PAPER II (THEORY) ANSWERS

SECTION A (ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS)

Question 1

(a)(i) What is a data model?

A data model is a conceptual framework that defines how data is structured, stored, and manipulated
within a database. It describes the logical relationships among different data elements, ensuring efficient
data organization, retrieval, and processing.

(a)(ii) State three types of data models.

1. Hierarchical Data Model – Organizes data in a tree-like structure, where each record has a single
parent but can have multiple children.

2. Network Data Model – Uses a graph structure to represent relationships, allowing multiple parent-
child relationships (many-to-many).

3. Relational Data Model – Represents data in tables (relations) with rows (tuples) and columns
(attributes) linked through keys.

(b)(i) List three approaches to data modeling.

1. Conceptual Data Modeling

2. Logical Data Modeling

3. Physical Data Modeling

(b)(ii) Explain any one approach listed in (b)(i).

Conceptual Data Modeling: This is the high-level representation of organizational data, focusing on
business entities, attributes, and relationships without considering technical details. It is created using
tools like Entity-Relationship (ER) diagrams to give a visual representation of how data interacts.

Question 2

(a)(i) State the most suitable application software needed by Vera to produce the report.

Microsoft Word (or any word processing software).

(a)(ii) What feature of the application software can be used to insert the word "CONFIDENTIAL" as
instructed?

The Watermark feature in Microsoft Word.

Encrypting the document using a password in Microsoft Word or storing it in a secured folder with
restricted access.

(b) Explain the following terms:

(i) Icon: A graphical representation of a program, file, or function on a computer interface, allowing
users to execute tasks by clicking on them.

(ii) Browser: A software application used to access and navigate the internet by retrieving, presenting,
and traversing web pages (e.g., Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge).

---

Question 3

(a) Outline the steps involved in printing the first five pages of a Word document from the print dialog
box on a computer with two printers installed.

1. Open the Word document.

2. Click on File and select Print from the menu.

3. In the print dialog box, select the preferred printer.

4. Locate the Page Range section and enter "1-5" in the specified field.

5. Adjust any other necessary settings (e.g., number of copies, orientation).

6. Click the Print button.

(b) Sadiq complained that a pop-up usually appears on the screen of his personal computer, disturbing
him while using the computer.

(i) What is the possible cause of the pop-up?

Malware or adware infection on the computer.

(ii) State a possible source of the element causing the pop-up.

Visiting untrusted websites or downloading suspicious software.

(iii) What measure would be necessary to stop the pop-up from reoccurring?

Installing and running an updated anti-malware/anti-adware software to scan and remove threats.

(c) Mr. Aneke is billed to address a large audience in an auditorium.

(i) What computer application package is suitable to prepare and deliver his speech?
Microsoft PowerPoint (or any presentation software).

(ii) State the output device that can be used to transmit Mr. Aneke’s speech note from his computer to a
large screen in the auditorium.

A projector or a large LED display screen.

(d) Give two types of computer networks.

1. Local Area Network (LAN) – A network that connects computers within a limited geographical area,
such as an office or school.

2. Wide Area Network (WAN) – A network that spans a large geographical area, such as the internet.

SECTION B (ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS)

Question 4

(a) What is Teleconferencing?

Teleconferencing is a communication technology that allows multiple participants from different

(b) State four uses of Automated Teller Machine (ATM).

1. Cash Withdrawal – Enables users to withdraw money without visiting a bank.

2. Balance Inquiry – Allows users to check their account balances.

3. Fund Transfer – Facilitates the transfer of money between accounts.

4. Bill Payment – Allows users to pay bills, such as utility or internet subscriptions.

(c)(i) Give the function of a modem.

A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that converts digital signals from a computer into analog
signals for transmission over telephone lines and vice versa.

(ii) List the two means of transmitting information.

1. Wired Transmission (e.g., fiber optics, coaxial cables, telephone lines)

2. Wireless Transmission (e.g., Wi-Fi, satellite, radio waves)

---

Question 5

Hamza, Emeka, Funsho, Fejiro, and Idongesit were friends from secondary school. Now, Hamza is a pilot,
Emeka is a businessman, Funsho is a banker, Fejiro is a manufacturer, while Idongesit is a teacher. State
two ways by which each of these friends can apply ICT in their respective professions.

1. Hamza (Pilot):
Uses GPS and flight navigation software to guide aircraft.

Uses automated flight control systems to enhance safety and efficiency.

2. Emeka (Businessman):

Uses e-commerce platforms for online business transactions.

Uses accounting software for financial management.

3. Funsho (Banker):

Uses online banking systems to process transactions.

Uses fraud detection software to monitor suspicious activities.

4. Fejiro (Manufacturer):

Uses computer-aided design (CAD) for product design.

Uses automation and robotics to enhance production.

5. Idongesit (Teacher):

Uses e-learning platforms for virtual lessons.

Uses computer-based assessment tools for student evaluation.

---

Question 6

(a) A secondary school has over twenty personal computers. The school management intends to connect
all the computers in a network. Give four reasons that must have motivated the school management
into connecting the computers together.

1. Resource Sharing – Allows multiple users to share files, printers, and internet access.

2. Efficient Communication – Enables staff and students to communicate through emails and chat
services.

3. Centralized Data Management – Facilitates easy backup, access, and security of school data.

4. Cost Reduction – Reduces expenses by minimizing the need for multiple storage devices and software
licenses.

(b) List four network devices required to accomplish the task in (a).

1. Router

2. Switch

3. Network Interface Card (NIC)

(c) State one function each for any two of the devices listed in (b).

1. Router – Connects multiple networks and directs data packets between them.

2. Switch – Facilitates communication between devices within a network by directing data to the
appropriate destination.

---

Question 7

(a) Explain the following database management terms:

(i) Entities – Objects or concepts in a database that store information, such as students, employees, or
products.

(ii) Attributes – Characteristics or properties of an entity, such as name, age, or price.

(iii) Relationships – The associations between two or more entities in a database.

(b)(i) Define cardinality in database management.

Cardinality refers to the number of occurrences of one entity that can be associated with the number of
occurrences of another entity in a relationship.

(ii) Mention three cardinality relationships in database management.

1. One-to-One (1:1)

2. One-to-Many (1:M)

3. Many-to-Many (M:M)