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404 Chapter 6 Rational Expressions and Functions

Chapter 6 (b) The denominator cannot be factored, so this

expression cannot be simplified further and
Rational Expressions and Functions is in lowest terms.

6.1 Rational Expressions and Functions; 1 + p3

(c)
Multiplying and Dividing 1+ p
(1 + p)(1 − p + p 2 )
Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises = Factor.
1+ p
1. (a) Set the denominator equal to zero, and solve = 1 − p + p2 Lowest terms
the equation.
x2 − x − 6 = 0 3a 2 − 7a + 2(3a − 1)(a − 2)
N2. (a) = Factor.
( x − 3)( x + 2) = 0 a + 2a − 8 (a + 4)(a − 2)
2

x − 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 3a − 1
= ⋅1
x = 3 or x = −2 a+4
Both 3 and −2 make the function 3a − 1
= Lowest terms
undefined. a+4
Domain: {x | x is a real number, x ≠ −2, 3}
t3 + 8
or ( −∞, − 2 ) ∪ ( −2, 3) ∪ ( 3, ∞ ) (b)
t+2
(b) The denominator, 5, can never be 0, so the (t + 2)(t 2 − 2t + 4)
domain includes all real numbers, written in = Factor.
t+2
set-builder notation as
= t 2 − 2t + 4
{ x | x is a real number} and interval Lowest terms

notation as ( −∞, ∞ ). am − bm + an − bn
(c)
am + bm + an + bn
N1. (a) Set the denominator equal to zero, and solve
(am − bm) + (an − bn)
the equation. = Group.
(am + bm) + (an + bn)
x2 − 4x − 5 = 0
m( a − b ) + n ( a − b )
( x − 5)( x + 1) = 0 = Factor.
m ( a + b) + n( a + b)
x − 5 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
(a − b)(m + n)
x = 5 or x = −1 = Factor.
(a + b)(m + n)
Both 5 and −1 make the function
a −b
undefined. = Lowest terms
Domain: {x | x is a real number, x ≠ − 1, 5} a+b
or ( −∞, − 1) ∪ ( −1, 5) ∪ ( 5, ∞ ) r −1 r −1 1
3. (a) = = = −1
1 − r −1(r − 1) −1
(b) The denominator, 2 x 2 + 1, can never be 0,
so the domain includes all real numbers, (b)
written in set-builder notation as p−2
{ x | x is a real number} and interval 4 − p2
notation as ( −∞, ∞ ). p−2
= Factor.
(2 − p)(2 + p)
y2 + 2 y − 3 ( y + 3)( y − 1) p−2
2. (a) = Factor. =
y − 3y + 2
2
( y − 2)( y − 1) −1( p − 2)(2 + p)
y+3 −1
= ⋅1 = (There are other correct forms.)
y−2 2+ p
y+3
= Lowest terms
y−2

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 6.1 Rational Expressions and Functions; Multiplying and Dividing 405

a − 10 a − 10 1 q 2 + 2q 4 − q 2 q 2 + 2q 3q − 6
N3. (a) = = = −1 (b) ÷ = ⋅
10 − a −1(a − 10) −1 5+ q 3q − 6 5 + q 4 − q2
q (q + 2) 3(q − 2)
81 − y 2 = ⋅
(b) 5 + q (2 + q )(2 − q)
y −9
3q(q + 2)(q − 2)
(9 + y )(9 − y ) =
= Factor. −1(5 + q)(2 + q )(q − 2)
y −9
3q
−1(9 + y )( y − 9) =−
= 5+ q
y −9
= −(9 + y ), or − 9 − y 16k 2 3k 16k 2 10
N5. (a) ÷ = ⋅
5 10 5 3k
c 2 + 2c c 2 − 4c + 4
4. (a) ⋅ 16k ⋅ k 5 ⋅ 2
c2 − 4 c2 − c = ⋅
5 3k
c(c + 2) (c − 2)(c − 2)
= ⋅ 16k 2
(c − 2)(c + 2) c(c − 1) = ⋅
1 3
c−2 32k
= =
c −1 3
m 2 − 16 1 3k 2 + 5k − 2 4 k 2 + 8k
(b) ⋅ (b) ÷
m+2 m+4 9k 2 − 1 k 2 − 7k
(m − 4)(m + 4) 1
= ⋅ 3k 2 + 5k − 2 k 2 − 7 k
m+2 m+4 = ⋅ 2
9k 2 − 1 4k + 8k
m−4
= (3k − 1)(k + 2) k (k − 7)
m+2 = ⋅
(3k + 1)(3k − 1) 4k (k + 2)
8t 23t + 6 k −7
N4. (a) ⋅ =
t − 4 9t
2
4(3k + 1)
8t 2 3(t + 2)
= ⋅
(t + 2)(t − 2) 9t Exercises
8t 3
= 1. A rational number such as is the quotient of
3(t − 2) 4
two integers, with denominator not 0. A
m 2 + 2m − 15 m 2 − 4 2 x2
(b) ⋅ rational expression such as is the
m 2 − 5m + 6 m 2 + 5m 2x + 1
(m + 5)(m − 3) (m + 2)(m − 2) quotient of two polynomials, with denominator
= ⋅
(m − 2)(m − 3) m(m + 5) not 0.
m+2
= 2. A function of the form f ( x) =
P ( x)
, where
m Q ( x)
5 p + 2 15 p + 6 5 p + 2 5 P ( x ) and Q( x) are polynomials and Q( x) ≠ 0,
5. (a) ÷ = ⋅
6 5 6 15 p + 6 is a rational function. The domain includes all
5p + 2 5 real numbers except any values of x that make
= ⋅ the denominator equal to 0.
6 3(5 p + 2)
5
=
18

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

406 Chapter 6 Rational Expressions and Functions

3. (a) Set the denominator equal to zero, and solve In set-builder notation, the domain is
the equation. ⎧ 7⎫
x−7 =0 ⎨ x x is a real number, x ≠ − ⎬.
⎩ 2⎭
x=7
The number 7 makes the rational expression (b) See part (a). In interval notation, the domain
undefined, so 7 is not in the domain of the ⎛ 7⎞ ⎛ 7 ⎞
is ⎜ −∞, − ⎟ ∪ ⎜ − , ∞ ⎟ .
function. In set-builder notation, the domain ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
is {x | x is a real number, x ≠ 7}.
12 x + 3
(b) See part (a). In interval notation, the domain 7. (a) f ( x) = is undefined when the
x
is ( −∞, 7 ) ∪ ( 7, ∞ ). denominator x equals 0. So x = 0 makes the
rational expression undefined and 0 is not in
x
4. (a) f ( x) = is undefined when the the domain of the function. In set-builder
x+3 notation, the domain is
denominator x + 3 = 0. Solving this {x | x is a real number, x ≠ 0}.
equation gives x = −3, so x = −3 makes the
(b) See part (a). In interval notation, the domain
rational expression undefined and −3 is not
in the domain of the function. In set-builder is ( −∞, 0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ ).
notation, the domain is
9x + 8
{x | x is a real number, x ≠ −3}. 8. (a) f ( x) = is undefined when the
x
(b) See part (a). In interval notation, the domain denominator x = 0. In set-builder notation,
is ( −∞, − 3) ∪ ( −3, ∞ ). the domain is {x | x is a real number, x ≠ 0}.
5. (a) Set the denominator equal to zero, and solve (b) See part (a). In interval notation, the domain
the equation. is ( −∞, 0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ ).
7x +1 = 0
7 x = −1 9. (a) Set the denominator equal to zero and solve.
1 2 x2 + x − 6 = 0
x=− ( x + 2)(2 x − 3) = 0
7
1 x + 2 = 0 or 2 x − 3 = 0
The number − makes the rational
7 x = −2 or 2x = 3
1 3
expression undefined, so − is not in the x=
7 2
domain of the function. In set-builder 3
notation, the domain is The numbers −2 and are not in the
2
⎧ 1⎫ domain of the function. In set-builder
⎨ x x is a real number, x ≠ − ⎬. notation, the domain is
⎩ 7⎭
⎧ 3⎫
(b) See part (a). In interval notation, the domain ⎨ x x is a real number, x ≠ − 2, ⎬.
⎩ 2⎭
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
is ⎜ −∞, − ⎟ ∪ ⎜ − , ∞ ⎟ .
⎝ 7⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎠ (b) See part (a). In interval notation, the domain
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛3 ⎞
8x − 3 is ( −∞, − 2 ) ∪ ⎜ −2, ⎟ ∪ ⎜ , ∞ ⎟.
6. (a) f ( x) = is undefined when the ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
2x + 7
denominator 2 x + 7 = 0.
2x + 7 = 0
2 x = −7
7
x=−
2

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 6.1 Rational Expressions and Functions; Multiplying and Dividing 407

2x + 4 14. (a) Set the denominator equal to zero and solve.

