LABORATORY MANUAL

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course Code
UMATC10102
Semester- I

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

School of Engineering
Central University of Karnataka
Kadaganchi, Kalaburagi -585 367

2024-25

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 INDEX

SL.NO LIST OF EXPERIMENTS PAGE NO

UNDERSTANDING THE BASIC

1 COMPONENTS,TOOLS,DOMESTIC WIRING AND METERS

DEMONSTRATION OF CUT-OUT SECTION OF AC & DC

2
MACHINES

3 VERIFICATION OF KCL AND KVL FOR DC CIRCUITS.

TWO WAY AND THREE - WAY CONTROL OF LAMP AND

4 FORMATION OF TRUTH TABLE.

DEMONSTRATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF PIPE AND PLATE

5
EARTHING

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 EXPERIMENT -1

UNDERSTANDING THE BASIC ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS,

TOOLS,DOMESTIC WIRING AND METERS

Aim:. Understanding the basic components that make up any electrical design and how they work.

You need to know about the essential electrical components and how they work together to create
incredible modern electrical systems. 14 Basic Electrical Components are:

1. Resistors

2. Capacitors

3. Light Emitting Diode (LED)

4. Transistors

5. Inductors

6. Integrated Circuit (IC)

7. Circuit Breaker

8. Fuse

9. Transformer

10. Electrical Wires & Power Cables

11. Battery

12. Signal generator

13. CRO

14. Potentiometer

1. Resistors

The very first component that you should know about is the resistor. It is pretty easy to assume that a
resistor, as the name suggests, will resist electricity that flows through it, and you would be correct in
that assumption too! Any situation that demands the flow of current to be controlled at the desired
level will require a resistor.

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2. Capacitors

If a resistor is like a cushion that is used to control the flow of electricity, then capacitors are like
small rechargeable batteries that store small amounts of charge in them. They store electrical energy
in terms of electric charges.

3. Light Emitting Diode (LED)

LEDs are just like bulbs, except that they are extremely reliable. You can find them on practically
every appliance in your home that features some kind of indicator light. Since they are so reliable,
they are used to indicate the state of current at any point in a circuit. An important task like checking
the output voltage or current on a circuit becomes simpler with these light-based indicators

4. Transistors

Transistors are used to build complex electrical systems, such as amplifiers. A simple way to
understand transistors is to think of a switch. A basic switch has an “on” and an “off” state. These are
controlled by the position of the switch, which is changed manually.

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5. Inductors

Like transistors, inductors are used to build complex electrical systems. Unlike transistors, though,
inductors are essentially coils of wire that are wound around other components. They are used as
filters. They also store energy in terms of magnetic field

6. Integrated Circuit (IC)

Integrated circuits are electrical components that combine or integrate numerous electrical
components, including the previously mentioned ones. One IC can act like a transistor, while another
IC can act like a resistor.
An IC is like a ready-made chip that you can use to complete the project you want to build without
having to use lots of single transistors or capacitors. As you upgrade from using basic components to
integrated circuits, you will find that it is almost always easier to use ICs for your entire project than
us in individual components.

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7. Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker is a vital mechanical switching device that protects your electrical equipment from
short circuit and power surges. It automatically detects a faulty condition and interrupts the harmful
current flow from reaching the sockets.

8. Fuse

Fuse is the wire that gets heated up and damaged when the circuit comes in contact with a power
surge. In this way, the current stops flowing.

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9. Transformer

It is an electric device that changes the levels of AC current. It consists of 2 coils of wire connected by
an iron core. The transformer
former uses mutual induction of two windings to transfer the electric energy
from one circuit to another. It also changes the voltage levels without altering the frequency

10. Electrical Wires & Power Cables

It’s almost impossible to make an elect

electrical
rical structure without electrical wires and cables. Electrical
wires do the work of connecting a device to the power source through cables. You need wires to
install every device, be it switches, sockets, LEDs, or anything else.
When multiple electrical wiresires are bundled or run side by side for transmission and distribution of
electrical current, it is known as an electrical power cable. When you can’t use overhead lines,
electrical cables come in handy to transmit high voltage current. A cable has 3 primaprimary components –
conductor, sheath, and dielectric

