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Integration Notes

The document provides an overview of integration, detailing its purpose as the reverse of differentiation and its applications in finding areas under curves and solving differential equations. It includes basic integration formulas, properties, types of integration methods such as substitution, integration by parts, and partial fraction decomposition, as well as the concept of definite integration. Additionally, it highlights practical applications of integration in various fields, including physics.

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Kajal pundir
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3 views

Integration Notes

The document provides an overview of integration, detailing its purpose as the reverse of differentiation and its applications in finding areas under curves and solving differential equations. It includes basic integration formulas, properties, types of integration methods such as substitution, integration by parts, and partial fraction decomposition, as well as the concept of definite integration. Additionally, it highlights practical applications of integration in various fields, including physics.

Uploaded by

Kajal pundir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integration Notes

Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. It is used to find the area under a curve, the
antiderivative of a function, and to solve differential equations.

1. Basics of Integration

If F(x)F(x)F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x)f(x)f(x), then the indefinite integral is written as:

∫f(x) dx=F(x)+C\int f(x) \,dx = F(x) + C∫f(x)dx=F(x)+C

where CCC is the constant of integration.

2. Basic Integration Formulas

Function f(x)f(x)f(x) Integral ∫f(x)dx\int f(x) dx∫f(x)dx

xnx^nxn (where n≠−1n \neq -1n=−1) xn+1n+1+C\frac{x^{n+1}}{n+1} + Cn+1xn+1+C

exe^xex ex+Ce^x + Cex+C

axa^xax axln⁡a+C\frac{a^x}{\ln a} + Clnaax+C

1x\frac{1}{x}x1 ( \ln

sin⁡x\sin xsinx −cos⁡x+C-\cos x + C−cosx+C

cos⁡x\cos xcosx sin⁡x+C\sin x + Csinx+C

sec⁡2x\sec^2 xsec2x tan⁡x+C\tan x + Ctanx+C

csc⁡2x\csc^2 xcsc2x −cot⁡x+C-\cot x + C−cotx+C

sec⁡xtan⁡x\sec x \tan xsecxtanx sec⁡x+C\sec x + Csecx+C

csc⁡xcot⁡x\csc x \cot xcscxcotx −csc⁡x+C-\csc x + C−cscx+C

3. Properties of Integration

1. Sum/Difference Rule:

∫[f(x)±g(x)] dx=∫f(x) dx±∫g(x) dx\int [f(x) \pm g(x)] \,dx = \int f(x) \,dx \pm \int g(x) \,dx∫[f(x)
±g(x)]dx=∫f(x)dx±∫g(x)dx

2. Constant Multiplication Rule:

∫kf(x) dx=k∫f(x) dx\int k f(x) \,dx = k \int f(x) \,dx∫kf(x)dx=k∫f(x)dx

4. Types of Integration

(a) Substitution Method (Change of Variable)


Used when the function is complex.
If I=∫f(g(x))g′(x) dxI = \int f(g(x)) g'(x) \,dxI=∫f(g(x))g′(x)dx, use substitution:
Let t=g(x)t = g(x)t=g(x), then dt=g′(x)dxdt = g'(x) dxdt=g′(x)dx, so

I=∫f(t)dtI = \int f(t) dtI=∫f(t)dt

✅ Example:

∫xex2 dx\int x e^{x^2} \,dx∫xex2dx

Let t=x2t = x^2t=x2, so dt=2xdxdt = 2x dxdt=2xdx.


Thus, dt2=xdx\frac{dt}{2} = x dx2dt=xdx, and the integral becomes:

12∫etdt=12et+C=12ex2+C\frac{1}{2} \int e^t dt = \frac{1}{2} e^t + C = \frac{1}{2} e^{x^2} + C21


∫etdt=21et+C=21ex2+C

(b) Integration by Parts

Used when the integral is a product of two functions.


Formula:

∫uv dx=u∫v dx−∫(dudx∫v dx)dx\int u v \,dx = u \int v \,dx - \int \left( \frac{du}{dx} \int v \,dx \right)
dx∫uvdx=u∫vdx−∫(dxdu∫vdx)dx

(Choose uuu using the LIATE rule: Logarithmic, Inverse trigonometric, Algebraic, Trigonometric,
Exponential)

✅ Example:

∫xln⁡x dx\int x \ln x \,dx∫xlnxdx

Let u=ln⁡xu = \ln xu=lnx, so du=1xdxdu = \frac{1}{x} dxdu=x1dx.


Let dv=xdxdv = x dxdv=xdx, so v=x22v = \frac{x^2}{2}v=2x2.

I=ln⁡x⋅x22−∫x22⋅1xdxI = \ln x \cdot \frac{x^2}{2} - \int \frac{x^2}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{x} dxI=lnx⋅2x2−∫2x2


⋅x1dx =x22ln⁡x−12∫xdx= \frac{x^2}{2} \ln x - \frac{1}{2} \int x dx=2x2lnx−21∫xdx =x22ln⁡x−x24+C= \
frac{x^2}{2} \ln x - \frac{x^2}{4} + C=2x2lnx−4x2+C

(c) Partial Fraction Decomposition

Used for rational functions of the form P(x)Q(x)\frac{P(x)}{Q(x)}Q(x)P(x).


We express P(x)Q(x)\frac{P(x)}{Q(x)}Q(x)P(x) as a sum of simpler fractions and integrate separately.

✅ Example:

∫1x2−1 dx\int \frac{1}{x^2 - 1} \,dx∫x2−11dx

Factor denominator:

x2−1=(x−1)(x+1)x^2 - 1 = (x - 1)(x + 1)x2−1=(x−1)(x+1)

Rewrite as:

1(x−1)(x+1)=Ax−1+Bx+1\frac{1}{(x-1)(x+1)} = \frac{A}{x-1} + \frac{B}{x+1}(x−1)(x+1)1=x−1A+x+1B


Solve for AAA and BBB, then integrate separately.

(d) Definite Integration

For a function f(x)f(x)f(x) over [a,b][a, b][a,b], the definite integral is:

∫abf(x) dx=F(b)−F(a)\int_{a}^{b} f(x) \,dx = F(b) - F(a)∫abf(x)dx=F(b)−F(a)

✅ Example:

∫01x2dx\int_0^1 x^2 dx∫01x2dx

Using ∫xndx=xn+1n+1\int x^n dx = \frac{x^{n+1}}{n+1}∫xndx=n+1xn+1,

∫x2dx=x33\int x^2 dx = \frac{x^3}{3}∫x2dx=3x3 F(1)−F(0)=133−033=13−0=13F(1) - F(0) = \frac{1^3}{3}


- \frac{0^3}{3} = \frac{1}{3} - 0 = \frac{1}{3}F(1)−F(0)=313−303=31−0=31

5. Applications of Integration

 Finding Areas under curves

 Solving Differential Equations

 Finding Volume of solids of revolution

 Calculating Displacement & Velocity in physics

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