1

Contents
Unit - I.............................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Introduction to Derivatives ................................................................................................................................................. 4
Gradient of a curve: ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Derivative of a function: .................................................................................................................................................. 5
Derivative of the polynomials: ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Product rule: .................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Quotient rule: ................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Chain rule: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Higher order derivatives: ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Derivative of 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙: .................................................................................................................................................... 16
Unit – II ...........................................................................................................................................................................18
Applications of derivatives ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Tangents and Normals: .................................................................................................................................................. 18
Increasing and decreasing functions: ............................................................................................................................. 21
Stationary points (Maxima/Minima): ............................................................................................................................. 23
Application of second order derivatives: ....................................................................................................................... 24
Practical applications of stationary points: .................................................................................................................... 26
Derivatives as rates of change: ...................................................................................................................................... 31
Velocity and Acceleration: ............................................................................................................................................. 31
Related rates: ................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Unit – III ..........................................................................................................................................................................35
Parametric equations and Implicit functions .................................................................................................................... 35
Parametric form: ........................................................................................................................................................... 35
Derivative of parametric equations: .............................................................................................................................. 35
Applications of derivatives of parametric equations: ..................................................................................................... 36
Implicit functions: .......................................................................................................................................................... 38
Derivatives of Implicit functions: ................................................................................................................................... 38
Applications of derivatives of implicit functions: ........................................................................................................... 40
Answers ......................................................................................................................................................................43
Module Summary ...........................................................................................................................................................47
Introduction to Derivatives ............................................................................................................................................... 47
Applications of derivatives ................................................................................................................................................ 48
Parametric equations and Implicit functions .................................................................................................................... 50
3
 4

Unit - I
Introduction to Derivatives
Gradient of a curve:
We discussed about the gradients of straight lines in Module 3 – Geometry 1.
The gradient of a straight line is always constant at all the points on the line but this is not true for a curve.
The gradient is a parameter which shows the direction of the points moving along a curve or a line.
The direction of the points on a curve keeps on changing along the curve. Hence, the gradient of a curve is
variable. It varies at every point on the curve.
Let’s try to find the gradient of the following curve.

The graph of a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) is shown in the above figure.

Consider a point 𝐴 on the curve whose coordinates are (𝑥, 𝑦) ⇔ (𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥 )).
Consider another point 𝐵 which is situated at a distance ℎ away from the point 𝐴 along the 𝑥 −axis.
Hence, the coordinates of point 𝐵 are (𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ)).
Now, let’s find the gradient of the chord 𝐴𝐵.
 5

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
gradient =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓 (𝑥 )
=
𝑥+ℎ−𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓 (𝑥 )
=
ℎ
The figure shows the other points 𝐶 and 𝐷 which is situated at the distances ℎ′ and ℎ′′ (ℎ > ℎ′ > ℎ′′ )
respectively from the point 𝐴. The lengths of the chords are in the following order:
𝐴𝐵 > 𝐴𝐶 > 𝐴𝐷
Hence, when the distance ℎ is being reduced, the length of the chord is also getting reduced. The gradients
of the chords also vary.
What happens when the distance 𝒉 approaches zero?
1. The length of the chord approaches zero.
2. The chord becomes the tangent to the curve at that point.
3. The gradient of the chord is equal to the gradient of the tangent at that point.
4. The gradient of the tangent to a curve at a point is the gradient of the curve at the point.
Hence, the gradient of the curve at any point is given as
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓 (𝑥 )
ℎ
when ℎ approaches zero. This can be illustrated as
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥 )
lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
This is the gradient of a curve. This is called the “derivative of a curve”. This is the basics for
“Differentiation Calculus”.
Derivative of a function:
Definition:
The derivative of a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) is defined as
𝒅𝒚 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇′ (𝒙) = = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒅𝒙 𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
This is also called “Differentiation of 𝒚 with respect to 𝒙”.
Derivative of the polynomials:
Consider a polynomial function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑛 .
Then 𝑓 (𝑥 + ℎ) = (𝑥 + ℎ)𝑛 .
Using binomial theorem,
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = (𝑥 + ℎ)𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−1 ℎ + ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−2 ℎ2 + ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−3 ℎ3 + ⋯ + ℎ𝑛
1 2 3
Now,
𝑑𝑦 𝑓 (𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑥 𝑛 + ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−1 ℎ + ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−2 ℎ2 + ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−3 ℎ3 + ⋯ + ℎ𝑛 − 𝑥 𝑛
= lim 1 2 3
ℎ→0 ℎ
 6

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
( ) 𝑥 𝑛−1 ℎ + ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−2 ℎ2 + ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−3 ℎ3 + ⋯ + ℎ𝑛
= lim 1 2 3
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
( ) 𝑥 𝑛−1 ℎ ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−2 ℎ2 ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−3 ℎ3 ℎ𝑛
= lim ( 1 + 2 + 3 +⋯+ )
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
= lim (( ) 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−2 ℎ + ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−3 ℎ2 + ⋯ + ℎ𝑛−1 )
ℎ→0 1 2 3
Now, applying ℎ = 0, we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑛
= ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−1 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 1
Hence the differentiation of 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒏 is
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏
𝒅𝒙
Example I – 1: Show that the derivative of a constant is 𝟎.
Consider a constant function 𝑦 = 𝑘, where 𝑘 is a constant.
𝑦 = 𝑘 × 1 = 𝑘 × 𝑥0
Hence,
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘 × 0 × 𝑥 0−1 = 0
𝑑𝑥
Therefore, the derivative of a constant is zero.
Example I – 2: Find the derivative of 𝟏⁄
√𝒙
1 1 1
−2
𝑦= = 1 =𝑥
√𝑥 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 1 −3 1
=− 𝑥 2=− 3
𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑥 2
Example I – 3: Differentiate 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒
𝑑𝑦
= 2 × 3𝑥 2 − 3 × 2𝑥 + 6 × 1 − 0
𝑑𝑥
= 6𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 6 = 6(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
Note: Derivative of 𝒙 is 𝟏𝒙𝟎 which is 𝟏.
Example I – 4: Using the definition of derivatives, find the derivative of 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 .
Definition of derivative is
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥 )
= lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑒 𝑥+ℎ − 𝑒 𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑒 𝑥 𝑒ℎ − 𝑒 𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 ℎ − 1)
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
 7

𝑥
(𝑒 ℎ − 1)
= 𝑒 lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
0
If we apply ℎ = 0 in the expression above, we get an indeterminate form .
0
Hence, we have to follow a different method to find the value of
(𝑒 ℎ − 1)
lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
(𝑒 ℎ −1)
The meaning of the above statement is to find the value of when ℎ approaches zero.
ℎ
We have to check from both sides, positive and negative, that is,
1. When ℎ approaches zero from the left side (negative to zero);
2. When ℎ approaches zero from the right side (positive to zero).
Case I: When 𝒉 approaches zero from the left side

Value of 𝒉 approaching (𝒆𝒉 −𝟏)

from left side of 𝟎 Value of
𝒉

−0.01 0.995016625
−0.00001 0.999995
−0.000000001 1

Case II: When 𝒉 approaches zero from the right side

Value of 𝒉 approaching (𝒆𝒉 −𝟏)

from right side of 𝟎 Value of
𝒉
0.01 1.005016708
0.00001 1.000005
0.000000001 1

(𝑒 ℎ −1)
When the value of ℎ approaches zero from both sides, the value of approaches 1. Hence,
ℎ
( 𝑒 ℎ − 1)
lim =1
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
( 𝑒 ℎ − 1)
= 𝑒 lim = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
Hence the derivative of 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 is 𝒆𝒙 .
Example I – 5: Using the definition of derivatives to find the derivative of 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙.
Definition of derivative is
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥 )
= lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
ln(𝑥 + ℎ) − ln 𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
 8

𝑥+ℎ
ln ( )
𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ
ln (1 + )
𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ
By applying = 𝑢 ⇒ ℎ = 𝑢𝑥 (when ℎ → 0, 𝑢 → 0),
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 ln(1 + 𝑢) 1 ln(1 + 𝑢)
= lim = lim
𝑑𝑥 𝑢→0 𝑢𝑥 𝑥 𝑢→0 𝑢
0
If we apply 𝑢 = 0 in the expression above, we get an indeterminate form .
0
Hence, we have to check from both sides, positive and negative, that is,
1. When 𝑢 approaches zero from the left side (negative to zero);
2. When 𝑢 approaches zero from the right side (positive to zero).
Case I: When 𝒖 approaches zero from the left side

Value of 𝒖 approaching 𝐥𝐧(𝟏+𝒖)

from left side of 𝟎 Value of
𝒖

−0.01 1.005033585
−0.00001 1.000005
−0.000000001 1

Case II: When 𝒖 approaches zero from the right side

Value of 𝒖 approaching 𝐥𝐧(𝟏+𝒖)

from right side of 𝟎 Value of
𝒖

0.01 0.995033085
0.00001 0.999995
0.000000001 1

ln(1+𝑢)
When the value of 𝑢 approaches zero from both the sides, the value of approaches 1. Hence,
𝑢
ln(1 + 𝑢)
lim =1
𝑢→0 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 ln(1 + 𝑢) 1
= lim =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑢→0 𝑢 𝑥
𝟏
Hence the derivative of 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 is .
𝒙
Note:
Similarly, we can derive the derivatives of the functions 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 , 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 , 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 , 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 , 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 and 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙,
which we will do later on in this module.
Formulae for derivatives of few functions are given below:
 9

𝒅𝒚
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇′ (𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
𝑥𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
constant 0
1
√𝑥
2√𝑥
1
ln 𝑥
𝑥
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥
cot 𝑥 − cosec 2 𝑥
sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
cosec 𝑥 − cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝟏 𝒅𝒚
Example I – 6: If = 𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑 , find .
√𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1 1
𝑦 = 3𝑥 4 − 3 = 3𝑥 4 − 𝑥 −3
√𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3
1 −1−1
= 3 × 4𝑥 − (− 𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥 3
1 4
= 12𝑥 3 + 𝑥 −3
3
Example I – 7: Find 𝒚′ , when 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙.
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 − sin 𝑥
𝟏
Example I – 8: Find 𝒇′ (𝒙), when 𝒇(𝒙) = + 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟖
𝒙
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 −1 + ln 𝑥 + 8
1 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = −𝑥 −2 + =− 2+
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Exercise I – 1
1. Using the definition of derivatives, show that the derivative of sin 𝑥 is cos 𝑥. (Not in syllabus)
2. Using the definition of derivatives, show that the derivative of cos 𝑥 is − sin 𝑥. (Not in syllabus)
𝑑𝑦
3. Differentiate the following to find .
𝑑𝑥
1 1
(i) 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3 (ii) 𝑦=𝑥+ (iii) 𝑦 = √𝑥 +
𝑥 √𝑥
(iv) 𝑦 = (3𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 7) (v) 𝑥7 + 𝑒 𝑥 (vi) 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + 200
(vii) 𝑦 = 3 sin 𝑥 + 4 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 (viii) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 3 tan 𝑥
3⁄
(ix) 𝑦 = sin 6 + 7 ln 𝑥 + 2 sec 𝑥 (x) 𝑦 = 𝑥− 2 + 8𝑒 + 7 tan 𝑥
(𝑥−3)(2𝑥 2 −4)
(xi) 𝑦 =
𝑥
 10

4. If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 + 10, find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) and hence find 𝑓 ′ (2) and 𝑓 ′ (10).

