FACULTY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE &

APPLICATIONS
(Amrapali Group of Institutes)

CSP-007
Computer Organization& Architecture
LAB MANUAL
(B. Tech CSE- IV semester)

Subject Faculty: Dr. Ashish B. Khare

Lab Instructor: Mr. Sunil Kumar
List of Lab Assignments:

1. To study and verify the basic logic gates.

2. Study and verification of Universal gates: NAND

3. Study and verification of Universal gates: NOR

4. Study and implementation of half adder using gates.

5. Study and implementation of full adder using gates.

6. Study and verify various flip-flops like D, T, and JK

7. Study of 3 X 8 decoder.

8. Study of multiplexer.
 EXPERIMENT -1

1. AIM: To verify basic logic gates.

2. TOOLS/APPARATUS: IC 7404, IC 7432, IC 7408, IC 7400, IC 7402, IC 7486, IC
74266, Power supply, Connecting wires, Multi meter, Bread Board etc.
3. STANDARD PROCEDURE:
3.1 ANALYSING AND DESIGNING THE PROBLEM:
Logic gates are the basic components in digital electronics. They are used to create digital
circuits and even complex integrated circuits. For example, complex integrated circuit may
bring already a complete circuit ready to be used – microprocessors and microcontrollers are
the best example – but inside them they were projected using several logic gates.
A gate is a digital electronic circuit having only one output but one or more inputs. The
output or a signal will appear at the output of the gate only for certain input-signal
combinations.
There are many types of logic gates; such as AND, OR and NOT, which are usually called
the three basic gates. Other popular gates are the NAND and the NOR gates; which are
simply combinations of an AND or an OR gate with a NOT gate inserted just before the
output signal. Other gates include the XOR “Exclusive-OR” and the XNOR "Exclusive
NOR" gates.

 AND GATE

Pin Diagram for AND GATE

TWO INPUT AND GATE : SYMBOL AND TRUTH TABLE

The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) only if all its inputs are
high. A dot (.) is used to show the AND operation i.e. A.B. Bear in mind that this dot is
sometimes omitted i.e. AB
  OR GATE

Pin Diagram for OR GATE

TWO INPUT OR GATE : SYMBOL AND TRUTH TABLE

The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if one or more of its inputs
are high. A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation.

 NOT GATE

Pin Diagram for NOT GATE

 NOT GATE : SYMBOL AND TRUTH TABLE

The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted version of the input at its
output. It is also known as an inverter. If the input variable is A, the inverted output is known
as NOT A. This is also shown as A', or A with a bar over the top, as shown at the outputs.

 NAND GATE

PIN DIAGRAM FOR NAND GATE

TWO INPUT NAND GATE : SYMBOL AND TRUTH TABLE

This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. The
outputs of all NAND gates are high if any of the inputs are low. The symbol is an AND gate
with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.

 NOR GATE
 PIN DIAGRAM FOR NOR GATE

TWO INPUT NOR GATE : SYMBOL AND TRUTH TABLE

This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an OR gate followed by a NOT gate. The outputs of
all NOR gates are low if any of the inputs are high. The symbol is an OR gate with a small
circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.

 XOR

PIN DIAGRAM FOR XOR GATE

 TWO INPUT XOR GATE : SYMBOL AND TRUTH TABLE

The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which will give a high output if either, but not both, of its
two inputs are high. An encircled plus sign ( ) is used to + show the EOR operation.

 XNOR

PIN DIAGRAM FOR XOR GATE

TWO INPUT XNOR GATE : SYMBOL AND TRUTH TABLE

The 'Exclusive-NOR' gate circuit does the opposite to the EOR gate. It will give a low output
if either, but not both, of its two inputs are high. The symbol is an EXOR gate with a small
circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.
3.2 IMPLEMENTING AND TESTING THE SOLUTION
 Plug the chips you will be using into the breadboard. Point all the chips in the same
direction with pin 1 at the upper-left corner. (Pin 1 is often identified by a dot or a
notch next to it on the chip package).
 Connect +5V and GND pins of each chip to the power and ground bus strips on the
breadboard.
 Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
 Switch on VCC and apply various combinations of input according to truth table.
 Note down the output readings for half/full adder and sum and the carry bit for
different combinations of inputs in following Tables where S & V indicating logic
value of the output. And fill your result in S (V) and C (V) in voltage. Where 5V
indicating logic 1 and 0V indicating logic 0.

4. CONCLUSIONS

All the truth tables are verified.

 EXPERIMENT – 2 and 3

1. AIM: To verify universal gates NAND and NOR.

2. TOOLS/APPARATUS: IC 7402, IC 7400, Power supply, Connecting wires,
Multimeter, Breadboard etc.
3. STANDARD PROCEDURES:
3.1 Analyzing the Problem:
NAND GATE:

 NAND is the contraction of AND – NOT gates.

