property that does not occur in the group by clause
must only appear in an aggregate function if it also appears in the
select clause; otherwise, the query is considered incorrect.
32. The traditional storage of data organized by the customer, stored
in separate folders in filing cabinets is an example of______________
type of ‘database’ management system.
a) Object-oriented database management system
b) Relational database management system
c) Network database management system
d) Hierarchical database management system
Answer: d
Explanation: In an object-oriented database management system, the
data is stored in the form of objects. In a relational DBMS, the data is
stored in the form of tables. Hierarchy is obtained by Parent-Child
Relationship. Parent-Child Relationship Type is basically a 1:N
relationship.
33. After groups have been established, SQL applies predicates in the
___________ clause,allowing aggregate functions to be used.
a) Where
b) Having
c) Group by
d) With
Answer: d
Explanation: The “with” clause was introduced to reduce the
complexity of the queries which are lengthy. The “with” clause allows
you to define a temporary relation whose definition is only visible to
the query in which it appears.
34. Which of the following is not the utility of DBMS?
i) Backup ii) Loading iii) Process Organization iv) File organization
a) i, ii, and iv only
b) i, ii and iii only
c) i, iii and iv only
d) All i, ii, iii, and iv
Answer: a
Explanation: Backup utility is used to create a copy of the db as a
backup. Loading utility is used to load existing file. File organization is
used to relocate the files and create new access path. Processing is
not an utility.
35. What does a foreign key combined with a primary key create?
a) Network model between the tables that connect them
b) Parent-Child relationship between the tables that connects them
c) One to many relationship between the tables that connects them
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Using the two relationships mother and father gives us a
record of a child’s mother, even if we don’t know who the father is; if
the ternary connection parent is used, a null value is necessary. In
this scenario, binary relationship sets are preferred.
36. Which of the following is correct according to the technology
deployed by DBMS?
a) Pointers are used to maintain transactional integrity and
consistency
b) Cursors are used to maintain transactional integrity and
consistency
c) Locks are used to maintain transactional integrity and consistency
d) Triggers are used to maintain transactional integrity and
consistency
Answer: c
Explanation: Pointers are used to access data with great speed and
accuracy. Consistency is maintained using locks.
37. Which of the following is correct regarding the file produced by a
spreadsheet?
a) can be used as it is by the DBMS
b) stored on disk in an ASCII text format
c) all of the mentioned
d) none of the mentioned
Answer:
Explanation: For updating the value in ASCII text format, a regular
text file is used.
38. What is the function of the following command?
Delete from r where P;
a) Clears entries from relation
b) Deletes relation
c) Deletes particular tuple from relation
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: In the command the P gives condition to delete a
particular tuple.
39. ______ resembles Create view.
a) Create table . . . as
b) Create view as
c) Create table . . .like
d) With data
Answer: a
Explanation: The ‘create table... as’ statement is similar to the ‘create
view... as’ statement in that both are defined with queries. The main
distinction is that table contents are set when the table is built,
whereas view contents always reflect the current query result.
40. The query specifying the SQL view is said to be updatable if it
meets which of the following conditions?
a) select clause contains relation attribute names but not have
expressions, aggregates, or
distinct specification
b) from clause has 1 relation
c) query does not have group by or having clause
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: To update the view in sql all the conditions must be
satisfied.
41. When the “ROLLUP” operator for expression or columns within a
“GROUP BY” clause is used?
a) Find the groups that make up the subtotal in a row
b) Create group-wise grand totals for the groups indicated in a
GROUP BY clause
c) Group expressions or columns specified in a GROUP BY clause in
one direction, from right to
left, for computing the subtotals
d) To produce a cross-tabular report for computing subtotals by
grouping phrases or columns given within a GROUP BY clause in all
available directions
Answer: c
Explanation: A view can be thought of as a virtual table that gets its
data from one or more table columns.
42. Which of the following is the best way to represent the attributes
in a large db?
a) Dot representation
b) Concatenation
c) Relational-and
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Concatenation in DBMS is used to join two or more
table fields of the same table or different tables. Example inst sec and
student sec.
43. Which of the following is the subset of SQL commands used to
manipulate Oracle
Structures, including tables?
a) Data Described Language
b) Data Retrieval Language
c) Data Manipulation Language
d) Data Definition Language
Answer: d
Explanation: DDLs are used to define schema and table characters
and consist of commands that help in modifying. DML performs the
change in the values of the relation.
44. Which of the following functions construct histograms and use
buckets for ranking?
a) Ntil()
b) Newtil()
c) Rank()
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: ntile(n) returns the number of the bucket in which each
tuple is stored, with bucket
numbers beginning with 1.
45. __________ command is used in SQL to issue multiple CREATE
TABLE, CREATE VIEW and
GRANT statements in a single transaction.
a) CREATE CLUSTER
b) CREATE PACKAGE
c) CREATE SCHEMA
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: A schema is a description of a system’s structure in a
formal language supported
by the database management system, and it refers to data
organization as a blueprint for how a db is built.
46. Which of the following key is required in to handle the data when
the encryption is applied to the data so that the unauthorised user
cannot access the data?
a) Primary key
b) Authorised key
c) Encryption key
d) Decryption key
Answer: d
Explanation: The encryption key is used to encrypt the message. Even
if the message is intercepted by an enemy, the enemy will be unable
to decrypt and interpret the message because he lacks the key.
47. Which of the following is known as the process of viewing cross-
tab with a fixed value of one attribute?
a) Dicing
b) Pivoting
c) Slicing
d) Both Pivoting and Dicing
Answer: c

