MODULE 9:

DIGITAL/CYBER LITERACY

LEARNING OUTCOMES

1.​ Define digital/cyber literacy and cybersecurity

2.​ Elaborate on cyber citizenship
3.​ Determine netiquette and safety use of digital media
4.​ Identify common computer threats and the corresponding fixing solutions
5.​ Elucidate cyberbullying and cybercrimes
6.​ Examine Internet exploration, source citation, research and data gathering protocols and
website evaluation
7.​ Cite how digital/cyberliteracy may be integrated with teaching-learning
8.​ Draw relevant life lessons and significant values from personal experiences on digital
risks and consequences
9.​ Analyze research abstract on digital/cyber literacy and its implications to the teaching-
learning process
10.​Produce and evaluate a digital tool that may be utilized in the classroom

INTERACTIVE PRESENTATION

Cross Sectional Dilemmatters Jury Trial: This activity is intended for students to analyze
dilemmas. The points view are supported by provisions, theories and frameworks. Then, groups
present their propositions and analysis subjected to critiquing and assessment by other groups.
It enhances critical thinking, analysis, objectivity, communication skills, collaboration and unity.

Procedure:

1.​ The students form four groups in class.

2.​ The teacher prepares dilemmas on mal-use, misuse and abuse of technology to be
examined and analyzed by the students as an advanced assignment.
3.​ Two groups will be given a dilemma to be resolved. Both groups will take their
justifications and counter propositions on the issue just like a debate.
4.​ Members of the groups will share ideas and opinions regarding issues being raised. The
members agree to common propositions and justifications based on their opinions
supported by legal, philosophical and moral bases that they have researched on in
advance.
5.​ The groups present their analysis and propositions and react to the opposing group's
justifications in class.
 6.​ Meanwhile, the other (remaining) two groups will serve both as audience and
adjudicators. They will also analyze and assess the given propositioris of the presenting
groups.
7.​ Therefore, the groups of adjudicators will also choose the side that they will defend and
justify against the opposing side.
8.​ Just like the two presenting groups, the two groups of adjudicators will also debate on
the issue by examining the counter propositions of the opposing group upon presenting
their side. Therefore, two different sets of debating teams are expected to perform.
9.​ The teacher clarifies and synthesizes the ideas and the propositions given by the
presenting groups, as well as the defense and the critiquing made by the adjudicators.
10.​The class will find time for a brief reflection on the activity.

Samples of dilemmas to be resolved in class

Dilemma No. 1:
The Bridgeton Academy conducted a United Nations activity by performing cultural
presentations done in different countries, including appropriate costumes and props.
After the show, students were fulfilled and they happily celebrated the success of their
presentations through picture taking. A student, who served as leader of one of the
groups, posted their picture online and put a hashtag (which was the name of the
country that they presented) on it. All the while, the student became unaware of the
impact of what he did that the picture online even reached the country mentioned in the
given hashtag. This made the people in the said country react on the posted picture
vehemently, for them, that was an insult and discriminatory to their culture and race.
Many citizens put their negative impressions, comments and ill statements against the
person who posted it while the rest responded in the thread. They were searching for the
school where the picture came from and demanded for an apology to their nation and
the people.

How would you defend the sides of two involved in the issue- the student who
unintentionally posted the picture out of glee and the people who reacted to it?

Dilemma No. 2:
After the swimming class, a student, who was given consent by her classmate, took a
video of the latter in the in the comfort room while changing her swimsuit. Suddenly, the
video came out with the student's nude body and was viewed by many, including her
family and friends. Being affected by such malicious scandal, the said student's family
immediately confronted the school to hear explanations from those concerned. Upon
investigation, they found out that the one, who took the video, had mistakenly pressed
the button of the cellphone marked "video share" that made it accessible to all accounts
registered in the contacts right away, which caused its immediate spreading.
 Who do you think has the main liability on this issue - the girl who allowed someone to
take the video of her nude body or the one who caused its widespread? Justify. How
should this matter be resolved?

