12/15/2022

Magnetism
The Magnetic Force
𝐹Ԧ = 𝑞𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵
Lorentz Force B B
B
x x x x x x
→→→→→
x x x x x x v
v →→→v →→
x x x x x x
Department of Biomedical Engineering  q q
q
F F F=0
Faculty of Applied Science

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Magnetic Fields Lorentz Force

We know about the existence of magnetic fields by their effect • The force F on a charge q moving with velocity v through
on moving charges. The magnetic field exerts a force on the a region of space with electric field E and magnetic field B
moving charge.
is given by:
r r r r
• What is the "magnetic force"? How is it distinguished from the
"electric" force? F = qE+ qv  B
experimental observations about the magnetic force:
B B B
x x x x x x
→→→→→
a) magnitude:  to velocity of q x x x x x x
v →→→v →→ v
b) direction: ^ to direction of q’s velocity x x x x x x
q  q q
v c) direction: ^ to direction of B F
q
F F=0
Fmag B is the magnetic field vector

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Lorentz Force Trajectory in Constant B Field

The direction of the magnetic force Oppositely directed magnetic • Suppose charge q enters B-field with velocity v as
FB acting on a charged particle forces F are exerted on two
moving with a velocity v in the
B

oppositely charged particles

shown below. What will be the path q follows?
presence of a magnetic field B. moving at the same velocity
𝐹Ԧ = 𝑞 𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵 in a magnetic field. The
dashed lines show the paths
of the particles x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x vx B
x x x x x x x x x x x x
v F F q
R
The magnetic force is perpendicular to
Force is always ^ to velocity and B. What is path?
both v and B.
Path will be circle. F will be the centripetal force needed to keep
/F/=q.v.B.sin 5
the charge in its circular orbit. Calculate R: 13

Radius of Circular Orbit Force acting on a moving charge in a uniform magnetic field

• Lorentz force: The magnetic force acting on the particle of charge +q is, The general case of a charged

F = qvB
F= q(v×B) particle moving in a uniform
where v= velocity of a charged particle perpendicular to the magnetic magnetic filed 𝐵 The magnetic filed
x x x x x x x x x x x x field. does no work on the particle so its
• centripetal acc: x x x x x x
B= Magnetic field speed and kinetic energy remain
x x x x x x B The magnetic force acts perpendicular to both the velocity and constant.
v2 v magnetic field, the magnitude of magnetic force is
a = x x x x x x x x x x x x F=qvB
R q
Centripetal force acting is,
v F F
• Newton's 2nd Law: where r= The radius of the circular path of the particle
R
2

F = ma 
v
qvB = m The Time period to complete one oscillation

R 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓 =
1
=
1 𝑞𝐵
𝑇 2π 𝑚
mv
 R=
This is an important result,
with useful experimental Angular 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜔 =
𝑞𝐵
𝑚
qB consequences !
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Force acting on a moving charge in a uniform magnetic field Force acting on a moving charge in a uniform magnetic field

HELICAL PARTICLE MOTION IN A MAGNETIC FIELD The magnitude of magnetic force is F=qvBsin
If a charged particle enters into a uniform magnetic field neither perpendicularly nor parallel to the field. What
is the path of the charged particle? A)Straight line B)Elliptical C)Helical D)Parabola 𝑚𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
The radius of the resulting helical path 𝑟 =
𝑞𝐵

The Time period

1 1 𝑞𝐵
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓 = =
𝑇 2π 𝑚

𝑞𝐵
Angular 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜔 =
𝑚

The pitch of the helix (the distance traveled

along the helix axis per revolution)

The Hall Effect

Which charges carry current?

Positive charges moving Negative charges moving clockwise

counterclockwise experience experience upward force
upward force
Upper plate at higher potential Upper plate at lower potential
Equilibrium between electrostatic & magnetic forces:
𝑉H
𝐹up = 𝑞𝑣drift 𝐵 𝐹down = 𝑞𝐸induced = 𝑞 𝑉H = 𝑣drift 𝐵𝑤 = "Hall Voltage"
w

• This type of experiment led to the discovery (E. Hall, 1879) that current in
conductors is carried by negative charges (not always so in semiconductors).
• Can be used as a B-sensor; used in some ABS to detect shaft rotation speed
– ferromagnetic rotating blades interupt the magnetic field → oscillating
voltage 22