Explanation: Slice procedure takes one dimension from a cube and

turns it into a new sub-cube. Dice takes two or more dimensions
from a cube and creates a new sub-cube from them.
48. For designing a normal RDBMS which of the following normal
form is considered adequate?
a) 4NF
b) 3NF
c) 2NF
d) 5NF
Answer: b
Explanation: Because most 3NF tables are free of insertion, update,
and deletion anomalies, an RDBMS table is sometimes regarded as
“normalized” if it is in the Third Normal Form.
49. Which of the following is popular for applications such as storage
of log files in a database
management system since it offers the best write performance?
a) RAID level 0
b) RAID level 1
c) RAID level 2
d) RAID level 3
Answer: b
Explanation: RAID level 0 refers to data stripping. RAID level 1 refers
to disk mirroring with block striping. RAID level 2 refers to bit-level
stripping and RAID level 3 refers to byte-level striping with dedicated
parity.
50. Which of the following represents a query in the tuple relational
calculus?
a) { }{P(t) | t }
b) {t | P(t)}
c) t | P() | t
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: A nonprocedural query language is the tuple relational
calculus. It specifies the needed information but does not provide a
detailed strategy for obtaining it.
51. The oldest DB model is _______________
a) Network
b) Physical
c) Hierarchical
d) Relational
Answer: a
Explanation: Network model has data stored in a hierarchical
network flow. In a relational DBMS, the data is stored in the form of
tables. Hierarchy is obtained by Parent-Child Relationship
52. Evaluate the statements issued by the DBA in the given sequence
if OE and SCOTT are theusers and the ORDERS table is owned by OE.
CREATE ROLE r1;
GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON oe. orders TO r1;
GRANT r1 TO scott;
GRANT SELECT ON oe. orders TO scott;
REVOKE SELECT ON oe.orders FROM scott;
53.What would be the outcome after executing the statements?
a) The REVOKE statement would give an error because the SELECT
privilege has been granted to
the role R1
b) The REVOKE statement would remove the SELECT privilege from
SCOTT as well as from the role R1
c) SCOTT would be able to query the OE.ORDERS table
d) SCOTT would not be able to query the OE.ORDERS table
Answer: c
Explanation: To perform operations on objects, the REVOKE
statement is used to revoke rights from a single user or role, or from
all users.
54. Which of the following establishes a top-to-bottom relationship
among the items?
a) Relational schema
b) Network schema
c) Hierarchical schema
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: A data model in which the data is structured into a tree-
like structure is known as a hierarchical model. The structure allows
information to be represented using parent-child relationships.
55. A major goal of the db system is to minimize the number of block
transfers between the disk
and memory. Which of the following helps in achieving this goal?
a) Secondary storage
b) Storage
c) Catalog
d) Buffer
Answer: d
Explanation: Every block has a copy on disc, however, the copy on the
disc may be an earlier version of the block than the version in the
buffer.
56. What happens if a piece of data is stored in two places in the db?
a) Storage space is wasted & Changing the data in one spot will cause
data inconsistency
b) In can be more easily accessed
c) Changing the data in one spot will cause data inconsistency
d) Storage space is wasted
Answer: a
Explanation: One of the main features of a database management
system is minimum data duplication and redundancy. Hence, is
always consistent and so there is no duplication.
57. The logical design, and the snapshot of the data at a given instant
in time is known as?
a) Instance & Relation
b) Relation & Schema
c) Domain & Schema
d) Schema & Instance
Answer: d
Explanation: Instance is an instance of time, the relation is also
known as table consists of data with similar characteristics, Domain is
the collection of values that an attribute can contain and schema is a
representation.