CONCEPT EXPLORATION

Technology has been part of everyone's life, be it at home, in school, or anywhere with
every facet of our undertaking. However, in many instances, we may not be aware that
we have been misusing or abusing it or in another way around, we may find ourselves
being used by other people with their malicious motives using digital tools. Therefore, we
may end up being liable or a victim of such irresponsible kind of technological processing
and utilization. It is in this case that we must gain further understanding and application
of digital/cyber literacy, be it on personal or professional merit.

Digital Literacy

According to Wikipedia, digital literacy is the set of competencies required for full
participation in society that includes knowledge, skills, and behaviors involving the
effective use of digital devices for purposes of communication, expression, collaboration
and advocacy.

Simply, it is the ability of an individual to engage with the digital environment and operate
technologies safely by knowing what to do and what not to do and how to avoid
unnecessary risks.

Digital literacy is an individual's ability to access both information and methods of

communication through technological tools, such as smartphones, tablets, laptops and
desktop PCs. While digital literacy is initially focused on digital skills and stand-alone
computers, its focus has shifted to network devices, including the Internet and the use of
social media.

Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital
attacks (Cisco, n.d.). These cyberattacks are usually aimed at accessing, changing, or
destroying sensitive information; extorting money from users; or interrupting normal
business processes.

Implementing effective cybersecurity measures is challenging because there are more

devices than people, and attackers are becoming more innovative. Here are some tips
on how to protect yourself against cyber threats.
 1.​ Monitor behavior on social networks. Before posting or uploading something online, try
to realize: (a) Does this need to be public?; and (b) Is it worth the risk? Remember, not
only what we share online is available to friends and family, but also to cybercriminals.
2.​ Keep devices safe. Protect your technology tools by installing Anti-virus software, a
configuration of settings on the devices and by completing software updates.
3.​ Understand how best to use passwords. Passwords need to be complex and hard to
guess, but can still be remembered. One strategy is "passphrase" or a password that
comes from the first letter of each word in the phrase. There is also a password manager
app to help keep track of all the passwords called "KeePass" which is free of charge.
Importantly, do not use the same password for all accounts.
4.​ Handle unsafe content. Know exactly how to respond or react to unsafe situations
online, such as (1) suspicious emails; (2) pop-ups claiming that your computer is
infected; and (3) BitTorrent sites.
5.​ Consider safety for the future. Take individual responsibility in using devices with an
utmost care and critical thinking when online (https://www.esentire.com).

Cyber Citizenship

Citizenship is an old value that is now applied to a new medium, the Internet. Cyber citizenship
refers to being responsible when using the Internet. Doing online when no one is looking speaks
a lot about one's character and morals. The power of this digital world is associated with
responsibilities and consequences. Therefore, we can explore and navigate all information
available online however, we should observe cyber citizenship or manners and etiquette on the
Web.

Ways on How to be a Good Cyber Citizen

The enlisted ways of becoming a good cyber citizen would guide everyone on his/her digital
operations and information processing and would prevent anyone from further consequences,
distractions, moral damages and risks.

1.​ Be careful and critical for whatever you post online that could be visible to the public
even if on a "private" page through tagging by a friend.
2.​ If you have a problem with someone, go to that person or an adult to help work it out,
instead of posting your expression online.
3.​ Use the Internet to help you with your schoolwork, but give credit to the sources you use
and critically analyze everything you search online.
4.​ 4. Use the Internet purposefully to learn more about anything you are interested in, to
help you research relevant and needed data or information and to stay connected with
friends throughout the world.
5.​ Make sure you verify an information before you share it or use it in a project and check
on accuracy and truth in the information you search on the web.
6.​ Give out certain information only.
 7.​ Don't answer questions that make you uncomfortable.
8.​ Always make sure you have told a reliable adult if you decide to meet someone you
knew through the Internet.
9.​ Always be aware of copyright laws and give credit to whom an article or a part of it is
due.
10.​Use only the computers that you are allowed to use. Avoid hacking.

