Arch Linux

Arch Linux (/ɑːrtʃ/)[7][8] is an independently developed x86-64 general-purpose Linux distribution that strives
to provide the latest stable versions of most software by following a rolling-release model. The default
installation is intentionally minimal so that users can add only the packages they require.[9]

pacman, a package manager written specifically for Arch Linux, is used to install, remove and update software
packages.[10]

Arch Linux uses a rolling release model, meaning it has no major releases. An Arch Linux installation is kept up-
to-date by regularly updating the individual pieces of software that it comprises. The only "releases" are
snapshots of main system components released monthly to provide an up-to-date installation medium.[11]

Arch Linux has comprehensive documentation in the form of a community-run wiki known as the
ArchWiki.[12][13][14]

History

Inspired by CRUX, another minimalist distribution, Judd Vinet started the Arch Linux project in March 2002.
The name was chosen because Vinet liked the word's meaning of "the principal," as in "arch-enemy".[7][15]

Originally only for 32-bit x86 CPUs, the first x86_64 installation ISO was released in April 2006.[16]

Vinet led Arch Linux until 1 October 2007, when he stepped down due to lack of time, transferring control of
the project to Aaron Griffin.[17]

The migration to systemd as its init system started in August 2012,[18] and it became the default on new
installations in October 2012.[19] It replaced the SysV-style init system, used since the distribution's
inception.[20]

The end of i686 support was announced in January 2017, with the February 2017 ISO being the last one
including i686[21] and making the architecture unsupported in November 2017.[22] Since then, the community
derivative Arch Linux 32[23] can be used for i686 hardware.

On 24 February 2020, Aaron Griffin announced that due to his limited involvement with the project, he would,
after a voting period, transfer control of the project to Levente Polyak.[24] This change also led to a new 2-
year term period being added to the Project Leader position.[25]
In March 2021, Arch Linux developers were thinking of
Arch Linux
porting Arch Linux packages to x86_64-v3, roughly
correlating to the Intel Haswell era of
processors.[26][27]

In April 2021, Arch Linux installation images began

including a guided installation script by default.[28] Developer Levente Polyak (lead
developer)[1]
In late 2021, the Arch Linux developers released
OS family Linux (Unix-like)
Pacman 6.0, which enabled parallel downloads.[29]
Working state Current
In February 2022, the Arch Linux developers began
offering debug packages.[30] Source model Open-source

In September 2024, Valve partnered with Arch Linux Initial release 11 March 2002

developers to support ongoing development efforts

Repository gitlab.archlinux.org (htt
with the focus on build service infrastructure and ps://gitlab.archlinux.or
secure signing enclave.[31] g) www.github.com
/archlinux (https://ww
w.github.com/archlinu
Repository security x)

Until pacman version 4.0.0,[32] Arch Linux's package Marketing target General purpose
manager lacked support for signed packages.[33]
Update method Rolling release
Packages and metadata were not verified for
authenticity by Pacman during the download-install Package manager pacman, libalpm (back-

process. Without package authentication checking, end)[2]

tampered-with or malicious repository mirrors could Platforms x86-64

[34]
compromise the integrity of a system. Pacman 4 i686 (unofficial)[a]
allowed verification of the package database and ARM (unofficial)[b]
packages, but it was disabled by default. In November PowerPC (unofficial)[c]
2011, package signing became mandatory for new RISC-V (unofficial)[d]

package builds, and as of March 2012, every official Kernel type Monolithic (Linux
[35]
package is signed. In June 2012, package signing kernel)
verification became official and is now enabled by
Userland GNU
default in the installation process.[36][37]
Influenced EndeavourOS, Manjaro,
Garuda Linux, Artix
Linux, Antergos
 Influenced by CRUX, BSD
Design and principles
Default Command-line interface
Arch is largely based on binary packages. Packages user interface (Zsh as the default shell
target x86-64 microprocessors to assist performance in Live CD or Live USB

on modern hardware. A ports/ebuild-like system is also and Bash as the default

shell after installation)
provided for automated source compilation, known as
the Arch build system.[38] License Free software (GNU
GPL and other
Arch Linux focuses on simplicity of design, meaning that licenses)[6]
the main focus involves creating an environment that is
straightforward and relatively easy for the user to Official website archlinux.org (https://ar
chlinux.org)
understand directly, rather than providing polished
point-and-click style management tools –the package
manager, for example, does not have an official graphical front-end. This is largely achieved by encouraging
the use of succinctly commented, clean configuration files that are arranged for quick access and editing.[39]
This has earned it a reputation as a distribution for "advanced users" who are willing to use the command-line
interface.[40]

Relying on complex tools to manage and build your system is going to hurt the end-
users. [...] "If you try to hide the complexity of the system, you'll end up with a more
complex system". Layers of abstraction that serve to hide internals are never a good
thing. Instead, the internals should be designed in a way such that they NEED no
hiding.

