Machine Learning

Final Year BTech, Sem-VIII,SETI,Panhala

Prepared by Asst. Prof. S. A. Babar

Machine Learning :
 2

Can Machine learn like a human?

Yes!!!
 3

●​ Machine can learn like humans

●​ Machines can think and solve problems like humans.

Definition of ML:
●​ Machine Learning is a concept which allows the machine to learn from examples
and experience.

●​ The purpose of machine learning is to teach systems to improve their own

performance over time,

●​ Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides

systems the ability to automatically learn and improve from experience without
being explicitly programmed.

●​ The primary aim is to allow the computers to learn automatically without human
intervention.

“ Machine learning enables a machine to automatically learn from data, improve

performance from experiences, and predict things without being explicitly
programmed. ”
 4

Past experience = data

What is the need to make machine learn?

“to make decisions, based on data, with efficiency and scale”.

Features of ML:
●​ It is a data-driven technology.

●​ Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI).

●​ The primary aim is to allow computers to learn automatically.

●​ Machine learning is a growing technology which enables computers to learn

automatically from past data.

●​ Machine Learning allows the systems to make decisions autonomously without any
external support.

●​ Machine is able to learn from the data and understand the underlying patterns that are
contained within it.
 5

Need of ML:
●​ To solve complex problems, which are difficult for a human.
●​ Big data analysis
●​ Finding hidden patterns and extracting useful information from data.
●​ self-driving cars, cyber fraud detection, face recognition.

Classification of ML:

●​ Supervised Learning

●​ Unsupervised Learning

●​ Reinforcement Learning
 6

Supervised Learning :
●​ Train the machine using data which is well "labeled."

●​ Just like teachers teaches to the students.

●​ Here Teacher/ supervisor = Trained data

●​ Solve the Classification & regression problems

●​ Application Example :Face recognition ,facebook friends tagged

Unsupervised Learning :
●​ Do not need to supervise the model.

●​ Allow the model to work on its own to discover information,hidden patterns.

●​ It mainly deals with the unlabelled data.

●​ finds all kind of unknown patterns in data.

●​ Support Clustering & Association

●​ Application Example : Cyber fraud detection, credit card fraud detection,

 7

●​ Song or TV show recommendations from Spotify and Netflix.

Reinforcement Learning
●​ Reward based learning

●​ Works on principle of feedback system

●​ Establish a pattern of behaviour

●​ An agent interact with its environment by producing actions and discover errors
or rewards.

●​ Provide solutions to the unknown environment.

●​ Application Example : Driverless smart car, robots, drones

 8

Classification : classify into different labels.

Regression : Actual variable value in numerical, example height, weight,percentage etc

Association : find dependencies between different items or variables, find relation

between them. Example :Custer who buy CRICKET BAT intend to buy CRICKET BALL as
well.

Clustering : finding groups of similar entities, similar behavior etc, example : group of
CAT and group of DOG, cluster of boys and cluster of girls…

Robotics Gamming -Reinforcement

 9

Labeled data = cat 🐱 ,dog🐶

10
 11

Examples to understand difference between

supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement
●​ Supervised
 12

Each label is associated with its features..

Here we have 3 labels

●​ 1Rupee
●​ 1Euro
●​ 1Deenar

1Rupee is associated with 3 GRAMS

1Euro is associated with 7 GRAMS

1Deenar is associated with 4 GRAMS

We train the machine with this training datasets

 13

We feed Algorithm to machine in training phase

Algorithm : if a coin weights with 3 grams then it is 1Rupee

if a coin weights with 7 grams then it is 1Euro

if a coin weights with 4 grams then it is 1Deenar

 14

It gives output as label=1Rupee

●​ Unsupervised

Cricket Data
 15

Finally

It produces the out put with two clusters

one cluster of Batsman & second cluster of Bowler

●​ Reinforcement
 16

Learn from feedback ,incorrect feedback, this is not a dog ,please correct next time…

●​ Machine learns from environment, actions, feedback, errors, rewards,

punishment etc.
●​ So the after some iterations it will produce correct output

----------------------------------------------------------------
 17

Machine Learning Model

Quiz :
 18

1.

References :

●​ https://youtu.be/xtOg44r6dsE
●​ https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/supervised-unsupervised-learning/
●​ https://youtu.be/ukzFI9rgwfU
 19

Applications of ML

1.Image Recognition :
●​ Most common applications of machine learning.
●​ It is used to identify objects, persons, places, digital images, etc.
●​ The popular use case of image recognition and face detection is, Automatic
friend tagging suggestion:
●​ Facebook provides a feature of auto friend tagging suggestion. Whenever we
upload a photo with our Facebook friends, then we automatically get a tagging
suggestion with name, and the technology behind this is machine learning's face
detection and recognition algorithm.