58 In a relation database, every tuples divided into the fields are

known as the______.

a. Queries

b. Domains

c. Relations

d. All of the above

Answer: B

Explanation: In a database, the number of rows inside a table is

known as tuples, and if we further divide those tuples (or rows) into
those fields, they become the domains. So the correct answer will be
B.
59.A relation R(ABC) is having the tuples(1,2,1),(1,2,2),(1,3,1) and
(2,3,2). Which of the following functional dependencies holds well?
(A) A → BC (B) AC → B (C) AB → C (D) BC → A
Ans: D
60. Which of the following is not an example of DBMS?
a) MySQL b) Microsoft Acess c) IBM DB2 d) Google
Answer: d Explanation: MySQL, Microsoft Access, IBM DB2 are
database management systems while Google is a search engine.
MySQL is a Linux-based database management system, Microsoft
Access is a tool that is a part of Microsoft Office used to store data,
IBM DB2 is a database management system developed by IBM.
Google’s Bigtable is the database that runs Google’s Internet search,
Google Maps, YouTube, Gmail, and other products.
61. Which of the following is a feature of DBMS?
a) Minimum Duplication and Redundancy of Data
b) High Level of Security
c) Single-user Access only
d) Support ACID Property
Answer: c
Explanation: The important features of a database management
system are: 1) Minimum Duplication and Redundancy of Data 2) High
Level of Security 3) Mulitple-user Access 4) Support ACID Property
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62. Consider the following relation instance, where “A1” is primary
Key. A1 A2 A3 A4 1 1 1 Null 5 2 5 1 9 5 13 5 13 13 9 15 Which one of
the following can be a foreign key that refers to the same relation?
(A) A2 (B) A3 (C) A4 (D) ALL
Answer B
Solution:From the instance, attribute A3w seems to uniquely identify
each row in the relation. No two rows have the same combination of
values in A3.
63.User can specify general constraints in queries with the help of
a)Normalization b)assertion c)insertion d)sub-queries
Answer:B
Solution:Assertions are SQL constructs used to define conditions that
must hold true for data to be entered or updated in a database. They
are used to enforce business rules or integrity constraints beyond
what can be achieved through simple column constraints or foreign
key constraints.
64. A table product conatins 10 record.It ha a column price which is
defined as UNIQUE.The SQL statement SELECT COUNT(*) FROM
PRODUCT WHERE PRICE > ANY(SELECT PRICE FROM PRODUCT)
a)0 b)1 c)10 d)9
answer:A
Solution:the condition PRICE > ANY(SELECT PRICE FROM PRODUCT)
compares each price in the PRODUCT table with any price in the
same table.If any price in the table is greater than at least one other
price in the table, the row will be selected.Since the PRICE column is
defined as UNIQUE, there can't be any price that is greater than any
other price in the same column.Therefore, the count of rows
satisfying this condition will always be 0. Hence, the correct answer is
(a) 0.
65. 4NF is meant to handle
a)Atomic attributes
b)Multivalued dependency
c)Multiple keys
d)Transitive dependency
Answer :B
Solution:4NF aims to eliminate redundancy caused by multivalued
dependencies. It does this by decomposing relations with
multivalued dependencies into smaller, more meaningful relations.
66. In the relational model, cardinality is termed as:
A. A number of tuples.
67.Relational calculus is a:
A. Non-Procedural language.
68.The view of total database content is
A.Conceptual view
69.Cartesian product in relational algebra is
A.a Binary operator.
70.DML is provided for
A.Manipulation & processing of the database.
71.‘AS’ clause is used in SQL for
A.Rename operation.
72.ODBC stands for
A.Open Database Connectivity.
73.Architecture of the database can be viewed as
A.three levels.
74.In a relational model, relations are termed as
A.Tables
75.The database schema is written in
A.DDL
76.In the architecture of a database system external level is the
A.view level.
77.In Hierarchical model records are organised as
A.Tree
78.Which of the following relations cannot be decomposed into
BCNF with a lossless join and dependency-preserving
decomposition?
a)R (ABCDE) {AB → C, BC → A, AC → B, B → D, D → E}
b)R (A BC D) {AB → B, C → D}
c)R (A B C D) {AB → C, C → AD}
d)R (ABCDE) {AB → C, C → D, D → E, E → A}
Ans c. R (A B C D) {AB → C, C → AD}
79. The relation scheme Student Performance (Employee_firstname,
department_id, Employee_Id, ratings) has the following functional
dependencies:
Employee_firstname, department_id → ratings
Employee_Id, department_id -> ratings
Employee_firstname ->Employee_id
Employee_id -> Employee_firstname
The highest normal form of this relation scheme is
2NF
3NF
4NF
None of the above
Ans 3NF
80.if every non-prime attribute is fully functionally dependent on the
primary key, then the relation will be in
a) BCNF (b) 2NF c) INF (d) 3NF
The correct answer is: (b)
2NF In the context of normalization, 2NF (Second Normal Form)
requires that the relation be in 1NF and that no non-prime attribute
is partially dependent on any candidate key. If every non-prime
attribute is fully functionally dependent on the primary key, it implies
that the relation satisfies the requirements of 2NF.
81.Consider the relation scheme R = (E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N) and
the set of functional dependencies {{E,F} → {G}, {F} → {I,J}, {E,H} →
{K,L}, {K} → {M), {L} → {N}} on R.What is the key for R?
a) {E,F)
b) {E,F,H}
c) {E,F,H,K,L}
d) {E}
find the key for the relation
R = (E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N)
R=(E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N) using the closure of attribute sets with respect
to the given set of functional dependencies: (E, F, H, K, L} E^+ = \{E\}
●E
●+
● ={E}
● F^+ = \{F\}
●F
●+
● ={F}
● H^+ = \{H\}
●H
●+