— Aaron Griffin[41]

Installation

Screenshot of pacstrap during installation

The Arch Linux website supplies ISO images that can be run from CD or USB. After a user partitions and
formats their drive, a simple command line script (pacstrap) is used to install the base system.[37] The
installation of additional packages which are not part of the base system (for example, desktop environments),
can be done with either pacstrap, or Pacman after booting (or chrooting) into the new installation.[42][43][10]

Neofetch output of an Arch Linux

Installation

An alternative to using CD or USB images for installation is to use the static version of the package manager
Pacman, from within another Linux-based operating system.[44] The user can mount their newly formatted
drive partition, and use pacstrap (or Pacman with the appropriate command-line switch) to install base and
additional packages with the mountpoint of the destination device as the root for its operations. This method is
useful when installing Arch Linux onto USB flash drives, or onto a temporarily mounted device which belongs to
another system.[45]

Regardless of the selected installation type, further actions need to be taken before the new system is ready
for use, most notably by installing a bootloader and configuring the new system with a system name, network
connection, language settings, and graphical user interface.[46]

Arch Linux does not schedule releases for specific dates but uses a "rolling release" system where new
packages are provided throughout the day. Its package management allows users to easily keep systems
updated.[47]

Occasionally, manual interventions are required for certain updates, with instructions posted on the news
section of the Arch Linux website.[48]

Guided automated install script

An experimental guided installer named archinstall (https://www.github.com/archlinux/archinstall) is

included in all Arch ISO images released since 2021. It allows users to easily install and configure Arch Linux
including drivers, disk partitioning, network configuration, accounts setup, and installation of desktop
environments.[49][50][51]
 archinstall

Package management

pacman

Example of pacman usage

All packages are managed using Pacman, a package manager written specifically for Arch Linux.[52] Pacman
handles package installation, upgrades, downgrades, removal and features automatic dependency
resolution.[53] The packages for Arch Linux are obtained from the Arch Linux package tree and are compiled for
the x86-64 architecture.

Pacman typically uses binary packages with a .tar.zst extension,[54][55][56] (for zstd compression), with
.pkg placed before this to indicate that it is a Pacman package (giving .pkg.tar.zst );[53] though
other compression formats are also valid, such as .pkg.tar.xz .[57]

For example, packages can be installed via pacman -S package name , and pacman -Syu can be
used to perform a full system upgrade.[58]

As well as Arch Linux, Pacman is also used for installing packages under MSYS2 (a fork of Cygwin) on
Windows.[59]

Repositories

The following official binary repositories exist:[60]

 core, which contains all the packages needed to set up a base system. Packages in this repository include
kernel packages and shell languages.

extra, which holds packages not required for the base system, including desktop environments and programs.

multilib, a centralized repository for x86-64 users to more readily support 32-bit applications in a 64-bit
environment. Packages in this repository include Steam and Wine.

Additionally, there are testing repositories which include binary package candidates for other repositories.
Currently, the following testing repositories exist:

core-testing, with packages for core.

extra-testing, with packages for extra.

multilib-testing, with packages for multilib.

The core-staging and extra-staging repositories are used for some rebuilds to avoid broken packages in testing.
The developers recommend not using these repositories for any reason, stating that any system updating from
them will "unquestionably break."[61]

There are also two other repositories that include the newest version of certain desktop environments.

gnome-unstable, which contains packages of a new version of the software from GNOME before being
released into testing.

kde-unstable, which contains packages of a new version of KDE software before being released into testing.

The unstable repository was dropped in July 2008 and most of the packages moved to other repositories.[62]
The community repository was merged with extra in May 2023.[63][64] In addition to the official repositories,
there are a number of unofficial user repositories.

The most well-known unofficial repository is the Arch User Repository, or AUR, hosted on the Arch Linux site.
The AUR does not host binary packages but instead a collection of build scripts known as PKGBUILDs.
PKGBUILD scripts are executed by the makepkg command, which downloads the necessary files from the
software's repository and builds them using the Arch build system.

The Arch Linux repositories contain both libre and nonfree software, and the default Arch Linux kernel contains
nonfree proprietary blobs, hence the distribution is not endorsed by the GNU project.[65] The linux-libre kernel
can be installed from the AUR or by enabling Parabola's repositories.
Arch build system (ABS)

The Arch build system (ABS) is a ports-like source packaging system that compiles source tarballs into binary
packages, which are installed via Pacman.[66] The Arch build system provides a directory tree of shell scripts,
called PKGBUILDs, that enable any and all official Arch packages to be customized and compiled. Rebuilding
the entire system using modified compiler flags is also supported by the Arch build system. The Arch build
system makepkg tool can be used to create custom pkg.tar.zst packages from third-party sources.
The resulting packages are also installable and trackable via Pacman.[67][68]

