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Vector graphics
Vector graphics are a form of computer graphics in
which visual images are created directly from
geometric shapes defined on a Cartesian plane, such
as points, lines, curves and polygons. The associated
mechanisms may include vector display and printing
hardware, vector data models and file formats, as
well as the software based on these data models
(especially graphic design software, computer-aided
design, and geographic information systems). Vector
graphics are an alternative to raster or bitmap Example showing comparison of vector graphics
graphics, with each having advantages and and raster graphics upon magnification
disadvantages in specific situations.[1]

While vector hardware has largely disappeared in favor of raster-based monitors and printers,[2]
vector data and software continue to be widely used, especially when a high degree of geometric
precision is required, and when complex information can be decomposed into simple geometric
primitives. Thus, it is the preferred model for domains such as engineering, architecture,
surveying, 3D rendering, and typography, but is entirely inappropriate[3] for applications such as
photography and remote sensing, where raster is more effective and efficient. Some application
domains, such as geographic information systems (GIS) and graphic design, use both vector and
raster graphics at times, depending on purpose.

Vector graphics are based on the mathematics of analytic or coordinate geometry, and is not
related to other mathematical uses of the term vector. This can lead to some confusion in
disciplines in which both meanings are used.

Data model
The logical data model of vector graphics is based on the mathematics of coordinate geometry, in
which shapes are defined as a set of points in a two- or three-dimensional cartesian coordinate
system, as p = (x, y) or p = (x, y, z). Because almost all shapes consist of an infinite number of
points, the vector model defines a limited set of geometric primitives that can be specified using a
finite sample of salient points called vertices. For example, a square can be unambiguously defined
by the locations of three of its four corners, from which the software can interpolate the connecting
boundary lines and the interior space. Because it is a regular shape, a square could also be defined
by the location of one corner, a size (width=height), and a rotation angle.

The fundamental geometric primitives are:

A single point.
A line segment, defined by two end points, allowing for a simple linear interpolation of the
intervening line.

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A polygonal chain or polyline, a connected set of line segments, defined by an ordered list of
points.
A polygon, representing a region of space, defined by its boundary, a polyline with coincident
starting and ending vertices.
A variety of more complex shapes may be supported:

Parametric curves, in which polylines or polygons are augmented with parameters to define a
non-linear interpolation between vertices, including circular arcs, cubic splines, Catmull–Rom
splines, Bézier curves and bezigons.
Standard parametric shapes in two or three dimensions, such as circles, ellipses, squares,
superellipses, spheres, tetrahedrons, superellipsoids, etc.
Irregular three-dimensional surfaces and solids, are usually defined as a connected set of
polygons (e.g., a polygon mesh) or as parametric surfaces (e.g., NURBS).
Fractals, often defined as an iterated function system.
In many vector datasets, each shape can be combined with a set of properties. The most common
are visual characteristics, such as color, line weight, or dash pattern. In systems in which shapes
represent real-world features, such as GIS and BIM, a variety of attributes of each represented
feature can be stored, such as name, age, size, and so on.[4]

In some Vector data, especially in GIS, information about topological relationships between objects
may be represented in the data model, such as tracking the connections between road segments in
a transport network.[5]

If a dataset stored in one vector file format is converted to another file format that supports all the
primitive objects used in that particular image, then the conversion can be lossless.

Vector display hardware

Vector-based devices, such as the vector CRT and the pen
plotter, directly control a drawing mechanism to produce
geometric shapes. Since vector display devices can define a line
by dealing with just two points (that is, the coordinates of each
end of the line), the device can reduce the total amount of data
it must deal with by organizing the image in terms of pairs of
points.[6]

Vector graphic displays were first used in 1958 by the US SAGE

air defense system.[7] Vector graphics systems were retired
from the U.S. en route air traffic control in 1999. Vector
A free software Asteroids-like video
graphics were also used on the TX-2 at the Massachusetts
game played on a vector monitor
Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory by computer
graphics pioneer Ivan Sutherland to run his program
Sketchpad in 1963.[8]