Importance of Cyber Citizenship

1.​ It keeps the Internet free from hurtful staternents.

2.​ It creates a culture of more reliable information.
3.​ It gives provisions for people to be given credit for what they have created.
4.​ More criminals or bullies can be caught when kids are honest and talk to adults.
5.​ It keeps information private.

Proper Netiquette
​ Follow these simple rules to ensure that you make wise choices when sending
messages online.

1.​ Make sure you have the correct address (with proper spelling), correct link and you are
sending the information to the right person when doing it online.
2.​ Check information before sending or posting any message and avoid false statements
and information on the web or forwarding junk mail or chain letters to family or friends. 3.
3.​ Re-read what you wrote to make sure it is what you want to say and the other person
would interpret it the same way.
4.​ Keep your comments clean and don't confront others online or say anything that could
be hurtful to them.
5.​ Keep your personal and friends' information private and don't forward information that
was just given to you without his/her permission.
6.​ Watch out for spam and other fraud e-mails and never reply to them.
7.​ If you are going to write something personal or private, think twice because messages
can get misdelivered.
8.​ Adults should monitor kids' messages, especially when they are sending e-mails to
others without permission. (http://www. cybercitizenship.org/ethics/ethics.html)

The Ten Commandments of Teacher Cyber Citizenship

​ At some point, misuse and abuse of technology may also happen in schools involving
teachers with their students, colleagues and others. The following are reminders to teachers
regarding the use of media tools.

1.​ Thou shall not post any personal matter, confidential information and obscene pictures
and messages online that can be accessed by students and parents.
 2.​ Thou shall not respond or thread to any personal message created by students online
other than those school-related.
3.​ Thou shall not lend or let students access your cellphone.
4.​ Thou shall not give your email password to students.
5.​ Thou shall not use concepts and information from texts and references without the
author's citation.
6.​ Thou shall not post to any social media account, for whatever purposes, the pictures of
students without their or their parents' consent.
7.​ Thou shall not express sentiments, disappointments and disagreements against
superiors, colleagues, students and their parents using their social media accounts.
8.​ Thou shall not use data from Internet sources in any documents like lesson plans,
researches and requirements without the consent of the author.
9.​ Thou shall not give any personal data or other's information to anyone unless for specific
purposes and given the consent.
10.​Thou shall not post any student data publicly online including academic rankings, school
records, class outputs and record of grades. De Leon (2019)

Internet Safety
​ Internet safety, online safety or cyber safety means trying to be safe on the Internet. It is
maximizing the user's personal safety and security risks to private information and property
associated with using the Internet, including self-protection from computer crime. As the number
of Internet users continues to grow worldwide, issues and concerns also continuously exist.

​ Information security. Sensitive information, such as personal information, identity and

passwords are often associated with personal property and privacy and may present security
concerns if leaked. Unauthorized access and usage of private information may result in
consequences, such as identity and property theft.

Common causes of information security breaches include:

1.​ Phishing. It is a common type of scam, of which the scammers disguise as a trustworthy
source in an attempt to obtain private information, such as passwords, credit card
information, etc. through the use of fake websites that look identical and legitimate.
2.​ Internet scams. These are schemes that deceive the users in various ways in an
attempt to take advantage of them.
3.​ Malware. It is a malicious software (particularly spyware) disguised to collect and
transmit private information, such as password without the user's consent or knowledge,
of which it is impossible to determine whether a file is infected.