5. If for 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 12, 𝑓 ′ (2) = 11, 𝑓 ′ (4) = 15 find 𝑎 and 𝑏.
4 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉
6. Given that 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3 , find and hence ] .
3 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟=2

Product rule:
Let’s derive a method or formula to differentiate the product of two functions.
Consider a function 𝑓(𝑥 ) as a product of two different functions 𝑢(𝑥 ) and 𝑣 (𝑥 ).
Hence,
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑢(𝑥 ). 𝑣(𝑥 )
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑢(𝑥 + ℎ). 𝑣 (𝑥 + ℎ)
According to the definition of the derivatives,
𝑓 (𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑢(𝑥 + ℎ). 𝑣(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑢(𝑥 ). 𝑣 (𝑥 )
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Adding and subtracting 𝑢(𝑥 + ℎ)𝑣(𝑥 ) in the numerator,
𝑢(𝑥 + ℎ). 𝑣 (𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑢(𝑥 ). 𝑣 (𝑥 ) + 𝑢(𝑥 + ℎ)𝑣(𝑥 ) − 𝑢(𝑥 + ℎ)𝑣(𝑥 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Rearranging the numerator,
𝑢(𝑥 + ℎ). 𝑣 (𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑢(𝑥 + ℎ)𝑣(𝑥 ) + 𝑢(𝑥 + ℎ)𝑣(𝑥 ) − 𝑢(𝑥 ). 𝑣(𝑥 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑢(𝑥 + ℎ). (𝑣(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑣(𝑥 )) + 𝑣(𝑥 ). (𝑢(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑢(𝑥 ))
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑢(𝑥 + ℎ). (𝑣(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑣(𝑥 )) 𝑣(𝑥 ). (𝑢(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑢(𝑥 ))
= lim ( + )
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ
𝑢(𝑥 + ℎ). (𝑣(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑣(𝑥 )) 𝑣(𝑥 ). (𝑢(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑢(𝑥 ))
= lim + lim
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑣 (𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑣 (𝑥 ) 𝑢(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑢(𝑥 )
= lim 𝑢(𝑥 + ℎ). lim + 𝑣 (𝑥 ) lim
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
We know that, by the definition,
𝑣(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑣(𝑥 ) ′ 𝑢(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑢(𝑥 )
𝑣 ′ (𝑥 ) = lim ; 𝑢 (𝑥 ) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
Hence,
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝒖(𝒙)𝒗′ (𝒙) + 𝒗(𝒙)𝒖′ (𝒙)
Therefore, the Product rule used to differentiate the product of two distinct functions is given by,
𝒅 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖
(𝒖𝒗) = 𝒖 +𝒗
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
 11

Example I – 9: Differentiate 𝒆𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 with respect to 𝒙.

Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑣 = tan 𝑥, then
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑒𝑥; = sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Applying in the product rule,
𝑑 𝑥
(𝑒 tan 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (sec 2 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 )
Example I – 10: If 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝟒 𝒆𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟕, find 𝒚′.
Applying product rule for the first term, considering 3𝑥 4 as 𝑢 and 𝑒 𝑥 as 𝑣,
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 4 𝑒 𝑥 + 12𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥
Example I – 11: Differentiate (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒆𝒙 − 𝐥𝐧 𝒙) with respect to 𝒙.
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 2, 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 − ln 𝑥, then
𝑑 1
((𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 2)(𝑒 𝑥 − ln 𝑥 )) = (𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 2) (𝑒 𝑥 − ) + (𝑒 𝑥 − ln 𝑥 )(2𝑥 + 7)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Exercise I – 2
Differentiate the following functions by applying product rule:
3
1. 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 2. √𝑥 ln 𝑥 3. 6 sin 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 𝑒
4. (𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 3 − 1) 5. (𝑎 − 𝑏 sin 𝑥 )(1 − 2 cos 𝑥 )
6. cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 7. sin2 𝑥 8. cos 3 𝑥
9. (3𝑥 2 + 1)2 10. (4𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥 + 3)
11. (3 sec 𝑥 − 4 cosec 𝑥 )(2 sin 𝑥 + 5 cos 𝑥 ) 12. 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥

Quotient rule:
Let’s derive a method or formula to differentiate the division of two functions.
Consider a function 𝑓(𝑥 ) as a ratio of two different functions 𝑢(𝑥 ) and 𝑣 (𝑥 ).
Hence,
𝑢(𝑥 )
𝑓(𝑥 ) =
𝑣(𝑥 )
We use the Chain rule of differentiation, which is discussed in the next topic, to prove this Quotient rule.
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑢𝑣 −1
Applying product rule,
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑢 × −1𝑣 −2 𝑣′ + 𝑣 −1 𝑢′
𝑢𝑣′ 𝑢′
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = − +
𝑣2 𝑣
′(
𝑣𝑢′ − 𝑢𝑣′
𝑓 𝑥) =
𝑣2
 12

Therefore, the Quotient rule used to differentiate the ratio of two distinct functions is given by,
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
𝒅 𝒖 𝒗 −𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
( )=
𝒅𝒙 𝒗 𝒗𝟐
𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
Example I – 12: Differentiate with respect to 𝒙.
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
Here, 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 2 + 1.
Hence,
𝑑 𝑥2 − 1 (𝑥 2 + 1)2𝑥 − (𝑥 2 − 1)2𝑥
( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 1 (𝑥 2 + 1)2
4𝑥
=
(𝑥 2 + 1)2
𝒙𝟐 +𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
Example I – 13: Differentiate with respect to 𝒙.
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙+𝐥𝐧 𝒙
Here, 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 and 𝑣 = cos 𝑥 + ln 𝑥.
While differentiating 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 using product rule, we get 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ).
Now,
1
𝑑 𝑥 2 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 )(2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 )) − (𝑥 2 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 ) (− sin 𝑥 + )
𝑥
( )= 2
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 )

Exercise I – 3
I. Differentiate the following functions using quotient rule:
5 2𝑥−3 𝑥 7 −47 cos 𝑥+ln 𝑥
1. 2. 3. 4.
𝑥2 4𝑥+5 𝑥−4 𝑥 2 +𝑒 𝑥
ln 𝑥−2𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 1 tan 𝑥+1
5. 6. 7. 8.
ln 𝑥+2𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 tan 𝑥−1
sin 𝑥+𝑥 cos 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥
9. 10. 11.
𝑥 sin 𝑥−cos 𝑥 𝑒𝑥 sin 𝑥−cos 𝑥
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅
II. Using the identity 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = , prove that (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙.
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅
III. Using the identity 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 = , prove that (𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙) = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙.
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝟏 𝒅
IV. Using the identity 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 = , prove that (𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙.
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝟏 𝒅
V. Using the identity 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 = , prove that (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙) = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙.
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Chain rule:
This rule is used for differentiating composite functions.
Say, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = sin 𝑥, then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 and 𝑔′ (𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥.
How to differentiate 𝑓𝑔(𝑥 ) = sin3 𝑥 and 𝑔𝑓 (𝑥 ) = sin 𝑥 3 ? Here, the Chain rule is applied.
Let’s briefly discuss the chain rule now and come back to differentiate these functions.
 13

If 𝑦 is varying with respect to 𝑥, then the gradient of a chord of a curve joining the points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and
𝑦2 −𝑦1
(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is given by .
𝑥2 −𝑥1
When the variation 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 becomes too small, that is (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) → 0, this gradient becomes the gradient of
the tangent at the point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ). Hence, the derivative can be defined as
𝑑𝑦 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
= lim ( )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥2 −𝑥1 )→0 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
Suppose if 𝑦 varies with respect to a variable 𝑢 and 𝑢 varies with respect to 𝑥, then the gradient of the curve
with respect to 𝑥 can be written as
𝑑𝑦 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
= lim ( )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥2 −𝑥1 )→0 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑢2 − 𝑢1
= lim ( ) × lim ( )
(𝑢2 −𝑢1 )→0 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 (𝑥2 −𝑥1 )→0 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
= .
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙
This is called the chain rule. This can be extended to any number of variables as follows.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= . .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
= . . .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑥
Now, let’s see how to use this rule for differentiating 𝑓𝑔(𝑥 ) and 𝑔𝑓 (𝑥 ) from the above example.
Consider 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑢 = sin 𝑥. Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑓𝑔(𝑥 ) = sin3 𝑥 = 𝑢3
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑢2 = 3 sin2 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢
= cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
By chain rule,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 3 sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Similarly, we can find the derivative of 𝑔𝑓 (𝑥 ) as
𝑑
(sin 𝑥 3 ) = 3𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥
𝒅
((𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝒏 ) = 𝒏𝒂(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝒏−𝟏
𝒅𝒙
Note:
1. To differentiate 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)), first apply the differentiation formula for 𝒇(𝒙) and then multiply
that with the differentiation of 𝒈(𝒙).

2. To differentiate 𝒇 (𝒈(𝒉(𝒙))), first apply the differentiation formula for 𝒇(𝒙), then apply
differentiation formula for 𝒈(𝒙) and then multiply with the differentiation of 𝒉(𝒙).
 14

Example I – 14: Differentiate 𝐥𝐧 𝒙𝟑 with respect to 𝒙.

1 1
We know that the differentiation of ln 𝑥 is . Hence, the differentiation of ln 𝑥 3 is times the
𝑥 𝑥3
differentiation of 𝑥 3 .
Therefore,
𝑑 1 3
(ln 𝑥 3 ) = 3 × 3𝑥 2 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Example I – 15: Differentiate 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 with respect to 𝒙.
𝑑 1 cos ln 𝑥
(sin ln 𝑥 ) = cos ln 𝑥 × =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝟐
Example I – 16: Differentiate 𝒆𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 with respect to 𝒙.
𝑑 cos 𝑥 2 2 2
(𝑒 ) = 𝑒 cos 𝑥 × − sin 𝑥 2 × 2𝑥 = −2𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 𝑒 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Example I – 17: Differentiate 𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) with respect to 𝒙.
𝑑
(sec(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)) = sec(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) × 𝑎 = 𝑎 sec(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑑𝑥
Exercise I – 4
Differentiate the following functions with respect to 𝒙.
1. ln tan 𝑥 2. 𝑒 sin 𝑥 3. √1 + cot 𝑥 4. tan ln 𝑥
𝑒 𝑏𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 𝑥
3
5. 6. ln (sec ( + )) 7. ln sin(𝑒 + 3𝑥 − 2) 8. sin 𝑥 2
cos(𝑎𝑥+𝑏) 4 2

9. cos √𝑥 10. 𝑒 sin ln 𝑥

Higher order derivatives:

𝑑𝑦
The derivative of 𝑦 is denoted as . This is called as the gradient of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ).
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
When is differentiated with respect to 𝑥, we get the change in gradient with respect to 𝑥. This is denoted
𝑑𝑥
as
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
( )= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
The other notations used for are 𝑦 ′′ , 𝑦2 , 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ).
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
is called as the first order derivative. is called as the second order derivative. Similarly, we have
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
third order and higher order derivatives.
We will learn its applications in the next unit.
Example I – 18: Find 𝒚𝟑 when 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 .
𝑦1 = 4𝑥 3
𝑦2 = 12𝑥 2
𝑦3 = 24𝑥
 15