 It has two or more inputs and only one output i.e. Y = A · B.
 When all the inputs are HIGH, the output is LOW. If any one or both the inputs are
LOW, then the output is HIGH.
 The Logic symbol and the truth table of NAND gate is as shown here.
 The small circle (or bubble) represents the operation of inversion.
 The NAND gate is equivalent to an OR gate with the bubble at its inputs which are as
shown.

A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function without need to use any
other gate type. The NAND and NOR gates are universal gates.In practice, this is
advantageous since NAND and NOR gates are economical and easier to fabricate and are
the basic gates used in all IC digital logic families.

3.2 Designing the Solution:

a) NAND GATE AS A UNIVERSAL GATE:
To prove that any Boolean function can be implemented using only NAND gates, we will
show that the AND, OR, and NOT operations can be performed using only these gates.
 IMPLEMENTING INVERTER USING NAND GATE:
The figure shows two ways in which a NAND gate can be used as an inverter (NOT gate).
1. All NAND input pins connect to the input signal A gives an output A’.
2. One NAND input pin is connected to the input signal A while all other input pins
are connected to logic 1. The output will be A’.
  IMPLEMENTING AND USING NAND GATE :
An AND gate can be replaced by NAND gates as shown in the figure (The AND is replaced
by a NAND gate with its output complemented by a NAND gate inverter).

 IMPLEMENTING OR USING NAND GATE :

An OR gate can be replaced by NAND gates as shown in the figure (The OR gate is replaced
by a NAND gate with all its inputs complemented by NAND gate inverters).

b) NOR GATE AS A UNIVERSAL GATE:

To prove that any Boolean function can be implemented using only NOR gates, we will show
that the AND, OR, and NOT operations can be performed using only these gates.
 IMPLEMENTING INVERTER USING NOR GATE :
The figure shows two ways in which a NOR gate can be used as an inverter (NOT gate). All
NOR input pins connect to the input signal A gives an output A’. One NOR input pin is
connected to the input signal A while all other input pins are connected to logic 0. The output
will be A’.
  IMPLEMENTING OR USING NOR GATE :
An OR gate can be replaced by NOR gates as shown in the figure (The OR is replaced by a
NOR gate with its output complemented by a NOR gate inverter)

 IMPLEMENTING AND USING NOR GATE :

An AND gate can be replaced by NOR gates as shown in the figure (The AND gate is
replaced by a NOR gate with all its inputs complemented by NOR gate inverters)

Basic IC needed are NAND gate and NOR gate.

3.3 Implementing the Solution

 Plug the chips you will be using into the breadboard. Point all the chips in the same
direction with pin 1 at the upper-left corner. (Pin 1 is often identified by a dot or a
notch next to it on the chip package).
 Connect +5V and GND pins of each chip to the power and ground bus strips on the
breadboard.
 Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
 Switch on VCC and apply various combinations of input according to truth table.
 Note down the output readings for half/full adder and sum and the carry bit for
different combinations of inputs in following Tables where S & V indicating logic
value of the output. And fill your result in S (V) and C (V) in voltage. Where 5V
indicating logic 1 and 0V indicating logic 0.
4. CONCLUSIONS:
A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function without need to use any
other gate type. The NAND and NOR gates are universal gates.
 EXPERIMENT- 4 and 5

1. AIM: Implement half adder and full adder circuits

2. TOOLS/APPARATUS: IC 7486, IC 7432, IC 7408, IC 7400, Power supply,
Connecting wires, Multimeter etc.
3. STANDARD PROCEDURES:
3.1 Analyzing the Problem:
To implement half and full adder we require X-OR gates, AND gates, OR Gate. Pin
Diagrams of these gates are shown and discussed in above experiments (refer to EX-1,2 and
3).
 Derive the Equation for Sum and Carry.
3.2 Designing the Solution:

ADDER and FULL ADDER CIRCUITS

3.3 Implementing the Solution

 Plug the chips you will be using into the breadboard. Point all the chips in the same
direction with pin 1 at the upper-left corner. (Pin 1 is often identified by a dot or a
notch next to it on the chip package).
 Connect +5V and GND pins of each chip to the power and ground bus strips on the
breadboard.
 Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
 Switch on VCC and apply various combinations of input according to truth table.
  Note down the output readings for half/full adder and sum and the carry bit for
different combinations of inputs in following Tables where S & V indicating logic
value of the output. And fill your result in S (V) and C (V) in voltage. Where 5V
indicating logic 1 and 0V indicating logic 0.
3.4 Testing the Solution:
Write Observations in following tables and check the output:

4. Conclusions
By using various logic gate ICs we can perform the full or half adder and check the truth
table.