Solved Problems on Single Stage Transistor

Amplifiers
Q1 : Select a suitable value for the emitter bypass capacitor in Fig. 1 if the
amplifier is to operate over a frequency range from 2 kHz to 10 kHz.

Fig. 1

Solution :

An amplifier usually handles more than one frequency. Therefore, the value of CE is so selected

good bypass ( XC ∝ 1/f ) for all the higher frequencies.

that it provides adequate bypassing for the lowest of all the frequencies. Then it will also be a

Suppose the minimum frequency to be handled by CE is fmin. Then CE is considered a good

bypass if at fmin,
Q2 :For the transistor amplifier shown in Fig. 2, R 1 = 10 kΩ, R2= 5 kΩ, RC = 1
kΩ, RE = 2 kΩ and RL= 1 kΩ.
(i) Draw d.c. load line (ii) Determine the operating point (iii) Draw a.c. load
line.
Assume VBE = 0.7 V.

Fig. 2

Solution :

(i) d.c. load line :

To draw d.c. load line, we require two end points i.e., maximum VCE point and maximum
IC point.

Maximum VCE = VCC = 15 V

This locates
the point A (OA = 5 mA) of the d.c. load line. Fig. 3 shows the d.c. load line AB.

Fig. 3

(ii) Operating point Q :

The Voltage across series combination of R1 and R2 is 15 V. Applying voltage divider theorem,
voltage across
R2 = 5 V.

The voltage across R2 (= 5 kΩ ) is 5 V i.e. V2 = 5 V.

∴ Operating point Q is 8.55 V, 2.15 mA. This is shown on the d.c. load line.
(iii) a.c. load line :

To draw a.c. load line, we require two end points viz. maximum collector-emitter voltage point
and maximum collector current point when signal is applied.

This locates the point D (OD = 19.25mA) on the iC axis. By joining points C and D, a.c. load line
CD is constructed as shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4
Q3 : In the transistor amplifier shown in Fig. 5, R C = 10 kΩ, RL= 30 kΩ and
VCC= 20V. The values R1 and R2 are such so as to fix the operating point at
10V, 1mA. Draw the d.c. and a.c. load lines. Assume R E is negligible.

Fig. 5

Solution :

(i) d.c. load line :

For drawing d.c. load line, two end points such as maximum VCE point and maximum IC point are
needed.

Maximum VCE = 20 V. This locates the point B (OB = 20V) of the d.c. load line on the VCE axis.

This locates the point A (OA = 2 mA) on the IC axis. By joining points A and B, the d.c. load line
AB is constructed as shown in Fig.6.
 Fig. 6

(ii) a.c. load line :

To draw a.c. load line, we require two end points viz maximum collector-emitter voltage point
and maximum collector current point when signal is applied.

This locates the point C (OC = 2.33 mA) on the iC axis. By joining points C and D, a.c. load line
CD is constructed as shown in the above Fig. 6.
Q4 : In the circuit shown in Fig. 7, find the voltage gain. Given that β = 60
and input resistance Rin = 1 kΩ.

Fig. 7

Solution :

So far as voltage gain of the circuit is concerned, we need only RAC, β and Rin
 Q5 : In the
circuit shown in Fig. 8, if RC = 10 kΩ, RL = 10 kΩ, Rin= 2.5 kΩ, β =100, find
the output voltage for an input voltage of 1mV r.m.s.

Fig. 8
Solution :

Q6 : In a transistor amplifier, when the signal changes by 0.02V, the base

current changes by 10 μA and collector current by 1mA. If collector load R C =
5 kΩ and RL= 10 kΩ, find: (i) current gain (ii) input impedance (iii) a.c. load
(iv) voltage gain
(v) power gain.
Solution :

(i) Current
gain :

(ii) input impedance

(iii) a.c. load

(iv) voltage gain

(v) Power gain

Q7 : In Fig. 9, the transistor has β = 50. Find the output voltage if input
resistance Rin= 0.5 kΩ.

Fig. 9

Solution :

β = 50, Rin = 0.5 kΩ

Q8 : Determine the ac emitter resistance for the transistor circuit shown in
Fig. 10.

Fig. 10

Solution :
Q9 : For the amplifier circuit shown in Fig. 11, find the voltage gain of the
amplifier with (i) CE connected in the circuit (ii) CE removed from the circuit.

Fig. 11

Solution :

(i) With CE connected :

(ii) Without CE :

Q10 : For the circuit shown in Fig. 12, find (i) a.c. emitter resistance (ii)
voltage gain (iii) d.c. voltage across both capacitors.

Fig. 12

Solution :

(i) In order to find a.c. emitter resistance re′ , we shall first find D.C. emitter current I E . To find
IE, we proceed as under:
(ii)

(iii) The d.c. voltage across input capacitor is equal to the d.c. voltage at the base of the transistor
which is V2 = 1V. Therefore, d.c. voltage across Cin is 1V.

Similarly, d.c. voltage across CE = d.c voltage at the emitter = VE = 0.3V.

Q11 : For the circuit shown in Fig. 13, find (i) the d.c. bias levels (ii) d.c.
voltages across the capacitors (iii) a.c. emitter resistance (iv) voltage gain
and (v) state of the transistor.

Fig. 13
Solution :

(i) D.C. bias levels :

The d.c. bias levels mean various d.c. currents and d.c. voltages.

Therefore, all d.c. bias levels stand calculated.

(ii) d.c. voltages across the capacitors

(iii) a.c. emitter resistance

(iv) voltage

gain
(v) state of the transistor

As calculated above, VC = 10.4V and VE = 2.3V. Since VC > VE, the transistor is in active state.

Q12. An amplifier has a voltage gain of 132 and β = 200. Determine the
power gain and output power of the amplifier if the input power is 60 μW.
Solution :

Q13. For the circuit shown in Fig. 14, determine (i) the current gain (ii) the
voltage gain and (iii) the power gain. Neglect the a.c. emitter resistance for
the transistor.

Fig. 14

Solution :

In most practical circuits, the value of a.c. emitter resistance re′ for the transistor is generally
quite small as compared to RE and can be neglected in circuit calculations with reasonable
accuracy.
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Q14. Determine the input impedance of the amplifier circuit shown in Fig. 15.

Fig. 15

Solution :
Q15. An amplifier has an open circuit voltage gain of 1000, an input
resistance of 2 kΩ and an output resistance of 1Ω. Determine the input signal
voltage required to produce an output signal current of 0.5A in 4Ω resistor
connected across the output terminals.
Solution :

Fig. 16 shows the equivalent circuit of the amplifier. Here A0 = 1000.

Fig. 16
Q16. An amplifier has an open circuit voltage gain of 1000, an output
resistance of 15Ω and an input resistance of 7kΩ. It is supplied from a signal
source of e.m.f. 10mV and internal resistance 3kΩ. The amplifier feeds a load
of 35 Ω. Determine (i) the magnitude of output voltage and (ii) power gain.
Solution :

Fig. 17

(i)

(ii)
Q17. An amplifier, when loaded by 2 kΩ resistor, has a voltage gain of 80 and
a current gain of 120. Determine the necessary signal voltage and current to
give an output voltage of 1V. What is the power gain of the amplifier ?
Solution :

Fig. 18