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DYNAMICS OF STRUCTURES
WITH
MATLAB® APPLICATIONS

Ashok K. Jain
Professor of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Roorkee
Copyright © 2017 Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd

Published by Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd, CIN: U72200TN2005PTC057128,

formerly known as TutorVista Global Pvt. Ltd, licensee of Pearson Education in South Asia.

No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the
publisher’s prior written consent.

This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher
reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time.

ISBN 978-93-325-5855-7
eISBN 978-93-325-782 6-5

Head Office: A-8 (A), 7th Floor, Knowledge Boulevard, Sector 62, Noida 201 309,
Uttar Pradesh, India.
Registered Office: 4th Floor, Software Block, Elnet Software City, TS 140, Block 2 & 9,
Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India.
Fax: 080-30461003, Phone: 080-30461060
www.pearson.co.in, Email: [email protected]
 Dedicated to
my grandchildren, Dhruv and Samyukta, who made me
understand energy dissipation mechanisms
in live dynamic systems
This page is intentionally left blank
 Brief Contents

Prefacexv
About the Author xix

Part 1 Single degree of Freedom Systems1

Chapter 1 Introduction to Structural Dynamics 3

Chapter 2 Single Degree of Freedom System: Free Vibrations 33
Chapter 3 Single Degree of Freedom System: Harmonic Loading 63
Chapter 4 Single Degree of Freedom System: Periodic Loading 91
Chapter 5 Single Degree of Freedom System: Impulse Loading 129
Chapter 6 Single Degree of Freedom System: Machine Vibrations 161
Chapter 7 Direct Integration of Equation of Motion 185
Chapter 8 Elastic Response Spectra 217

Part 2 Multi-degree of Freedom Systems 261

Chapter 9 Two-degree of Freedom Systems 263

Chapter 10 Multi-degree of Freedom Systems 305
Chapter 11 Systems with Distributed Mass and Elasticity 363

Part 3 Application to Earthquake Engineering387

Chapter 12 Analysis of Buildings for Earthquake Force 389

Chapter 13 Nonlinear Analysis of Structures 447
Chapter 14 Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 519
vi    Brief Contents

Part 4 Wind Load 575

Chapter 15 Wind Load 577

Appendix 1 Measuring Earthquakes: Magnitude and Intensity 615
Appendix 2 MATLAB Basics 621
Answers to Selected Problems 637
Index645
 Contents

Prefacexv
About the Author xix

Part 1 Single degree of Freedom Systems1

Chapter 1 Introduction to Structural Dynamics 3

1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.1 Why Dynamic Analysis? 6
1.2 Physical and Mathematical Modelling 8
1.3 Discrete and Continuum Modelling 11
1.4 Laws of Equilibrium 15
1.4.1 Newton’s Law of Motion 15
1.4.2 D’Alembert’s Principle 17
1.4.3 Principle of Virtual Displacement 17
1.5 Types of Dynamic Loading 18
1.6 Solution of Equation of Motion 19
1.7 Illustrative Examples 20
Problems29

Chapter 2 Single Degree of Freedom System: Free Vibrations 33

2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Single Degree of Freedom System (SDOF) 34
2.2.1 Undamped Free Vibrations 35
2.2.2 Damped Free Vibrations 36
2.3 MATLAB Applications 40
2.4 Illustrative Examples 46
2.5 Viscous Damping 52
2.6 Coulomb Damping 54
Problems59
viii    Contents

Chapter 3 Single Degree of Freedom System: Harmonic Loading 63

3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Undamped Forced Vibrations 63
3.3 Damped Forced Vibrations 65
3.3.1 Dynamic Magnification Factor 69
3.4 MATLAB Applications 70
3.5 Resonant Response 74
3.6 Measurement of Viscous Damping 77
3.6.1 Resonant Amplification Method 78
3.6.2 Half Power (Bandwidth) Method 78
3.6.3 Energy Loss per Cycle: Resonant Testing Method 79
3.7 Measurement of Coulomb Damping 83
3.8 Illustrative Examples 84
Problems88

Chapter 4 Single Degree of Freedom System: Periodic Loading 91

4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Fourier Series  92
4.3 Undamped System 93
4.4 Damped System  93
4.5 Exponential form of Fourier Series Solution 94
4.6 Frequency Domain Analysis  96
4.7 Illustrative Examples 98
4.8 MATLAB Applications 107
4.9 Human-induced Vibrations in Structures 114
4.9.1 Forces While Walking and Running 114
4.9.2 Vibration Modes of a Bridge Deck 115
4.9.3 Fourier Representation of Running Load 116
4.9.4 Fourier Representation of Walking Load 120
4.10 Codal Provisions for Human Induced Vibrations 120
4.10.1 Natural Frequency of Steel Framed Floor System 120
4.10.2 IS : 800 – 2007 Code Provisions 121
4.10.3 ISO 2631 – 1997 Provisions 121
4.10.4 ISO 10137 2007 Provisions 122
4.10.5 Eurocode Provisions 122
Problems126
References128

Chapter 5 Single Degree of Freedom System: Impulse Loading 129

5.1 Introduction 129
5.2 Duhamel Integral 129
5.3 Undamped System 130
 Contents    ix

5.4 Damped System  131

5.5 Shock Spectra 132
5.6 Illustrative Examples 132
Problems157
References159

Chapter 6 Single Degree of Freedom System: Machine Vibrations 161

6.1 Introduction 161
6.2 Vibration Isolation Due to Base Excitation 163
6.2.1 Isolation of Ground Acceleration  166
6.3 Vibration Isolation Due to Rotating Unbalance 166
6.4 Application to Earthquake Engineering 170
6.5 I.S. Code on Machine Foundations 170
6.5.1 General Requirements 173
6.6 Illustrative Examples 175
Problems183
References184
Further Reading 184

Chapter 7 Direct Integration of Equation of Motion 185

7.1 Introduction 185
7.2 Algorithms 186
7.3 Constant Acceleration Method 187
7.4 Central Difference Method 189
7.5 Incremental Equation of Motion 195
7.6 Linear Acceleration Method 196
7.6.1 Selection of the Time Increment h199
7.7 Newmark b Method 202
7.7.1 Stability of the Newmark Method 205
7.7.2 Newmark Method in Incremental Form 205
7.8 Wilson q Method 212
7.9 Nonlinear Problems 214
Problems215

Chapter 8 Elastic Response Spectra 217

8.1 Introduction 217
8.2 Mathematical Background 221
8.3 Elastic Response Spectra 222
8.3.1 Displacement Response Spectra 222
8.3.2 Velocity Response Spectra 223
8.3.3 Acceleration Response Spectra 224
8.4 Fourier Amplitude Spectra 232
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x    Contents

8.5 Design Response Spectra 234

8.6 Housner’s Average Spectra 236
8.7 Tripartite Graph 238
8.7.1 MATLAB Code 242
8.8 Elastic Design Tripartite Spectra 249
8.9 Indian Code:1893 Part 1-2002 253
8.9.1 Eurocode: EC8-part 1-2004 255
8.9.2 Design Spectrum 257
Problems258
References258

Part 2 Multi-degree of Freedom Systems 261

Chapter 9 Two-degree of Freedom Systems 263

9.1 Introduction 263
9.2 Undamped Free Vibrations 263
9.3 Undamped Forced Vibrations 266
9.4 Damped Forced Vibrations 268
9.5 Undamped Vibration Absorber 269
9.6 Tuned Vibration Absorber 271
9.6.1 Effect of Mass Ratio on the Amplitude of Primary Mass 272
9.6.2 Secondary Mass with Viscous Damping 281
9.6.3 Applications 282
9.7 Illustrative Examples 285
Problems303

Chapter 10 Multi-degree of Freedom Systems 305

10.1 Introduction 305
10.2 Spring Mass Model: Mdof System 306
10.3 Holtzer Method 309
10.4 Dynamic Equilibrium Condition: Mdof System 310
10.4.1 Elastic Force (Spring Force) 311
10.4.2 Damping Force 312
10.4.3 Inertia Force 312
10.5 Undamped Free Vibration Analysis 313
10.5.1 Solution of Eigenvalue Problem 315
10.5.2 Rayleigh’s Quotient 316
10.5.3 Orthogonality Condition of Modes 317
10.5.4 Normalization of Modes 319
10.6 Transformation of Eigenvalue Problem to Standard Form 319
10.7 Normal Coordinates 320
 Contents    xi

10.8 Uncoupled Equations of Motion 321

10.9 Solution of Undamped Free
Vibration Analysis 323
10.10 Response Spectrum Analysis 324
10.10.1 Member Forces 325
10.10.2 Modal Mass 326
10.10.3 Mode Superposition 327
10.10.4 Closely Spaced Modes 328
10.10.5 Minimum Number of Modes 329
10.11 Illustrative Examples 329
10.12 Rayleigh Damping 357
Problems360

Chapter 11 Systems with Distributed Mass and Elasticity 363

11.1 Introduction 363
11.2 Distributed Mass and Stiffness Systems 363
11.3 Simply Supported Beam 367
11.4 Cantilever Beam 369
11.5 Rayleigh’s Principle: Conservation of Energy 371
11.6 Multi-degree of Freedom System 372
11.7 Improved Rayleigh Method 374
11.8 Generalized Sdof Systems 375
11.9 Illustrative Examples 377
11.10 Lumped Mass System: Shear Buildings 381
Problems385
Reference386