Example I – 19: Let 𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 + 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙, 𝑨 and 𝑩 are constants. Show that 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚 = 𝟎.
𝑦1 = 𝐴 × − sin 4𝑥 × 4 + 𝐵 × cos 4𝑥 × 4 = 4(−𝐴 sin 4𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 4𝑥 )
𝑦2 = 4(−𝐴 × cos 4𝑥 × 4 + 𝐵 × − sin 4𝑥 × 4)
𝑦2 = −16(𝐴 cos 4𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 4𝑥 )
𝑦2 = −16𝑦
𝑦2 + 16𝑦 = 0
Example I – 20: Find the second derivative of the function 𝐥𝐧 𝐥𝐧 𝒙
1 1 1
𝑓′ = × =
ln 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑥
For the second order derivative, we have to use Quotient rule, taking 𝑢 = 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥
To differentiate 𝑥 ln 𝑥, we need to use Product rule.
1
𝑥 ln 𝑥 (0) − 1 × (𝑥 × + ln 𝑥 × 1)
𝑥
∴ 𝑓 ′′ =
(𝑥 ln 𝑥 )2
1 + ln 𝑥
𝑓 ′′ = −
(𝑥 ln 𝑥 )2
Example I – 21: If 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙), find 𝒚′′′ .
1
𝑦′ = × − sin 𝑥 = − tan 𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = − sec 2 𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = −2 sec 𝑥 × sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 = −2 sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥

Exercise I – 5
𝑑2𝑦
1. Find if 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + tan 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3𝑦
2. Find if 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + cot 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥 3
3. Find the second order derivative of 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1.
4. Find the second order derivative of 𝑥 sin 𝑥.
5. Find the third order derivative of 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑥 3 .
6. Find the third order derivative of 𝑥 cos 𝑥.

7𝑥 −7𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
7. If 𝑦 = 5𝑒 + 6𝑒 , show that = 49𝑦.
𝑑𝑥 2
8. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 1, prove that 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′′ − 2𝑥𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ = 0.
1
−2𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦
9. Find the exact coordinates of the point on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 at which = 0.
𝑑𝑥 2
 16

Derivative of 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙:
Let 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥. Then, tan 𝑦 = 𝑥. Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑦,
𝑑𝑥
= sec 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
Hence,
𝑑𝑦 1 1
= =
𝑑𝑥 sec 2 𝑦 1 + tan2 𝑦
Applying tan 𝑦 = 𝑥, we get
𝒅 𝟏
(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙) =
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
Example I – 22: Differentiate 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒆𝒙 ) with respect to 𝒙.
𝑑 −1 𝑥
1 𝑥
𝑒𝑥
(tan (𝑒 )) = ×𝑒 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + (𝑒 𝑥 )2 1 + 𝑒 2𝑥
𝟐𝒙 𝟐
Example I – 23: Show that the derivative of 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) =
𝟏−𝒙𝟐 𝟏+𝒙𝟐
Applying 𝑥 = tan 𝜃,
2 tan 𝜃
𝑦 = tan−1 ( 2
) = tan−1 (tan 2𝜃 ) = 2𝜃
1 − tan 𝜃
Applying 𝜃 = tan−1 𝑥,
𝑦 = 2 tan−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2

Exercise I – 6 (for A level only)

1. Differentiate the following functions with respect to 𝑥.
(a) tan−1 ln 𝑥 (b) tan−1 cot 𝑥 (c) tan−1 tan 𝑥
2. Find the second derivative of tan−1 𝑥.
2
tan−1 𝑥 2) 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 , prove that (1 + 𝑥 + (2𝑥 − 1) = 0.
𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
1
4. Prove that the derivative of sin−1 𝑥 =
√1−𝑥2

1
5. Prove that the derivative of cos−1 𝑥 = −
√1−𝑥2

2 tan 𝜃
6. (i) Prove that sin 2𝜃 =
1+tan2 𝜃
2𝑥 2
(ii) Hence, by using suitable substitution, show that the derivative of sin−1 ( ) =
1+𝑥2 1+𝑥2
1−tan2 𝜃
7. (i) Prove that cos 2𝜃 =
1+tan2 𝜃
−1 1−𝑥2 2
(ii) Hence, by using suitable substitution, show that the derivative of cos ( 2 )=
1+𝑥 1+𝑥2
 17

3 tan 𝜃−tan3 𝜃
8. (i) Prove that tan 3𝜃 =
1−3 tan2 𝜃
3𝑥−𝑥3 3
(ii) Hence, by using suitable substitution, show that the derivative of tan−1 ( ) =
1−3𝑥2 1+𝑥2
9. Prove the following:
𝑑 1+cos 2𝑥 𝑑 1−cos 2𝑥
(a)
𝑑𝑥
(cos−1 (√ 2
)) = 1 (b)
𝑑𝑥
(tan−1 (√1+cos 2𝑥)) = 1

𝑑 −1 cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥
(c)
𝑑𝑥
(tan (cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥)) = 1

10. By substituting 𝑥 = tan 2𝜃, prove that

𝑑 −1
√1 + 𝑥 2 − 1 1
(tan ( )) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2(1 + 𝑥 2 )
11. By substituting 𝑥 2 = tan 𝜃, prove that
𝑑 −1
1 + 𝑥2 2𝑥
(tan ( )) =
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥4
 18

Unit – II
Applications of derivatives
Tangents and Normals:
We know that the derivative of a function gives the gradient of the curve at any point.
This is also equal to the gradient of the tangent to the curve at the point.
This concept is used to find the equation of tangent to the curve at a given point.
Steps to follow:
1. Find the derivative of the given function.
2. Apply the given point (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) in the derivative to find the gradient (𝒎) of the function at the
point.
3. Now, find the equation of the tangent using
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
A normal is a line which is perpendicular to a tangent at the touching point of the tangent to the curve.

Hence, we can use the relation 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 = −𝟏 to find the gradient of the normal.
𝟏
If the gradient of the tangent is 𝒎, then the gradient of the normal is − .
𝒎
Hence, the equation of the normal is given by
𝟏
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = − (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒎
Example II – 1: Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐 at the point
(𝟏, −𝟐).
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑥
Gradient of the tangent: 𝑚 =2×1−1=1
Equation of the tangent: 𝑦 − (−2) = 1(𝑥 − 1) ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3
 19

1
Gradient of the normal: − = −1
𝑚
Equation of the normal: 𝑦 − (−2) = −1(𝑥 − 1) ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0

Example II – 2: Find the equation of the tangent at the point (𝒂, 𝒃) to the curve 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒄𝟐 .
𝑐2
𝑦= = 𝑐 2 𝑥 −1
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 −2
𝑐2
= −𝑐 𝑥 = − 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Applying 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 in the equation, we get 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 𝑐 2 = 𝑎𝑏
Hence, the gradient of the tangent at (𝑎, 𝑏) is
𝑎𝑏 𝑏
𝑚=− = −
𝑎2 𝑎
Equation of the tangent is
𝑏
𝑦 − 𝑏 = − (𝑥 − 𝑎) ⇒ 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑎𝑏 = −𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
𝑎
𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑏
Dividing both sides of the equation by 𝑎𝑏,
𝑥 𝑦
+ =2
𝑎 𝑏
Exercise II – 1
1. Find the gradient of the curve 𝑦 = ln(5𝑥 + 1) at the point where 𝑥 = 4.
1 𝜋
2. Find the 𝑥 −coordinates of the points on the part of the curve 𝑦 = tan 2𝑥 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ at which the
2 2
gradient is 4.
𝑒 2𝑥
3. Find the gradient of the curve 𝑦 = at the point for which 𝑥 = ln 3.
1+𝑒 2𝑥
4. A curve has equation 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2. Show that the gradient of the curve is never negative.
5. A curve has equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥. Find the set of values of 𝑥, for which the gradient of the
curve is less than 5.
6. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curves
8
(i) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5 at 𝑥 = −2 (ii) 𝑦 =5− at (2,1)
𝑥
12 𝜋
(iii) 𝑦 = at (1,3) (iv) 𝑦 = 2 sin2 3𝑥 at 𝑥 =
𝑥 2 +3 6
1+sin 𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
(v) 𝑦= at 𝑥 = (vi) 𝑦 = 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 at 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥 4 2
7. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥 at the point where 𝑥 = 1.
1
8. The equation of a curve is 𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 3)3 − 4𝑥. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the
6
point where the curve intersects the 𝑦 −axis.
10
9. The curve 𝑦 = −2 intersects the 𝑥 −axis at point 𝐴. Find the tangent to the curve at point 𝐴.
2𝑥+1
 20

Exercise II – 2
1. The diagram shows the line 2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5 and the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7, which intersect at the points
𝐴 and 𝐵.

Find
(i) the 𝑥 −coordinates of 𝐴 and 𝐵.
(ii) the equation of the tangent to the curve at 𝐵.
(iii) the acute angle, in degrees correct to 1 decimal place, between this tangent and the line
2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5.
18
2. The diagram shows part of the curve 𝑦 = 2 − . The normal to the curve at 𝐴 crosses the 𝑦 −axis
2𝑥+3
at 𝐶.

(i) Find the equation of the line 𝐴𝐶.

(ii) Find the length of 𝐵𝐶.
3. The equation of a curve is 𝑦 = 3 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 .
(i) Find the equation of normal at (3,6).
(ii) Find the midpoint of the segment of this normal between the coordinate axes.
(iii) Find the coordinates of the point where the normal meets the curve again.
 21

4
4. A curve has equation 𝑦 = .
3𝑥−4
(i) Find the equation of the tangent at (2,2).
(ii) Find the angle that the tangent makes with 𝑥 − axis.
5. Find the equations of normal to 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 that is parallel to 2𝑥 + 18𝑦 − 9 = 0.

Increasing and decreasing functions:

While sketching a graph of a function, it is very useful to know where the curve increases or raises and
where it decreases or falls.

The above figure shows a curve that increases from the left side of the graph till 𝐴.
Then the direction changes from 𝐴 and the curve starts decreasing from 𝐴 to 𝐵.
From 𝐵, it starts increasing again.
Is it possible to identify where the curve is increasing and where it is decreasing without actually
plotting the graph?
When the curve is increasing, the gradient of the curve in that interval is positive.
Similarly, when the curve is decreasing, the gradient of the curve is negative.
When the curve reaches points 𝐴 and 𝐵, the gradient is zero. The tangents at those points are parallel to the
𝑥 − axis.
Using this concept, we can identify increasing and decreasing intervals.
𝑑𝑦
We know that the gradient of a curve at any point is given by the derivative of that curve .
𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Hence, when > 𝟎, the curve is increasing and when < 𝟎, the curve is decreasing.
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
 22

Example II – 3: Find the intervals in which 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎𝒙 is increasing and decreasing.
𝑑𝑦
= 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 20 = 2(3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 10) = 2(3𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Solving = 0, will give the peak points.
𝑑𝑥
5
2(3𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2,
3
5 5
Now, we can divide three intervals such as 𝑥 < −2, −2 < 𝑥 < ,𝑥> .
3 3
We will check the sign of the gradient in these intervals by assuming a test value.