10. (a) f ( x) = is undefined when
3x + 11x − 42
2 4 x2 + 1 = 0
the denominator is equal to 0. 4 x 2 = −1
3x + 11x − 42 = 0
2
1
( x + 6)(3 x − 7) = 0 x2 = −
4
x + 6 = 0 or 3x − 7 = 0 The square of any real number x is positive
x = −6 or 3x = 7 or zero, so this equation has no solution.
There are no real numbers which make this
7
x= rational expression undefined, so all
3 numbers are in the domain of the function.
In set-builder notation, the domain is In set-builder notation, the domain is
⎧ 7⎫ { x | x is a real number}.
⎨ x x is a real number, x ≠ − 6, ⎬.
⎩ 3⎭
(b) See part (a). In interval notation, the domain
(b) See part (a). In interval notation, the domain is ( −∞, ∞ ).
⎛ 7⎞ ⎛7 ⎞
is ( −∞, − 6 ) ∪ ⎜ −6, ⎟ ∪ ⎜ , ∞ ⎟ . 4 7 2⋅2 7 2 2
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝3 ⎠ 15. ⋅ = ⋅ = =
21 10 3 ⋅ 7 2 ⋅ 5 3 ⋅ 5 15
x+2
11. (a) f ( x) = is never undefined, so all 5 12 5 2⋅ 2⋅3 2⋅ 2 4
14 16. ⋅ = ⋅ = =
numbers are in the domain of the function. 9 25 3 ⋅ 3 5 ⋅ 5 3 ⋅ 5 15
In set-builder notation, the domain is
3 5 3 12 3 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅3 3⋅3 9
{ x | x is a real number}. 17. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ = =
8 12 8 5 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 5 2 ⋅ 5 10
(b) See part (a). In interval notation, the domain
5 14 5 15 5 3⋅5 5⋅5 25
is ( −∞, ∞ ). 18. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ = =
6 15 6 14 2 ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 7 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 7 28
x−9 2 8 2 9 2 3⋅3
12. (a) f ( x) = is never undefined, so all 19. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
3
=
3
26 3 9 3 8 3 2⋅2⋅2 2⋅2 4
numbers are in the domain of the function.
In set-builder notation, the domain is 3 9 3 14 3 2⋅7 7 7
20. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ = =
{ x | x is a real number}. 8 14 8 9 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 3 ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 12

(b) See part (a). In interval notation, the domain x − 3 (−1)( x − 3)

21. (a) =
is ( −∞, ∞ ). x + 4 (−1)( x + 4)
−x + 3 3− x
13. (a) Set the denominator equal to zero and solve. = , or (C)
−x − 4 −x − 4
3x 2 + 8 = 0
3 x 2 = −8 x + 3 (−1)( x + 3)
(b) =
x − 4 (−1)( x − 4)
8
x2 = − −x − 3 −x − 3
3 = , or (A)
The square of any real number x is positive −x + 4 4− x
or zero, so this equation has no solution.
x − 3 (−1)( x − 3)
There are no real numbers which make this (c) =
rational expression undefined, so all x − 4 (−1)( x − 4)
numbers are in the domain of the function. −x + 3
In set-builder notation, the domain is = (D)
−x + 4
{ x | x is a real number}.
(b) See part (a). In interval notation, the domain
is ( −∞, ∞ ).

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

408 Chapter 6 Rational Expressions and Functions

x + 3 (−1)( x + 3) 3 − x −1( x − 3) x − 3
(d) = 25. = =
x + 4 (−1)( x + 4) x − 4 −1(4 − x) 4 − x
−x − 3 x+3 x−3
= (B) cannot be transformed to equal .
−x − 4 4+ x 4− x
3 − x −(3 − x) x − 3
3 − x (−1)(3 − x) − = =
(e) = 4− x 4− x 4− x
x + 4 (−1)( x + 4)
x−3 x −3 x −3
−3 + x x−3 − = =
= , or (E) x − 4 −( x − 4) 4 − x
−x − 4 −x − 4
Only the expression in B is not equivalent to
x + 3 (−1)( x + 3) x−3
(f) = .
4 − x (−1)(4 − x) 4− x
−x − 3 −x − 3
= , or (F) 2x + 3
−4 − x x−4 26. cannot be simplified.
2x − 3
22. The two terms in the numerator are x 2 and 4x. 2x − 3 2x − 3
= = −1
The two terms in the denominator are x and 4. 3 − 2 x −(2 x − 3)
To express the rational expression in lowest
2x + 3 2x + 3
terms, factor the numerator and denominator = =1
and replace the quotient of common factors 3 + 2x 2x + 3
with 1. 2x + 3 2x + 3
= = −1
x 2 + 4 x x( x + 4) −2 x − 3 −(2 x + 3)
=
x+4 x+4 The correct choices are B and D.
= x ⋅1 = x
x 2 ( x + 1) x x( x + 1) x
27. = ⋅ = ⋅1 = x
x x( x + 1) 1 x( x + 1) 1
23. The choices that will equal − must have an
y
y 3 ( y − 4) y y 2 ( y − 4) y
odd number (1 or 3) of negative signs, such as 28. = ⋅ = ⋅1 = y
in B, E, and F. y 2 ( y − 4) 1 y 2 ( y − 4) 1

x2 + 2 ( x + 4)( x − 3) x − 3 x + 4 x − 3
24. The numerator and denominator of 29. = ⋅ =
x 2 ( x + 5)( x + 4) x + 5 x + 4 x + 5
have no common factors, so the expression
(2 x + 7)( x − 1) x −1 2x + 7 x −1
cannot be expressed in lower terms. 30. = ⋅ =
x2 + 2 (2 x + 3)(2 x + 7) 2 x + 3 2 x + 7 2 x + 3
The numerator and denominator of
2 4 x( x + 3) ( x + 3) ⋅ 4 x
have no common factors. The expression is in 31. =
8 x ( x − 3)
2 2 x( x − 3) ⋅ 4 x
lowest terms.
x2 + y2 x+3
The numerator and denominator of =
2 2 x( x − 3)
y
have no common factors. The expression is in 5 y 2 ( y + 8) 5 y ⋅ y ( y + 8)
lowest terms. 32. =
15 y ( y − 8) 3 ⋅ 5 y ( y − 8)
x 2 − 5 x = x( x − 5) so
y ( y + 8)
x 2 − 5 x x( x − 5) =
= 3( y − 8)
x x
= 1( x − 5) 33. Since the numerator and denominator have no
common factors, the expression is already in
= x−5
lowest terms.
This expression, D, is the only one that can be
expressed in lower terms.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 6.1 Rational Expressions and Functions; Multiplying and Dividing 409

34. Since the numerator and denominator have no r 3 − s 3 (r − s )(r 2 + rs + s 2 )

common factors, the expression is already in 48. =
r−s r−s
lowest terms.
= r + rs + s 2
2
6m + 18 6(m + 3) 6
35. = =
7m + 21 7(m + 3) 7 2c 2 + 2cd − 60d 2
49.
2c 2 − 12cd + 10d 2
5r − 20 5(r − 4) 5
36. = = 2(c 2 + cd − 30d 2 )
3r − 12 3(r − 4) 3 =
2(c 2 − 6cd + 5d 2 )
3 z 2 + z z (3z + 1) z 2(c + 6d )(c − 5d )
37. = = =
18 z + 6 6(3z + 1) 6 2(c − d )(c − 5d )
c + 6d
2 x 2 − 5 x x(2 x − 5) x =
38. = = c−d
16 x − 40 8(2 x − 5) 8
3s 2 − 9st − 54t 2
t − 9 (t + 3)(t − 3) t − 3
2 50.
39. = = 3s 2 − 6st − 72t 2
3t + 9 3(t + 3) 3
3( s 2 − 3st − 18t 2 )
=
m 2 − 25 (m + 5)(m − 5) m + 5 3( s 2 − 2st − 24t 2 )
40. = =
4m − 20 4(m − 5) 4 3( s − 6t )( s + 3t )
=
3( s − 6t )( s + 4t )
2t + 6 2(t + 3) 2 s + 3t
41. = = =
t −9
2 (t − 3)(t + 3) t − 3
s + 4t
5s − 25 5( s − 5) 5 ac − ad + bc − bd
42. = = 51.
s − 25
2 ( s + 5)( s − 5) s + 5 ac − ad − bc + bd
a (c − d ) + b ( c − d )
x 2 + 2 x − 15 ( x + 5)( x − 3) =
43. = a (c − d ) − b ( c − d )
x2 + 6x + 5 ( x + 5)( x + 1)
(c − d )(a + b)
x−3 = Factor by grouping.
= (c − d )(a − b)
x +1
a+b
=
y 2 − 5 y − 14 ( y − 7)( y + 2) a −b
44. =
y + y−2
2 ( y − 1)( y + 2) 2 xy + 2 xw + y + w
y−7 52.
= 2 xy + y − 2 xw − w
y −1 2 x( y + w) + 1( y + w)
=
y (2 x + 1) − w(2 x + 1)
8 x 2 − 10 x − 3
(4 x + 1)(2 x − 3)
45. = ( y + w)(2 x + 1)
8 x − 6 x − 9 (4 x + 3)(2 x − 3)
2
= Factor by grouping.
(2 x + 1)( y − w)
4x +1
= y+w
4x + 3 =
y−w
12 x 2 − 4 x − 5
(6 x − 5)(2 x + 1)
46. = 7 − b −1(b − 7)
8 x − 6 x − 5 (4 x − 5)(2 x + 1)
2
53. = = −1
b−7 b−7
6x − 5
=
4x − 5 r − 13 r − 13
54. = = −1
13 − r −1(r − 13)
a3 + b3 (a + b)(a 2 − ab + b 2 )
47. =
a+b a+b
= a − ab + b 2
2

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

410 Chapter 6 Rational Expressions and Functions

x 2 − y 2 ( x − y )( x + y ) a 2 − b2 (a + b)(a − b)
55. = 63. =
y−x y−x a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2
−1( y − x)( x + y ) The numerator and denominator have no
= common factors except 1, so the original
y−x
expression is already in lowest terms.
= −( x + y ), or − x − y
p2 + q2 p2 + q2
64. =
m −n
2
(m + n)(m − n)
2
p2 − q2 ( p + q)( p − q)
56. =
n−m −1(m − n) The numerator and denominator have no
m+n common factors except 1, so the original
= = −(m + n), or − m − n
−1 expression is already in lowest terms.