Part 3 Application to Earthquake Engineering387

Chapter 12 Analysis of Buildings for Earthquake Force 389

12.1 Introduction 389
12.2 What is a Building? 390
12.3 Structural Systems 390
12.4 Concrete Frame and Shear Walls 395
12.5 Member Proportions 396
12.6 Irregularity in Configurations of Buildings 397
12.7 Modelling of a Building 399
12.8 Base Shear in a Building 400
12.9 Fundamental Period of Vibration 402
xii    Contents

12.10 Earthquake Force 405

12.10.1 Seismic Coefficient Method 406
12.10.2 Response Spectrum Method 407
12.11 Response Reduction Factor 410
12.12 Building on Stilts 414
12.13 Deflection and Separation of Buildings 414
12.14 Illustrative Examples 415
12.15 Special Devices 438
12.15.1 Passive Control Systems 438
12.15.2 Active Control Systems 442
Problems443
References445

Chapter 13 Nonlinear Analysis of Structures 447

13.1 Introduction 447
13.2 Overview of Nonlinearity 448
13.2.1 Measure of Nonlinearity: Ductility 449
13.3 Modeling for Nonlinear Analysis 450
13.3.1 Steel Brace 451
13.3.2 Steel Beam 451
13.3.3 Steel Column 455
13.3.4 Concrete Beam 456
13.3.5 Concrete Column 459
13.3.6 Nonlinear Behaviour of Frames 459
13.4 Nonlinear Analysis 461
13.4.1 Newmark b Method: With Iterations464
13.4.2 Newmark b Method: Without Iterations466
13.5 Illustrative Examples 468
13.6 Inelastic Response Spectra 480
13.7 Smoothened Inelastic Response Spectra 483
13.7.1 New Zealand Code NZS 1170.5:2004 491
13.7.2 Eurocode EC8-part 1:2004 491
13.8 Illustrative Examples 493
13.9 Energy Dissipation Systems 501
13.9.1 Viscoelasticity 502
13.9.2 Hysteresis Behaviour of Dampers 503
13.9.3 ADAS Energy Dissipating System 505
13.10 Modeling of Expansion Gap in Bridges 508
13.11 Illustrative Examples 508
Problems514
References – Further Reading 515
 Contents    xiii

Chapter 14 Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 519

14.1 Introduction 519
14.2 Performance-based Seismic Design  521
14.3 Acceptable Risk in an Earthquake  523
14.4 Requirements for Seismic Rehabilitation 524
14.4.1 Seismic Design Category 524
14.4.2 Building Performance Objectives 525
14.4.3 Rehabilitation Objectives 527
14.5 Nonlinear Procedures  528
14.5.1 Performance Point 531
14.6 Stress–strain Curve for Concrete Section 532
14.7 Moment-curvature Curve for Concrete Section 538
14.8 Axial Force–moment Interaction Curves for Concrete 544
14.9 Acceleration-displacement Response Spectra (ADRS) 545
14.9.1 Elastic A–D Response Spectra 545
14.9.2 Inelastic A–D Response Spectra 547
14.9.3 Acceptance Criteria for Nonlinear Procedures 549
14.10 Illustrative Examples 550
Problems571
References – Further Reading 572

Part 4 Wind Load 575

Chapter 15 Wind Load 577

15.1 Introduction 577
15.2 Terminology 581
15.3 Wind Load 582
15.4 Static Wind Pressure 583
15.4.1 Change of Terrain 589
15.4.2 Design Wind Pressure 590
15.5 Illustrative Examples 590
15.6 Dynamic Wind Pressure 600
15.7 Illustrative Examples 602
15.8 Wind Load on a Truss Bridge 606
15.9 Response of Structures to Wind Load 609
Problems609
References – Further Reading 612

Appendix 1 Measuring Earthquakes: Magnitude and Intensity 615

A1.1 Magnitude 615
A1.2 Intensity 616
xiv    Contents

Appendix 2 MATLAB Basics 621

A2.1 Matlab Basics 621
A2.1.1 Help Command 621
A2.1.2 Parenthesis 621
A2.1.3 Defining Variables 622
A2.1.4 Define a Matrix 623
A2.1.5 Special Matrices 624
A2.1.6 Variable Name “ans” 625
A2.1.7 Who and Whos Commands 625
A2.1.8 Operators 625
A2.1.9 Functions 625
A2.1.10 Matrix Arithmetic and Functions 627
A2.1.11 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 630
A2.2 Working with MS Excel Files 630
A2.3 Conditional Statements 633
A2.4 Basic Graphing Routines 635
A2.5 Matlab Programs with this Book 636

Answers to Selected Problems 637

Index645
 Preface

It is needless to reemphasize the significance and importance of the subject of

dynamics of structures when the architects and engineers are constantly craving for
lightweight but strong materials, and lean and slim structures. Among the whole family
of the subjects on Structural Engineering, this is indeed the most mathematical and,
therefore, most scary. There are an umpteen number of textbooks available on the
subject of Dynamics of Structures that discuss the derivation of equations along with
their physical significance. Nevertheless, it is very difficult to visualize these equations.
FORTRAN has been the most powerful and preferred programming language of
structural engineers, but it was without graphic commands. The subjects of structural
dynamics, stiffness matrix method, nonlinear behaviour of members and structures,
FORTRAN language, and computer hardware and software have evolved together
since early 1960s. There used to be special Tektronix and vt100 graphic terminals,
and Calcomp plotters with proprietary graphics software. The biggest hurdle in
understanding the subject of dynamics remained the inability of easy graphical
representation of equations and dynamic response of structures. Remember SAP IV,
DRAIN-2D and SAKE developed in early 1970s? With the beginning of the twenty-
first century, all that has changed. The desktop and laptop computers, and colour laser
printers with very high resolutions are easily available and affordable. MATLAB is
a very powerful and user-friendly software for carrying out solution of extremely
complicated mathematical equations with built-in graphic functions. Another very
easy and powerful tool is the electronic worksheet such as MS-EXCEL.
The writing of this book was inspired by the following objectives:
•• to present the subject matter with utmost ease,
•• to provide necessary and detailed mathematical background,
•• to introduce more illustrative examples,
•• to present the subject matter useful to final year undergraduate and postgraduate
students,
•• to introduce MS-EXCEL and MATLAB,
•• to introduce nonlinear modelling and analysis,
•• to introduce special damping devices and their modelling, and
•• to introduce practical applications useful to practicing engineers.
xvi    Preface

During the past few years, my students have greatly appreciated the power and
impact of these tools in understanding the subject. An attempt has been made to pre-
sent both elementary topics as well as advanced topics including acceleration–displace-
ment response spectra (ADRS) and performance-based seismic design of structures.
The response of structures with energy dissipating devices subjected to earthquakes is
also presented.

Organization of the Book

A genuine effort has been made to develop the subject from the very basics of simple
harmonic motion of a pendulum and introduce the concept of equation of motion. The
next step is to find its solution. There are several techniques to solve the equations of
motion for different types of dynamic loads. The analysis of structures due to different
dynamic loads has been carried out in Chapters 3 to 7. The estimation of earthquake
force has been discussed in Chapter 8. Analysis of two degrees of freedom system and
tuned mass dampers has been developed in Chapter 9, whereas that of multi-degree-
of-freedom systems has been developed in Chapters 10 and 11.
The analysis of multistorey reinforced concrete and steel buildings subjected to
earthquake loads in accordance with IS:1893 code has been discussed in Chapter 12.
Under a severe earthquake loading, a structure is expected to undergo inelastic region.
Modelling for nonlinear analysis, hysteresis models, solution algorithms, energy dis-
sipating devices, concept of ductility etc. are discussed in Chapter 13. Nowadays, there
is a great emphasis on predicting the performance of a structure under earthquake
loads. The intention is to know whether the structure will remain in immediate occu-
pancy, damage control, life safety, limited safety, or in structural stability states during
an earthquake event. In case there is a downtime for the building after an event, then
how much will it be? What it will cost to the owner and its occupants as a result of
downtime? What will be the estimated extent and cost of repair? Pushover analysis is
used to study the performance-based design. These issues are discussed in Chapter 14.
As on today, we may not have all the answers but these do indicate the direction of
further research.
Finally, the last Chapter 15 is devoted to the estimation of wind loads based on
IS:875-Part 3 and IRC6. Wind may be treated as a static load or dynamic load. The
wind loads on various structures are calculated based on exhaustive studies in wind
tunnels over an extended period of time in various countries. The concepts of fluid
mechanics are involved in the estimation of wind loads. It is important to understand
the estimation of drag coefficient for different shape and size of structures and their
exposed structural elements. It is interesting to know that the dynamic wind loads are
applied statically to a structure to understand its response.
Wherever required, IS:1893, IS:875-part 3, IS:2974, IRC 6, Eurocode 8, ASCE 7,
AISC 341, NZS 1170 and ISO codes have been introduced. Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA), Washington, D.C., and Pacific Earthquake Engineering
Research Center (PEER) have prepared several documents with detailed commen-
tary and background notes including publications under the National Earthquake
 Preface    xvii

Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP).These publications have been introduced as

appropriate. It is recommended that the reader should have a copy of these codes and
research reports to understand and appreciate the latest developments.

