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Differentiation Notes

Differentiation is the process of finding the derivative of a function, which indicates its rate of change. The document outlines basic differentiation formulas, rules such as the sum/difference, product, quotient, and chain rules, as well as higher-order derivatives and their applications in finding slopes, maxima and minima, rate of change, and optimization problems.

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13 views2 pages

Differentiation Notes

Differentiation is the process of finding the derivative of a function, which indicates its rate of change. The document outlines basic differentiation formulas, rules such as the sum/difference, product, quotient, and chain rules, as well as higher-order derivatives and their applications in finding slopes, maxima and minima, rate of change, and optimization problems.

Uploaded by

Kajal pundir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Differentiation Notes

1. Basics of Differentiation

Differentiation is the process of finding the derivative of a function, which represents the rate of
change of the function.

If y=f(x)y = f(x)y=f(x), the derivative of yyy with respect to xxx is denoted as:

dydxorf′(x)\frac{dy}{dx} \quad \text{or} \quad f'(x)dxdyorf′(x)

2. Basic Differentiation Formulas

Function f(x)f(x)f(x) Derivative f′(x)f'(x)f′(x)

ccc (constant) 0

xnx^nxn nxn−1nx^{n-1}nxn−1

exe^xex exe^xex

axa^xax axln⁡aa^x \ln aaxlna

ln⁡x\ln xlnx 1x\frac{1}{x}x1

sin⁡x\sin xsinx cos⁡x\cos xcosx

cos⁡x\cos xcosx −sin⁡x-\sin x−sinx

tan⁡x\tan xtanx sec⁡2x\sec^2 xsec2x

cot⁡x\cot xcotx −csc⁡2x-\csc^2 x−csc2x

sec⁡x\sec xsecx sec⁡xtan⁡x\sec x \tan xsecxtanx

csc⁡x\csc xcscx −csc⁡xcot⁡x-\csc x \cot x−cscxcotx

3. Differentiation Rules

1. Sum/Difference Rule:

ddx[f(x)±g(x)]=f′(x)±g′(x)\frac{d}{dx} [f(x) \pm g(x)] = f'(x) \pm g'(x)dxd[f(x)±g(x)]=f′(x)±g′(x)

2. Product Rule:

ddx[f(x)g(x)]=f′(x)g(x)+f(x)g′(x)\frac{d}{dx} [f(x) g(x)] = f'(x) g(x) + f(x) g'(x)dxd[f(x)g(x)]=f′(x)g(x)+f(x)g′


(x)

3. Quotient Rule:

ddx[f(x)g(x)]=f′(x)g(x)−f(x)g′(x)g2(x)\frac{d}{dx} \left[ \frac{f(x)}{g(x)} \right] = \frac{f'(x) g(x) - f(x) g'(x)}


{g^2(x)}dxd[g(x)f(x)]=g2(x)f′(x)g(x)−f(x)g′(x)

4. Chain Rule:
If y=f(g(x))y = f(g(x))y=f(g(x)), then
dydx=f′(g(x))⋅g′(x)\frac{dy}{dx} = f'(g(x)) \cdot g'(x)dxdy=f′(g(x))⋅g′(x)

4. Higher-Order Derivatives

 First derivative: f′(x)f'(x)f′(x) (rate of change of f(x)f(x)f(x))

 Second derivative: f′′(x)f''(x)f′′(x) (rate of change of f′(x)f'(x)f′(x), used to determine


concavity)

 nth derivative: f(n)(x)f^{(n)}(x)f(n)(x)

5. Applications of Differentiation

 Finding Slopes: f′(x)f'(x)f′(x) gives the slope of the tangent to a curve.

 Maxima and Minima:

o If f′(x)=0f'(x) = 0f′(x)=0 and f′′(x)>0f''(x) > 0f′′(x)>0, it’s a minimum.

o If f′(x)=0f'(x) = 0f′(x)=0 and f′′(x)<0f''(x) < 0f′′(x)<0, it’s a maximum.

 Rate of Change: Used in physics and economics to measure change over time.

 Optimization Problems: Used to find the maximum or minimum values of functions in real-
life applications.

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