x 2 − 4 ( x + 2)( x − 2) ( x + 2)( x + 1) ( x + 3)( x + 4)

= 65. ⋅
57. ( x + 3)( x − 2) ( x + 2)( x + 1)
2− x −1( x − 2)
( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3) x + 4 x + 4
x+2 = ⋅ =
= = −( x + 2), or − x − 2 ( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3) x − 2 x − 2
−1

x 2 − 81 ( x + 9)( x − 9) ( x + 3)( x − 4) ( x + 5)( x − 6)

= 66. ⋅
58. ( x − 4)( x + 2) ( x + 3)( x − 6)
9− x −1( x − 9)
( x + 3)( x − 4)( x − 6) x + 5 x + 5
x+9 = ⋅ =
= = −( x + 9), or − x − 9 ( x + 3)( x − 4)( x − 6) x + 2 x + 2
−1
(a − 3)( x + y ) (2 x + 3)( x − 4) ( x − 4)( x + 2)
59. 67. ÷
(3 − a )( x − y ) ( x + 8)( x − 4) ( x − 4)( x + 8)
(a − 3)( x + y ) 2x + 3 x + 2
= = ÷
−1(a − 3)( x − y ) x+8 x+8
x+ y 2x + 3 x + 8
= ⋅
= x+8 x+ 2
−1( x − y )
2x + 3
x+ y =
=− (There are other answers.) x+2
x− y
(6 x + 5)( x − 3) (2 x + 7)( x + 9)
(8 − p )( x + 2) 68. ÷
60. ( x − 1)( x − 3) ( x − 1)( x + 9)
( p − 8)( x − 2)
(6 x + 5)( x − 3)( x − 1)( x + 9)
−( p − 8)( x + 2) =
= ( x − 1)( x − 3)(2 x + 7)( x + 9)
( p − 8)( x − 2)
6x + 5
x+2 =
=− (There are other answers.) 2x + 7
x−2
4 x 14 x + 7 4 x ⋅ 7(2 x + 1)
5k − 10 −5(2 − k ) −5 1 69. ⋅ =
61. = = =− 8x + 4 6 4(2 x + 1) ⋅ 6
20 − 10k 10(2 − k ) 10 2
7x
=
7 x − 21 7( x − 3) 6
62. =
63 − 21x −21( x − 3) 12 x − 20 6 4(3x − 5) ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3
7( x − 3) 1 70. ⋅ =
= =− 5x 9 x − 15 5 x ⋅ 3(3x − 5)
−3 ⋅ 7( x − 3) 3 8
=
5x

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 6.1 Rational Expressions and Functions; Multiplying and Dividing 411

p 2 − 25 2 4 x − 20 2 x − 10
71. ⋅ 77. ÷
4p 5− p 5x 7 x3
( p + 5)( p − 5)2 4( x − 5) 7 x3
= = ⋅
2 ⋅ 2 p(−1)( p − 5) 5x 2( x − 5)
p+5 2 ⋅ 7 x2
= =
(2 p)(−1) 5
p+5 14 x 2
=− (There are other answers.) =
2p 5

a2 −1 2 3 x + 12 4 x + 16
72. ⋅ 78. ÷
4a 1 − a 4x 6 x2
(a − 1)(a + 1) ⋅ 2 3( x + 4) 6 x 2
= = ⋅
4a ⋅ (1 − a ) 4x 4( x + 4)
2(−1)(1 − a)(a + 1) 3 ⋅ 6x
= =
4a(1 − a ) 4⋅4
−2(a + 1) =
9x
=
4a 8
a +1
=− (There are other answers.) m 2 − 49 7 − m
2a 79. ÷
m +1 m
4k + 4 (m + 7)(m − 7) m
73. (7k + 7) ÷ = ⋅
5 m +1 −(m − 7)
7(k + 1) 5 − m(m + 7)
= ⋅ = (There are other answers.)
1 4(k + 1) m +1
7 ⋅ 5 35
= = k2 − 4 2−k
4 4 80. ÷
3k 2 11k
3y − 6 (k + 2)(k − 2) 11k
74. (8 y − 16) ÷ = ⋅
10 3k 2 −(k − 2)
8( y − 2) 10
= ⋅ −11(k + 2)
1 3( y − 2) = (There are other answers.)
3k
8 ⋅10 80
= = 12 x − 10 y 6 x + 4 y
3 3 81. ⋅
3x + 2 y 10 y − 12 x
1
75. ( z 2 − 1) ⋅ 2(6 x − 5 y ) ⋅ 2(3x + 2 y )
1− z =
(3x + 2 y ) ⋅ 2(5 y − 6 x)
( z + 1)( z − 1) 1
= ⋅ 2(−1)(5 y − 6 x)
1 −1( z − 1) = = −2
(5 y − 6 x)
z +1
= = −( z + 1) or − z − 1
−1 9 s − 12t 3s + 3t
82. ⋅
8 2s + 2t 4t − 3s
76. ( y 2 − 4) ⋅ 3(3s − 4t ) 3( s + t ) 9
2− y = ⋅ =−
2( s + t ) −(3s − 4t ) 2
( y + 2)( y − 2) 8
= ⋅
1 −1( y − 2)
8( y + 2)
= = −8( y + 2), or − 8 y − 16
−1

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412 Chapter 6 Rational Expressions and Functions

x 2 − 25 x 2 + 7 x + 12 a3 − 8b3 a 2 + ab − 12b 2
83. ⋅ 89. ⋅
x + x − 20 x − 2 x − 15
2 2
a − ab − 6b
2 2
a 2 + 2ab − 8b 2
( x − 5)( x + 5) ( x + 3)( x + 4) (a − 2b)(a 2 + 2ab + 4b 2 ) (a − 3b)(a + 4b)
= ⋅ = ⋅
( x + 5)( x − 4) ( x − 5)( x + 3) (a − 3b)(a + 2b) (a − 2b)(a + 4b)
x+4 a 2 + 2ab + 4b 2
= =
x−4 a + 2b
t 2 − 49 t 2 + 8t + 15 p 3 − 27q 3 p 2 − 2 pq − 24q 2
84. ⋅ 90. ⋅
t + 4t − 21 t − 2t − 35
2 2
p 2 + pq − 12q 2 p 2 − 5 pq − 6q 2
(t + 7)(t − 7) (t + 3)(t + 5)
= ⋅ ( p − 3q)( p 2 + 3 pq + 9q 2 ) ( p + 4q)( p − 6q)
(t − 3)(t + 7) (t + 5)(t + 7) = ⋅
( p + 4q)( p − 3q) ( p + q )( p − 6q )
t +3
= p 2 + 3 pq + 9q 2
t −3 =
p+q
a 3 − b3 2a − 2b
85. ÷
a −b2 2
2a + 2b 6 x2 + 5x − 6 4 x 2 − 12 x + 9
91. ÷
(a − b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 ) 2(a + b) 12 x 2 − 11x + 2 8 x 2 − 14 x + 3
= ⋅ (3x − 2)(2 x + 3) (2 x − 3)(4 x − 1)
(a + b)(a − b) 2(a − b) = ⋅
(3x − 2)(4 x − 1) (2 x − 3)(2 x − 3)
a 2 + ab + b2
= 2x + 3
a−b =
2x − 3
x3 + y 3 x 2 − y 2
86. ÷ 8a 2 − 6 a − 9 4a 2 + 11a + 6
2x + 2 y 2x − 2 y 92. ÷
6a 2 − 5a − 6 9a 2 + 12a + 4
( x + y )( x 2 − xy + y 2 ) 2( x − y ) (2a − 3)(4a + 3) (3a + 2)(3a + 2)
= ⋅ = ⋅
2( x + y ) ( x + y )( x − y ) (2a − 3)(3a + 2) (4a + 3)(a + 2)
x 2 − xy + y 2 3a + 2
= =
x+ y a+2

8 x3 − 27 2x + 6 93. Multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor.

87. ⋅
2 x − 18 8 x + 12 x + 18
2 2 5a 4 b 2 25a 2 b
÷
(2 x)3 − 33 2( x + 3) 16a 2 b 60a3b 2
= ⋅
2( x 2 − 9) 2(4 x 2 + 6 x + 9) 5a 4b 2 60a3b 2
= ⋅
16a 2 b 25a 2 b
(2 x − 3)(4 x 2 + 6 x + 9) 2( x + 3)
= ⋅ 300a 7 b 4
2( x + 3)( x − 3) 2(4 x 2 + 6 x + 9) =
400a 4 b2
2x − 3
= 100a 4 b2 ⋅ 3a3b 2
2( x − 3) =
100a 4 b 2 ⋅ 4
64 x + 1 3
4 x + 20 3a3b 2
88. ⋅ =
4 x 2 − 100 64 x 2 − 16 x + 4 4
(4 x)3 + 13 4( x + 5)
= ⋅
4( x − 25) 4(16 x 2 − 4 x + 1)
2

(4 x + 1)(16 x 2 − 4 x + 1) 4( x + 5)
= ⋅
4( x + 5)( x − 5) 4(16 x 2 − 4 x + 1)
4x +1
=
4( x − 5)

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 6.2 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions 413

s 3t 2 8s 4 t 2 99. Factor k from the denominator of the divisor;