How to Study the Subject of Dynamics?

As already pointed out, this is a highly mathematical subject. It is recommended that

the reader should himself/herself derive each equation and make it a general prac-
tice to represent them in graphical form. It will help develop an understanding of the
nature of equations, their physical meaning and interpretation, and, therefore, behav-
iour of the structure under a given dynamic load. MATLAB is a very powerful tool for
learning and exploring the subject. MS-EXCEL is another very powerful tool to carry
out repetitive calculations and represent the data in graphical form. In addition, the
dynamic response of structures subjected to earthquake loading should be understood
using commercially available software such as SAP2000 and ETABS. The GUI in all
these tools is extremely powerful and helpful in unravelling the mystery of dynam-
ics of structures. All such tools must be fully exploited for effective computer-aided
learning.
MATLAB source codes developed in this text can be obtained by requesting at
www.pearsoned.co.in/ashokkjain

Acknowledgements

I wish to thank the following students with whom I had short but intense brainstorming
sessions, sometimes forced as is natural in dynamics, on various aspects of structural
dynamics while they were working on their research projects during their stay at
Roorkee: M. R. Deshpande, S. S. Dasaka, Shri Pal, R. A. Mir, Satish Annigeri, Jainendra
Agarwal, J. Satyanarayan, P. Rajeshwari, M. L. Meena, Abhijit S. Niphade, Sourabh
Agrawal, Ranjith Shetty, Sujit Ashok Gangal, Payal Thukral, Abhinav Gupta, Shabbir
Lokhandwala, Mandakini Dehuri, Pruthvik B. M., Alwin N., Ripu Daman Singh and
Saurabh Khandelwal. In addition, there were several other students who worked on
static problems and had very stimulating technical sessions with me.
Special thanks to Ashok Mittal for our long-distance telephonic discussions
on various aspects of earthquake engineering from the point of view of a structural
designer who was chasing deadlines to finalize computer models and issue structural
drawings, and there remained a few fundamental issues still unresolved. I must admit
that I learnt wind loads from A. K. M. Tripathi who had a deep understanding of wind
loads on TV and MW towers. Sincere thanks to Aparna K. P. who worked with me
for her Master’s thesis with a clean slate and in a very short time picked up the fine
points of inelastic response spectra and acceleration–displacement response spectra,
and helped produce numerous tables and graphs.
xviii    Preface

How can I forget my alma mater, the erstwhile University of Roorkee and now
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, situated in a very small and calm town on
the banks of Ganga and foothills of Himalaya, for providing an excellent work envi-
ronment, library and computing facilities to learn, learn and learn? The University of
Michigan at Ann Arbor, my another alma mater, provided me with excellent labora-
tory facilities in its North Campus to generate hysteresis loops for steel bracing mem-
bers, and computing facilities in its main campus to study the inelastic seismic response
of concentrically and eccentrically braced steel frames.
I acknowledge the editorial and production teams at Pearson consisting of
R. Dheepika, C. Purushothaman and Sojan Jose for their untiring efforts and tolerat-
ing my last-minute changes in producing this book in the present form.
Lastly, I wish to thank my wife Sarita, our children Payal and Gaurav, son-in-law
Vikash and daughter-in-law Saavy, for their unconditional support and encourage-
ment in writing this book. I also thank my father who constantly advised me to write a
book exclusively on earthquake engineering but some how I wasn’t convinced.

Ashok K. Jain
 About the Author

Dr Ashok K. Jain is Professor of Civil Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology

Roorkee (formerly University of Roorkee), obtained his B.E. and M.E. degrees with
honours from the University of Roorkee in 1972 and 1974, and a doctorate degree from
the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in 1978. His main areas of interest include
multistoreyed buildings, concrete and steel bridges, and nonlinear seismic response
of structures. Besides teaching and research, he has been a structural consultant to
various state and central government agencies as well as many private companies.
A recipient of several awards, he has been a research fellow at the University of
Michigan; a visiting Professor at the McGill University, Montreal; Director, Malaviya
National Institute of Technology, Jaipur; and Head of Civil Engineering Department,
I.I.T. Roorkee.
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manuscript a poem of considerable length, called the Charms of
Fancy. He died in 1815, at the age of fifty-seven.

AMES, FISHER, one of the most eloquent of American writers and

statesmen, was born at Dedham, in Massachusetts, in the year
1758. He was educated at Harvard college, where he received his
degree in 1774. About seven years afterwards, he began the
practice of the law, and an opportunity soon occurred for the display
of his superior qualifications, both as a speaker and essay writer. He
distinguished himself as a member of the Massachusetts convention
for ratifying the constitution, in 1788, and from this body passed to
the house of representatives, in the state legislature. Soon after, he
was elected the first representative of the Suffolk district, in the
congress of the United States, where he remained, with the highest
honor, during the eight years of Washington’s administration. On the
retirement of the first president, Mr. Ames returned to the practice of
his profession in his native town. During the remaining years of his
life, his health was very much impaired, but his mind still continued
deeply interested in politics, and he published a considerable
number of essays, on the most stirring topics of the day. He died in
1808. In the following year, his works were issued in one volume,
octavo, prefaced by a biographical notice, from the pen of his friend,
the Rev. Dr. Kirkland.

BAINBRIDGE, WILLIAM, a distinguished naval officer, was born at

Princeton, New Jersey, on the seventh of May, 1774. From 1793 to
1798, he was engaged in the merchant service, sailing between
Philadelphia and Europe. In July, 1798, he received the command of
the United States’ schooner Retaliation, of fourteen guns, to be
employed in the hostilities which had arisen with France. While
cruising off Guadeloupe this schooner was taken by two French
frigates and a lugger, and taken in to that island, where she
remained three months. He reached home in February, 1799, and his
exchange being soon effected, he received a commission of master-
commandant, and sailed in the brig Norfolk, in another cruise to the
West Indies. Here he remained for some months,convoying the trade
of the United States. On his return, he received a captain’s
commission, and was appointed to the command of the frigate
George Washington, in which he shortly afterwards sailed for Algiers,
with the presents which our treaty bound us to make to the regency.
After performing, from motives of policy, a highly insolent exaction
of the Dey, captain Bainbridge returned to Philadelphia, in the month
of April, 1801. In the following year, he received the command of the
frigate Essex, and sailed for the Mediterranean, to protect American
commerce from the Tripolitan cruisers. In July, 1803, he sailed in the
Philadelphia, to join the Mediterranean squadron, then under
commodore Preble. His frigate was unfortunately captured by the
Tripolitans, and captain Bainbridge and his crew remained in
imprisonment for thirteen months. In 1805, a treaty of peace was
concluded between the United States and Tripoli, and the prisoners
were liberated. Captain Bainbridge was received with much respect,
and was acquitted of all blame, by a court of inquiry, held at his
request. From 1806 to 1812, he was employed at times in the
merchant service. In 1812, he was appointed to the command of the
navy yard at Charlestown, and when captain Hull applied for a
furlough, after his victory over the British frigate Guerriere,
commodore Bainbridge was permitted to take command of the
Constitution. In a few weeks after sailing, he was running down
towards the coast of Brazil, when he fell in with the Java frigate,
which he captured, after a severe battle. This frigate was so much
injured, that it was impossible to bring her to the United States, and
she was accordingly blown up. The situation of the Constitution soon
compelled commodore Bainbridge to return, and he was engaged in
no other action during the war. After the peace of 1815, he
superintended the building of the Independence, seventy-four, and
took command of the first line of battle ship that belonged to our
navy. In this ship he sailed to the Mediterranean, to form a junction
with commodore Decatur, to cruise against the Barbary powers; but
matters had been arranged before his arrival. In November, 1815, he
returned to this country, was afterwards appointed one of the navy
commissioners, and resumed the command of the navy yard in
Charlestown. His health gradually declined, and he died at
Philadelphia on the twenty-seventh of July, 1833.

BARLOW, JOEL, a poet and diplomatist, was born at Reading, in

Connecticut, about the year 1755. His father died while he was yet a
lad at school, and left him little more than sufficient to defray the
expenses of a liberal education. He was first placed at Dartmouth
college, New Hampshire, then in its infancy, and after a very short
residence there, removed to Yale college, New Haven. From this
institution he received a degree, in 1778, when he first came before
the public in his poetical character, by reciting an original poem,
which was soon after published. On leaving college, he was
successively a chaplain in the revolutionary army, an editor, a
bookseller, a lawyer, and a merchant. He next visited England, and
published, in London, the first part of Advice to the Privileged
Orders; and, in the succeeding year, a poem, called The Conspiracy
of Kings. In the latter part of 1792, he was appointed one of the
deputies from the London Constitutional Society, to present an
address to the national convention of France. Information of the
notice which the British government had taken of this mission, led
him to think that it would be unsafe to return to England, and he
continued to reside in Paris for about three years. It was about this
time that he composed his most popular poem, entitled Hasty
Pudding. He was subsequently appointed consul for the United
States at Algiers, with powers to negotiate a peace with the dey, and
to redeem all American citizens held in slavery on the coast of
Barbary. After discharging these duties, he returned to Paris, and
again engaging in trade, amassed a considerable fortune. In 1805,
he returned to his native country, and fixed his residence at
Washington, where he displayed a liberal hospitality, and lived on
terms of intimacy with most of our distinguished statesmen. He now
devoted himself to the publication of the Columbiad, which was
based upon a poem written while he was in the army, and published
soon after the close of the war, under the title of The Vision of
Columbus. This was issued in a style of elegance which few works,
either American or European, have ever equalled. In 1811, he was
appointed minister to France, and in October of the following year,
was invited to a conference with the emperor Napoleon, at Wilna. He
immediately set off on this mission, travelling day and night; but,
sinking under the fatigue, and want of food and sleep, to which he
was obliged to submit, he fell into a state of debility and torpor, from
which he never recovered. He died in December, 1812, at Zarnowica,
a village in Poland, near Cracow.