● ={H}
● K^+ = \{K\}
●K
●+
● ={K}
● L^+ = \{L\}
●L
●+
● ={L}
● EF^+ = \{E, F, G, I, J\}
● EF
●+
● ={E,F,G,I,J} (using {E, F} → {G} and {F} → {I, J})
● EFH^+ = \{E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L\}
● EFH
●+
● ={E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L} (using {E, H} → {K, L})
● EFHKL^+ = \{E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N\}
● EFHKL ● +
● ={E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N} (using {K} → {M} and {L} → {N})
● The closure contains all attributes. The smallest superkey is {E, F, H,
K, L}, so it is the key for the relation. Therefore, the correct option is:
(c) {E, F, H, K, L}
82. Consider the join of a relation R with a relation S. If R has m
tuples and S has n tuples then the maximum and minimum sizes of
the join respectively are
a) m +n and 0
b) mn and 0
c) m+n and|m-n
d) mn and m + n
The correct option is: d) mn and m + n
83. . Suppose that we have an ordered file with r30,000 records
stored on a disk with block size B = 1024 bytes. File records are of
fixed size and are unspanned, with record length R = 100 bytes. The
blocking factor and the number of blocks needed for the file are
a) 10 and 3000
(b) 3000 and 10
c) 10 and 300
(d) 8 and 3000
ans) 3000 and 10
84. What does the following query do? UPDATE student SET marks
marks* 1.10;
a) It increases the marks of all the students by 10%
(b) It decreases the marks of all the students by 90%
c) It increases the marks of all the students by 110%
(d) It is syntactically wrong
The correct option is: (c)
It increases the marks of all the students by 110% The query is
updating the 'marks' column in the 'student' table by multiplying
each existing value by 1.10, which is equivalent to increasing the
marks by 10%.
85. Amongst the ACID properties of a transaction, the Durability'
property requires, that the changes made to the database by a
successful transaction persist
a) Except in case of an operating system crash
(b) Except in case of a disk crash
c) Except in case of a power failure
(d) Always, even if there is a failure of any kind
ans) d)
Always, even if there is a failure of any kind. emphasizes that
durability is not conditional on the type of failure. Whether it's an
operating system crash, a disk crash, a power failure, or any other
unexpected event, the database system must ensure that the
committed changes are durable and are not lost
86. Which of the following establishes a top-to-bottom relationship
among the items?
a) Relational schema
b) Network schema
c) Hierarchical schema
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: A data model in which the data is structured into a tree-
like structure is known as a hierarchical model. The structure allows
information to be represented using parent-child Relationships
87. The traditional storage of data organized by the customer, stored
in separate folders in filing cabinets is an example of
______________ type of ‘database’ management system.
a) Object-oriented database management system
b) Relational database management system
c) Network database management system
d) Hierarchical database management system
Answer: d
Explanation: In an object-oriented database management system,
the data is stored in the form of objects. In a relational DBMS, the
data is stored in the form of tables. Hierarchy is obtained by Parent-
Child Relationship. Parent-Child Relationship Type is basically a 1:N
relationship.
88. .Evaluate the statements issued by the DBA in the given sequence
if OE and SCOTT are the
users and the ORDERS table is owned by OE.
CREATE ROLE r1;
GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON oe. orders TO r1;
GRANT r1 TO scott;
GRANT SELECT ON oe. orders TO scott;
REVOKE SELECT ON oe.orders FROM scott;
What would be the outcome after executing the statements?
a) The REVOKE statement would give an error because the SELECT
privilege has been granted to the role R1
b) The REVOKE statement would remove the SELECT privilege from
SCOTT as well as from the role R1
c) SCOTT would be able to query the OE.ORDERS table
d) SCOTT would not be able to query the OE.ORDERS table
Answer: c
Explanation: To perform operations on objects, the REVOKE
statement is used to revoke rights rom a single user or role, or from
all users.
89. Consider the following relation instance, where “A1” is primary
Key.
A1 A2 A3 A4
1 1 1 Null
5251
9 5 13 5
13 13 9 15
Which one of the following can be a foreign key that refers to the
same relation?
(A) A2
(B) A3
(C) A4
(D) ALL
Answer B
Solution:From the instance, attribute A3w seems to uniquely identify
each row in the relation. No two rows have the same combination of
values in A3.
90. Let E1, E2 and E3 be three entities in an E/R diagram with simple
single-valued attributes.R1 and R2 are two relationships between E1
and E2, where R1 is one-to-many, R2 is many-to-many. R3 is another
relationship between E2 and E3 which is many-to-many. R1, R2
andR3 do not have any attributes of their own. What is the minimum
number of tables requiredto represent this situation in the relational
model?
(A) 3
(B) 4
(C) 5
(D) 6
Answer C
Solution :total number of tables required is 3 (for entities) + 2 (for
relationships) =5
91. It is given that: “Every student need to register one course and
each course registered bymany students”, what is the cardinality of
the relation say “Register” from the “Student”entity to the “Course”
entity in the ER diagram to implement the given requirement.
(A) M:1 relationship
(B) M:N relationship
(C) 1:1 relationship
(D) option (B) or(C)
Answer A
Solution: the cardinality of the relationship from the "Student" entity
to the "Course"entity is such that each student can be associated
with multiple courses (M), but each course is associated with only
one student (1). This results in an M:1 relationship.
92. Consider the relation branch( branch_name, assets, branch_city)
SELECT DISTINCT T.branch_name FROM branch T, branch S WHERE
T.assets >
L.assets AND S.branch_city = "TVM" .
The given query finds the names of
(A) All branches that have greater assets than all branches located in
TVM.
(B) All branches that have greater assets than some branch located in
TVM.
(C) The branch that has the greatest asset in TVM.
(D) Any branch that has greater asset than any branch located in
TVM.
Answer B
Solution: The query compares each branch's assets with at least one
branch located in TVM. If a branch's assets are greater than those of
any branch in TVM, it will be selected.
93. . What does the query do
UPDATE STUDENT
SET marks=marks*1.10
a)It increases the marks of all students by 10%
b) It increases the marks of all students by 110%
c) It decreases the marks of all students by 90%
d)It is syntatically wrong.
Answer:A
94. .If every non prime attribute is fully functionally dependent on
primary key, then the
relation will be in
a)BCNF
b)1NF
c)2NF
d)3NF
Answer:2NF
95. Procedural language among the following is __________
a) Domain relational calculus
b) Tuple relational calculus
c) Relational algebra
d) Query language
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Non-Procedural Languages are Domain relational
calculus and Tuple relational calculus. Relational algebra is a
procedural language that takes input in the form of relation and
output generated is also a relation.