●​ It is based on the Facebook project named "Deep Face," which is responsible for
face recognition and person identification in the picture.
 20

2.Speech Recognition :
●​ While using Google, we get an option of "Search by voice," it comes under speech
recognition
●​ It is a process of converting voice instructions into text, and it is also known as
"Speech to text", or "Computer speech recognition."
●​ Google assistant, Siri and Alexa are using speech recognition technology to
follow the voice instructions.
 21

3. Traffic Prediction :
●​ If we want to visit a new place, we take help of Google Maps, which shows us the
correct path with the shortest route and predicts the traffic conditions.
●​ It predicts the traffic conditions such as whether traffic is cleared, slow-moving,
or heavily congested with the help of two ways:
A)​ Real Time location of the vehicle form Google Map app and sensors
B)​ Average time has taken on past days at the same time.
 22

●​ Everyone who is using Google Map is helping this app to make it better. It takes
information from the user and sends back to its database to improve the
performance.

4.Product Recommendations :
●​ Machine learning is widely used by various e-commerce and entertainment
companies such as Amazon, Netflix, etc.
●​ Whenever we search for some product on Amazon, then we started getting an
advertisement for the same product …
●​ As similar, when we use Netflix, we find some recommendations for
entertainment series, movies, etc., and this is also done with the help of machine
learning.
 23

5. Self driving cars :

●​ One of the most exciting applications of machine learning is self-driving cars.
●​ Machine learning plays a significant role in self-driving cars.
●​ Tesla, the most popular car manufacturing company is working on self-driving
car.
 24

6. Email Spam & Malvare Filtering :

●​ Whenever we receive a new email, it is filtered automatically as important,
normal, and spam.
●​ We always receive an important mail in our inbox with the important symbol and
spam emails in our spam box, and the technology behind this is Machine learning
●​ Gmail uses spam filters such as

Content Filter,Header filter,General blacklists filter,Rules-based filters,Permission

filters.

●​ Multi-Layer Perceptron, Decision tree, and Naïve Bayes classifier are used for
email spam filtering and malware detection.

7 :Virtual Personal Assistant :

●​ Google assistant, Alexa, Cortana, Siri.
●​ They help us in finding the information using our voice instruction.
●​ These assistants can help us in various ways just by our voice instructions such
as Play music, call someone, Open an email, Scheduling an appointment, etc.
●​ These virtual assistants use machine learning algorithms as an important part.
●​ These assistant record our voice instructions, send it over the server on a cloud,
and decode it using ML algorithms and act accordingly.

8 : Online Fraud Detection :

●​ Machine learning is making our online transaction safe and secure by detecting
fraud transaction.
●​ During online transaction a fraudulent can make a fake accounts, fake ids, and
steal money in the middle of a transaction.
●​ So to detect this, Feed Forward Neural network helps to check whether it is a
genuine transaction or a fraud transaction.
 25

●​ Feed Forward Neural network uses hash value

9 : Stock Market Trading :

●​ Machine learning is widely used in stock market trading.
●​ In the stock market, there is always a risk of up and downs in shares,
●​ So for this machine learning's long short term memory neural network is used for
the prediction of stock market trends.

10 : Medical Diagnosis :
●​ In medical science, machine learning is used for diseases diagnoses.
●​ With this, medical technology is growing very fast and able to build 3D models.
●​ It helps in finding brain tumors and other brain-related diseases easily.
 26

11 : Automatic Language Translation :

●​ Nowadays, if we visit a new place and we are not aware of the language then it is
not a problem at all, as for this also machine learning helps us by converting the
text into our known languages.
●​ Google's GNMT (Google Neural Machine Translation) provide this feature, which
is a Neural Machine Learning that translates the text into our familiar language,
and it called as automatic translation.
●​ The technology behind the automatic translation is a sequence to sequence
learning algorithm, which is used with image recognition and translates the text
from one language to another language

12 : KUKA:
●​ German based manufacturer of industrial robot.
●​ Factory Automation
 27

13 : UBER:
 28

13 : UBER

13 : Ad Recommendation:
 29

●​ Recomeds ad based on your search history.

●​ ML is used in generating recommendations
●​ 35% of Amazon's revenue is generated by its recommendation system.
 30

Machine learning life cycle :

Develop, train and serve the models using the huge amount of data that are involved in
various applications.