Subsequent vector graphics systems, most of which iterated through dynamically modifiable stored
lists of drawing instructions, include the IBM 2250, Imlac PDS-1, and DEC GT40. There was a
video game console that used vector graphics called Vectrex as well as various arcade games like
Asteroids, Space Wars, Tempest and many cinematronics titles such as Rip Off, and Tail Gunner
using vector monitors.[9] Storage scope displays, such as the Tektronix 4014, could display vector

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images but not modify them without first erasing the display. However, these were never as widely
used as the raster-based scanning displays used for television, and had largely disappeared by the
mid-1980s except for specialized applications.

Plotters used in technical drawing still draw vectors directly to paper by moving a pen as directed
through the two-dimensional space of the paper. However, as with monitors, these have largely
been replaced by the wide-format printer that prints a raster image (which may be rendered from
vector data).

Software
Because this model is useful in a variety of application domains, many different software programs
have been created for drawing, manipulating, and visualizing vector graphics. While these are all
based on the same basic vector data model, they can interpret and structure shapes very
differently, using very different file formats.

Graphic design and illustration, using a vector graphics editor or graphic art software such as
Adobe Illustrator. See Comparison of vector graphics editors for capabilities.
Geographic information systems (GIS), which can represent a geographic feature by a
combination of a vector shape and a set of attributes.[10] GIS includes vector editing, mapping,
and vector spatial analysis capabilities.
Computer-aided design (CAD), used in engineering, architecture, and surveying. Building
information modeling (BIM) models add attributes to each shape, similar to a GIS.
3D computer graphics software, including computer animation.

File formats
Vector graphics are commonly found today in the SVG, WMF,
EPS, PDF, CDR or AI types of graphic file formats, and are
intrinsically different from the more common raster graphics
file formats such as JPEG, PNG, APNG, GIF, WebP, BMP and
MPEG4.

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) standard for vector

graphics is Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG). The standard is
complex and has been relatively slow to be established at least
in part owing to commercial interests. Many web browsers now
have some support for rendering SVG data but full
implementations of the standard are still comparatively rare. This vector-based (SVG format)
image of a round four-color swirl
In recent years, SVG has become a significant format that is displays several unique features of
completely independent of the resolution of the rendering vector graphics versus raster
device, typically a printer or display monitor. SVG files are graphics: there is no aliasing along
essentially printable text that describes both straight and the rounded edge (which would
result in digital artifacts in a raster
curved paths, as well as other attributes. Wikipedia prefers
graphic), the color gradients are all
SVG for images such as simple maps, line illustrations, coats of
smooth, and the user can resize the
arms, and flags, which generally are not like photographs or image infinitely without losing any
quality.

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other continuous-tone images. Rendering SVG requires conversion to a raster format at a

resolution appropriate for the current task. SVG is also a format for animated graphics.

There is also a version of SVG for mobile phones called SVGT (SVG Tiny version). These images
can count links and also exploit anti-aliasing. They can also be displayed as wallpaper.

CAD software uses its own vector data formats, usually proprietary formats created by software
vendors, such as Autodesk's DWG and public exchange formats such as DXF. Hundreds of distinct
vector file formats have been created for GIS data over its history, including proprietary formats
like the Esri file geodatabase, proprietary but public formats like the Shapefile and the original
KML, open source formats like GeoJSON, and formats created by standards bodies like Simple
Features and GML from the Open Geospatial Consortium.