BARNEY, JOSHUA, a distinguished naval commander, was born at

Baltimore, Maryland, in 1759. He went to sea at a very early age,
and when the war commenced between Great Britain and the
colonies, Barney offered his services to the latter, and obtained the
situation of master’s mate in the sloop of war Hornet. During the
war, he was several times taken prisoner by the enemy, and
displayed, on numerous occasions, great valor and enterprise. In
1795, he received the commission of captain in the French service,
but in 1800 resigned his command, and returned to America. In
1812, when war was declared against Great Britain, he offered his
services to the general government, and was appointed to the
command of the flotilla for the defence of the Chesapeak. While in
this situation, during the summer of 1814, he kept up an active
warfare with the enemy; and in the latter part of July, he was
severely wounded in a land engagement near Bladensburg. In the
following year, he was sent on a mission to Europe. He died at
Pittsburg, in 1818, in the sixtieth year of his age.

BARRY, JOHN, a distinguished naval officer, was born in Ireland, in

1745. He arrived in America when only fourteen or fifteen years old,
and obtained employment from some of the most respectable
merchants of the day, until the commencement of hostilities
between the colonies and the mother country. Embracing the cause
of the colonies, his reputation for skill and experience procured for
him one of the first naval commissions from congress. During the
war, he served with great benefit to his country, and credit to
himself, and after the cessation of hostilities, he was appointed to
superintend the building of the frigate United States, in Philadelphia,
which was designed for his command. He was highly respected in
private life, and died, much lamented and honored, in 1803.

BARTRAM, JOHN, one of the most distinguished of our botanists,

was born in Pennsylvania, in 1701. He was a simple farmer, self
taught in the science of botany, and in the rudiments of the learned
languages, medicine, and surgery. So great was his progress in his
favorite pursuit, that Linnæus pronounced him the ‘greatest natural
botanist in the world.’ He contributed much to the gardens of
Europe, and received honors from several foreign societies and
academics. At the time of his death, which happened in 1777, he
held the office of American botanist to George III. of England.

BARTRAM, WILLIAM, a celebrated naturalist, son of the preceding,

was born in Pennsylvania, in 1739. In early life, he was occupied
with mercantile pursuits, but an attachment to natural science
induced him to relinquish them, and, in 1773, he embarked for
Charleston, with the intention to visit the Floridas and the western
parts of Georgia and Carolina, to examine their natural productions.
In this employment he was engaged nearly five years; and in 1790,
he published an account of his travels and discoveries, in one
volume, octavo. After his return from his travels, he devoted himself
to science, and was elected a member of several learned societies,
both at home and in Europe. His contributions to the natural history
of our country have been highly valuable. He died suddenly, in 1823.

BAYARD, JAMES A., an eminent lawyer and politician, was born in

Philadelphia, in 1767, and educated at Princeton college. In the year
1784, he engaged in the study of the law, and on admission to the
bar, settled in the state of Delaware, where he soon acquired
practice and consideration. He was elected to a seat in congress
towards the close of the administration of Mr. Adams, and first
particularly distinguished himself in conducting the impeachment of
senator Blount. In 1804, he was elected to the senate of the United
States, by the legislature of Delaware, and remained for several
years a conspicuous member of that assembly. In 1813, he was
appointed by president Madison one of the ministers to conclude a
treaty of peace with Great Britain, and assisted in the successful
negotiations at Ghent, in the following year. He then received the
appointment of minister to the court of St. Petersburgh, but an
alarming illness induced him to return immediately to the United
States. He died soon after his arrival home, in July, 1815.

BELKNAP, JEREMY, an eminent historian and divine, was born at

Boston, Massachusetts, in 1744, and was graduated at Harvard
college, in 1762. He was first settled in the Christian ministry at
Dover, New Hampshire, and afterwards in his native town. He was
one of the founders of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and
devoted much of his time to the promotion of its objects and
interests. His published works are, the History of New Hampshire,
American Biography, and a number of political, literary and religious
tracts. His writings are characterized by great research, clear
arrangement, and perspicuity of style. He died at Boston, in 1798.

BENEZET, ANTHONY, a philanthropist, was born in 1713, at

St. Quentin, in Picardy, of Protestant parents, who first settled in
London, and afterwards at Philadelphia. He was intended for a
merchant, but apprenticed himself to a cooper, and subsequently
became a school-master, and a member of the society of Friends.
His whole life was spent in acts of benevolence, and he was one of
the earliest opponents of the atrocious slave trade. A few hours
before his death, he rose from his bed, to give, from his bureau, six
dollars to a poor widow. His funeral was attended by thousands; and
at the grave, an American officer exclaimed, ‘I would rather be
Anthony Benezet, in that coffin, than George Washington, with all his
fame.’ Benezet died at Philadelphia, in 1784. He is the author of a
Caution to Great Britain and her colonies; and an Historical Account
of Guinea.

BIDDLE, NICHOLAS, an American naval officer, was born in

Philadelphia, in 1750. He entered the British fleet in 1770, having
previously served several years as a seaman on board merchant
ships. On the commencement of hostilities between the colonies and
the mother country, he returned to Philadelphia, and received from
congress the captaincy of the Andrew Doria, a brig of fourteen guns,
employed in the expedition against New Providence. Towards the
close of 1776, he received command of the Randolph, a new frigate
of thirty-two guns, with which he soon captured a Jamaica fleet, of
four sail, richly laden. This prize he carried into Charleston, and was
soon after furnished by the government of that town with four
additional vessels, to attack several British cruisers, at that time
harassing the commerce of the vicinity. He fell in with the royal line-
of-battle ship Yarmouth, of sixty-four guns, on the seventh of March,
1778 and, after an action of twenty minutes, perished, with all his
crew except four, by the blowing up of the ship.

BLAKELY, JOHNSTON, a captain in the United States navy during the

late war, was born in Ireland, in 1781. Two years after, his father
emigrated to the United States, and settled in North Carolina. Young
Blakely was placed, in 1796, at the university of North Carolina; but
circumstances having deprived him of the means of adequate
support, he left college, and in 1800 obtained a midshipman’s
warrant. In 1813, he was appointed to the command of the Wasp,
and in this vessel took his Britannic majesty’s ship Reindeer, after an
action of nineteen minutes. The Wasp afterwards put into L’Orient;
from which port she sailed August 27. On the evening of the first of
September, 1814, she fell in with four sail, at considerable distances
from each other. One of these was the brig of war Avon, which
struck, after a severe action; but captain Blakely was prevented from
taking possession, by the approach of another vessel. The enemy
reported that they had sunk the Wasp by the first broadside; but she
was afterwards spoken by a vessel off the Western isles. After this,
we hear of her no more. Captain Blakely was considered a man of
uncommon courage and intellect.

BOONE, DANIEL, one of the earliest settlers in Kentucky, was born

in Virginia, and was from infancy addicted to hunting in the woods.
He set out on an expedition to explore the region of Kentucky, in
May, 1769, with five companions. After meeting with a variety of
adventures, Boone was left with his brother, the only white men in
the wilderness. They passed the winter in a cabin, and in the
summer of 1770, traversed the country to the Cumberland river. In
September, 1773, Boone commenced his removal to Kentucky, with
his own and five other families. He was joined by forty men, who put
themselves under his direction; but being attacked by the Indians,
the whole party returned to the settlements on Clinch river. Boone
was afterwards employed by a company of North Carolina, to buy,
from the Indians, lands on the south side of the Kentucky river. In
April, 1775, he built a fort at Salt-spring, where Boonesborough is
now situated. Here he sustained several sieges from the Indians,
and was once taken prisoner by them, while hunting with a number
of his men. In 1782, the depredations of the savages increased to an
alarming extent, and Boone, with other militia officers, collected one
hundred and seventy-six men, and went in pursuit of a large body,
who had marched beyond the Blue Licks, forty miles from Lexington.
From that time till 1798, he resided alternately in Kentucky and
Virginia. In that year, having received a grant of two thousand acres
of land from the Spanish authorities, he removed to Upper
Louisiana, with his children and followers, who were presented with
eight hundred acres each. He settled with them at Charette, on the
Missouri river, where he followed his usual course of life,—hunting
and trapping bears,—till September, 1822, when he died, in the
eighty-fifth year of his age. He expired while on his knees, taking
aim at some object, and was found in that position, with his gun
resting on the trunk of a tree.