96. .A term saying no two transaction to be executed concurrently is

referred as
a)Durability
b)Isolation
c)Atomicity
d)Inconsistency answer: Isolation

97. After groups have been established, SQL applies predicates in the
___________ clause, allowing aggregate functions to be used.
a) Where
b) Having
c) Group by
d) With
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In SQL, after grouping data using the GROUP BY clause,
the HAVING clause is used to filter the groups based on specific
conditions. It allows the use of aggregate functions and selects only
the groups that satisfy the given criteria.

98. Which of the following commands is used to save any

transaction permanently into the database?

a. Commit

b. Rollback

c. Savepoint

d. None of the above

Answer: A

Explanation: The Transaction Control Language is used while working

with the transactions. To save any transaction permanently into the
database generally, the "commit" command is used, by which any
changes get reflected permanently into the database, and they
become irreversible.

99. What is the relation calculus?

a. It is a kind of procedural language

b. It is a non-procedural language

c. It is a high-level language

d. It is Data Definition language

Answer: B
Explanation: In database management systems, relation calculus is a
type of non-procedural query language that describes what data
needs to be retrieved. However, it does not explain how to retrieve
the data.

100. Which one of the following commands is used to modify a

column inside a table?

a. Drop

b. Update

c. Alter

d. Set

Answer: C

Explanation: To make manipulations in a column of a specific table,

the "alter" command is used.