Sign of
Interval Test value 𝒅𝒚 Nature
𝒅𝒙
𝑥 < −2 −3 + Increasing
5
−2 < 𝑥 < 0 − Decreasing
3
5
𝑥> 2 + Increasing
3

Example II – 4: Determine the values of 𝒙 for which the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏 is
increasing and decreasing, and determine the points where the tangents to the graph of the function
are parallel to the 𝒙 −axis.
𝑑𝑦
= 6𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 36 = 6(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6) = 6(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Solving = 0,
𝑑𝑥
6(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 2) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2,3
Now, we can divide three intervals such as 𝑥 < 2, 2 < 𝑥 < 3 , 𝑥 > 3.
We will check the sign of the gradient in these intervals by assuming a test value.

Sign of
Interval Test value 𝒅𝒚 Nature
𝒅𝒙
𝑥<2 0 + Increasing

2<𝑥<3 2.5 − Decreasing

𝑥>3 4 + Increasing

Tangents are parallel when 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 3. 𝑓(2) = 29 and 𝑓(3) = 28.

Hence, the tangents are parallel to the 𝑥 −axis at (2,29) and (3,28).
𝒙−𝟐
Example II – 5: Prove that the function 𝒚 = is an increasing function other than 𝒙 = 𝟏.
𝒙−𝟏
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 − 1)(1) − (𝑥 − 2)(1) 1
= = >0
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 − 1)2
 23

1
is always positive for all the values of 𝑥 but it does not exist when 𝑥 = 1.
(𝑥−1)2
Hence the curve is an increasing function other than 𝑥 = 1.

Exercise II – 3
1
1. Find the set of values of 𝑥, for which (2𝑥 − 3)3 − 4𝑥 is an increasing function of 𝑥.
6
2. Find the intervals on which 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 20 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 is increasing or decreasing.
3. Find the intervals on which 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1 is increasing or decreasing.

4. Find the set of values of 𝑥, for which 𝑥3 + 𝑥 + 1 is an decreasing function of 𝑥.

5. Find the intervals on which 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 is increasing or decreasing.
6. Find the intervals on which 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 is increasing or decreasing.
7. Prove that 𝑒 𝑥 is an increasing function for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.
8. Prove that ln 𝑥 is an increasing function when 𝑥 > 0.
1
9. It is given that 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −𝑥 3 , for 𝑥 > 0. Show that 𝑓 is a decreasing function.
𝑥3
10. It is given that 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (2𝑥 − 5)3 + 𝑥, for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ. Show that 𝑓 is a increasing function.

Stationary points (Maxima/Minima):

The points at which a graph changes its direction from increasing to decreasing or from decreasing to
increasing are called Stationary points or Turning points.
The points at which the curve changes its direction from increasing to decreasing are called Maximum
points.
In the graph shown here, 𝐴 is the maximum point.
The points at which the curve changes its direction from decreasing to increasing are called Minimum
points.
In the graph shown here, 𝐵 is the minimum
point.
Both points 𝐴 and 𝐵 are known as stationary
points.
The tangents drawn at stationary points are
parallel to the 𝑥 −axis.
𝑑𝑦
Therefore, = 0 at those points.
𝑑𝑥
Hence, we can find the stationary points using
𝑑𝑦
the condition = 0.
𝑑𝑥
How can we differentiate whether the stationary
points are maxima or minima?
To analyse that, the second order derivative is
used.
 24

Application of second order derivatives:

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
The meaning of is the change in the gradient ( ).
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
When the curve is increasing, the gradient is positive. It becomes zero at the maximum point. After that, the
gradient changes to negative. Hence, at a maximum point,

𝒅𝟐 𝒚
<𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐
When the curve is decreasing, the gradient is negative. It becomes zero at the minimum point. After that, the
gradient changes to positive. Hence, at a minimum point,

𝒅𝟐 𝒚
>𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐
Thus, the second order derivative is applied in determining the nature of stationary points.
Example II – 6: Find the maximum and minimum points on the curve 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙.
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 9 = 3(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3) = 3(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)
Condition for stationary points is
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
3(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) ⇒ 𝑥 = −1,3
To determine the nature of the stationary points, we need 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ).
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 − 6
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = −12 < 0, hence it is a maximum point.
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 12 > 0, hence it is a minimum point.
At the maximum point, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (−1)3 − 3(−1)2 − 9(−1) = −1 − 3 + 9 = 5
Hence, the maximum point is (−1,5).
At the minimum point, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (3)3 − 3(3)2 − 9(3) = 27 − 27 − 27 = −27
Hence, the maximum point is (3, −27).
𝝅
Example II – 7: Find the stationary point on the curve 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 , 𝟎 < 𝒙 < , and
𝟐
determine its nature.
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = 0
sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 ⇒ tan 𝑥 = 1
𝜋
𝑥=
4
𝜋 𝜋 1 1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = − sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = − sin − cos = − − <0
4 4 √2 √2
𝜋
Hence, it is a maximum point and its coordinates are ( , √2).
4
 25

Exercise II – 4
1. Show that the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3 intersects the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 9 at the stationary point of the
curve. Find the nature of the point.
1
2. A curve has equation 𝑦 = +𝑥. Find the coordinates of the maximum point 𝐴 and the minimum
𝑥−3
point 𝐵 on the curve.
3. It is given that a curve has equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥. Find the stationary points and values and its
nature.
4. The non-zero variables 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑢 are such that 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑦. Given that 𝑦 + 3𝑥 = 9, find the stationary
value of 𝑢 and determine whether this is a maximum or a minimum value.
5. Find the exact coordinates of a stationary point of the curve 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)𝑒 𝑥 and determine the nature of
that point.
𝑒𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
6. The curve 𝑦 = , for − < 𝑥 < , has one stationary point. Find the 𝑥 −coordinate of this point.
cos 𝑥 2 2
7. Find the exact coordinates of a stationary point of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 and determine its nature.
𝜋
8. Find the 𝑥 −coordinates of the stationary points on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 tan 𝑥 in the interval − <𝑥<
2
𝜋
.
2
sin 𝑥
9. Show that the curve 𝑦 = for 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 has its 𝑥 −coordinate of its minimum point, which
𝑥
satisfies the equation 𝑥 = tan 𝑥.

Exercise II – 5 (for A level only)

1. Find the 𝑥 − coordinates of the stationary points of the curve 𝑦 = 3 sin 𝑥 + 4 cos 3 𝑥 in the interval 0 ≤
𝑥 ≤ 𝜋. Determine the nature of the stationary point in this interval for which 𝑥 is least.
2. When 𝑥 = 𝑎, the tangents to the curves 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥−3 and 𝑦 = 2 ln 𝑥 are parallel. Show that
1
𝑎= (3 − ln 𝑎)
2
Verify that this equation has a root between 1 and 2. Use iterative formula to calculate 𝑎.
3. Find the exact coordinates of the stationary point of the curve 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)𝑒 𝑥 and determine the nature
of that point.
4. (i) Find the minimum point of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 .
(ii) Show that the curve intersects the line 𝑦 = 20 at the point whose 𝑥 − coordinate is the root of the
equation
1 20
𝑥 = ln ( )
2 𝑥
Use the iterative formula with initial value 𝑥 = 1.3 to calculate root of the equation.
1
5. (i) Show that the 𝑥 − coordinate of the minimum point of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥, for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋,
2
satisfies the equation
2
tan 𝑥 =
𝑥
(ii) Verify that the root of this equation lies between 1 and 1.2.
(iii) Use an iterative formula to determine this root.
 26

1
6. The curve 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 4)𝑒 2𝑥 has a gradient of 3 at a point.
(i) Show that the 𝑥 − coordinate of that point satisfies the equation
1
−2𝑥
𝑥 = 2 + 6𝑒
(ii) Verify that the equation has a root between 3.1 and 3.3.
(iii) Use an iterative formula to determine this root.
𝑥
7. Prove that the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = tan−1 ( ) at the point where 𝑥 = 3 is
3 √

12𝑦 = √3𝑥 + 4𝜋 − 3√3

√2
8. Prove that the equation of the normal to the curve 𝑦 = tan−1 (√2𝑥) at the point where 𝑥 = is
2
4+𝜋
𝑦 + √2𝑥 =
4

Practical applications of stationary points:

Example II – 8: A closed (cuboid) box with a square base has a volume of 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 cubic centimetres.
The material for the top and bottom of the box costs $𝟑 per square centimetre and the material for the
sides costs $𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 per square centimetre. If the cost of the materials is to be the least, find the
dimensions of the box.
Let the side of the base of the box be 𝑥 centimetres and the height of the box be 𝑦 centimetres.
Area of the bottom of the box = 𝑥 2
Area of the top of the box = 𝑥 2
Cost of the material for the top and bottom of the box = 2𝑥 2 × 3 = 6𝑥 2
Area of the four sides of the box = 4 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑦
Cost of the material for the sides of the box = 1.50 × 4𝑥𝑦 = 6𝑥𝑦
Total cost 𝐶 = 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦
𝐶 is in terms of 2 variables 𝑥 and 𝑦. To convert the equation in terms of any one of the variables, a clue is
given. That is, volume, 𝑉 = 2000 cubic centimetres.
𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 = 2000
𝑥 2 𝑦 = 2000
2000
𝑦=
𝑥2
Substituting this for 𝑦 in 𝐶,
2000
𝐶 = 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 ( )
𝑥2
12000
𝐶 = 6𝑥 2 +
𝑥
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥,
𝑑𝐶 12000
= 12𝑥 −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
To find the minimum/maximum cost,
 27

𝑑𝐶
=0
𝑑𝑥
12000
12𝑥 =
𝑥2
𝑥 3 = 1000 = 103
𝑥 = 10
To check whether 𝑥 = 10 gives either minimum or maximum value of 𝐶, we need to find second order
derivative of 𝐶.
𝑑2 𝐶 24000
= 12 +
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥3
𝑑2𝐶
When 𝑥 = 10, = 36 > 0, hence 𝐶 is minimum.
𝑑𝑥 2
Therefore, for the minimum cost, the base of the box should have its side length as 10 centimetres. The
2000
height of the box should be 2 = 20 cm.
10
Example II – 9: Find two positive real numbers whose sum is 𝟕𝟎 and their product is maximum.
Let the two numbers be 𝑥 and 𝑦.
Here, the product (𝑃) of the numbers is to be maximised.
𝑃 = 𝑥𝑦
Also, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 70 ⇒ 𝑦 = 70 − 𝑥
Hence,
𝑃 = 𝑥 (70 − 𝑥 ) = 70𝑥 − 𝑥 2
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥,
𝑑𝑃
= 70 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
For finding the stationary point,
𝑑𝑃
= 0 ⇒ 70 − 2𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 35
𝑑𝑥
To confirm whether it is maximum or not,
𝑑2 𝑃
= −2 < 0
𝑑𝑥 2
Hence, it is a maximum point.
Therefore, the two numbers are 35, 35.
Example II – 10: Show that the height of a closed circular cylinder of volume 𝟐𝟎 𝐜𝐦𝟑 and least
surface area is equal to its diameter.
Here, the volume is given.
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 20 cm3
20
ℎ=
𝜋𝑟 2
Surface area, 𝑆 is given by
𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2𝜋𝑟 2
 28

Applying the expression for ℎ,

20
𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟 ( 2
) + 2𝜋𝑟 2
𝜋𝑟
40
𝑆= + 2𝜋𝑟 2
𝑟
Differentiating with respect to 𝑟,
𝑑𝑆 40
= − 2 + 4𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑟 𝑟
For least surface area,
𝑑𝑆
=0
𝑑𝑟
40
= 4𝜋𝑟
𝑟2
10
𝑟3 =
𝜋
1 2
10 3 10 3
𝑟=( ) ⇒ 𝑟2 = ( )
𝜋 𝜋
1
20 2 × 10 10 3
ℎ= 2 = 2 = 2 × ( ) = 2𝑟
10 3 103 𝜋
𝜋( ) 𝜋× 2
𝜋
𝜋3

ℎ = 2𝑟
To check whether ℎ = 2𝑟 gives maximum or minimum surface area,
𝑑2 𝑆 4𝑉 ℎ
= + 4𝜋 > 0 for 𝑟 =
𝑑𝑟 2 𝑟 3 2
Hence, the surface area is least when ℎ = 2𝑟, that is, the height is equal to the diameter.