BOUDINOT, ELIAS, a descendant of one of the Huguenots, was

born in Philadelphia, in 1740. He received a liberal education, and
entered into the practice of the law in New Jersey, where he soon
rose to considerable eminence. In 1777, he was chosen a member of
congress, and in 1782, was elected president of that body. On the
return of peace, he resumed his profession, but, in 1789, was
elected to a seat in the house of representatives of the United
States, which he continued to occupy for six years. He was then
appointed by Washington director of the national mint, in which
office he remained for about twelve years. Resigning this office, he
retired to private life, and resided from that time in Burlington, New
Jersey. Here he passed his time in literary pursuits, liberal hospitality,
and in discharging all the duties of an expansive and ever active
benevolence. Being possessed of an ample fortune, he made
munificent donations to various charitable and theological
institutions, and was one of the earliest and most efficient friends of
the American Bible Society. Of this institution he was the first
president, and it was particularly the object of his princely bounty.
He died in October, 1821.

BOWDOIN, JAMES, a governor of Massachusetts, was born at

Boston, in the year 1727, and was graduated at Harvard college in
1745. He took an early stand against the encroachments of the
British government upon the provincial rights, and in 1774 was
elected a delegate to the first congress. The state of his health
prevented his attendance, and his place was afterwards filled by
Mr. Hancock. In 1778, he was chosen president of the convention
which formed the constitution of Massachusetts, and in 1785, was
appointed governor of that state. He was a member of the
Massachusetts convention assembled to deliberate on the adoption
of the constitution of the United States, and exerted himself in its
favor. He was the first president of the Academy of Arts and
Sciences, established at Boston in 1780, and was admitted a
member of several foreign societies of distinction. He died at Boston,
in 1790.

BOYLSTON, ZABDIEL, was born at Brookline, Massachusetts, in

1684. He studied medicine at Boston, and entered into the practice
of his profession in that place. In 1721, when the small pox broke
out in Boston, and spread alarm through the whole country, the
practice of inoculation was introduced by Dr. Boylston,
notwithstanding it was discouraged by the rest of the faculty, and a
public ordinance was passed to prohibit it. He persevered in his
practice, in spite of the most violent opposition, and had the
satisfaction of seeing inoculation in general use in New England, for
some time before it became common in Great Britain. In 1725, he
visited England, where he was received with much attention, and
was elected a fellow of the Royal society. Upon his return, he
continued at the head of his profession for many years, and
accumulated a large fortune. Besides communications to the Royal
society, he published two treatises on the small pox. He died in
1766.

BRADFORD, WILLIAM, an eminent lawyer, was born in

Philadelphia, in 1755. After graduating at Princeton college, he
pursued the study of the law, and in 1779, was admitted to the bar
of the supreme court of Pennsylvania. In 1780, he was appointed
attorney-general, and in 1791, he was made a judge of the supreme
court of his native state. In 1794, he was appointed attorney-general
of the United States, and held this office till his death. In 1793, he
published an Inquiry how far the Punishment of Death is necessary
in Pennsylvania. He died in 1795. He was a man of integrity,
industry, and talent.
 BRAINARD, J. G. C., a poet and man of letters, was born in
Connecticut, and was graduated at Yale college, in 1815. He pursued
the profession of the law, and entered into practice at Middletown,
Connecticut; but not finding the degree of success that he expected,
he returned in a short time to his native town, whence he removed
to Hartford, to undertake the editorial charge of the Connecticut
Mirror. His poems were chiefly short pieces, composed for the
columns of that paper, and afterwards collected into a volume. They
display much pathos, boldness, and originality. Brainard died of
consumption, in 1828.

BRAINERD, DAVID, the celebrated missionary, was born at

Haddam, Connecticut, in 1718. From an early period he was
remarkable for a religious turn of mind, and in 1739, became a
member of Yale college, where he was distinguished for application,
and general correctness of conduct. He was expelled from this
institution in 1742, in consequence of having said, in the warmth of
his religious zeal, that one of the tutors was as devoid of grace as a
chair. In the spring of 1742, he began the study of divinity, and at
the end of July, was licensed to preach. Having received from the
Society for propagating Christian Knowledge, an appointment as
missionary to the Indians, he commenced his labors at Kaunameek,
a village of Massachusetts, situated between Stockbridge and
Albany. He remained there about twelve months, and on the removal
of the Kaunameeks to Stockbridge, he turned his attention towards
the Delaware Indians. In 1744, he was ordained at Newark, New
Jersey, and fixed his residence near the forks of the Delaware, in
Pennsylvania, where he remained about a year. From this place, he
removed to Crosweeksung, in New Jersey, where his efforts among
the Indians were crowned with great success. In 1747, he went to
Northampton, Massachusetts, where he passed the remainder of his
life in the family of the celebrated Jonathan Edwards. He died, after
great sufferings, in 1747. His publications are a narrative of his
labors at Kaunameek, and his journal of a remarkable work of grace
among a number of Indians in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 1746.
 BRANDT, a noted half-blooded Indian chief, of the Mohawk tribe,
was educated by Dr. Wheelock, of Dartmouth college, and made
very considerable attainments in knowledge. In the revolutionary
war, he attached himself to the British, and headed the party which
destroyed the beautiful village of Wyoming. He resided in Canada
after the war, and died there in 1807.

BROOKS, JOHN, the son of a respectable farmer, was born in

Medford, Massachusetts, in the year 1752. After receiving a common
school education, he was placed with Dr. Tufts, to study the
profession of medicine. On completing his studies, he commenced
practice in the neighboring town of Reading, a short time before the
commencement of the revolution. When this event occurred, he was
appointed to command a company of minute men, and was soon
after raised to the rank of major in the continental service. He was
distinguished for his knowledge of military tactics, and acquired the
confidence of Washington. In 1777, he was appointed lieutenant-
colonel, and took a conspicuous part in the capture of Burgoyne, at
Saratoga. On the disbanding of the army, colonel Brooks resumed
the practice of medicine in Medford and the vicinity, and was soon
after elected a member of the Massachusetts Medical society. He
was, for many years, major-general of the militia of his county, and
his division rendered efficient service to the government in the
insurrection of 1786. General Brooks also represented his town in
the general court, and was a delegate to the state convention for the
adoption of the federal constitution. In the late war with England, he
was the adjutant-general of governor Strong, whom, on his
retirement from office, he was chosen to succeed. He discharged the
duties of chief magistrate with much ability, for seven successive
years, when he retired to private life. His remaining years were
passed in the town of Medford, where he died in 1825.

BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN, a distinguished novelist and man of

letters, was born at Philadelphia, in January, 1771. After a good
school education, he commenced the study of the law in the office
of an eminent member of the bar. During the preparatory term, his
mind was much engaged in literary pursuits, and when the time
approached for his admission into the courts, he resolved to
abandon the profession altogether. His passion for letters, and the
weakness of his physical constitution, disqualified him for the bustle
of business. His first publication was Alcuin, a Dialogue on the Rights
of Women, written in the autumn and winter of 1797. The first of his
novels, issued in 1798, was Wieland, a powerful and original
romance, which soon acquired reputation. After this, followed
Ormond, Arthur Mervyn, Edgar Huntley, and Clara Howard, in rapid
succession, the last being published in 1801. The last of his novels,
Jane Talbot, was originally published in London, in 1804, and is
much inferior to its predecessors. In 1799, Brown published the first
number of the Monthly Magazine and American Review; a work
which he continued for about a year and a half, with much industry
and ability. In 1805, he commenced another journal, with the title of
the Literary Magazine and American Register; and in this
undertaking he persevered for five years. During the same interval,
he found time to write three large political pamphlets, on the
Cession of Louisiana, on the British Treaty, and on Commercial
Restrictions. In 1806, he commenced a semi-annual American
Register, five volumes of which he lived to complete and publish, and
which must long be consulted as a valuable body of annals. Besides
these works, and many miscellaneous pieces, published in different
periodicals, he left in manuscript an unfinished system of geography,
which has been represented to possess uncommon merit. He died of
consumption, in 1810.

BROWN, JOHN, was born, in 1736, in Providence, Rhode Island,

and was a leader of the party which, in 1772, destroyed the British
sloop of war Gasper, in Narragansett bay. He became an enterprising
and wealthy merchant, and was the first in his native state who
traded with the East Indies and China. He was chosen a member of
congress, and was a generous patron of literature, and a great
projector of works of public utility. He died in 1803.
 BUCKMINSTER, JOSEPH STEVENS, a celebrated pulpit orator, was
born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1784. His male ancestors,
on both sides, for several generations, were clergymen, and some of
them of considerable eminence. He was graduated at Harvard
college, in 1800 with much distinction, and spent the ensuing four
years in the study of theology and general literature. He was
ordained minister over the church in Brattle-street, Boston, in
January, 1805. In the ensuing year, he embarked for Europe, with
the hopes of repairing his constitution, which had suffered much
from attacks of epilepsy. He returned in the autumn of 1807, and
resumed the exercise of his profession; his sermons placing him in
the first rank of popular preachers. In 1810, he superintended an
American edition of Griesbach’s Greek Testament, and wrote much in
vindication of this author’s erudition, fidelity, and accuracy. In 1811,
he was appointed the first lecturer on Biblical criticism, at the
university of Cambridge, on the foundation established by Samuel
Dexter. He immediately began a course of laborious and extensive
preparation for the duties of this office, but was interrupted by a
violent attack of his old disease, which prostrated his intellect, and
gave a shock to his frame which he survived but a few days. He died
in 1812, at the completion of his twenty-eighth year. Two volumes of
his sermons have been collected and published since his decease;
one in 1814, the other in 1829. The first was prefaced with a well-
written biographical sketch.