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11. Battery

Batteries act as a source of electric power through the electrochemical cells. Each cell is consists of an
anode (-), cathode (+), and electrolyte. It works on the principle of electrochemical reaction as the
cells create the flow of electrons through a chemical reaction

12. Signal generator

An electronic device or instrument that generates continuous and discrete signals like analog and
digital is known as a signal generator it generates signals like square wave , triangular wave , sine
wave etc

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13. CRO

The cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) is a type of electrical instrument which is used for showing the
measurement and analysis of waveforms and others electronic and electrical phenomenon. It is a very
fast X-Y plotter shows the input signal versus another signal or versus time. The CROs are used to
analyse the waveforms

14. Potentiometer

A rheostat is a two-terminal variable resistor, whereas a potentiometer is a three-terminal variable

resistor. A rheostat may be used as a potentiometer, but a potentiometer cannot be used as a rheostat.
Rheostats are used to control current while potentiometers are used to control voltage.

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 EXPERIMENT -2

DEMONSTRATION OF CUT SECTION OF AC MACHINE AND DC MACHINE

Objective: Study the various parts of cut section of AC machine and DC machine

Apparatus Required:

Sl NO Name of the Apparatus Range Qty

1 Cut section of Induction machine 0.5Hp 01

2 Cut section of DC machine 0.5Hp 01

Theory:

Basic Construction and Working of A DC Machine

A dc generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into direct current
electricity. This energy conversion is based on the principle of production of dynamically induced
emf.

Construction of a DC Machine:

A DC machine consists of two basic parts; stator and rotor. Basic constructional parts of a DC
machine are described below.

1.Yoke: The outer frame of a dc machine is called as yoke. It is made up of cast iron or steel. It not
only provides mechanical strength to the whole assembly but also carries the magnetic flux produced
by the field winding.

2.Poles and pole shoes: Poles are joined to the yoke with the help of bolts or welding. They carry
field winding and pole shoes are fastened to them. Pole shoes serve two purposes; (i) they support
field coils and (ii) spread out the flux in air gap uniformly.

3.Field winding: They are usually made of copper, Field coils are former wound and placed on each
pole and are connected in series. They are wound in such a way that, when energized, they form
alternate North and South poles.

4.Armature core: Armature core is the rotor of a dc machine. It is cylindrical in shape with slots to
carry armature winding. The armature is built up of thin laminated circular steel disks for reducing
eddy current losses. It may be provided with air ducts for the axial air flow for cooling purposes.
Armature is keyed to the shaft.

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5.Armature winding: It is usually a former wound copper coil which rests in armature slots. The
armature conductors are insulated from each other and also from the armature core. Armature winding
can be wound by one of the two methods; lap winding or wave winding.

6.Commutator and brushes: The function of a commutator, in a dc generator is to collect the

current generated in armature conductors. Whereas, in case of a dc motor, commutator helps in
providing current to the armature conductors. A commutator consists of a set of copper segments
which are insulated from each other. The number of segments is equal to the number of armature
coils. Brushes are usually made from carbon or graphite. They rest on commutator segments and slide
on the segments when the commutator rotates keeping the physical contact to collect or supply the
current.

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Basic Construction and Working of an Induction Machine

The A.C. Induction Motor has three main parts, rotor, stator and enclose.

Stator core: The stator is the stationary part of the motor’s electromagnetic circuit and is made up of
thin metal sheets, called laminations. Laminations are used to reduce energy losses.

Stator Windings: Coils of insulated wire are inserted into slots of the stator core. When the
assembled motor is in operation, the stator windings are connected directly to the power source. Each
grouping of coils together with the steel core it surrounds becomes an electromagnet when current is
applied.

Rotor: The rotor is the rotating part of the motor’s electromagnetic circuit. The most common type of
rotor used in a three phase induction motor is a squirrel cage rotor. A squirrel cage rotor core is made
by stacking thin steel laminations to form the conductor bars. After die casting, rotor conductor bars
are mechanically and electrically connected with end rings.