94. 2 4
÷ 6 multiply by the reciprocal.
10 s t 5t
⎛ 6k 2 − 13k − 5 2k − 5 ⎞ k 2 − 5k + 6
3 2
st 5t 6 ⎜⎜ ÷ ⎟⋅
= ⋅ ⎝ k + 7k
2
k 3 + 6k 2 − 7k ⎟⎠ 3k 2 − 8k − 3
10s 2 t 4 8s 4 t 2
⎡ 6k 2 − 13k − 5 k (k 2 + 6k − 7) ⎤
s 3t 2 ⋅ 5t 4 ⋅ t 2 =⎢ ⋅ ⎥
= 2k − 5
⎣ k + 7k
2
2 ⋅ 5s 2 t 4 ⋅ 8s 3 ⋅ s ⋅ t 2 ⎦
t2 t2 k 2 − 5k + 6
= = ⋅
2s 2 ⋅ 8 ⋅ s 16s 3 3k 2 − 8k − 3
⎡ (3k + 1)(2k − 5) k (k + 7)(k − 1) ⎤
(−3mn) 2 ⋅ 64(m 2 n)3 24(m 2 n 2 )4 =⎢ ⋅ ⎥
95. ÷ ⎣ k (k + 7) 2k − 5 ⎦
16m 2 n4 (mn 2 )3 (3m 2 n3 ) 2
(k − 2)(k − 3)
9m 2 n 2 ⋅ 64m6 n3 9m 4 n6 ⋅
= ⋅ (3k + 1)(k − 3)
16m 2 n4 ⋅ m3 n6 24m8 n8 = (k − 1)(k − 2)
9 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 9m12 n11
= ⎛ 2 x3 + 3x 2 − 2 x
3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2m13 n18 2 x3 − x 2 ⎞ 5 x 2 − 10 x
100. ⎜ ÷ 2 ⎟⋅
⎜ 3x − 15 x − 3 x − 10 ⎟⎠ 3 x 2 + 12 x + 12
3⋅9 27 ⎝
= 1 7 =
2m n 2mn7 ⎡ x(2 x 2 + 3x − 2) ( x − 5)( x + 2) ⎤
=⎢ ⋅ 2 ⎥
⎣ 3( x − 5) x (2 x − 1) ⎦
(−4a 2 b3 )2 ⋅ 9(a 2 b 4 ) 2 (ab) 4
96. ÷ 5 x( x − 2)
(2a 2 b3 )4 ⋅ (3a3b)2 ( a 2 b3 ) 2 ⋅
3( x 2 + 4 x + 4)
16a 4 b6 ⋅ 9a 4 b8 a 4 b6
= ⋅ ⎡ x(2 x − 1)( x + 2) ( x − 5)( x + 2) ⎤
16a8b12 ⋅ 9a 6 b 2 a 4b 4 =⎢ ⋅ 2 ⎥
a12 b 20 b2 ⎣ 3( x − 5) x (2 x − 1) ⎦
= =
18 18
a b a6 5 x( x − 2)
⋅
3( x + 2)( x + 2)
3k 2 + 17kp + 10 p 2 6k 2 + kp − 2 p 2
97. ÷ ⎡ ( x + 2)( x + 2) ⎤ 5 x( x − 2)
6k 2 + 13kp − 5 p 2 6k 2 − 5kp + p 2 =⎢ ⎥ ⋅
⎣ 3x ⎦ 3( x + 2)( x + 2)
(3k + 2 p)(k + 5 p) (3k − p)(2k − p) 5( x − 2)
= ⋅ =
(3k − p)(2k + 5 p) (3k + 2 p)(2k − p) 9
k +5p
=
2k + 5 p 6.2 Adding and Subtracting Rational
Expressions
16c 2 + 24cd + 9d 2 16c 2 − 9d 2
98. ÷
16c 2 − 16cd + 3d 2 16c 2 − 24cd + 9d 2 Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises
(4c + 3d )(4c + 3d ) (4c − 3d )(4c − 3d )
= ⋅ 7x y 7x + y
(4c − 3d )(4c − d ) (4c + 3d )(4c − 3d ) 1. (a) + =
9 9 9
4c + 3d
=
4c − d 8 14 8 − 14 −6 2
(b) 3
− 3
= 3
= 3
=−
3x 3x 3x 3x x3
r t r +t
(c) + =
r −t
2 2
r −t2 2
r − t2
2

r +t 1
= =
(r + t )(r − t ) r − t

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414 Chapter 6 Rational Expressions and Functions

6 x N2. (a) Factor the denominators.

(d) +
x + 3x − 18 x + 3x − 18
2 2 15m3 n = 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ m3 ⋅ n
6+ x 10m 2 n = 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ m 2 ⋅ n
= 2
x + 3 x − 18 The least common denominator (LCD) is
x+6 the product of all the different factors, with
=
( x + 6)( x − 3) each factor raised to the greatest power in
any denominator.
1
= LCD = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ m3 ⋅ n
x−3
= 30m3 n
5 2 5+2 7
N1. (a) + = =
3 x 3x 3x 3x (b) Each denominator is already factored.
LCD = t (t − 8)
x2 9 x2 − 9
(b) − = (c) Factor the denominators.
x−3 x−3 x−3
( x + 3)( x − 3) 3x 2 + 9 x − 30 = 3( x + 5)( x − 2)
= = x+3
x−3 x 2 − 4 = ( x + 2)( x − 2)
2 x x 2 + 10 x + 25 = ( x + 5) 2
(c) +
x 2 + x − 2 x2 + x − 2 LCD = 3( x − 2)( x + 2)( x + 5) 2
2+ x
= 2 6
x + x−2 3. (a) The LCD for m and 4m is 4m. To write
m
x+2
= 4
( x + 2)( x − 1) with a denominator of 4m, multiply by .
4
1
= 6 1 6⋅4 1
x −1 + = +
m 4m m ⋅ 4 4m
2. (a) Factor the denominators. 24 1
= +
10a3b5 = 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ a3 ⋅ b5 4m 4m
15a 2b6 = 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ a 2 ⋅ b6 24 + 1
=
The least common denominator (LCD) is 45
the product of all the different factors, with 25
=
each factor raised to the greatest power in 4m
any denominator.
(b) The LCD is y ( y + 4). Rewrite each rational
LCD = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ a 3 ⋅ b6
expression with this denominator.
= 30a 3b6 2 1 2( y + 4) (1) y
− = −
(b) Each denominator is already factored. y y + 4 y ( y + 4) ( y + 4) y
LCD = z ( z + 6) 2( y + 4) y
= −
y ( y + 4) y ( y + 4)
(c) Factor the denominators.
2y + 8 − y
m 2 − 16 = (m + 4)(m − 4) =
y ( y + 4)
m 2 + 8m + 16 = (m + 4) 2
y +8
=
LCD = (m + 4) 2 (m − 4) y ( y + 4)
(d) Factor the denominators.
x 2 − 2 x + 1 = ( x − 1)( x − 1)
x 2 − 4 x + 3 = ( x − 1)( x − 3)
4 x − 4 = 4( x − 1)
LCD = 4( x − 1)2 ( x − 3)

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 6.2 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions 415

2 (b) The LCD is (r − 2)(r − 1).

N3. (a) The LCD for 3x and 4x is 12x. To write
3x 2 r +3
−
4 r − 2 r −1
with a denominator of 12x, multiply by .
4 2(r − 1) (r + 3)(r − 2)
= −
7 (r − 2)(r − 1) (r − 1)(r − 2)
To write with a denominator of 12x,
4x 2r − 2 − (r 2 + r − 6)
3 =
multiply by . (r − 2)(r − 1)
3
2r − 2 − r 2 − r + 6
2 7 2⋅4 7⋅3 =
+ = + (r − 2)(r − 1)
3x 4 x 3x ⋅ 4 4 x ⋅ 3
8 21 −r 2 + r + 4
= + =
12 x 12 x (r − 2)(r − 1)
8 + 21
= N4. (a) The denominator is already the same for
12 x both rational expressions, so write them as a
29 single expression. Be careful to apply the
=
12 x subtraction sign to both terms of the second
expression.
(b) The LCD is z ( z − 5). Rewrite each rational 18 x + 7 2 x − 13
expression with this denominator. −
4x + 5 4x + 5
3 6 3( z − 5) (6) z 18 x + 7 − (2 x − 13)
− = − =
z z − 5 z ( z − 5) ( z − 5) z 4x + 5
3( z − 5) 6z 18 x + 7 − 2 x + 13
= − =
z ( z − 5) z ( z − 5) 4x + 5
3z − 15 − 6 z 16 x + 20
= =
z ( z − 5) 4x + 5
−3z − 15 4(4 x + 5)
= =
z ( z − 5) 4x + 5
=4
4. (a) The denominator is already the same for
both rational expressions, so write them as a (b) The LCD is ( x − 3)( x + 3).
single expression. Be careful to apply the 5 5
subtraction sign to both terms of the second −
x−3 x+3
expression.
5 x + 7 − x − 14 5( x + 3) 5( x − 3)
− = −
2x + 7 2x + 7 ( x − 3)( x + 3) ( x − 3)( x + 3)
5 x + 7 − (− x − 14) 5( x + 3) − 5( x − 3)
= =
2x + 7 ( x − 3)( x + 3)
5 x + 7 + x + 14 5 x + 15 − 5 x + 15
= =
2x + 7 ( x − 3)( x + 3)
6 x + 21 30
= =
2x + 7 ( x − 3)( x + 3)
3(2 x + 7)
=
2x + 7
=3

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416 Chapter 6 Rational Expressions and Functions