CABOT, GEORGE, was born in Salem, Massachusetts, in the year

1752, and spent the early part of his life in the employment of a
ship-master. He possessed a vigorous and inquisitive mind, and took
advantage of every opportunity of improvement and acquisition,
even amid the restlessness and danger of a seafaring life. Before he
was twenty-six years of age, he was elected a member of the
provincial congress of Massachusetts, which met with the visionary
project of establishing a maximum in the prices of provision. There
he displayed that sound sense, and that acquaintance with the true
principles of political economy, for which he afterwards became so
much distinguished. Mr. Cabot was a member of the state
convention, assembled to deliberate on the adoption of the federal
constitution, and in 1790, was elected to a seat in the senate of the
United States. Of this body he became one of the most distinguished
members, and enjoyed the unlimited confidence and friendship of
Hamilton and Washington. In 1808, he became a member of the
council of Massachusetts, and in 1814, was appointed a delegate to
the convention which met at Hartford, and was chosen to preside
over its deliberations. He died at Boston, in 1823, at the age of
seventy-two years. He possessed a mind of great energy and
penetration, and in private life was much loved and esteemed. As a
public man, he was pure and disinterested, of high sagacity and
persuasive eloquence. His favorite studies were political economy
and the science of government.

CADWALLADER, JOHN, was born in Philadelphia, and rose to the

rank of brigadier-general during the revolutionary war. He was a man
of inflexible courage, and possessed, in a high degree, the esteem
and confidence of Washington. In 1778, he was appointed by
congress general of cavalry, an appointment which he declined, on
the score of being more useful in the situation he then occupied.
After the war, he was a member of the assembly of Maryland, and
died in 1786, in the forty-fourth year of his age.

CARROLL, CHARLES, was born on the twentieth of September,

1737, at Annapolis, in Maryland. At an early age, he was sent to
St. Omers to be educated, whence he removed to the college of
Louis le Grand, at Rheims. After prosecuting for some time the study
of the civil law, at one of the best institutions in France, he entered
the temple. After becoming well versed in the principles of the
common law, and completing his studies and travels, he returned to
his native land, at the age of twenty-seven. At this period, the
difficulties between the colonies and the mother country had
commenced, and the struggle was soon carried on with considerable
warmth. Mr. Carroll wielded a vigorous pen, and was soon known as
one of the most powerful writers in Maryland. He foresaw at an early
hour that the appeal to arms must finally be made, and boldly
recommended due preparation.

Early in 1776, he was sent as one of the commissioners to

Canada, to induce the people of that province to join us in the
opposition to the mother country. This mission was ineffectual.
Mr. Carroll returned in June, 1776, and immediately took his seat as
a delegate in the convention of Maryland. Being afterwards elected a
member of the congress, he presented his credentials to this body at
Philadelphia on the eighteenth of July, and on the second of August
following subscribed his name to the declaration of independence.

At the time he was considered as one of the most fearless and

daring men of the age; as his property was immense, and its
ultimate loss was considered rationally certain. On his entrance into
congress, he was immediately appointed to the board of war, of
which he was an efficient member. During the war, he bore his part
with unabated vigor, and was often, at the same time, a member of
the continental congress and of the convention of his native state;
discharging his duties in both relations with fidelity, energy, and
attention. In 1778, he left congress, and devoted himself to the
councils of his native state. When the constitution of the United
States went into operation, Mr. Carroll was elected a senator from
Maryland, and took his seat at the organization of the government,
on the 30th of April, 1789. To this office he was elected for a second
term.

In 1801, he quitted public life at the age of sixty-four, and for

upwards of thirty years enjoyed a life of tranquil honor, and
unalloyed prosperity. He survived all his companions of the immortal
instrument of our independence, and on the fourteenth of
November, 1832, the ‘patriarch was gathered to his fathers.’

CARTER, NATHANIEL H., a man of letters, was born in Concord,

New Hampshire, and graduated at Dartmouth college in 1811. In
1816, he was chosen professor of languages at the college where he
was educated, and was subsequently editor of the New York
Statesman. He is the author of a few occasional poems, and of
Travels in Europe, in two vols. 8vo. He died in Marseilles, where he
had gone on account of his health, in January, 1830.

CARVER, JONATHAN, a celebrated traveller, born in Connecticut, in

1732, was a grandson of the governor of that province. He was
educated for the medical profession, but embraced a military life,
and served with reputation till the peace of 1763. The years 1766,
1767, and 1768, he spent in exploring the interior of North America,
and he added considerably to our knowledge of the country. He
visited England, in 1769, hoping for the patronage of government,
but he was disappointed. In 1778, while in the situation of clerk of a
lottery, in Boston, he published his travels, and, subsequently, a
Treatise on the Cultivation of Tobacco. After having long contended
with poverty, he died, in 1780, of disease which is believed to have
been produced by want. His narrations have all the interest of
fiction, and it has been suggested that they may in some respects be
considered the work of fancy.

CHASE, SAMUEL, judge of the supreme court of the United States,

was born in Somerset county, Maryland, in 1741. He was educated
by his father, a learned clergyman; and after studying for two years
the profession of law, he was admitted to the bar, at Annapolis, at
the age of twenty. In 1774, he was sent to the congress of
Philadelphia as a delegate from Maryland, and he continued an
active, bold, eloquent, and efficient member of this body throughout
the war, when he returned to the practice of his profession. In 1791,
he accepted the appointment of chief justice of the general court of
Maryland; and in 1796, president Washington made him an associate
judge of the supreme court of the United States. He remained upon
the bench for fifteen years, and appeared with ability and dignity. It
was his ill fortune, however, to have his latter days embittered by an
impeachment by the house of representatives at Washington. This
impeachment originated in political animosities, from the offence
which his conduct in the circuit court had given to the democratic
party. The trial of the judge before the senate is memorable on
account of the excitement which it occasioned, the ability of the
defence, and the nature of the acquittal. Judge Chase continued to
exercise his judicial functions till 1811, when his health failed him,
and he expired on the nineteenth of June, in that year. He was a
sincere patriot, and a man of high intellect and undaunted courage.

CHURCH, BENJAMIN, a physician of some eminence, and an able

writer, was graduated at Harvard college in 1754, and, after going
through the preparatory studies, established himself in the practice
of medicine in Boston. For several years before the revolution, he
was a leading character among the whigs and patriots; and on the
commencement of the war he was appointed physician general to
the army. While in the performance of the duties assigned him in
this capacity, he was suspected of a treacherous correspondence
with the enemy, and immediately arrested and imprisoned. After
remaining some time in prison, he obtained permission to depart for
the West Indies. The vessel in which he sailed was never heard from
afterwards. He is the author of a number of occasional poems,
serious, pathetic, and satirical, which possess considerable merit;
and an oration, delivered on the fifth of March, 1773.

CLINTON, JAMES, was born in 1736, at the residence of his father,

in Ulster county, New York. He displayed an early inclination for a
military life, and held successively several offices in the militia and
provincial troops. During the French war he exhibited many proofs of
courage, and received the appointment of captain-commandant of
the four regiments, levied for the protection of the western frontiers
of the counties of Ulster and Orange. In 1775, he was appointed
colonel of the third regiment of New York forces, and in the same
year marched with Montgomery to Quebec. During the war, he
rendered eminent services to his country, and on the conclusion of it
retired to enjoy repose on his ample estates. He was, however,
frequently called from retirement by the unsolicited voice of his
fellow-citizens; and was a member of the convention for the
adoption of the present constitution of the United States. He died in
1812.

CLINTON, GEORGE, vice-president of the United States, was born

in the county of Ulster, New York, in 1739, and was educated in the
profession of the law. In 1768, he was chosen to a seat in the
colonial assembly, and was elected a delegate to the continental
congress in 1775. In 1776, he was appointed brigadier-general of
the militia of Ulster county, and some time after a brigadier in the
army of the United States, and continued during the progress of the
war to render important services to the military department. In April,
1777, he was elected both governor and lieutenant-governor of New
York, and was continued in the former office for eighteen years. He
was unanimously chosen president of the convention which
assembled at Poughkeepsie, in 1788, to deliberate on the new
federal constitution. In 1801, he again accepted the office of
governor, and after continuing in that capacity for three years, he
was elevated to the vice-presidency of the United States; a dignity
which he retained till his death at Washington, in 1812. In private he
was kind and amiable, and as a public man he is entitled to
respectful remembrance.