Exercise II – 6
1. Find two numbers whose sum is 15 and the square of one multiplied by the cube of the other is
maximum.
2. Divide 15 into two parts such that the sum of their squares is minimum.
3. Show that among the rectangles of perimeter 40 cm, the square has the greatest area.
4. Show that among rectangles of area 25 cm2 , the square has the least perimeter.
5. Prove that the perimeter of a right-angled triangle of hypotenuse ℎ is maximum when the triangle is
isosceles.
6. A window is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by a semi-circle. If the perimeter be 30 m, find the
dimensions so that the greatest possible amount of light may be admitted.
7. Show that a closed right circular cylinder of surface area 216𝜋 cm2 has maximum volume if its height
equals the diameter of its base.
8. A square metal sheet of side 48 cm has four equal squares removed from the corners and the sides are
then turned up so as to form an open box. Determine the size of the square cut so that volume of the
box is maximum.
 29

9. An open box with a square base is to be made out of a given quantity of sheet of area 𝐴2 . Show that the
𝐴3
maximum volume of the box is .
6√3
10. The profit function 𝑃(𝑥 ) of a firm, selling 𝑥 items per day is given by
𝑃(𝑥 ) = (150 − 𝑥 )𝑥 − 1625
Find the number of items the firm should manufacture to get maximum profit. Find the maximum
profit.

Exercise II – 7
1. A wire, 80 cm long, is cut into two pieces. One piece is bent to form a square of side 𝑥 cm and the
other piece is bent to form a circle of radius 𝑟 cm (see diagram). The total area of the square and the
circle is 𝐴 cm2 .

(𝜋+4)𝑥 2 −160𝑥+1600
(i) Show that 𝐴 = .
𝜋
(ii) Given that 𝑥 and 𝑟 can vary, find the value of 𝑥 for which 𝐴 has a stationary value.
2. The diagram shows a metal plate consisting of a rectangle with sides 𝑥 cm and 𝑦 cm and a quarter-
circle of radius 𝑥 cm. The perimeter of the plate is 60 cm.

(i) Show that the area of the plate, 𝐴 cm2 , is given by 𝐴 = 30𝑥 − 𝑥 2 .
(ii) Find the stationary value of 𝐴, and determine whether it is a maximum or a minimum value.
3. A solid rectangular block has a square base of side 𝑥 cm. The height of the block is ℎ cm and the total
surface area of the block is 96 cm2 . Given that 𝑥 can vary, find the stationary value of the volume 𝑉,
and determine whether this value is a maximum or a minimum.
4. The volume of a solid circular cylinder of radius 𝑟 cm is 250𝜋 cm3 . Given that 𝑟 can vary, find the
stationary value of the total surface area, 𝑆 cm2 and determine the nature of this value.
𝑘2
5. A curve has equation 𝑦 = +𝑥, where 𝑘 is a positive constant. Find, in terms of 𝑘, the values of
𝑥+2
𝑥 for which the curve has stationary points and determine the nature of each stationary point.

6. The diagram shows an open rectangular tank of height ℎ metres covered with a lid. The base of the
1
tank has sides of length 𝑥 metres and 𝑥 metres and the lid is a rectangle with sides of length
2
 30

5 4
𝑥 metres and 𝑥 metres. When full the tank holds 4 m3 of water. The material from which the tank
4 5
is made is of negligible thickness. The external surface area of the tank together with the area of the
top of the lid is 𝐴 m2 .

3 24
(i) Show that 𝐴 = 𝑥2 + .
2 𝑥
(ii) Given that 𝑥 can vary, find the value of 𝑥 for which 𝐴 is a minimum, showing clearly that 𝐴 is a
minimum and not a maximum.
7. The diagram shows a plan for a rectangular park 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷. 𝐴𝑋, 𝑋𝑌 and 𝑌𝐴 are paths that surround a
triangular playground.

Given that 𝑥 can vary, find the minimum area of the playground.
8. The inside lane of a school running track consists of two straight sections each of length 𝑥 metres, and
two semicircular sections each of radius 𝑟 metres, as shown in the diagram. The straight sections are
perpendicular to the diameters of the semicircular sections. The perimeter of the inside lane is
400 metres.

(i) Show that the area, 𝐴 m2 , of the region enclosed by the inside lane is given by 𝐴 = 400𝑟 − 𝜋𝑟 2 .
(ii) Given that 𝑥 and 𝑟 can vary, show that, when 𝐴 has a stationary value, there are no straight
sections in the track. Determine whether the stationary value is a maximum or a minimum.
 31

9. In the diagram, 𝑆 is the point (0,12) and 𝑇 is the point (16,0). The point 𝑄 lies on 𝑆𝑇, between 𝑆 and
𝑇, and has coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦). The points 𝑃 and 𝑅 lie on the 𝑥 −axis and 𝑦 −axis respectively and
𝑂𝑃𝑄𝑅 is a rectangle.

Given that 𝑥 can vary, find the stationary value of 𝐴 and determine its nature.
Derivatives as rates of change:
A rate of change with respect to time is usually called as ‘the rate of change’, the ‘with respect to time’
being assumed.
𝑑𝐼 𝑑𝜃
For example, a rate of change of current (𝐼) is and a rate of change of temperature 𝜃is .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Velocity and Acceleration:
You might have learned that velocity is defined as
distance
𝑉=
time
when velocity is constant. However, if velocity is not constant, then it is derived from the gradient of the
distance-time graph, which is equal to the derivative of the distance-time relationship. Hence,
𝒅𝒙
𝑽=
𝒅𝒕
where 𝑥 is the distance travelled and 𝑡 is the time taken to travel that distance.
Similarly, the acceleration(𝐴) of the object is defined as the rate of change of velocity which is given by
𝒅𝑽
𝑨=
𝒅𝒕
Applying for 𝑉,
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
𝐴= ( )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝟐 𝒙
𝑨= 𝟐
𝒅𝒕
Hence, the second order derivative of the distance-time relationship gives the acceleration.
Note:
(i) Initial velocity means velocity at 𝒕 = 𝟎.
(ii) Initial acceleration means acceleration at 𝒕 = 𝟎.
(iii) If the motion is upward, at the maximum height, the velocity is zero.
(iv) If the motion is horizontal, velocity is zero when the particle comes to rest.
 32

Example II – 11: The distance 𝒙 metres traveled by a car in time 𝒕 seconds is given by:
𝒙 = 𝟑𝒕𝟑 − 𝟐𝒕𝟐 + 𝟒𝒕 − 𝟏
Determine the velocity and acceleration when (i) 𝒕 = 𝟎 and (ii) 𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐬
𝑥 = 3𝑡 3 − 2𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 − 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑣= = 9𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 4
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑥
𝑎 = 2 = 18𝑡 − 4
𝑑𝑡
(i) When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑣 = 4 m/s, 𝑎 = −4 m/s2
(ii) When 𝑡 = 1.5, 𝑣 = 18.25 m/s, 𝑎 = 23 m/s2
Example II – 12: The angular displacement 𝜽 radians of a fly wheel varies with time 𝒕 seconds and
follows the equation 𝜽 = 𝟗𝒕𝟐 − 𝟐𝒕𝟑 . Determine
(i) the angular velocity (𝝎) and acceleration(𝜶) of the fly wheel when time 𝒕 = 𝟏 s
(ii) the time when the angular acceleration is zero.
𝜃 = 9𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 3
dθ
ω= = 18𝑡 − 6𝑡 2
dt
𝑑2 𝜃
𝛼 = 2 = 18 − 12𝑡
𝑑𝑡
(i) When 𝑡 = 1, 𝜔 = 12 rad/s, α = 6 rad/s2
(ii) Given that 𝛼 = 0,
18 − 12𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 1.5 s
Related rates:
Consider the following illustration:
Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon so that its volume increases at a rate of 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐦𝟑 /𝐬. How
fast is the radius of the balloon increasing when the diameter is 𝟓𝟎 cm.
Here, it is given that the volume is increasing at a rate of 100 cm3 /s. That means the volume depends on the
parameter time, but we know that the volume of a sphere also depends on its radius. The relationship is
4
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
From this relationship, it is possible to find the derivative of 𝑉 with respect to 𝑟 as follows.
𝑑𝑉 4
= 𝜋 × 3𝑟 2 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑟 3
𝑑𝑉
Also, we know that = 100
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟
is to be found. In these cases, when a parameter (𝑉) depends on more than one parameter (𝑡, 𝑟), chain
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟
rule can be used. In this case, = × .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑡 100 100 1
= 𝑑𝑉 = = 2 =
𝑑𝑡 4𝜋𝑟2 4𝜋(25) 25𝜋
𝑑𝑟
 33

Example II – 13: A water tank has the shape of an inverted circular cone with base radius 𝟐 metres
and height 𝟒 metres. If water is being pumped into the tank at a rate of 𝟐 𝐦𝟑 /𝐦𝐢𝐧, find the rate at
which the water level is rising when the water is 𝟑 m deep.
Given:
𝑑𝑉
𝑟 = 2, ℎ = 4, =2
𝑑𝑡
Needed:
𝑑ℎ
when ℎ = 3
𝑑𝑡
Assuming the values of radius and height as 𝑟 and ℎ respectively at time 𝑡,
𝑟 2
=
ℎ 4
ℎ = 2𝑟
Relationship between volume and radius and height is
1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
ℎ
Applying 𝑟 = ,
2
𝜋 3
𝑉= ℎ
12
𝑑𝑉 𝜋 𝜋
= × 3ℎ2 = ℎ2
𝑑ℎ 12 4
Applying ℎ = 3 at time 𝑡,
𝑑𝑉 9𝜋
=
𝑑ℎ 4
By chain rule,
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ
= ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑡
9𝜋 𝑑ℎ
2= ×
4 𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ 8
= m/min
𝑑𝑡 9𝜋
Exercise II – 8
1. A missile fired from ground level rises 𝑥 metres vertically upwards in 𝑡 seconds and
25 2
𝑥 = 100𝑡 − 𝑡
2
Find
(i) the initial velocity of the missile,
(ii) the time when the height of the missile is a maximum.
(iii) the maximum height reached and
(iv) the velocity with which the missile strikes the ground.
 34