5. To get a common denominator of x − 3, 6 1 3

N6. − + 2
multiply both the numerator and denominator y y − 3 y − 3y
of the second expression by −1.
6 1 3
2 1 = − +
+ y y − 3 y ( y − 3)
x −3 3− x
6( y − 3) 1y 3
2 1(−1) = − +
= + y ( y − 3) ( y − 3) y y ( y − 3)
x − 3 (3 − x)(−1)
6( y − 3) − y + 3
2 −1 =
= + y ( y − 3)
x −3 x −3
2 + (−1) 6 y − 18 − y + 3
= =
x−3 y ( y − 3)
1 5 y − 15 5( y − 3) 5
= = = =
x−3 y ( y − 3) y ( y − 3) y
An equivalent answer is
−a 4a
−1(1) −1 7. −
= . a 2 + 3a − 4 a 2 + 7 a + 12
−1( x − 3) 3 − x
−a 4a
= −
N5. To get a common denominator of t − 9, (a + 4)(a − 1) (a + 3)(a + 4)
multiply both the numerator and denominator −a(a + 3) 4a(a − 1)
of the second expression by −1. = −
(a + 4)(a − 1)(a + 3) (a + 3)(a + 4)(a − 1)
t 2
+ − a(a + 3) − 4a (a − 1)
t −9 9−t =
(a + 4)(a − 1)(a + 3)
t 2(−1)
= + − a 2 − 3a − 4a 2 + 4a
t − 9 (9 − t )(−1) =
t −2 (a + 4)(a − 1)(a + 3)
= +
t −9 t −9 −5a 2 + a
=
t + (−2) (a + 4)(a − 1)(a + 3)
=
t −9
t −1 2t + 3
t−2 N7. −
= t 2 − 2t − 8 t 2 + 3t + 2
t −9
t −1 2t + 3
An equivalent answer is = −
−1(t − 2) −t + 2 2 − t (t − 4)(t + 2) (t + 1)(t + 2)
= = .
−1(t − 9) −t + 9 9 − t (t − 1)(t + 1) (2t + 3)(t − 4)
= −
(t − 4)(t + 2)(t + 1) (t − 4)(t + 2)(t + 1)
4 −2 10 (t − 1)(t + 1) − (2t + 3)(t − 4)
6. + − 2 =
x − 5 x x − 5x (t − 4)(t + 2)(t + 1)
4 −2 10
= + − t 2 − 1 − (2t 2 − 5t − 12)
x − 5 x x( x − 5) =
(t − 4)(t + 2)(t + 1)
4x −2( x − 5) 10
= + − t 2 − 1 − 2t 2 + 5t + 12
( x − 5) x x( x − 5) x( x − 5) =
4 x + (−2)( x − 5) − 10 (t − 4)(t + 2)(t + 1)
=
x( x − 5) −t 2 + 5t + 11
=
4 x − 2 x + 10 − 10 (t − 4)(t + 2)(t + 1)
=
x( x − 5)
2x 2
= =
x( x − 5) x − 5

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 6.2 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions 417

4 1 7 2 7+2 9
8. + 7. + = =
p −6p +9
2
p + 2 p − 15
2 t t t t
4 1 5 9 5 + 9 14
= + + = =
( p − 3 )( p − 3 ) ( p + 5 )( p − 3) 8.
r r r r
4 ( p + 5) 1( p − 3)
= + 6x y 6x + y
9. + =
( p − 3) ( p + 5) ( p + 5)( p − 3)2
2
7 7 7
4 ( p + 5) + 1( p − 3) 12t s 12t + s
= 10. + =
( p − 3) 2 ( p + 5 ) 5 5 5
4 p + 20 + p − 3
= 11 1 11 − 1 10 2
− = = =
( p − 3)2 ( p + 5) 11.
5x 5x 5x 5x x
5 p + 17
= 7 3 7−3 4 1
( p − 3)2 ( p + 5) 12. − = = =
4y 4y 4y 4y y
2 4 9 − 17 −8
N8. + 13.
9
−
17
= = =−
2
m − 6m + 9 m + m − 12
2 2
4x 3
4x 3
4x 3
4x 3
x3
2 4
= + 6 − 21 −15
( m − 3)( m − 3) ( m + 4 )( m − 3) 14.
6
4
−
21
4
= 4
= 4
=−
3
5y 5y 5y 5y y4
2( m + 4) 4 ( m − 3)
= +
( m − 3)2 ( m + 4 ) ( m + 4 )( m − 3)2 15.
5x + 4 x + 1 5x + 4 + x + 1
+ =
2 ( m + 4 ) + 4 ( m − 3) 6x + 5 6x + 5 6x + 5
= 6x + 5
( m − 3)2 ( m + 4 ) =
6x + 5
=1
2m + 8 + 4m − 12
= 6 y + 12 2 y − 6 6 y + 12 + 2 y − 6
( m − 3) 2 ( m + 4 ) 16. + =
4y + 3 4y + 3 4y + 3
6m − 4
= 8y + 6
( m − 3) 2 ( m + 4 ) =
4y + 3
2(4 y + 3)
Exercises = =2
4y + 3
8 4 8 + 4 12 3 ⋅ 4 4
1. + = = = = x2 25 x 2 − 25
15 15 15 15 3 ⋅ 5 5 17. − =
x+5 x+5 x+5
5 9 5 + 9 14 2 ⋅ 7 7 ( x + 5)( x − 5)
2. + = = = = =
16 16 16 16 2 ⋅ 8 8 x+5
5 8 15 16 15 − 16 −1 1 = x−5
3. − = − = = =−
6 9 18 18 18 18 18
y2 36 y 2 − 36
18. − =
3 5 9 10 9 − 10 −1 1 y+6 y+6 y+6
4. − = − = = =−
4 6 12 12 12 12 12 ( y + 6)( y − 6)
=
y+6
5 7 10 21 10 + 21 31
5. + = + = = = y−6
18 12 36 36 36 36
3 7 9 14 9 + 14 23
6. + = + = =
10 15 30 30 30 30

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418 Chapter 6 Rational Expressions and Functions

−3 p + 7 8 p + 13 LCD = 23 ⋅ 32 ⋅ x 4 ⋅ y 5
19. +
p + 7 p + 12 p + 7 p + 12
2 2
= 8 ⋅ 9 ⋅ x 4 ⋅ y5
−3 p + 7 + 8 p + 13
= = 72 x 4 y 5
p 2 + 7 p + 12
The LCD is 72 x 4 y 5 .
5 p + 20
=
( p + 3)( p + 4) 24. 24a3b 4 = 23 ⋅ 3 ⋅ a3 ⋅ b4
5( p + 4) 5 18a5b 2 = 2 ⋅ 32 ⋅ a 5 ⋅ b 2
= =
( p + 3)( p + 4) p + 3 The least common denominator (LCD) is the
product of all the different factors, with each
5x + 6 4 − 3x
20. + factor raised to the greatest power in any
x + x − 20 x + x − 20
2 2
denominator.
5x + 6 + 4 − 3x LCD = 23 ⋅ 32 ⋅ a5 ⋅ b 4 = 72a 5b 4
= 2
x + x − 20
25. Both z − 2 and z have only 1 and themselves
2 x + 10
= 2 for factors.
x + x − 20 LCD = z ( z − 2)
2( x + 5) 2
= = 26. Both x + 3 and x have only 1 and themselves
( x + 5)( x − 4) x − 4
for factors.
a3 b3 LCD = x( x + 3)
21. −
a 2 + ab + b 2 a 2 + ab + b 2 27. Factor each denominator.
a −b
3 3 2 y + 8 = 2( y + 4)
=
a 2 + ab + b2 The second denominator, y + 4, is already
(a − b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 ) factored. The LCD is
= 2( y + 4).
a 2 + ab + b 2
= a −b 28. Factor 3r − 21 as 3(r − 7).
r − 7 cannot be factored further.
p3 q3
22. + LCD = 3(r − 7)
p 2 − pq + q 2 p 2 − pq + q 2
29. Factor each denominator.
p3 + q3
= x 2 − 81 = ( x + 9)( x − 9)
p 2 − pq + q 2
x 2 + 18 x + 81 = ( x + 9)( x + 9)
( p + q)( p 2 − pq + q 2 )
= LCD = ( x + 9) 2 ( x − 9)
p 2 − pq + q 2
= p+q 30. Factor each denominator.
23. Factor each denominator. y 2 − 16 = ( y + 4)( y − 4)
18 x 2 y 3 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x 2 ⋅ y 3 y 2 − 8 y + 16 = ( y − 4)( y − 4)
= 2 ⋅ 32 ⋅ x 2 ⋅ y 3 LCD = ( y − 4)2 ( y + 4)
24 x 4 y 5 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x 4 ⋅ y 5 31. Both m + n and m − n have only 1 and
= 2 ⋅ 3⋅ x ⋅ y
3 4 5 themselves for factors, while
The least common denominator (LCD) is the m 2 − n 2 = (m + n)(m − n).
product of all the different factors, with each LCD = (m + n)(m − n)
factor raised to the greatest power in any
denominator. 32. Both r + s and r − s have only 1 and
themselves for factors, while
r 2 − s 2 = (r + s)(r − s).
LCD = (r + s )(r − s)

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 6.2 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions 419