CLINTON, DE WITT, was born in 1769, at Little Britain, in Orange

county, New York. He was educated at Columbia college,
commenced the study of the law, and was admitted to the bar, but
was never much engaged in professional practice. He early imbibed
a predilection for political life, and was appointed the private
secretary of his uncle, George Clinton, then governor of the state. In
1797, he was sent to the legislature from the city of New York; and
two years after was chosen a member of the state senate. In 1801,
he was appointed a senator of the United States, and continued in
that capacity for two sessions. He retired from the senate in 1803, in
consequence of his election to the mayoralty of New York; an office
to which he was annually re-elected, with the intermission of but
two years, till 1815, when he was obliged to retire by the violence of
party politics. In 1817, he was elected, almost unanimously,
governor of the state, was again chosen in 1820, but in 1822
declined being a candidate for re-election. In 1810, Mr. Clinton had
been appointed, by the senate of his state, one of the board of canal
commissioners, but the displeasure of his political opponents having
been excited, he was removed from this office, in 1823, by a vote of
both branches of the legislature. This insult created a strong reaction
in popular feeling, and Mr. Clinton was immediately nominated for
governor, and elected by an unprecedented majority. In 1826, he
was again elected, but he died before the completion of his term. He
expired very suddenly, whilst sitting in his library after dinner,
Feb. 11, 1828. Mr. Clinton was not only eminent as a statesman, but
he occupied a conspicuous rank as a man of learning. He was a
member of a large part of the benevolent, literary and scientific
societies of the United States, and an honorary member of several
foreign societies. His productions are numerous, consisting of his
speeches and messages to the state legislature; his discourses
before various institutions; his speeches in the senate of the Union;
his addresses to the army during the late war; his communications
concerning the canal; his judicial opinions; and various fugitive
pieces. His national services were of the highest importance; and the
Erie canal, especially, though the honor of projecting it may belong
to another, will remain a perpetual monument of the patriotism and
perseverance of Clinton.

CLYMER, GEORGE, one of the signers of the declaration of

independence, was born in Philadelphia, in 1739. He was left an
orphan at the age of seven years, and after the completion of his
studies, he entered the counting house of his uncle. When the
difficulties commenced between Great Britain and the colonies,
Mr. Clymer was among the first to raise his voice in opposition to the
arbitrary acts of the mother country, and was chosen a member of
the council of safety. In 1775, he was appointed one of the first
continental treasurers, but resigned this office soon after his first
election to congress, in the ensuing year. In 1780, he was again
elected to congress, and strongly advocated there the establishment
of a national bank. In 1796, he was appointed, together with colonel
Hawkins and colonel Pickens, to negotiate a treaty with the
Cherokee and Creek Indians, in Georgia. He was subsequently
president of the Philadelphia bank, and the Academy of Fine Arts. He
died in 1813.

COLDEN, CADWALLADER, was born in Dunse, Scotland, in 1688.

After studying at the university of Edinburgh, he turned his attention
to medicine and mathematical science, until the year 1708, when he
emigrated to Pennsylvania, and practised physic with much
reputation, till 1715. He then returned to England, and attracted
some attention by a paper on Animal Secretions, which was read by
Dr. Halley before the Royal society. Again repairing to America, he
settled, in 1718, in the city of New York, and relinquishing the
practice of physic, turned his attention to public affairs, and became
successively surveyor general of the province, master in chancery,
member of the council, and lieutenant-governor. His political
character was rendered very conspicuous by the firmness of his
conduct during the violent commotions which preceded the
revolution. In 1775, he retired to a seat on Long Island, where he
died in September, of the following year, a few hours before nearly
one fourth part of the city of New-York was reduced to ashes. His
productions were numerous, consisting of botanical and medical
essays. Among them were treatises on the Cure of Cancer, and on
the Virtues of the Great Water Dock. His descriptions of between
three and four hundred American plants were printed in the Acta
Upsaliensia. He also published the History of the Five Indian Nations,
and a work on the Cause of Gravitation, afterwards republished by
Dodsley, under the title of The Principles of Action in Matter. He left
many valuable manuscripts on a variety of subjects.

COOPER, SAMUEL, a Congregational minister, was born in Boston,

Massachusetts, in 1725. He was graduated at Harvard college in
1743, and, devoting himself to the church, acquired great reputation
as a preacher, at a very early age. After an useful and popular
ministry of thirty-seven years, he died in 1783. He was a sincere and
liberal christian, and in his profession perhaps the most distinguished
man of his day, in the United States. He was an ardent friend of the
cause of liberty, and did much to promote it. With the exception of
political essays in the journals of the day, his productions were
exclusively sermons.

COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON, a distinguished painter, was born in

Boston, Massachusetts, in 1738. He began to paint without any
instruction at a very early age, and executed pieces unsurpassed by
his later productions. He visited Italy in 1774, and in 1776 went to
England, where he determined to remain, in consequence of the
convulsed state of his native country. He therefore devoted himself
to portrait painting in London, and was chosen a member of the
royal academy. His celebrated picture, styled The Death of Lord
Chatham, at once established his fame, and he was enabled to
pursue his profession with success and unabated ardor till his
sudden death in 1815. Among his most celebrated productions, are
Major Pierson’s Death on the island of Jersey; Charles I. in the house
of commons, demanding of the speaker the five impeached
members; the Surrender of Admiral De Winter to Lord Duncan;
Samuel and Eli; and a number of portraits of several members of the
royal family.

CRAFTS, WILLIAM, a lawyer and miscellaneous writer, was born in

Charleston, South Carolina, in 1787. He received his education at
Harvard college, and studied law in his native city, where he
acquired some reputation for talent and eloquence. He was a
member of the South Carolina legislature, and for some time editor
of the Charleston Courier. He died at Lebanon springs, New York, in
1826. A collection of his works, comprising poems, essays in prose,
and orations, with a biographical memoir, was published in
Charleston, in 1828.

CRAIK, JAMES, was born in Scotland, where he received his

education for the medical service of the British army. He came to the
colony of Virginia in early life, and accompanied Washington in his
expeditions against the French and Indians, in 1754; and in the
following year attended Braddock in his march through the
wilderness, and assisted in dressing his wounds. At the
commencement of the revolution, by the aid of his early and fast
friend, general Washington, he was transferred to the medical
department in the continental army, and rose to the first rank and
distinction. He continued in the army to the end of the war, and was
present at the surrender of Cornwallis, on the memorable 19th of
October, 1781. After the cessation of hostilities, he removed to the
neighborhood of Mount Vernon, and in 1798 was once more
appointed by Washington to his former station in the medical staff.
He was present with his illustrious friend in his last moments, and
died in 1814, in the 84th year of his age. He was a skilful and
successful physician, and Washington mentioned him as ‘my
compatriot in arms, my old and intimate friend.’

DALE, RICHARD, an American naval commander, was born in

Virginia, in 1756. At twelve years of age he was sent to sea, and in
1776, he entered as a midshipman on board of the American brig of
war Lexington. In the following year he was taken prisoner by a
British cruiser, and after a twelve-month confinement he escaped
from Mill prison, and succeeded in reaching France. Here he joined,
in the character of master’s mate, the celebrated Paul Jones, then
commanding the American ship Bon Homme Richard. He was soon
raised to the rank of first lieutenant, and signalized himself in the
sanguinary engagement between the Bon Homme Richard and the
English frigate Serapis. In 1794, the United States made him a
captain in the navy, and in 1801, he took command of the American
squadron, which sailed in that year from Hampton roads to the
Mediterranean. From the year 1802, he passed his life in
Philadelphia, in the enjoyment of a competent estate, and much
esteemed by his fellow-citizens. He died in 1826, leaving the
reputation of a brave and intelligent seaman.

DALLAS, ALEXANDER JAMES, was born in the island of Jamaica, in

1759; and was educated at Edinburgh and Westminster. In 1783, he
left Jamaica for the United States, and settled in Philadelphia; taking
the oath of allegiance to the state of Pennsylvania. In 1785, he was
admitted to practise in the supreme court of the state, and in four or
five years in the courts of the Union. During this time he prepared
his Reports, and was engaged in various literary pursuits, writing
much in the periodical journals. He occupied successively the offices
of secretary of Pennsylvania, district attorney of the United States,
secretary of the treasury, and secretary of war. On the restoration of
peace, in 1816, Mr. Dallas resigned his political situation, and
resumed the successful practice of his profession. His services as an
advocate were called for in almost every part of the union; but in the
midst of very flattering expectations he died at Trenton, in 1817.

DAVIE, WILLIAM RICHARDSON, governor of North Carolina, was born

in England, in 1756. He was brought to America at the age of six
years, and received his education at Princeton, New Jersey, where
he was graduated in 1776. After pursuing for a short time the study
of the law, he entered the army as a lieutenant in the legion of
Pulaski, and distinguished himself by his efficiency and courage as
an officer. On the termination of the war, he devoted himself with
eminent success to the practice of the law. In 1787, he was chosen a
delegate from South Carolina, to represent that state in the
convention which framed the constitution of the United States.
Unavoidable absence prevented him from affixing his name to that
instrument. In 1790, he was elected governor of North Carolina, and
in 1799, was appointed one of the commissioners for negotiating a
treaty with France. He died at Camden, in 1820. He was a man of a
dignified and noble person, courage as a soldier, and ability as a
lawyer.

