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Lecture 3 - Ch102

The document outlines a method for calculating equilibrium concentrations using the equilibrium constant (Kc) and initial concentrations through a systematic approach involving equilibrium tables. Several example problems illustrate how to apply this method to different chemical reactions, including the decomposition of hydrogen halides and the conversion of methane. Each problem details the steps taken to find equilibrium concentrations and validate results against the given Kc values.

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0 views10 pages

Lecture 3 - Ch102

The document outlines a method for calculating equilibrium concentrations using the equilibrium constant (Kc) and initial concentrations through a systematic approach involving equilibrium tables. Several example problems illustrate how to apply this method to different chemical reactions, including the decomposition of hydrogen halides and the conversion of methane. Each problem details the steps taken to find equilibrium concentrations and validate results against the given Kc values.

Uploaded by

ywsfalhdyny76
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Calculating Equilibrium

Concentrations
Method for calculating equilibrium concentrations from Kc and initial concentrations:
1. Construct an equilibrium table, and fill in the initial concentrations (including any
that are zero)
2. Define x as the amount of a particular species consumed, and use the stoichiometry
of the reaction to define the amount of other species consumed or produced in terms
of x.
3. For each species in the equilibrium, add the change in concentration to the initial
concentration to get the equilibrium concentration.
4. Use the equilibrium concentrations and the equilibrium expression to solve for x.
5. Using the calculated value of x, determine the concentrations of all species
at equilibrium.
6. Check your work by plugging the calculated equilibrium concentrations into the
equilibrium expression. The result should be very close to the Kc stated in the
problem.
Problem
Kc = 3.39 x 10-13 for I2(g) 2I(g). Determine the equilibrium concentrations when a
1.00 L vessel originally charged with 0.00155 mol I2(g) is allowed to react.
I2(g) 2I(g).
I(2g) 2I(g)
Solution:
Initial 0.00155 0
Change -x +2x
Equilibrium 0.00155 - x 2x

[I]2 -13 (2x) 2 2


Kc = 3.39 x 10 = 0.00155 — x ⇒ 4x = 3.39 x 10-13 (0.00155 — x)
[I2 ]
Since Kc is so small, we know very little I2 reacts. Therefore we may assume that
(0.00155 —x) ≈ 0.00155

4x 2 = 3.39 x 10-13 (0.00155) = 5.25 x 10—16 x = 1.15 x 10—8

which, at equilibrium, gives [I2] = 0.00155, [I] = 2x= 2.3 x 10-8 M.


Problem
In a study of hydrogen halide decomposition, a researcher fills an evacuated 2.00 L
flask with 0.200 mol of HI gas and allows the reaction to proceed at 453 oC.

2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g) At equilibrium, [HI]eq = 0.078 M. Calculate Kc.

SOLUTION: 0.200 mol


[HI] = = 0.100 M
2.00 L

concentration (M) 2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)


initial 0.100 0 0
change -2x x x
equilibrium 0.100 - 2x x x

[HI]eq = 0.078 M = 0.100 - 2x ; x = 0.011 M

[H2] [I2] = [0.011][0.011] = 0.020 = Kc


Kc =
[HI]2 [0.078]2
Problem
In a study concerning the conversion of methane to other fuels, a chemical engineer
mixes gaseous CH4 and H2O in a 0.32 L flask at 1200 K.
At equilibrium the flask contains 0.26 mol of CO, 0.091 mol of H2, and 0.041 mol of CH4.
What is the [H2O] at equilibrium? Kc = 0.26 for the equation:
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)
SOLUTION:
[CO][H2]3
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g) Kc =
[CH4][H2O]
0.041 mol
[CH4]eq = = 0.13 M
0.32 L [CO]eq[H2]eq3 (0.81)(0.28]3
0.26mol [H2O]eq = =
[CO]eq = = 0.81 M [CH4]eq Kc (0.13)(0.26]
0.32 L
0.091 mol = 0.53 M
[H2]eq = = 0.28 M
0.32 L
Problem
Fuel engineers use the extent of the change from CO and H2O to CO2 and H2 to regulate
the proportions of synthetic fuel mixtures. If 0.250 mol of CO and 0.250 mol of H2O are
placed in a 125 mL flask at 900 K, what is the composition of the equilibrium mixture?
At this temperature, Kc is 1.56 for the equation,
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)

SOLUTION: Initial concentrations must be calculated as M, so


0.250
[CO] = [H2O] = = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐨𝐥/𝐋
0.125

concentration CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)


_________________________________________________
initial 2.00 2.00 0 0
change -x -x x x
equilibrium 2.00 -x 2.00 -x x x
[CO2][H2 (x) (x) (x) 2
Kc = ] = = = 1.56
[CO][H2O] (2.00 - x) (2.00 - x) (2.00 - x) 2

1.56 = x
(negative result is ignored)
2.00 - x

x = 1.11 M [CO] = [H2O] = 0.89 M


2.00 - x = 0.89 M [CO2] = [H2] = 1.11 M
Problem
At 1280°C the equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction Br2(g) 2Br(g) is
Kc = 1.1 x 10-3. If the initial concentrations are [Br2] = 6.3 x 10-2 M and
[Br] = 1.2 x 10-2 M, calculate the equilibrium concentrations.
Solution:
First we should decide which way the reaction proceeds:
[Br]2 (1.2 x 10—2 ) 2 —3
Qc = = = 2.3 x 10
[Br2 ] 6.3 x 10—2
2Br(g) Br2(g)
Since Qc > Kc, the reaction
will go backwards 2Br(g) Br2(g)
Initial 1.2 x 10-2 6.3 x 10-2
2Br(g) Br2(g)
Change -2x +x
Equilibrium 1.2 x 10-2 - 2x 6.3 x 10-2 + x
The equilibrium expression is
[Br]2 (1.2 × 10-2 —2x) 2
Kc =
[Br2 ] = (6.3 × 10-2 + x)

(1.2 × 10-2 — 2x) 2 = K c (6.3 × 10-2 + x)

1.44 × 10-4 — 4.4x × 10-2 + 4x 2 = 1.1 x 10-3(6.3 × 10-2 + x)


2
4 x - 4 . 5 1 x 1 0 - 2 x + 7.47 x10-5 = 0

ax 2 + bx + c = 0
a= 4
b = -4.51 × 10—2
c = 7.47 × 10—5
— b ±√ b2 —4ac 2
4 x - 4 . 5 1 x 1 0 - 2 x + 7.47 x10-5 = 0
x= 2a a b c
- (- 4 . 5 1 x 1 0 - 2 ) ± (- 4 . 5 1 x 1 0 - 2 ) 2 —-4) 4x 7.47 x10-5 )
x=
2x 4
(0.0451 ± 0.0290)
which yields x=
8
x = (0.0451 + 0.0290)/8 x = (0.0451 - 0.0290)/8

x = 9.3 x10—3 or x = 2.0 x 10—3


With the first option, we get [Br]eq = 1.2 x 10-2 – 2x = - 6.6 x 10-3 which is a Negative
number !! Therefore we know it must be the second option, finally giving
[Br]eq = 8.0 x 10-3 M and [Br2]eq = 6.5 x 10-2 M

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