33. Factor each denominator. 41. The first step is incorrect. The third term in the
x − 3x − 4 = ( x − 4)( x + 1)
2 numerator should be +1, because the
subtraction sign should be distributed to both 4x
x + x 2 = x(1 + x) = x( x + 1) and −1. The correct solution follows.
The LCD is x( x − 4)( x + 1). x 4 x − 1 x − (4 x − 1)
− =
34. Factor each denominator. x+2 x+2 x+2
x − 4x + 1
y 2 − 8 y + 12 = ( y − 2)( y − 6) =
x+2
y 2 − 6 y = y ( y − 6) −3 x + 1
LCD = y ( y − 2)( y − 6) =
x+2
35. Factor each denominator. 42. The expressions are equivalent. Multiplying
2t 2 + 7t − 15 = (2t − 3)(t + 5) 3 −1 −3
by 1 in the form gives .
t 2 + 3t − 10 = (t + 5)(t − 2) 5− y −1 y −5
The LCD is (2t − 3)(t + 5)(t − 2). 43. The LCD is 3t.
8 7 8⋅3 7
36. Factor each denominator. + = +
t 3t t ⋅ 3 3t
s 2 − 3s − 4 = ( s + 1)( s − 4)
24 + 7 31
3s 2 + s − 2 = (3s − 2)( s + 1) = =
3t 3t
LCD = ( s + 1)( s − 4)(3s − 2)
44. The LCD is 4x.
37. Factor each denominator. 5 9 5⋅ 4 9
+ = +
2 y + 6 = 2( y + 3) x 4x x ⋅ 4 4x
y 2 − 9 = ( y + 3)( y − 3) 20 + 9 29
= =
Remember the factor y from the third 4x 4x
denominator. The LCD is
45. The LCD is 12 x 2 y.
2 y ( y + 3)( y − 3).
5 11 5 11 ⋅ 2 x
38. Factor each denominator. − = −
12 x 2 y 6 xy 12 x 2 y 6 xy ⋅ 2 x
9 x + 18 = 9( x + 2)
5 22 x
x 2 − 4 = ( x + 2)( x − 2) = −
12 x y 12 x 2 y
2

Remember the factor x from the third 5 − 22 x

denominator. =
LCD = 9 x( x + 2)( x − 2) 12 x 2 y

39. Factor each denominator. 46. The LCD is 18a3b 2 .

2 x − 6 = 2( x − 3) 7 2 7 2 ⋅ 2a 2 b
− = −
x 2 − x − 6 = ( x − 3)( x + 2) 18a3b 2 9ab 18a3b 2 9ab ⋅ 2a 2 b
( x + 2)2 is already factored. 7 − 4a 2 b
=
LCD = 2( x + 2)2 ( x − 3) 18a3b 2
4 3
40. Factor each denominator. 47. 4 5
+ LCD = 60a 4 b6
3a − 3b = 3(a − b) 15a b 20a 2 b6
a 2 + ab − 2b 2 = (a + 2b)(a − b) 4 ⋅ 4b 3 ⋅ 3a 2
= +
15a 4 b5 ⋅ 4b 20a 2 b6 ⋅ 3a 2
(a − b)2 is already factored.
16b + 9a 2
LCD = 3(a − b) 2 (a + 2b) =
60a 4 b6

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420 Chapter 6 Rational Expressions and Functions

5 5 3 1
48. + LCD = 36 x5 y 5 54. − LCD = x( x − 3)
12 x y 5 2
18 x y4 5
x−3 x
3⋅ x 1 ⋅ ( x − 3)
5 ⋅ 3 y3 5 ⋅ 2x = −
= + ( x − 3) x x( x − 3)
12 x y ⋅ 3 y
5 5 3
18 x 4 y 5 ⋅ 2 x
3x − x + 3 2 x + 3
15 y 3 + 10 x = =
= x( x − 3) x( x − 3)
36 x5 y 5
3a 2a
2r 3s 55. + LCD = (a + 1)(a − 3)
49. + LCD = 14 p q 4 4 a +1 a − 3
7 p3q 4 14 p 4 q 3a(a − 3) 2a(a + 1)
= +
2r ⋅ 2 p 3s ⋅ q 3 (a + 1)(a − 3) (a − 3)(a + 1)
= +
7 p3 q 4 ⋅ 2 p 14 p 4 q ⋅ q3 3a(a − 3) + 2a(a + 1)
=
4 pr + 3sq3 (a + 1)(a − 3)
=
14 p 4 q 4 3a 2 − 9a + 2a 2 + 2a
=
(a + 1)(a − 3)
4t 5s
50. + LCD = 27a8b7 5a 2 − 7 a
9a 8 b7 27a 4 b3 =
(a + 1)(a − 3)
4t ⋅ 3 5s ⋅ a 4 b 4
= +
9a8 b 7 ⋅ 3 27 a 4 b3 ⋅ a 4 b4 56.
2x
+
3x
LCD = ( x + 4)( x − 7)
12t + 5a 4b 4 s x+4 x−7
= 2 x( x − 7) 3x( x + 4)
27a8b7 = +
( x + 4)( x − 7) ( x − 7)( x + 4)
1 2 3
51. − + LCD = a5b7 2 x 2 − 14 x + 3x 2 + 12 x
ab 3 2
a b 4
a b 5 7 =
( x + 4)( x − 7)
1 ⋅ a 2 b5 2 ⋅ ab6 3
= − + 5x2 − 2x
a b ⋅a b
3 2 2 5
a b ⋅ ab
4 6 5 7
a b =
( x + 4)( x − 7)
a 2b5 − 2ab6 + 3
=
a5b7 57. 11x − 13 − 3x − 1
2x − 3 2x − 3
5 3 6 11x − 13 − (3x − 1)
52. 4 7
− 5 9
+ 10
LCD = t10u 9 =
t u t u t u 2x − 3
5 ⋅ t 6u 2 3⋅ t5 6 ⋅ u8 11x − 13 − 3 x + 1
= − + =
t u ⋅t u
4 7 6 2
t u ⋅t
5 9 5
t u ⋅ u8
10
2x − 3
5t 6 u 2 − 3t 5 + 6u 8 8 x − 12
= =
t10 u 9 2x − 3
4(2 x − 3)
1 1 =
53. − LCD = x( x − 1) 2x − 3
x −1 x =4
1⋅ x 1⋅ ( x − 1)
= −
( x − 1) x x( x − 1)
x − ( x − 1)
=
x( x − 1)
x − x −1
=
x( x − 1)
1
=
x( x − 1)

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 6.2 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions 421

58. 13 x − 5 − x − 2 =
(2)(−1)
+
5
4x −1 4x −1 (4 − x)(−1) x − 4
13x − 5 − ( x − 2) −2 5
= = +
4x −1 x−4 x−4
13x − 5 − x + 2 −2 + 5
= =
4x −1 x−4
12 x − 3 3
= =
4x −1 x−4
3(4 x − 1) If you chose 4 − x for the LCD, then you
=
4x −1 should have obtained the equivalent answer,
=3 −3
.
4− x
59. 17 y + 3 − −10 y − 18
9y + 7 9y + 7 62. To get a common denominator of t − 2,
multiply both the numerator and denominator
17 y + 3 − (−10 y − 18)
= of the first expression by −1.
9y + 7
3 1
17 y + 3 + 10 y + 18 +
= 2−t t −2
9y + 7 (3)(−1) 1
27 y + 21 = +
= (2 − t )(−1) t − 2
9y + 7 −3 1
3(9 y + 7) = +
= t −2 t −2
9y + 7 −2 2
= , or
=3 t −2 2−t
4 x + 1 −2 x − 3 63. w − z and z − w are opposites, so factor out
60. − −1 from z − w to get a common denominator.
3x + 2 3x + 2
4 x + 1 − (−2 x − 3) w
−
z
=
3x + 2 w− z z − w
4x + 1+ 2x + 3 w z
= = −
3x + 2 w − z −1( w − z )
6x + 4 w z
= = +
3x + 2 w− z w− z
2(3x + 2) w+ z −w − z
= = , or
3x + 2 w− z z−w
=2
64. a − b and b − a are opposites, so factor out −1
61. To get a common denominator of x − 4, from b − a to get a common denominator.
multiply both the numerator and denominator a b
−
of the first expression by −1. a −b b−a
2 5 a b
+ = −
4− x x−4 a − b −1(a − b)
a b
= +
a −b a −b
a+b −a − b
= , or
a −b b−a

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

422 Chapter 6 Rational Expressions and Functions

1 1 15 2 5
65. − LCD = ( x + 1)( x − 1) 69. + +
x + 1 x −1 y + 3y
2 y y+3
1( x − 1) 1( x + 1) 15 2( y + 3) 5y
= − = + +
( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x − 1)( x + 1) y ( y + 3) y ( y + 3) ( y + 3) y
x −1 − x −1 15 + 2( y + 3) + 5 y
= =
( x + 1)( x − 1) y ( y + 3)
−2 15 + 2 y + 6 + 5 y
= =
( x + 1)( x − 1) y ( y + 3)
−2 7 y + 21
66. +
2
LCD = ( x − 1)( x + 1) =
x −1 x +1 y ( y + 3)
−2( x + 1) 2( x − 1) 7( y + 3) 7
= + = =
( x − 1)( x + 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1) y ( y + 3) y
−2 x − 2 + 2 x − 2
= 7
+
6
−
3
( x − 1)( x + 1) 70.
t − 2 t 2 − 2t t
−4 3(t − 2)
= =
7t
−
6
−
( x − 1)( x + 1) t (t − 2) t (t − 2) t (t − 2)
4x 2 4 7t − 6 − 3t + 6
67. − − =
x − 1 x + 1 x2 − 1 t (t − 2)
4 x( x + 1) 2( x − 1) 4 =
4t
= − −
( x − 1)( x + 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1) t (t − 2)
4 x( x + 1) − 2( x − 1) − 4 =
4
=
( x + 1)( x − 1) t −2
4 x2 + 4 x − 2 x + 2 − 4 5 1 2
= 71. + +
( x − 1)( x + 1) x − 2 x x2 − 2x
4 x2 + 2 x − 2 5x 1( x − 2) 2
= = + +
( x − 1)( x + 1) ( x − 2) x x( x − 2) x ( x − 2)
2(2 x 2 + x − 1) 5x + x − 2 + 2
= =
( x − 1)( x + 1) x( x − 2)
2(2 x − 1)( x + 1) 6x 6
= = =
( x − 1)( x + 1) x( x − 2) x − 2
2(2 x − 1) 5x 2 6
= 72. + + 2
x −1 x − 3 x x − 3x
5x ⋅ x 2( x − 3) 6
68.
4
−
x 18
− 2 = + +
x+3 x−3 x −9 ( x − 3) x x( x − 3) x( x − 3)
4 ( x − 3) x ( x + 3) 18 =
5x2 + 2 x − 6 + 6
= − −
( )( ) (
x + 3 x − 3 x + 3 )( ) (
x − 3 x + 3 )( x − 3) x( x − 3)