Enclosure: The enclosure consists of a frame and two end bells(or bearing housings) the stator is
mounted inside the frame. The rotor fits inside the stator with a slight air gap separating it from the
stator. The enclosure protects the internal parts of the motor from water and other environmental
elements.

Bearings and fan: Bearings mounted on the shaft, support the rotor and allow it to turn. Some motors
use a fan also mounted on the rotor shaft to cool the motor when the shaft is rotating.

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 EXPERIMENT -3

VERIFICATION OF KCL AND KVL FOR DC CIRCUITS.

AIM: To verify Kirchhoff’s Current law and

To verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage law

This experimental set up consists of

a) 0 - 30V @ 2A regulated DC supply unit

b) 0 - 2A EDM meters - 3 Nos.
c) 0 - 30V EDM meters - 3 Nos.
d) Rheostat :- 50Ω / 2A
100Ω / 2A
150Ω / 2A

THEORY:

KCL: Kirchhoff’s current law states that the amount of current entering the junction is equal to
the sum of the currents moving out of it.

KVL: Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that the sum of the potential drops across the various elements
in a closed loop is zero.

VERIFICATION OF KCL:

Circuit diagram

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Tabular column:

Sl. No. RPS Voltage I1 (A) I2 (A) I3 (A) I1= I2+ I3

in volts
1 10
2 15
3 20
4 25
5 30

Verification: I1= I2+ I3, if satisfied, KCL is verified.

VERIFICATION OF KVL:

Circuit diagram

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TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl. No. RPS Voltage V1 V2 V3 V= V1+ V2+

in volts(V) in volts in volts in volts V3
1 10
2 15
3 20
4 25
5 30

Verification: V= V1+ V2+ V3, if satisfied, KVL is verified.

PROCEDURE:-

 Make the connections as given in the circuit diagram.

 Initially keep the voltage control knob in the minimum position and current knob in the
maximum position.
 Switch ON the power supply. Increase the voltage in uniform steps such as to cover
wide range as possible in the meters.
 Note down meter readings in the tabular column.
 Repeat the same by varying R1, R2 and R3 by varying Rheostats position.
 Repeat the same for different voltages by varying Voltage control potentiometer Of RPS.

RESULT:

The theoretical and practical values of current are nearly same. Thus KCL is verified.
The theoretical and practical values of voltage are nearly same. Thus KVL is verified.

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 EXPERIMENT-4

TWO WAY AND THREE WAY CONTROL OF LAMP

AIM: Two way and three way control of lamp and formation of truth table

THEORY:

A short circuit (R = 0) permits current to flow without consuming any voltage. An open
circuit (R = ) does not allow current to flow through (I = 0).
A switch can be changed from a short circuit to an open circuit and vice – versa. Hence
switches can be used to control circuits (electrical devices). A circuit can be controlled by
more than one switch. This can be used in corridor lighting.

PROCEDURE: Two Way Control

Make the connections as given in the circuit diagram for 2 way control. Switch OFF MFM.
Switch ON MCB. For different switch positions note down the lamp condition and draw the
corresponding circuit connection.

Circuit Diagram:

Two Way Control Of Lamp

Observations:

Sl. No. S1 S2 Condition of lamp Tracing the path

1 A C

2 A D

3 B D

4 B C

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PROCEDURE: 3 way control

Make the connections as given the circuit diagram for 3 way control of lamp.
Repeat the experiment for different position of switches.

Circuit Diagram:

Three Way Control Of Lamp

In intermediate switch , throw 1 of the switch makes straight connection (EF & GH) and throw 2
makes cross connection ( EH & GF ).

Observations:

Sl. Condition of
S1 S2 S3 Tracing the path
No. lamp

1 A C EF, GH
2 A D EF, GH
3 B D EF, GH

4 B C EF, GH

5 B C EH,GF

6 B D EH,GF

7 A D EH,GF

8 A C EH,GF

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 CONNECTION DIAGRAM – 2 WAY CONTROL OF LAMP

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 CONNECTION DIAGRAM – 3 WAY CONTROL OF LAMP

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