●​ Machine learning has given computer systems the abilities to automatically learn
without being explicitly programmed.
●​ But how does a machine learning system work? So, it can be described using the
life cycle of machine learning.
●​ Machine learning life cycle is a cyclic process to build an efficient machine
learning project.
●​ The main purpose of the life cycle is to find a solution to the problem or project.

●​ Gathering Data
●​ Data preparation
●​ Data Wrangling
●​ Analyse Data
 31

●​ Train the model

●​ Test the model.
●​ Deployment

Understand the problem and to know the purpose of the problem.

Data Gathering is the first step of the machine learning life cycle. The goal of this step is
to identify and obtain all data-related problems.

1.Gathering Data :
●​ In this step, we need to identify the different data sources
●​ Data can be collected from various sources such as files, database, internet, or
mobile devices, sensors etc
●​ It is one of the most important steps of the life cycle.
●​ The quantity and quality of the collected data will determine the efficiency of the
output.
●​ The more will be the data, the more accurate will be the prediction.

This step includes the below tasks:

●​ Identify various data sources

●​ Collect data
●​ Integrate the data obtained from different sources

we get a coherent set of data, also called as a dataset.

Dataset : Technically two terminology is used.

1.​ Dependant Variables

2.​ Independent Variables

Example : Price of a house

●​ Price of a house depends upon size of a house .

 32

●​ As size of house increase, price also increases.

here: Dependant Variables = price

Independent Variables = size

Example : Percentage of student.

●​ Percentage is depends upon marks of each subjects.

here: Dependant Variables = ?

Independent Variables = ?

Example : Placement of a student.

●​ Softskill of student
●​ Technical knowledge
●​ Attitude
●​ Ability to learn new things
●​ Marks of student
●​ Aptitude skills

here: Dependant Variables = ?

Independent Variables = ?
 33

here: Dependant Variables = ?

Independent Variables = ?

2. Data Preparation :
●​ Data preparation is a step where we put our data into a suitable place and
prepare it to use in our machine learning training.
●​ Example :use of data warehouse, servers
●​ In this step, first, we put all data together, and then randomize the ordering of
data.

Data exploration:

●​ It is used to understand the nature of data

●​ To understand the characteristics, format, and quality of data.
●​ In this, we find Correlations, general trends, and outliers.
 34

3. Data Wrangling :
●​ Data wrangling is the process of cleaning and converting raw data into a useable
format.
●​ It is the process of cleaning the data, selecting the variable to use, and
transforming the data in a proper format to make it more suitable for analysis in
the next step.

Example : The date of birth format may vary..

DD /MM /YY 16/01/2010

MM /DD/ YY 01/16/2010

YY/ MM /DD 2020/01/16

Cleaning of data is required to address the quality issues.

●​ It is not necessary that data we have collected is always of our use as some of
the data may not be useful.

In real-world applications, collected data may have various issues, including:

●​ Missing Values
●​ Duplicate data
●​ Invalid data
●​ Noise

4.Data Analysis :
This step involves:

●​ Selection of analytical techniques

●​ Building models
 35

●​ Review the result

The aim of this step is to build a machine learning model to analyze the data using
various analytical techniques and review the outcome.

It starts with the determination of the type of the problems, where we select the
machine learning techniques such as Classification, Regression, Cluster analysis,
Association, etc.

●​ Then build the model using prepared data, and evaluate the model.

5. Train the Model :

●​ In this step we train our model to improve its performance for better outcome of
the problem.

We feed Algorithm to machine in training phase

Algorithm : if a coin weights with 3 grams then it is 1Rupee

if a coin weights with 7 grams then it is 1Euro

if a coin weights with 4 grams then it is 1Deenar

 36

●​ We use datasets to train the model using various machine learning algorithms.
●​ Training a model is required so that it can understand the various patterns, rules,
and, features.

6. Test Model :
●​ Once our machine learning model has been trained on a given dataset, then we
test the model.
●​ In this step, we check for the accuracy of model by providing a test dataset to it.

Testing the model determines the percentage accuracy of the model.

7. Deployment :
●​ The last step of machine learning life cycle is deployment,
 37

●​ where we deploy the model in the real-world system.

If the above-prepared model is producing an accurate result as per our requirement

with acceptable speed, then we deploy the model in the real system.

But before deploying the project, we will check whether it is improving its performance
using available data or not. The deployment phase is similar to making the final report
for a project.