4 x − 12 − x 2 − 3 x − 18 5x2 + 2 x
= =
( x + 3)( x − 3) x( x − 3)
x(5 x + 2) 5 x + 2
− x 2 + x − 30 = =
= x( x − 3) x −3
( x + 3)( x − 3)

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 6.2 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions 423

3x 4 6 5 2 60
73. + − 2 76. + 2 − 3
x + 1 x −1 x −1 x + 2 x − 2x + 4 x + 8
3x( x − 1) 4( x + 1) 6 5( x 2 − 2 x + 4) 2( x + 2)
= + − = +
( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x − 1)( x + 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 2)( x − 2 x + 4) ( x + 2)( x 2 − 2 x + 4)
2

3x( x − 1) + 4( x + 1) − 6 60
= −
( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 2)( x 2 − 2 x + 4)
3x 2 − 3x + 4 x + 4 − 6 5 x 2 − 10 x + 20 + 2 x + 4 − 60
= =
( x + 1)( x − 1)
( x + 2)( x 2 − 2 x + 4)
3x + x − 2
2
= 5 x 2 − 8 x − 36
( x + 1)( x − 1) =
( x + 2)( x 2 − 2 x + 4)
(3x − 2)( x + 1)
= (5 x − 18)( x + 2)
( x + 1)( x − 1) =
( x + 2)( x 2 − 2 x + 4)
3x − 2
= 5 x − 18
x −1 =
x2 − 2 x + 4
5x x+2 6
+ − 2
77. 2 x + 4 + 3 − 6
74.
x+3 x x + 3x
x + 3 x x 2 + 3x
5x ⋅ x ( x + 2)( x + 3) 6
= + − (2 x + 4) x 3( x + 3) 6
( x + 3) x x( x + 3) x( x + 3) = + −
( x + 3) x x( x + 3) x( x + 3)
5x2 + x2 + 5 x + 6 − 6
= (2 x + 4) x + 3( x + 3) − 6
x( x + 3) =
x( x + 3)
6 x 2 + 5 x x(6 x + 5)
= = 2 x 2 + 4 x + 3x + 9 − 6
x( x + 3) x( x + 3) =
x( x + 3)
6x + 5
= 2 x2 + 7 x + 3
x+3 =
x( x + 3)
4 1 12 (2 x + 1)( x + 3) 2 x + 1
75. + 2 − 3 = =
x +1 x − x +1 x +1 x( x + 3) x
4( x 2 − x + 1) 1 ⋅ ( x + 1)
= + 4x + 1 2 10
( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1) ( x 2 − x + 1)( x + 1) 78. − +
x + 5 x x2 + 5x
12
− x(4 x + 1) 2( x + 5) 10
( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1) = − +
x( x + 5) x( x + 5) x( x + 5)
4( x 2 − x + 1) + ( x + 1) − 12
= 4 x 2 + x − 2 x − 10 + 10
( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1) =
x( x + 5)
4 x 2 − 4 x + 4 + x + 1 − 12
= 4 x 2 − x x(4 x − 1)
( x + 1)( x − x + 1)
2 = =
x( x + 5) x( x + 5)
4 x 2 − 3x − 7 4x −1
= =
( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1) x+5
(4 x − 7)( x + 1)
=
( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1)
4x − 7
=
x2 − x + 1

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

424 Chapter 6 Rational Expressions and Functions

3 5 83. Factor each denominator.

79. − +4
( p − 2) 2 p−2 x 2 + xy − 2 y 2 = ( x + 2 y )( x − y )
3 5( p − 2) 4( p − 2) 2 x 2 + 5 xy − 6 y 2 = ( x + 6 y )( x − y )
= − +
( p − 2) 2 ( p − 2) 2 ( p − 2)2 The LCD is ( x + 2 y )( x − y )( x + 6 y ).
3 − 5( p − 2) + 4( p − 4 p + 4) 2 5x 3x
= −
( x + 2 y )( x − y ) ( x + 6 y )( x − y )
( p − 2) 2
(5 x)( x + 6 y )
3 − 5 p + 10 + 4 p 2 − 16 p + 16 =
= ( x + 2 y )( x − y )( x + 6 y )
( p − 2)2
(3x)( x + 2 y )
4 p 2 − 21 p + 29 −
= ( x + 6 y )( x − y )( x + 2 y )
( p − 2)2 (5 x)( x + 6 y ) − (3x)( x + 2 y )
=
8 2 ( x + 6 y )( x − y )( x + 2 y )
80. + −6
(3r − 1) 2 3r − 1 5 x 2 + 30 xy − (3x 2 + 6 xy )
=
( x + 2 y )( x − y )( x + 6 y )
8 2(3r − 1) 6(3r − 1)2
= + − 2 x 2 + 24 xy
(3r − 1)2 (3r − 1)2 (3r − 1)2 =
( x + 2 y )( x − y )( x + 6 y )
8 + 2(3r − 1) − 6(9r 2 − 6r + 1)
= 2 x( x + 12 y )
(3r − 1)2 =
( x + 2 y )( x − y )( x + 6 y )
8 + 6r − 2 − 54r 2 + 36r − 6
=
(3r − 1) 2 6x 2y
84. −
6 x + 5 xy − 4 y
2 2
9 x − 16 y 2
2
−54r 2 + 42r
= 6x 2y
(3r − 1)2 = −
(3x + 4 y )(2 x − y ) (3 x + 4 y )(3x − 4 y )
81.
3
−
2 The LCD is (3 x + 4 y )(2 x − y )(3 x − 4 y ).
x − 5x + 6 x − 4 x + 4
2 2
6x 2y
3 2 −
= − (3x + 4 y )(2 x − y ) (3x + 4 y )(3x − 4 y )
( x − 2)( x − 3) ( x − 2)( x − 2) (6 x)(3 x − 4 y )
3( x − 2) 2( x − 3) =
= − (3 x + 4 y )(2 x − y )(3x − 4 y )
( x − 2)( x − 3)( x − 2) ( x − 2)( x − 2)( x − 3) (2 y )(2 x − y )
3x − 6 − 2 x + 6 −
= (3 x + 4 y )(3x − 4 y )(2 x − y )
( x − 2) 2 ( x − 3)
18 x 2 − 24 xy − (4 xy − 2 y 2 )
x =
= (3 x + 4 y )(2 x − y )(3x − 4 y )
( x − 2) ( x − 3)
2
18 x 2 − 28 xy + 2 y 2
=
2 3 (3 x + 4 y )(2 x − y )(3x − 4 y )
82. +
m − 4m + 4 m + m − 6
2 2

2 3
= +
(m − 2) 2 (m + 3)(m − 2)
2(m + 3) 3(m − 2)
= +
(m − 2) (m + 3) (m + 3)(m − 2) 2
2

2m + 6 + 3m − 6
=
(m − 2)2 (m + 3)
5m
=
(m − 2)2 (m + 3)

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 6.2 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions 425

85. Factor each denominator. The LCD is (3r − s )(r + s )(2r − s ).

x + xy − 2 y = ( x + 2 y )( x − y )
2 2
r+s s−r
−
x + 5 xy − 6 y = ( x + 6 y )( x − y )
2 2
3r + 2rs − s
2 2
6r − 5rs + s 2
2

The LCD is ( x + 2 y )( x − y )( x + 6 y ). (r + s )(2r − s ) ( s − r )(r + s )