2. A particle of unit mass moves so that displacement after 𝑡 seconds is given by

𝑥 = 3 cos(2𝑡 − 4)
Find the acceleration and kinetic energy at the end of 2 seconds. Formula for kinetic energy is
1
𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
3. The distance 𝑥 metres travelled by a vehicle in time 𝑡 seconds after the brakes are applied is given by:
5 2
𝑥 = 20𝑡 − 𝑡
3
Determine
(i) the speed of the vehicle at the instant the brakes are applied and
(ii) the distance the car travelled before it stops.
4. Newton’s law of cooling is given by 𝜃 = 𝜃0 °𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 , where the excess of temperature at zero time is 𝜃0 ℃
and at time 𝑡 seconds is 𝜃℃. Determine the rate of change of temperature after 40 s, given that 𝜃0 =
16℃ and 𝑘 = −0.03.
5. The length, 𝑥 metres, of a Green Anaconda snake which is 𝑡 years old is given approximately by the
formula 𝑥 = 0.7√2𝑡 − 1, where 1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 10. Using this formula, find the rate of growth of a snake
which is five years old.
6. Gravel is being dumped from a conveyor belt at a rate of 30 ft 3 /min and its coarsened such that it
forms a pile in the shape of a cone whose base diameter and height are always equal. How fast is the
height of the pile increasing when the pile is 10 ft high?
12
7. The equation of a curve is 𝑦 = . The point 𝑃(1,3) is moving along the curve in such a way that the
𝑥 2 +3
𝑥 − coordinate is increasing at a constant rate of 0.012 units per second. Find the rate of change of the
𝑦 − coordinate as the point passes through 𝑃.
8. The volume of a spherical balloon is inceasing at a constant rate of 50 cm3 per second. Find the rate of
incerase of the radius when the radius is 10 cm.
9. A watermelon is assumed to be spherical in shape while it is growing. Its mass, 𝑀 kg, and radius,
𝑟 cm, are related by the formula 𝑀 = 𝑘𝑟 3 , where 𝑘 is a constant. It is also assumed that the radius is
increasing at a constant rate of 0.1 centimetre per day. On a particular day the radius is 10 cm and the
mass is 3.2 kg. Find the value of 𝑘 and the rate at which the mass is increasing on this day.
10. An oil pipeline under the sea is leaking oil and a circular patch of oil has formed on the surface of the
sea. At midday the radius of the patch of oil is 50 m and is increasing at a rate of 3 metres per hour.
Find the rate at which the area of the oil is increasing at midday.
 35

Unit – III
Parametric equations and Implicit functions
Parametric form:
Generally, equations of straight lines and curves are written in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦 coordinates. These equations
are called Cartesian equations.
For example,
The equation of a straight line is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐.
The equation of a circle with its center at the origin and radius 𝑟 units is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 .
Parametric equations are another way of representing equations of straight lines or curves. We use a new
parameter to define the curve or line. In general, we use 𝜃 or 𝑡 to define the parametric equations.
Hence, the parametric equation for any curve or line can be written in the form 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝜃 ), 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝜃 ).
For example, the parametric equation for a circle with its center at the origin and radius 𝑟 units is given by
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 ; 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
Derivative of parametric equations:
We use Chain rule to differentiate parametric equations.
We have two equations 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝜃 ), 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝜃 ). From these two equations, we can find
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓 ′ (𝜃 ); = 𝑔′ (𝜃 )
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
According to chain rule,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= ×
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃
Hence,
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝜽
= 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝜽
𝒅𝒚
Example III – 1: Find , when 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑 𝒕 and 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒕.
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑎 cos3 𝑡 ⇒ = −3 acos 2 𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = asin3 𝑡 ⇒ = 3 asin2 𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 3 asin2 𝑡 cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡
= 𝑑𝑥 = = − = − tan 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 −3 acos 2 𝑡 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝒅𝒚 𝒂(𝟏−𝒕𝟐 ) 𝟐𝒃𝒕
Example III – 2: Find , when 𝒙 = and 𝒚 =
𝒅𝒙 𝟏+𝒕𝟐 𝟏+𝒕𝟐
𝑎(1 − 𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑎(1 + 𝑡 2 )(−2𝑡) − 𝑎(1 − 𝑡 2 )(2𝑡) −4𝑎𝑡
𝑥= ⇒ = =
1 + 𝑡2 𝑑𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2
2𝑏𝑡 𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2𝑏 − 2𝑏𝑡(2𝑡) 2𝑏(1 − 𝑡 2 )
𝑦= ⇒ = =
1 + 𝑡2 𝑑𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2
 36

𝑑𝑦 2𝑏(1−𝑡 2 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 (1+𝑡 2 )2 𝑏(1 − 𝑡 2 )
= 𝑑𝑥 = −4𝑎𝑡 =−
𝑑𝑥 2𝑎𝑡
𝑑𝑡 (1+𝑡 2 )2

Exercise III – 1
𝒅𝒚
Find for the following and simplify as much as possible:
𝒅𝒙
1. 𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑡 3 , 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑡 4 2. 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃
4
3. 𝑥 = 4𝑡, 𝑦 = 4. 𝑥 = 𝑏 sin2 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos2 𝜃
𝑡

5. 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 − cos 2𝜃 , 𝑦 = sin 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 6. 𝑥 = asec 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑏 tan 𝜃

3𝑎𝑡 3𝑎𝑡 2
7. 𝑥= ,𝑦= 8. 𝑥 = sin 2𝑡 , 𝑦 = cos 2𝑡
1+𝑡 3 1+𝑡 3
9. 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝜃 + sin 𝜃 ), 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃 ) 10. 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 3 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑏 tan3 𝜃
𝜃
11. 𝑥 = 𝑎 (cos 𝜃 + ln tan ) , 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃 12. 𝑥 = 𝑎(2𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 ), 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − cos 2𝜃 )
2

13. 𝑥 = 4 sin 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 3 − 2 cos 2𝜃 14. 𝑥 = 1 + 2 sin2 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 4 tan 𝜃

Applications of derivatives of parametric equations:

𝝅
Example III – 3: Find the equations of the tangent and normal at 𝜽 = to the curve 𝒙 = 𝒂(𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽),
𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒂(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽)
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑎(𝜃 + sin 𝜃 ) ⇒ = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃 )
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
( )
𝑦 = 𝑎 1 + cos 𝜃 = = −𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 sin 𝜃
=−
𝑑𝑥 1 + cos 𝜃
𝜋
At 𝜃 = ,
2
𝜋
𝑑𝑦 sin
2
=− 𝜋 = −1
𝑑𝑥 1 + cos
2

Hence, the slope of the tangent at 𝜃 = 𝜋/2 is −1 and the slope of the normal is 1.
𝜋
At 𝜃 = 𝜋/2, 𝑥 = 𝑎 ( + 1) , 𝑦 = 𝑎
2

Hence, the equation of the tangent is:

𝜋 𝑎𝜋
𝑦 − 𝑎 = −1 (𝑥 − 𝑎 ( + 1)) ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = + 2𝑎
2 2
The equation of the normal is:
𝜋 𝑎𝜋
𝑦 − 𝑎 = 1 (𝑥 − 𝑎 ( + 1)) ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 −
2 2
 37

Example III – 4: Prove that the sum of the intercepts on the coordinate axes of any tangent to the
𝝅
curve 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟒 𝜽, 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒 𝜽, 𝟎 ≤ 𝜽 ≤ is equal to 𝒂.
𝟐

𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑎 cos4 𝜃 ⇒ = −4 acos 3 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = asin4 𝜃 ⇒ = 4 asin3 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 4 asin3 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin2 𝜃
= =−
𝑑𝑥 −4 acos 3 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos2 𝜃
The equation of the tangent is given by,
2
sin 𝜃
𝑦 − asin4 𝜃 = − 2
(𝑥 − 𝑎 cos4 𝜃 )
cos 𝜃
𝑦 cos 2 𝜃 − asin4 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 = −𝑥 sin2 𝜃 + 𝑎 cos4 𝜃 sin2 𝜃
𝑥 sin2 𝜃 + 𝑦 cos2 𝜃 = asin4 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑎 cos4 𝜃 sin2 𝜃
𝑥 sin2 𝜃 + 𝑦 cos2 𝜃 = asin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 (sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 )
𝑥 sin2 𝜃 + 𝑦 cos2 𝜃 = asin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃
𝑥 − intercept is derived by applying 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 − intercept is derived by applying 𝑥 = 0.
Hence, 𝑥 − intercept is 𝑎 sin2 𝜃 and 𝑦 − intercept is 𝑎 cos2 𝜃.
Sum of the intercepts = 𝑎 sin2 𝜃 + 𝑎 cos2 𝜃 = 𝑎

Exercise III – 2
1. The parametric equations of a curve are 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos3 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin3 𝑡. Show that the equation of the
tangent to the curve at the point with the parameter 𝑡 is
𝑥 sin 𝑡 + 𝑦 cos 𝑡 = 𝑎 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡.
Hence, show that, if this tangent meets the 𝑥 −axis at 𝑋 and the 𝑦 − axis at 𝑌, then the length of 𝑋𝑌 is
always equal to 𝑎.
2. The parametric equations of a curve are 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos3 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin3 𝜃. Show that the equation of the
normal to the curve at 𝜃 is
𝑥 cos 𝜃 − 𝑦 sin 𝜃 = 𝑎 cos 2𝜃
3. The parametric equations of a curve are 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑒 −𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 .
(i) Show that
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 2𝑡 − 1
𝑑𝑥
(ii) Find the exact value of 𝑡 at the point on the curve at which the gradient is 2.
9
4. The parametric equations of a curve are 𝑥 = 1 + ln(𝑡 − 2), 𝑦 = 𝑡 + , for 𝑡 > 2.
𝑡
(i) Show that
𝑑𝑦 (𝑡 2 − 9)(𝑡 − 2)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑡2
(ii) Find the coordinates of the only point on the curve at which the gradient is equal to 0.
𝑡
5. The parametric equations of a curve are 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑡 . Find the gradient of the curve at the
2𝑡+3
point for which 𝑡 = 0.
 38

1
6. The parametric equations of a curve are 𝑥 = ln(tan 𝑡), 𝑦 = sin2 𝑡, where 0 < 𝑡 < 𝜋. Find the
2
equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where 𝑥 = 0.
7. The parametric equations of a curve are 𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑡 + 3.
(i) Show that
𝑑𝑦 𝑡(𝑡 + 2)
=
𝑑𝑥 3𝑒 2𝑡
(ii) Show that the tangent to the curve at the point (1,3) is parallel to the 𝑥 − axis.
(iii) Find the exact coordinates of the other point on the curve at which the tangent is parallel to the
𝑥 −axis.
1 5
8. The parametric equations of a curve are 𝑥 = sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡, 𝑦 = sin3 𝑡 + cos3 𝑡 for 𝜋 < 𝑡 < 𝜋.
4 4

(i) Show that

𝑑𝑦
= −3 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑥
(ii) Find the gradient of the curve at the origin.
(iii) Find the values of 𝑡 for which the gradient of the curve is 1.
1
9. The parametric equations of a curve are 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = √𝑡 + 2. The point 𝑃 on the curve has
(2𝑡+1)2
parameter 𝑝 and it is given that the gradient of the curve at 𝑃 is −1.
(i) Show that
1 1
𝑝 = (𝑝 + 2)6 −
2
(ii) Use an iterative process with initial value as 0.7 to find the value of 𝑝.