Arch User Repository (AUR)

In addition to the repositories, the Arch User Repository (AUR) provides user-made PKGBUILD scripts for
packages not included in the repositories. These PKGBUILD scripts simplify building from source by explicitly
listing and checking for dependencies and configuring the install to match the Arch architecture.[69] Arch User
Repository helper programs can further streamline the downloading of PKGBUILD scripts and associated
building process. However, this comes at the cost of executing PKGBUILDs not validated by a trusted person; as
a result, Arch developers have stated that the utilities for automatic finding, downloading and executing of
PKGBUILDs will never be included in the official repositories.[70]

Users can create packages compatible with Pacman using the Arch build system and custom PKGBUILD
scripts.[71] This functionality has helped support the Arch User Repository, which consists of user contributed
packages to supplement the official repositories.[72]

The Arch User Repository provides the community with packages that are not included in the repositories.
Reasons include:

Licensing issues: software that cannot be redistributed, but is free to use, can be included in the Arch User
Repository since all that is hosted by the Arch Linux website is a shell script that downloads the actual
software from elsewhere. Examples include proprietary freeware such as Google Earth and Spotify.

Modified official packages: the Arch User Repository also contains many variations on the official packaging
as well as beta versions of software that is contained within the repositories as stable releases.

Popularity of the software: rarely used programs have not been added to the official repositories (yet).

Betas or "nightly" versions of the software which are very new and thus unstable. Examples include the
"firefox-nightly" package, which gives new daily builds of the Firefox web browser.

PKGBUILDs for any software can be contributed by ordinary users.[73] Any PKGBUILD that has 10 or more votes
or more than 1% usage from pkgstats (https://pkgstats.archlinux.de/packages) can be promoted into the
extra repository.[74]

Reproducible builds

Arch Linux is working on making all official packages reproducible.[75] This means that when a package is rebuilt
in a different environment it should be bit-by-bit identical. This allows users and researchers to verify the
integrity of the packages found in the official repository. The status of this effort can be monitored on the
dedicated status page (https://reproducible.archlinux.org/) .

Derivatives

There are several projects working on porting the Arch Linux ideas and tools to other kernels, including PacBSD
(formerly ArchBSD) and Arch Hurd,[76] which are based on the FreeBSD and GNU Hurd kernels, respectively.
There is also the Arch Linux ARM project, which aims to port Arch Linux to ARM-based devices, including the
Raspberry Pi, as well as the Arch Linux 32 project, which continued support for systems with 32-bit only CPUs
after the mainline Arch Linux project dropped support for the architecture in November 2017.[77][78]

Various distributions are focused on providing an Arch base with an easier install process, such as EndeavourOS,
CachyOS, and Garuda Linux.[79] Manjaro uses its own repositories.[80]

SteamOS 3.0, the version of SteamOS used in the Steam Deck by Valve, is based on Arch Linux.[81][82][83][84]

Logo

The current Arch Linux logo was designed by Thayer Williams[85][86] in 2007 as part of a contest to replace the
previous logo.[87]

Reception

OSNews reviewed Arch Linux in 2002.[88] OSNews also has five later reviews about Arch Linux.[89][90][91][92][93]

LWN.net wrote a review about Arch Linux in 2005.[94] LWN.net also has two later reviews about Arch
Linux.[95][96]

Tux Machines reviewed Arch Linux in 2007.[97]

Chris Smart from DistroWatch Weekly wrote a review about Arch Linux in January 2009.[98] DistroWatch
Weekly reviewed Arch Linux again in September 2009 and in December 2015.[99][100]
The Linux kernel developer and maintainer Greg Kroah-Hartman (GKH)[101] has stated that he uses Arch Linux
and that it "works really really well". He has also praised the Arch Wiki (https://wiki.archlinux.org/) , the
distribution's rolling release model, and the feedback loop with the community.[102]

In a 2023 DistroWatch poll, about half of the responders maintained that they were running either Arch (17%)
or an Arch derivative (30%).[103] As of 2023, Arch also enjoys the highest average rating of any Linux
distribution on DistroWatch with a rating of 9.34.[104]

See also

Comparison of Linux distributions Free and open-source

software portal
List of Linux distributions
Linux portal

Notes

a. i686 support is maintained by the Arch Linux 32 project.[3]

b. ARM support is maintained by the Arch Linux ARM project.

c. PowerPC support is maintained by the ArchPOWER project.[4]

d. RISC-V support is maintained by the Arch Linux RISC-V project.[5]

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External links

Official website (https://archlinux.org)

Arch Linux (https://www.github.com/archlinux/) on GitHub

#archlinux connect (https://web.libera.chat/?channel=#archlinux) on Libera.chat (#archlinuxarm connect (https://w

eb.libera.chat/?channel=#archlinuxarm)
, #archlinux32 connect (https://web.libera.chat/?channel=#archlinux32))