DEANE, SILAS, minister of the United States to the court of

France, was born in Connecticut, and educated at Yale college. He
was elected member of congress in 1774, and sent two years after
as agent to France, but was superseded, in 1777, and returned.
Involved in suspicions from which he could not extricate himself, he
lost his reputation, and returning to Europe, died in poverty in
England, in 1789.
 DECATUR, STEPHEN, a distinguished naval officer, was born in
Maryland, in 1779, and received his education in Philadelphia. He
entered the navy in 1798, and first distinguished himself when in the
rank of lieutenant, by the destruction of the American frigate
Philadelphia, which had run upon a rock in the harbor of Tripoli, and
fallen into the hands of the enemy. For this exploit, the American
congress gave him a vote of thanks and a sword, and the president
immediately sent him a captaincy. At the bombardment of Tripoli,
the next year, he distinguished himself by the capture of two of the
enemy’s boats, which were moored along the mouth of the harbor,
and immediately under the batteries. When peace was concluded
with Tripoli, Decatur returned home in the Congress, and afterward
succeeded commodore Barron in the command of the Chesapeake.
In the late war between Great Britain and the United States, his
chief exploit was the capture of the British frigate Macedonian,
commanded by captain Carden. In January, 1815, he attempted to
sail from New York, which was then blockaded by four British ships;
but the frigate under his command was injured in passing the bar,
and was captured by the whole squadron, after a running fight of
two or three hours. He was restored to his country after the
conclusion of peace. In the summer of the same year, he was sent
with a squadron to the Mediterranean, in order to compel the
Algerines to desist from their depredations on American commerce.
He arrived at Algiers on the twenty-eighth of June, and in less than
forty-eight hours terrified the regency into an entire accession to all
his terms. Thence he went to Tripoli, where he met with like
success. On returning to the United States, he was appointed a
member of the board of commissioners for the navy, and held that
office till March, 1820, when he was shot in a duel with commodore
Barron. He was a man of an active and powerful frame, and
possessed a high degree of energy, sagacity, and courage.

DENNIE, JOSEPH, born in Boston, in 1768, displayed an early

fondness for polite literature, and entered Harvard college in 1787.
In 1790, he left this institution, and commenced the study of the
law; but made little progress in the practice of his profession, in
consequence of a strong attachment to literary pursuits. In the
spring of 1795, he established a weekly paper in Boston, under the
title of The Tablet, but it died from want of patronage. Soon after, he
went to Walpole to edit the Farmer’s Museum, a journal in which he
published a series of papers with the signature of the Lay Preacher.
In 1799, he removed to Philadelphia, where he had received an
appointment in the office of the secretary of state. He subsequently
established the Port Folio, a journal which acquired reputation and
patronage. He died in 1812. Mr. Dennie was a man of genius, and a
beautiful writer, but wanted the industry and judgment, which might
have secured him a competent subsistence and a permanent
reputation.

DEXTER, SAMUEL, an eminent lawyer and statesman, was born in

Boston, in 1761. He received his education at Harvard college, where
he was graduated with honor, in 1781. Engaging in the study of the
law, he soon succeeded in obtaining an extensive practice. He
enjoyed successively a seat in the state legislature, and in the house
of representatives and senate of the United States; and in each of
these stations he secured a commanding influence. During the
administration of Mr. Adams, he was appointed secretary of war, and
of the treasury; but on the accession of Mr. Jefferson to the
presidency, he resigned his public employments, and returned to the
practice of his profession. For many years he was extensively
employed in the courts of Massachusetts, and in the supreme court
of the United States, where he was almost without a rival. He died
suddenly, at Athens, New York, in 1816. Mr. Dexter was tall,
muscular, and well formed. His eloquence was clear, simple and
cogent; and his powers were such as would have made him eminent
in any age or nation.

DICKINSON, JOHN, a celebrated political writer, was born in

Maryland, in 1732, and educated in Delaware. He pursued the study
of law, and practised with success in Philadelphia. He was soon
elected to the state legislature, and distinguished himself as an early
and efficient advocate of colonial rights. In 1765, he was appointed
by Pennsylvania a delegate to the first congress, held at New York,
and prepared the draft of the bold resolutions of that body. His
celebrated Farmer’s Letters to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies
were issued in Philadelphia, in 1767; they were reprinted in London,
with a preface by Dr. Franklin, and a French translation of them was
published at Paris. While in congress, he wrote a large number of
the most able and eloquent state papers of the time, and as an
orator he had few superiors in that assembly. He conscientiously
opposed the declaration of independence, and his opinions upon this
subject rendered him for a time unpopular; but they did not
permanently affect his reputation and influence. He was afterwards
a member of congress, and president of Pennsylvania and Delaware,
successively. He died at Wilmington, in 1808. Mr. Dickinson was a
man of a strong mind, great knowledge and eloquence, and much
elegance of mind and manners.

DORSEY, JOHN SYNG, professor of anatomy in the university of

Pennsylvania, was born in Philadelphia in 1783, and received an
excellent elementary education at a school of the society of Friends.
At the age of fifteen he commenced the study of medicine, and
pursued it with unusual ardor and success. In the spring of 1802, he
was graduated doctor in physic, having previously defended with
ability an inaugural dissertation on the Powers of the Gastric Liquor
as a Solvent of the Urinary Calculi. Soon after he received his
degree, the yellow fever reappeared in the city, and a hospital was
open for the exclusive accommodation of those sick with this
disease, to which he was appointed resident physician. At the close
of the same season he visited Europe. On his return, in 1804, he
immediately entered on the practice of his profession, and soon
acquired, by his popular manners, attention and talent, a large share
of business. In 1807 he was elected adjunct professor of surgery,
and remained in this office till he was raised to the chair of anatomy
by the death of the lamented Wistar. He opened the session by one
of the finest exhibitions of eloquence ever heard within the walls of
the university; but on the evening of the same day, he was attacked
by a fever, which in one week closed his existence. He died in 1818.
His Elements of Surgery, in two volumes 8vo, is considered the best
work on the subject. It is used as a text book in the university of
Edinburgh, and was the first American work on medicine reprinted in
Europe.

DRAYTON, WILLIAM HENRY, a statesman of the revolution, was

born in South Carolina, in 1742. He received his education in
England, and on its completion returned to his native state. Taking
an early and active part in the defence of colonial rights, he wrote
and published a pamphlet under the signature of Freeman, in which
he submitted a ‘bill of American Rights’ to the continental congress.
On the commencement of the revolution he became an efficient
leader; in 1775, was chosen president of the provincial congress;
and in March of the next year, was elected chief justice of the colony.
In 1777, Mr. Drayton was appointed president of South Carolina,
and, in 1778, was elected a delegate to the continental congress,
where he took a prominent part, and distinguished himself by his
activity and eloquence. He continued in congress until September,
1779, when he died suddenly, at Philadelphia. He left a body of
valuable materials for history, which his only son, John Drayton,
revised and published at Charleston, in 1821, in two volumes 8vo,
under the title of Memoirs of the American Revolution.

DWIGHT, TIMOTHY, an eminent divine and writer, was born at

Northampton, Massachusetts, in 1752. At the age of thirteen he
entered Yale college; and after having graduated, took charge of a
grammar-school at New Haven, where he taught for two years. In
1771, he became a tutor in Yale college, where he remained for six
years. In 1783, he was ordained minister of Greenfield, a parish in
the town of Fairfield, in Connecticut; where he soon opened an
academy that acquired great reputation. In 1795, Dr. Dwight was
elected president of Yale college, and his character and name soon
brought a great accession of students. During his presidency, he also
filled, the office of the professor of theology. He continued to
discharge the duties of his station, both as minister and president of
the college, to the age of sixty-five; when, after a long and painful
illness, he died, in January, 1817. He was endowed by nature with
uncommon talents; and these, enriched by industry and research,
and united to amiability and consistency in his private life, entitled
Dr. Dwight to rank among the first men of his age. As a preacher, he
was distinguished by his originality, simplicity, and dignity; he was
well read in the most eminent fathers and theologians, ancient and
modern; he was a good biblical critic; and his sermons should be
possessed by every student of divinity. He wrote Travels in New
England and New York; Greenfield Hill, a poem; The Conquest of
Canaan, a poem; a collection of theological lectures; and a pamphlet
on The Dangers of the Infidel Philosophy.

EATON, WILLIAM, general in the service of the United States, was

born in Woodstock, Connecticut, in 1764, and was graduated at
Dartmouth college, in 1790. In 1792, he received a captain’s
commission in the army, and served for some time under general
Wayne, on the Mississippi, and in Georgia. In 1797, he was
appointed consul to the kingdom of Tunis, and continued there
engaged in a variety of adventures and negociations, till 1803, when
he returned to the United States. In 1804, he was appointed navy
agent for the Barbary powers, for the purpose of co-operating with
Hamet bashaw in the war against Tripoli; but was disappointed by
the conclusion of a premature peace between the American consul
and the Tripolitan bashaw. On his return to the United States, he
failed in obtaining from the government any compensation for his
pecuniary losses, or any employment corresponding with his merit
and services. Under the influence of his disappointments, he fell into
habits of inebriety, and died in 1811. His life, published by one of his
friends in Massachusetts, is full of interesting adventure.

EDWARDS, JONATHAN, was born at Windsor, in the province of

Connecticut, in 1703. At the age of twelve years he was admitted
into Yale college, and at the age of seventeen received the degree of
bachelor of arts. He remained nearly two years longer at Yale,
preparing for the ministry; and in 1722, went to New York, and
preached there with great distinction. In September, 1723, he was
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