Implicit functions:
If the equation of a curve is given as 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0, then such functions are called implicit functions.
For example, 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 3, 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 = 10 etc.
Derivatives of Implicit functions:
𝑑𝑦
Without rearranging the given equation into the form 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥 ), we can differentiate it to find .
𝑑𝑥
To perform this, we need to understand the differentiation of 𝑓 (𝑦).
𝑑𝑢
Say, 𝑢 = 𝑦 3 . To find , we use chain rule as follows.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑦3 ⇒ = 3𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦
According to chain rule,
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= × = 3𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Hence, whenever we differentiate a function of 𝑦, after applying the derivation formula, just write next to
𝑑𝑥
that.
 39

Few examples are,

𝑑 𝑑𝑦
(sin 𝑦) = cos 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(𝑒 ) = 2𝑒 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(ln cos 𝑦) = × − sin 𝑦 × = − tan 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 3 𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 𝑦 ) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚
Example III – 5: Find of the curve 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑 = 𝟒.
𝒅𝒙
𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 = 4
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 2 𝑦 − 8𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 2 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(3𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 2 𝑦) = 8𝑥𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 8𝑥𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2
=
𝑑𝑥 3𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 2 𝑦
𝒅𝒚
Example III – 6: Find of the curve 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 − 𝒚) = 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) − tan(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 1
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) (1 + ) − sec 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦) (1 − ) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) + sec 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)) = sec 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦) − cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 sec 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦) − cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)
=
𝑑𝑥 cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) + sec 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)

Exercise III – 3
𝒅𝒚
Find of the following implicit functions and simplify as much as possible:
𝒅𝒙
𝑥2 𝑦2
1. − =1 2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑦 3. 𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 = 4𝑎2 𝑥 3 𝑦 3
𝑎2 𝑏2
4. 𝑦 tan 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 0 5. (1 + 𝑦 2 ) sec 𝑥 − 𝑦 cot 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 2
𝑦
6. 2𝑦 2 + + tan2 𝑥 + sin 𝑦 = 0 7. 𝑥𝑦 = tan(𝑥𝑦) 8. 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑚+𝑛
1+𝑥 2

9. 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 10. 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 11. 𝑥𝑦 = 100(𝑥 + 𝑦)

𝑑𝑦
12. By taking logarithms on both sides of the equation, find when 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
13. By taking logarithms on both sides of the equation, find the derivative of 𝑦, where 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥
 40

−1 𝑥
14. By taking logarithms on both sides of the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan , show that
𝑑𝑦 tan−1 𝑥
tan−1 𝑥 ln 𝑥
=𝑥 [ + ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
15. By taking logarithms on both sides of the equation 𝑦 = (tan−1 𝑥 )ln 𝑥 , show that
𝑑𝑦 −1 ln 𝑥
ln 𝑥 ln tan−1 𝑥
= (tan 𝑥 ) [ + ]
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) tan−1 𝑥 𝑥
16. If 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, show that
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥 + ℎ𝑦 + 𝑔
+ =0
𝑑𝑥 ℎ𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑓
Applications of derivatives of implicit functions:
Example III – 7: Find the equation of the tangent to the parabola 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝒙 which forms an angle
𝟒𝟓° with the 𝒙 − axis.
Since the tangent makes an angle 45° with the 𝑥 − axis, the gradient of the tangent is:
𝑚 = tan 45° = 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
The gradient of the tangent is given by . Hence, 𝑑𝑥 = 1.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Let us find . Differentiating the equation of the parabola with respect to 𝑥,
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 10
2𝑦 = 20 ⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
10
= 1 ⇒ 𝑦 = 10
𝑦
To find 𝑥, 102 = 20𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 5
Hence, the equation of the tangent is
𝑦 − 10 = 1(𝑥 − 5) ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5
Example III – 8: At what points on the curve 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 is the tangent parallel to the
(i) 𝒙 − axis (ii) 𝒚 − axis
Differentiating the equation with respect to 𝑥,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 −2−4 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(2𝑦 − 4) = 2 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 − 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 − 2
(i) When the tangent is parallel to the 𝑥 − axis, its gradient equals to zero.
1−𝑥
=0⇒1−𝑥 =0⇒𝑥 =1
𝑦−2
Applying in the equation of the curve,
1 + 𝑦 2 − 2 − 4𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦(𝑦 − 4) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 0, 4
Hence, the tangents at the points (1,0) and (1,4) are parallel to the 𝑥 −axis.
 41

(ii) When the tangent is parallel to 𝑦 − axis, gradient is not defined. Hence, the denominator of the
gradient function equals to zero.
𝑦−2=0⇒𝑦 =2
Applying in the equation of the curve,
𝑥 2 + 4 − 2𝑥 − 8 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1,3
Hence, the tangents at the points (−1,2) and (3,2) are parallel to the 𝑦 −axis.

Exercise III – 4
1. The equation of a curve is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 3 = 0.
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦−𝑥
(i) Show that =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦−2𝑥
(ii) Find the coordinates of each of the points on the curve where the tangent is parallel to the
𝑥 − axis.
2. The equation of a curve is 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 2𝑎3 . Show that there is only one point on the curve at which
the tangent is parallel to the 𝑥 − axis, and find the coordinates of this point.
3. The equation of a curve is 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 = 3. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the
point (2,1), giving your answer in the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0.
4. The equation of a curve is 𝑥 ln 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point
where 𝑦 = 1, giving your answer in the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0.
5. The curve with equation 6𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑘𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑒 2𝑦 = 𝑐 passes through the point 𝑃 with coordinates
(ln 3 , ln 2).
(i) Show that 58 + 2𝑘 = 𝑐.
(ii) Given also that the gradient of the curve at 𝑃 is −6, find the values of 𝑘 and 𝑐.
6. The equation of a curve is 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 45. Show that there are no points on the curve at which
the gradient is 1.
7. The equation of a curve is ln(𝑥𝑦) − 𝑦 3 = 1.
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
(i) Show that = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(3𝑦 3 −1)
(ii) Find the coordinates of the point where the tangent to the curve is parallel to the 𝑦 − axis.
8. The variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 satisfy the equation 5𝑦+1 = 23𝑥 .
(i) By taking logarithms on both sides of the equation, find the exact value of the gradient of this
line.
(ii) Find the coordinates of the point at which the line cuts the 𝑦 − axis.
9.

The equation of the curve shown in the above figure is 𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑦 2 − 3𝑎𝑥 2 = 0. Find the 𝑥 −
coordinate of the maximum point on the curve in terms of 𝑎.
 42

10. Find the points on the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 13 for which its tangents are parallel to the line 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7.
11. Find the equations of the tangents to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 52 which are parallel to the line
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6
 43

Answers
Unit - I – Anti derivatives
Exercise I – 1
1 1 1
3. (i) 5𝑥 4 + 16𝑥 3 + 21𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 (ii) 1− (iii) − 3
𝑥2 2√𝑥
2𝑥 2
1
(iv) 12𝑥 − 19 (v) 7𝑥 6 + 𝑒 𝑥 (vi) (vii) 3 cos 𝑥 − 4 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥
7 3
(viii) 𝑒 𝑥 + 3 sec 2 𝑥 (ix) + 2 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 (x) − 5 + 7 sec 2 𝑥
𝑥
2𝑥2
12
(xi) 4𝑥 − 6 −
𝑥2
4. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 8; 𝑓 ′ (2) = 4; 𝑓 ′ (10) = 292 5. 𝑎 = 1; 𝑏 = 7
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉
6. = 4𝜋𝑟 2 ; ] = 16𝜋
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟=2

Exercise I – 2
1 6 sin 𝑥
1. 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 ) 2. 2 (ln 𝑥 + 3) 3. + 6 ln 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑥
3𝑥3
4. 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2) + (𝑥 3 − 1)(4𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 4)
5. 2 sin 𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑏 sin 𝑥 ) − 𝑏 cos 𝑥 (1 − 2 cos 𝑥 ) 6. − cosec 𝑥 (2 cosec 2 𝑥 − 1)
7. sin 2𝑥 8. −3 cos2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 9. 12𝑥 (3𝑥 2 + 1) 10. 24𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 2
11. (3 sec 𝑥 − 4 cosec 𝑥 )(2 cos 𝑥 − 5 sin 𝑥 ) + (3 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 4 cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 )(2 sin 𝑥 + 5 cos 𝑥 )
12. 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 )
Exercise I – 3
−10 22 6𝑥 7 −28𝑥 6 +47
I. 1. 2. 3.
𝑥3 (4𝑥+5)2 (𝑥−4)2
1
(𝑥 2 +𝑒 𝑥 )(−sin 𝑥+ )−(cos 𝑥+ln 𝑥)(2𝑥+𝑒 𝑥 ) 4𝑥(1−2 ln 𝑥)
𝑥
4. 5.
(𝑥 2 +𝑒 𝑥 )2 (ln 𝑥+2𝑥 2 )2
sin 𝑥−𝑥 ln 𝑥 cos 𝑥 −(2𝑎𝑥+𝑏) −2 sec2 𝑥
6. 7. 8.
𝑥 sin2 𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 )2 (tan 𝑥−1)2
−𝑥 2 −2 2(1−𝑥 ln 𝑥) −2
9. 10. 11.
(𝑥 sin 𝑥−cos 𝑥)2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥−cos 𝑥)2

Exercise I – 4
sin 𝑥
− cosec2 𝑥 sec2 ln 𝑥
1. tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 2. 𝑒 cos 𝑥 3. 4.
2√1+cot 𝑥 𝑥
𝑒 𝑏𝑥 (𝑎 sin(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)+𝑏 cos(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)) 1 𝜋 𝑥
5. 6. tan ( + )
cos2 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏) 2 4 2
3
𝑥 𝑥
3 1
7. (𝑒 + 3) cot(𝑒 + 3𝑥 − 2) 8.
2
√ 𝑥 cos 𝑥2 9. −
2√𝑥
sin √𝑥

𝑒 sin ln 𝑥 cos ln 𝑥
10.
𝑥
 44

Exercise I – 5
1. 6𝑥 + 2 sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 2. −2 cosec 2 𝑥 (1 + 3 cot 2 𝑥 ) 3. 2
4. 2 cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 sin 𝑥 5. 𝑚3 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 6 6. 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥
4
9. (4, )
𝑒2
Exercise I – 6
1 2𝑥
1. (a) (b) −1 (c) 1 6. − 2
𝑥(1+(ln 𝑥)2 ) (1+𝑥2 )

Unit - II – Applications of derivatives

Exercise II – 1
5 𝜋 𝜋 9 2
1. 2. 𝑥= ,
6 3
3. 5. − <𝑥<2
3
21 50
6.