Conversion

To raster
Modern displays and printers are raster devices; vector formats
have to be converted to a raster format (bitmaps – pixel arrays)
before they can be rendered (displayed or printed).[11] The size
of the bitmap/raster-format file generated by the conversion
will depend on the resolution required, but the size of the
vector file generating the bitmap/raster file will always remain
Original reference photo before
the same. Thus, it is easy to convert from a vector file to a range
vectorization
of bitmap/raster file formats but it is much more difficult to go
in the opposite direction, especially if subsequent editing of the
vector picture is required. It might be an advantage to save an image created from a vector source
file as a bitmap/raster format, because different systems have different (and incompatible) vector
formats, and some might not support vector graphics at all. However, once a file is converted from
the vector format, it is likely to be bigger, and it loses the advantage of scalability without loss of
resolution. It will also no longer be possible to edit individual parts of the image as discrete objects.
The file size of a vector graphic image depends on the number of graphic elements it contains; it is
a list of descriptions.

From raster

Printing
Vector art is ideal for printing since the art is made from a series of mathematical curves; it will
print very crisply even when resized.[12] For instance, one can print a vector logo on a small sheet
of copy paper, and then enlarge the same vector logo to billboard size and keep the same crisp
quality. A low-resolution raster graphic would blur or pixelate excessively if it were enlarged from
business card size to billboard size. (The precise resolution of a raster graphic necessary for high-
quality results depends on the viewing distance; e.g., a billboard may still appear to be of high
quality even at low resolution if the viewing distance is great enough.)[13]

If we regard typographic characters as images, then the same considerations that we have made for
graphics apply even to the composition of written text for printing (typesetting). Older character
sets were stored as bitmaps. Therefore, to achieve maximum print quality they had to be used at a
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given resolution only; these font formats are said to be non-

scalable. High-quality typography is nowadays based on
character drawings (fonts) which are typically stored as vector
graphics, and as such are scalable to any size. Examples of
these vector formats for characters are Postscript fonts and
TrueType fonts.

Operation
Advantages of this style of drawing over raster graphics:

Because vector graphics consist of coordinates with

lines/curves between them, the size of the representation
does not depend on the dimensions of the object. This
minimal amount of information translates to a much
smaller[14] file size compared to large raster images which
are defined pixel by pixel. This said, a vector graphic with a
small file size is often said to lack detail compared with a
real-world photo.
Correspondingly, one can infinitely zoom in on e.g., a circle
arc, and it remains smooth. On the other hand, a polygon
representing a curve will reveal being not really curved.
On zooming in, lines and curves need not get wider Detail can be added to or removed
proportionally. Often the width is either not increased or from vector art.
less than proportional. On the other hand, irregular curves
represented by simple geometric shapes may be made
proportionally wider when zooming in, to keep them looking smooth and not like these
geometric shapes.
The parameters of objects are stored and can be later modified. This means that moving,
scaling, rotating, filling, etc. does not degrade the quality of a drawing. Moreover, it is usual to
specify the dimensions in device-independent units, which results in the best possible
rasterization on raster devices.
From a 3-D perspective, rendering shadows is also much more realistic with vector graphics,
as shadows can be abstracted into the rays of light from which they are formed. This allows for
photorealistic images and renderings.
For example, consider a circle of radius r.[15] The main pieces of information a program needs in
order to draw this circle are

1. An indication that what is to be drawn is a circle

2. the radius r
3. the location of the center point of the circle
4. stroke line style and color (possibly transparent)
5. fill style and color (possibly transparent)
Vector formats are not always appropriate in graphics work and also have numerous
disadvantages.[16] For example, devices such as cameras and scanners produce essentially
continuous-tone raster graphics that are impractical to convert into vectors, and so for this type of
work, an image editor will operate on the pixels rather than on drawing objects defined by
mathematical expressions. Comprehensive graphics tools will combine images from vector and
raster sources, and may provide editing tools for both, since some parts of an image could come
from a camera source, and others could have been drawn using vector tools.