= −
5x − y 3x + 2 y (3r − s )(r + s )(2r − s ) (3r − s )(2r − s )(r + s )
− (r + s )(2r − s ) − ( s − r )( s + r )
( x + 2 y )( x − y ) ( x + 6 y )( x − y ) =
(5 x − y )( x + 6 y ) (3r − s )(r + s )(2r − s )
=
( x + 2 y )( x − y )( x + 6 y ) 2r 2 + rs − s 2 − ( s 2 − r 2 )
=
(3x + 2 y )( x + 2 y ) (3r − s )(r + s )(2r − s )
−
( x + 6 y )( x − y )( x + 2 y ) 2r 2 + rs − s 2 − s 2 + r 2
=
(5 x − y )( x + 6 y ) − (3x + 2 y )( x + 2 y ) (3r − s )(r + s )(2r − s )
=
( x + 6 y )( x − y )( x + 2 y ) 3r 2 + rs − 2 s 2
=
5 x 2 + 29 xy − 6 y 2 − (3x 2 + 8 xy + 4 y 2 ) (3r − s )(r + s )(2r − s )
=
( x + 2 y )( x − y )( x + 6 y ) (3r − 2 s )(r + s )
=
2 x 2 + 21xy − 10 y 2 (3r − s )(r + s )(2r − s )
=
( x + 2 y )( x − y )( x + 6 y ) 3r − 2s
=
(3r − s )(2r − s )
6x + 5 y x + 2y
86. −
6 x + 5 xy − 4 y
2
9 x 2 − 16 y 2
2 3y 4 y −1
88. +
6x + 5 y x + 2y y + yz − 2 z
2 2
y2 − z2
= −
(3x + 4 y )(2 x − y ) (3 x + 4 y )(3x − 4 y ) 3y 4 y −1
= +
The LCD is (3 x + 4 y )(2 x − y )(3 x − 4 y ). ( y + 2 z )( y − z ) ( y + z )( y − z )
6x + 5 y x + 2y The LCD is ( y + 2 z )( y − z )( y + z ).
−
(3x + 4 y )(2 x − y ) (3x + 4 y )(3 x − 4 y ) 3y 4 y −1
+
(6 x + 5 y )(3x − 4 y ) ( y + 2 z )( y − z ) ( y + z )( y − z )
=
(3x + 4 y )(2 x − y )(3 x − 4 y ) 3 y( y + z)
=
( x + 2 y )(2 x − y ) ( y + 2 z )( y − z )( y + z )
−
(3x + 4 y )(3x − 4 y )(2 x − y ) (4 y − 1)( y + 2 z )
+
18 x 2 − 9 xy − 20 y 2 − (2 x 2 + 3xy − 2 y 2 ) ( y + z )( y − z )( y + 2 z )
=
(3 x + 4 y )(2 x − y )(3 x − 4 y ) 3 y 2 + 3 yz + 4 y 2 + 8 yz − y − 2 z
=
16 x 2 − 12 xy − 18 y 2 ( y − z )( y + z )( y + 2 z )
=
(3x + 4 y )(2 x − y )(3 x − 4 y ) 7 y 2 + 11yz − y − 2 z
=
( y − z )( y + z )( y + 2 z )
87. Factor each denominator.
3r 2 + 2rs − s 2 = (3r − s )(r + s ) 3 7
89. +
6r − 5rs + s = (3r − s )(2r − s )
2 2
x + 4 x + 4 x + 5x + 6
2 2

3 7
= +
( x + 2) 2 ( x + 2)( x + 3)
3( x + 3) 7( x + 2)
= +
( x + 2) ( x + 3) ( x + 2) 2 ( x + 3)
2

3x + 9 + 7 x + 14
=
( x + 2)2 ( x + 3)
10 x + 23
=
( x + 2) 2 ( x + 3)

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426 Chapter 6 Rational Expressions and Functions

90.
5
−
2 666.7(95) − 6.6(9.5) 2
Average:
x + 6x + 9 x + 4x + 3
2 2
(100 − 95)(102 − 95)
5 2 3771.5
= − = ≈ 107.8
( x + 3) 2 ( x + 1)( x + 3) 35
5( x + 1) 2( x + 3) Rounding the values to the nearest thousand
= − dollars gives us 127, 88, and 108.
( x + 3)2 ( x + 1) ( x + 3)2 ( x + 1)
5x + 5 − 2 x − 6 127.3 + 88.2
= (c)
( x + 3) 2 ( x + 1) 2
3x − 1 215.5
= = = 107.75 ≈ 108
( x + 3)2 ( x + 1) 2
Both values are approximately 108
1010 10 thousand dollars, which must be the case.
91. (a) C ( x) = −
49(101 − x) 49
6.3 Complex Fractions
1010 10(101 − x)
= −
49(101 − x) 49(101 − x) Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises
1010 − 1010 + 10 x
= 1. (a) Both the numerator and denominator are
49(101 − x) already simplified.
=
10 x y+2
49(101 − x) y
y−2
10(95)
(b) C (95) = 3y
49(101 − 95)
y+2 y−2
950 = ÷
= ≈ 3.23 y 3y
294
y + 2 3y
It would cost approximately 3.23 thousand = ⋅
dollars to win 95 points. y y−2
3( y + 2)
92. (a) Find the average of the two models. =
1 ⎛ 6.7 x 6.5 x ⎞ y−2
⎜ + ⎟
2 ⎝ 100 − x 102 − x ⎠ 3
4−
6.7 x(102 − x) 6.5 x(100 − x) x
= + (b)
2(100 − x)(102 − x) 2(102 − x)(100 − x) 5−
1
683.4 x − 6.7 x 2 + 650 x − 6.5 x 2 x
= 4x 3
2(100 − x)(102 − x) − Simplify the numerator
= x x
1333.4 x − 13.2 x 2 5x 1 and denominator.
= −
2(100 − x)(102 − x) x x
666.7 x − 6.6 x 2 4x − 3
=
(100 − x)(102 − x) = x
5x − 1
(b) Let x = 95 in the three expressions. x
6.7(95) 4x − 3 x
Model 1: = 127.3 = ⋅
100 − 95 x 5x − 1
6.5(95)
≈ 88.2 4x − 3
Model 2: =
102 − 95 5x − 1

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 6.3 Complex Fractions 427

N1. (a) Both the numerator and denominator are (b) Multiply the numerator and denominator by
already simplified. y ( y + 1), the LCD of all the fractions.
t+4 4
3t 3y +
y +1
2t + 1
3
9t 2y −
y
t + 4 2t + 1
= ÷ ⎛ 4 ⎞
3t 9t ⎜3y + ⎟ ⋅ y ( y + 1)
t + 4 9t ⎝ y +1⎠
= ⋅ =
3t 2t + 1 ⎛ 3⎞
⎜ 2 y − ⎟ ⋅ y ( y + 1)
3(t + 4) ⎝ y⎠
=
2t + 1 4
3 y ⋅ y ( y + 1) + ⋅ y ( y + 1)
y +1
2 =
5− 3
y 2 y ⋅ y ( y + 1) − ⋅ y ( y + 1)
(b) y
1
4+
y 3 y 2 ( y + 1) + 4 ⋅ y
=
5y 2 2 y 2 ( y + 1) − 3( y + 1)
−
=
y y 3 y3 + 3 y 2 + 4 y
4y 1 =
+ 2 y3 + 2 y 2 − 3 y − 3
y y
Simplify the numerator and denominator. 2 1
N2. (a) The LCD of and is y. Multiply the
5y − 2 y y
y numerator and denominator by y.
=
4 y +1 2
5−
y y
5y − 2 y 4+
1
= ⋅
y 4y +1 y
5y − 2 ⎛ 2⎞
= ⎜5 − ⎟⋅ y
4y +1
=⎝
y⎠
⎛ 1⎞
2. (a) The LCD of
3
and
1
is x. Multiply the ⎜4 + ⎟⋅ y
x x ⎝ y⎠
2
numerator and denominator by x. 5⋅ y − ⋅y
3 y
4− = Distributive property
1
x 4⋅ y + ⋅ y
1 y
5−
x 5y − 2
= Simplify.
⎛ 3⎞ 4y +1
⎜4 − ⎟⋅ x
= ⎝ x⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜5 − ⎟ ⋅ x
⎝ x⎠
3
4⋅ x − ⋅ x
= x Distributive property
1
5⋅ x − ⋅ x
x
4x − 3
= Simplify.
5x − 1

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428 Chapter 6 Rational Expressions and Functions

(b) Multiply the numerator and denominator by (b) Method 1

x( x − 2), the LCD of all the fractions. 1 1 b a
− −
5 a b = ab ab
x+
x 1
−
1 b2 a2
−
1 a 2 b2 a 2b2 a 2b2
4x −
x−2 b−a
⎛ 5⎞
= 2 ab 2
⎜ x + ⎟ ⋅ x ( x − 2)
⎝ x⎠ b −a
=
⎛ 1 ⎞ a 2b 2
⎜ 4x − ⎟ ⋅ x( x − 2)
⎝ x−2⎠ b−a
5 = ab
x ⋅ x ( x − 2) + ⋅ x( x − 2) (b + a)(b − a)
= x
1 a 2b2
4 x ⋅ x( x − 2) − ⋅ x( x − 2)
x−2 b − a (b + a)(b − a)
= ÷
x 2 ( x − 2) + 5( x − 2) ab a 2b2
=
4 x 2 ( x − 2) − x b−a a 2b2
= ⋅
x3 − 2 x 2 + 5 x − 10 ab (b + a)(b − a )
=
4 x3 − 8 x 2 − x ab
=
b+a
3. (a) Method 1 Method 2
5 5 The LCD of the numerator and the
y+2 y+2 denominator is a 2 b 2 .
=
−3 −3 1 1
y − 4 ( y + 2)( y − 2)
2 −
a b
5 −3 1 1
= ÷ − 2
y + 2 ( y + 2)( y − 2)
2
a b
5 ( y + 2)( y − 2) ⎛ 1 1⎞ 2 2
= ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟⋅a b
= ⎝
y+2 −3 a b⎠
5( y − 2) ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 2 2
= ⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟⋅a b
−3 ⎝a b ⎠
Method 2 ab 2 − a 2 b
The LCD of the numerator and denominator =
b2 − a 2
is ( y + 2)( y − 2).
ab(b − a)
5 5 =
(b + a)(b − a )
y+2 y+2
= ab
−3 −3 =
b+a
y −4
2 ( y + 2)( y − 2)
5
⋅ ( y + 2)( y − 2)
y+2
=
−3
⋅ ( y + 2)( y − 2)
( y + 2)( y − 2)
5( y − 2)
=
−3

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