Equation of tangent Equation of normal

(i) 8𝑥 + 𝑦 + 9 = 0 𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 58 = 0
(ii) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4
(iii) 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 9 3𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 7
𝜋
(iv) 𝑦=2 𝑥=
6
𝜋 1 𝜋
(v) 𝑦 − (√2 + 1) = (2 + √2) (𝑥 − ) 𝑦 − (√2 + 1) = (− ) (𝑥 − )
4 2 + √2 4
𝜋 3𝜋
(vi) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − =0 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − =0
2 2

7. 𝑒𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1 8. 2𝑦 = 10𝑥 − 9 9. 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 8
Exercise II – 2
3
1. (i) 𝑥𝐴 = , 𝑥𝐵 = 3 (ii) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2 (iii) 36.9°
2
3 9 9
2. (i) 9𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 27 (ii) 𝐵𝐶 = 10 3. (i) 2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 9 (ii) (− 2 , 4)
4
1 3
3. (iii) ( , 4 ) 4. (i) 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 (ii) ±108.4°/±71.6°
2 4
5. 𝑥 + 9𝑦 ± 20 = 0
Exercise II – 3
1 1 1 1
1. 𝑥 > 2 ;𝑥 < 2. Increasing in < − ; Decreasing in 𝑥 > −
2 2 2 2
3. Increasing in 𝑥 < −1 or > 1 ; Decreasing in −1 < 𝑥 < 1 4. Increasing function.
𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
5. Increasing in <𝑥< ; Decreasing in 0 < 𝑥 < and < 𝑥 < 2𝜋
3 3 3 3
6. Increasing in 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
 45

Exercise II – 4
1. Minimum Point 2. Minimum (4,5), Maximum (2,1)
1 4
3. Minimum (1,0), Maximum ( , ) 4. 𝑢 = 12, Maximum
3 27
𝜋 1 1
5. (1, −𝑒), Minimum 6. 𝑥=− 7. (𝑒 , − 𝑒), Minimum 8. 𝑥 = 0.365, 1.21
4
Exercise II – 5
𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋
1. 𝑥= , , ; Maximum 2. 𝑎 = 1.35 3. (1, −𝑒); Minimum
12 12 2
1 1
4. (i) (− 2 , − 2𝑒) (ii) 1.35 5. (iii) 1.08 6. (iii) 3.21

Exercise II – 6
30
1. 6 and 9 2. 7.5 and 7.5 6. each 8. 8 cm
𝜋+4
10. 75 items, Profit 4000
Exercise II – 7
80
1. (ii) 2. (ii) 𝐴 = 225, Maximum 3. 𝑉 = 64, Maximum
𝜋+4
4. 𝑆 = 150𝜋, Minimum 5. Minimum at 𝑥 = 𝑘 − 2, Maximum at 𝑥 = −𝑘 − 2
6. 𝑥=2 7. 𝐴 = 975 8. (ii) Maximum 9. 𝐴 = 48, Maximum
Exercise II – 8
1. (i) 100 m/s (ii) 𝑡=4 (iii) 200 m (iv) −100 m/s 2. 𝑎 = −12, 𝐾. 𝐸 = 0
3. (i) 72 km/hr (ii) 60 m 4. 1.59°𝐶/𝑠 5. 0.233 m/year
6 1
6. ft/min 7. −0.018 units per second 8. cm/sec
5𝜋 8𝜋
9. 𝑘 = 0.0032, 0.096 kg/day 10. 300𝜋 m2 /hour
Unit - III – Parametric Equations and Implicit functions
Exercise III – 1
2𝑡 1 𝑎 cos 𝜃−2 cos 2𝜃
1. 2. − cot 𝜃 3. − 4. − 5.
3 𝑡2 𝑏 2 sin 2𝜃−sin 𝜃
𝑏 𝑡(2−𝑡 3 ) 𝜃 𝑏
6. cosec 𝜃 7. 8. − tan 2𝑡 9. tan 10. sin 𝜃
𝑎 1−2𝑡 3 2 𝑎
1
11. tan 𝜃 12. cot 𝜃 13. 2 sin 𝜃 14.
sin 𝜃 cos3 𝜃
Exercise III – 2
1
3. (ii) ln 3 4. (ii) (1,6) 5. −6 6. 2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1
2
3
7. (iii) (𝑒 −6 , 4𝑒 −2 + 3) 8. (ii) (iii) 𝑡 = 1.9,2.8 9. 𝑝 = 0.678
2
 46

Exercise III – 3
𝑏2 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑥 2 (𝑥−3𝑎2 𝑦 3 ) 2+𝑦(sec2 𝑥+𝑦 sin 𝑥)
1. 2. 3. 4.
𝑎2 𝑦 1−𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑦 2 (3𝑎2 𝑥 3 −𝑦) 2𝑦 cos 𝑥−tan 𝑥
2
𝑦 cosec2 𝑥+(1+𝑦 2 ) sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥−2𝑥 2(𝑥𝑦−(1+𝑥 2 ) tan 𝑥 sec2 𝑥)
5. 6.
cot 𝑥−2𝑦 sec 𝑥 (1+𝑥 2 )(4𝑦(1+𝑥 2 )+(1+𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑦+1)
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 +𝑦+𝑒 −𝑦 −2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 (1−𝑒 𝑦 )
7. − 8. 9. 10.
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥𝑒 −𝑦 −𝑒 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −1
100−𝑦 𝑦(𝑥 ln 𝑦−𝑦)
11. 12. 13. 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑥−100 𝑥(𝑦 ln 𝑥−𝑥)

Exercise III – 4
1. (ii) (2,1), (−2, −1) 2. (𝑎, −2𝑎) 3. 8𝑥 − 7𝑦 − 9 = 0
4. 4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0 5. (ii) 𝑘 = 5; 𝑐 = 68 7. (ii) (5.47,0.693)
3 ln 2
8. (i) (ii) (0, −1) 9. 𝑥 = √3𝑎 10. (2,3), (−2, −3)
ln 5
11. 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 ± 26 = 0
 47

Module Summary
Introduction to Derivatives
▶ Gradient of a curve:
• The gradient is a parameter which shows the direction of the points moving along a curve or a line.
• The direction of the points on a curve keeps on changing along the curve. Hence, the gradient of a
curve is variable. It varies at every point on the curve.
• The derivative of a function gives the gradient of its curve at any point.
▶ Formulae for derivatives of few functions:
𝒅𝒚
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇′ (𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
𝑥𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
constant 0
1
√𝑥
2√𝑥
𝑥
𝑒 𝑒𝑥
1
ln 𝑥
𝑥
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥
cot 𝑥 − cosec 2 𝑥
sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
cosec 𝑥 − cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑛𝑎(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛−1
1
tan−1 𝑥
1 + 𝑥2
▶ Product rule:
• The Product rule used to differentiate the product of two distinct functions is given by,
𝒅 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖
(𝒖𝒗) = 𝒖 +𝒗
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
▶ Quotient rule:
• The Quotient rule used to differentiate the ratio of two distinct functions is given by,
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
𝒅 𝒖 𝒗 −𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
( )=
𝒅𝒙 𝒗 𝒗𝟐
▶ Chain rule:
• This rule is used for differentiating composite functions
• Suppose if 𝑦 varies with respect to a variable 𝑢 and 𝑢 varies with respect to 𝑥, then the gradient of the
curve with respect to 𝑥 can be written as
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
= .
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙
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• This is called the chain rule. This can be extended to any number of variables as follows.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
= . . = . . .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑥
▶ Higher Order Derivatives:
𝑑𝑦
• The derivative of 𝑦 is denoted as . This is called as the gradient of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ).
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
• When is differentiated with respect to 𝑥, we get the change in gradient with respect to 𝑥. This is
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
denoted as
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
( ) = 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2𝑦
• The other notations used for are 𝑦 ′′ , 𝑦2 , 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ).
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
• is called as the first order derivative. is called as the second order derivative. Similarly, we
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
have third order and higher order derivatives.

Applications of derivatives
▶ Tangents and Normals:
• The gradient of a curve at any point is equal to the gradient of the tangent to the curve at that point.
• This concept is used to find the equation of tangent to the curve at a given point.
Steps to follow:
1. Find the derivative of the given function.
2. Apply the given point (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) in the derivative to find the gradient (𝒎) of the function at the
point.
3. Now, find the equation of the tangent using 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
• A normal is a line which is perpendicular to a tangent at the touching point of the tangent to the curve.
𝟏
• The equation of the normal is given by 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = − 𝒎 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )

▶ Increasing and decreasing functions:

• When a curve is increasing, the gradient of the curve in that interval is positive.
𝒅𝒚
>𝟎
𝒅𝒙
• When the curve is decreasing, the gradient of the curve is negative.
𝒅𝒚
<𝟎
𝒅𝒙
▶ Stationary points (Maxima/Minima):
• The points at which a graph changes its direction from increasing to decreasing or from decreasing to
increasing are called Stationary points or Turning points.
• The points at which the curve changes its direction from increasing to decreasing are called Maximum
points.
• The points at which the curve changes its direction from decreasing to increasing are called Minimum
points.
• The tangents drawn at stationary points are parallel to the 𝑥 −axis.
𝑑𝑦
• We can find the stationary points using the condition = 0.
𝑑𝑥
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▶ Application of second order derivatives:

• The second order derivative is applied in determining the nature of stationary points.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
• The meaning of 2 is the change in the gradient ( ).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• When the curve is increasing, the gradient is positive. It becomes zero at the maximum point. After
that, the gradient changes to negative. Hence, at a maximum point,

𝒅𝟐 𝒚
<𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐
• When the curve is decreasing, the gradient is negative. It becomes zero at the minimum point. After
that, the gradient changes to positive. Hence, at a minimum point,

𝒅𝟐 𝒚
>𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐
▶ Derivatives as rates of change:
Velocity and Acceleration:
• If velocity is not constant, then it is derived from the gradient of the distance-time graph, which is
equal to the derivative of the distance-time relationship. Hence,
𝒅𝒙
𝑽=
𝒅𝒕
where 𝑥 is the distance travelled and 𝑡 is the time taken to travel that distance.
• Similarly, the acceleration(𝐴) of the object is defined as the rate of change of velocity which is given
by
𝒅𝑽
𝑨=
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝟐 𝒙
𝑨= 𝟐
𝒅𝒕
The second order derivative of the distance-time relationship gives the acceleration.
Note:
(i) Initial velocity means velocity at 𝒕 = 𝟎.
(ii) Initial acceleration means acceleration at 𝒕 = 𝟎.
(iii) If the motion is upward, at the maximum height, the velocity is zero.
(iv) If the motion is horizontal, velocity is zero when the particle comes to rest.
▶ Related rates:
In certain cases, if a parameter depends on more than one parameter, then chain rule can be used.
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Parametric equations and Implicit functions

▶ Derivatives of Parametric equations:
If the parametric equation for a curve is given by 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝜃 ), 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝜃 ), then
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝜽
= 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝜽

▶ Derivatives of Implicit functions:

𝑑𝑦
▶ Whenever we differentiate a function of 𝑦, after applying the derivation formula, just write
𝑑𝑥
next to that.
▶ If the gradient of the tangent is
𝒅𝒚 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)
=
𝒅𝒙 𝒈(𝒙, 𝒚)
and if the tangent is parallel to the 𝑥 − axis, then 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0
and if the tangent is parallel to the 𝑦 − axis, then 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0.
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