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Some authors have criticized the term vector graphics as being confusing.[17][18] In particular,
vector graphics does not simply refer to graphics described by Euclidean vectors.[19] Some authors
have proposed to use object-oriented graphics instead.[17][20][21] However this term can also be
confusing as it can be read as any kind of graphics implemented using object-oriented
programming.[17]

Vector operations
Vector graphics editors typically allow translation, rotation, mirroring, stretching, skewing, affine
transformations, changing of z-order (loosely, what's in front of what) and combination of
primitives into more complex objects.[17] More sophisticated transformations include set
operations on closed shapes (union, difference, intersection, etc.).[22] In SVG, the composition
operations are based on alpha composition.[23]

Vector graphics are ideal for simple or composite drawings that need to be device-independent,[24]
or do not need to achieve photo-realism. For example, the PostScript and PDF page description
languages use a vector graphics model.

Vector image repositories

Many stock photo websites provide vectorized versions of hosted images, while specific
repositories specialize in vector images given their growing popularity among graphic
designers.[25]

List of vector image repositories[26]

Repo/Company License

Vexels Proprietary

VectorStock Proprietary
Vecteezy Freemium

Freepik Proprietary

Envato Elements Proprietary

Depositphotos Proprietary

See also
Animation
Anti-Grain Geometry
Cairo (graphics)
Comparison of vector graphics editors
Comparison of graphics file formats
Computer-aided design
Direct2D
Illustration
Javascript graphics library
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Raster to vector
Raster graphics
Resolution independence
Turtle graphics
Vector game
Vector graphics file formats
Vector monitor
Vector network
Vector packs
Vexel
Wire frame model
3D modeling

Notes
1. Nigel Chapman; Jenny Chapman (2002) [2000]. Digital Multimedia (https://archive.org/details/d
igitalmultimedi00chap). Wiley. p. 86 (https://archive.org/details/digitalmultimedi00chap/page/n1
00). ISBN 0-471-98386-1.
2. Arie Kaufman (1993). Rendering, Visualization and Rasterization Hardware (https://books.goog
le.com/books?id=lF4irp7bBN0C&pg=PA86). Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 86–87.
ISBN 978-3-540-56787-5.
3. "Vector art files" (https://pastorhome.weebly.com/vector-art-files.html). pastorhome. Retrieved
March 1, 2025.
4. Vector Data Models (https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_essentials-of-geographic-information-sy
stems/s08-02-vector-data-models.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022041103013
8/https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_essentials-of-geographic-information-systems/s08-02-vecto
r-data-models.html) April 11, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Essentials of Geographic
Information Systems, Saylor Academy, 2012
5. Bolstad, Paul (2008). GIS Fundamentals: A First Text on Geographic Information Systems
(3rd ed.). Eider Press. p. 37.
6. Murray 2002, pp. 81–83.
7. Holzer, Derek (April 2019). Vector Synthesis: a Media-Archaeological Investigation into Sound-
Modulated Light (https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/38066/master_Holzer_Ia
n_2019.pdf) (PDF) (Thesis). Aalto University. urn:urn:NBN:fi:aalto-201905193156. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20210418193445/https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitstream/handle/12345678
9/38066/master_Holzer_Ian_2019.pdf) (PDF) from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved
July 31, 2020.
8. Kassem, Dalal (October 15, 2014). The Sketchpad Window (http://hdl.handle.net/10919/63920)
(Thesis). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. hdl:10919/63920 (https://hdl.handl
e.net/10919%2F63920). Retrieved September 18, 2020.
9. Wolf, Mark J. P. (2008). The Video Game Explosion: A History from PONG to Playstation and
Beyond (https://books.google.com/books?id=XiM0ntMybNwC&pg=PA67). ABC-CLIO. pp. 67–
71. ISBN 978-0-313-33868-7. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
10. Peuquet, Donna J. (1984), "A Conceptual Framework and Comparison of Spatial Data Models
(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244954245_A_Conceptual_Framework_and_Compa
rison_of_Spatial_Data_Models)", Cartographica 21 (4): 66–113. doi:10.3138/D794-N214-221R-
23R5 (https://doi.org/10.3138%2FD794-N214-221R-23R5). Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20211024054823/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244954245_A_Conceptual_Fra
mework_and_Comparison_of_Spatial_Data_Models) October 24, 2021, at the Wayback
Machine.
11. Gharachorloo et al. 1989, p. 355.

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12. "Vector & Raster Graphics in Offset Printing" (http://www.olypress.com/vector-vs-raster-graphic

s-in-printing/). Olympus Press. December 6, 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2014
0212111440/http://www.olypress.com/vector-vs-raster-graphics-in-printing/) from the original on
February 12, 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
13. "Printing and Exporting (Graphics)" (https://archive.today/20140206130749/http://unix.eng.ua.e
du/MathWorks/manuals/techdoc/creating_plots/chprin30.html). COE Unix Network. June 18,
2002. Archived from the original (http://unix.eng.ua.edu/MathWorks/manuals/techdoc/creating_
plots/chprin30.html) on February 6, 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
14. "PNG vs. SVG: What are the differences?" (https://www.adobe.com/creativecloud/file-types/im
age/comparison/png-vs-svg). Adobe. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
15. "ASCIIsvg: Easy mathematical vector graphics" (http://www1.chapman.edu/~jipsen/asciisvg.ht
ml). Peter Jipsen, Chapman University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2013091618192
7/http://www1.chapman.edu/~jipsen/asciisvg.html) from the original on September 16, 2013.
Retrieved June 16, 2014.
16. Andy Harris. "Vector Graphics" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120518050735/http://wally.cs.iu
pui.edu/n351/vector/Vector_Graphics.html). Welcome to wally!!!. Archived from the original (htt
p://wally.cs.iupui.edu/n351/vector/Vector_Graphics.html) on May 18, 2012. Retrieved June 16,
2014.
17. Nigel Chapman; Jenny Chapman (2002) [2000]. Digital Multimedia (https://archive.org/details/d
igitalmultimedi00chap). Wiley. p. 70 (https://archive.org/details/digitalmultimedi00chap/page/n8
4). ISBN 0-471-98386-1.
18. CS 354 Vector Graphics & Path Rendering (https://www.slideshare.net/Mark_Kilgard/22pathren
der,) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200418024910/http://www.slideshare.net/Mark_K
ilgard/22pathrender,) April 18, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Slide 7, By Mark Kilgard, April
10, 2012, University of Texas at Austin
19. Rex van der Spuy (2010). AdvancED Game Design with Flash (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=Xsheyw3JJrMC&pg=PA306). Apress. p. 306. ISBN 978-1-4302-2739-7.
20. Ted Landau (2000). Sad Macs, Bombs and Other Disasters (https://archive.org/details/mac_Sa
d_Macs_Bombs_and_other_Disasters_4th_Edition_2000) (4th ed.). Peachpit Press. p. 409 (htt
ps://archive.org/details/mac_Sad_Macs_Bombs_and_other_Disasters_4th_Edition_2000/page/
n421). ISBN 978-0-201-69963-0.
21. Amy Arntson (2011). Graphic Design Basics (https://books.google.com/books?id=LSM9AAAAQ
BAJ&pg=PA194) (6th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-133-41950-1.
22. Barr 1984, p. 21.
23. SVG Working Group (March 15, 2011). "SVG Compositing Specification" (https://www.w3.org/T
R/SVGCompositing). w3. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220807173633/https://www.
w3.org/TR/SVGCompositing/) from the original on August 7, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
24. Qin, Zheng (January 27, 2009). Vector Graphics for Real-time 3D Rendering (https://uwspace.
uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/handle/10012/4262/phd-thesis.pdf) (PDF) (Thesis). University of
Waterloo. p. 1. hdl:10012/4262 (https://hdl.handle.net/10012%2F4262). Archived (https://web.a
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hicg==). datasetsearch.research.google.com. April 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
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External links
Media related to Vector graphics at Wikimedia Commons

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vector_graphics&oldid=1278197953"

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