​ Personal safety and threats. The growth of the Internet gave rise to many important
services accessible to anyone with a connection, such as digital communication. While it allows
communication with others, it is also being grabbed by malicious users for bad intent. The
following are common threats to personal safety.
 1.​ Cyberstalking. It is the use of the Internet or other electronic means to stalk or harass
an individual, group or organization through false accusations, defamation, slander and
libel, intentional monitoring, identity theft, threats, vandalism, solicitation for sex, or
gathering information that may be used to threaten, embarrass or harass.
2.​ Cyberbullying. It is the use of electronic means, such as instant messaging, social
media, e-mail and other forms of online communication with the intent to abuse,
intimidate, or overpower an individual or group.
3.​ Online predation. It is the act of engaging an underage minor into inappropriate sexual
relationships through the Internet. Online predators may attempt to initiate and seduce
minors into relationships through the use of chat rooms or Internet forums. The behavior
characteristics are categorized into three groups: A) Manipulative typically a child
molester, B) Opportunist - typically a rapist; and C) Coercive being a mixture of both
rapists and child molesters.
4.​ Obscene/offensive content. Various websites on the Internet contain material that may
deem offensive, distasteful or explicit, which may often not be of the user's liking. Such
websites may include the Internet, shock sites, hate speech or otherwise, and
inflammatory content. Such content may manifest in many ways, such as pop-up ads
and unsuspecting links.
5.​ Sextortion. It is the use of webcams for flirting and cybersex. Often, this involves a
cybercriminal posing as someone else, such as an attractive person initiating
communication of a sexual nature with the victim. The video is recorded by the
cybercriminal to demand money oney or other services, threaten to publicly release the
video and send to family members and friends of the victim if they do not comply.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Internet_safety)

Computer Threats and Fixing Solutions

​ The realm of Information Technology (IT) security professionals and computer security
has become an issue and concern for many people (Honan, 2014).

​ A threat, in the context of computer security, refers to anything that has the potential to
cause serious harm to a computer system. It is something that may or may not happen, but has
the potential to cause serious damage and can lead to attacks on computer systems and
networks (https://www.techopedia.com).

​ Cybercrime is now becoming alarming in the life of every individual and the organization
as they intend to steal information that they can sell or trade, such as financial details, credit
card information, personal details, or any other information using computer networks.

​ Likewise, while email has been the main method for the spread of computer viruses, it
can also enter a network by the USB device, Internet download, visiting an infected website,
instant messaging or messaging in social media platforms, file transfer and file-sharing
programs, or by remote users connecting directly to the corporate network with an infected PC.
Once a computer virus gets into a network, it can spread from computer to computer in multiple
ways.

​ Given the numerous ways a computer virus can spread, the following are ways on how
to ensure that computer networks can be protected.

1.​ Install anti-virus software. Ensure that reputable anti-virus software is installed on all
computers, including all servers, PCs and laptops.
2.​ Ensure that the anti-virus software is up-to-date. New computer viruses are being
released daily and so it is essential that computers are protected by keeping the
anti-virus software-up- to-date.
3.​ Employ a firewall to protect networks. As computer viruses can spread by means other
than email, it is important that unwanted traffic is blocked from entering the network by
using a firewall.
4.​ Filter all email traffic. Example of emails with certain file attachments commonly used by
computer viruses to spread themselves, such as EXE, .COM and SCR files. These
should be prevented from entering the network.
5.​ Educate all users to be careful of suspicious e-mails. Ensure that all users know to never
open an attachment or to click on a link in an email they are not expecting.
6.​ Scan Internet downloads. Ensure that all files downloaded from the Internet are scanned
against computer viruses from one central point on the network.
7.​ Do not run programs of unknown origin. It is important to use a trusted source for
software requirements to be installed and ensure it can be accounted for.
8.​ Implement a vulnerability management ent system. It is important to regularly review
network and the applications running on it for new vulnerabilities and a plan on how to
manage them, either by patching or upgrading them using tools, such as firewalls or
Intrusion Detection Systems that should be put in place..
9.​ Make regular backups of critical data. There is a need to keep important files on
removable media, such as portable drives or tape for back-up in the event that the
network is infected with a computer virus.
10.​Develop an Information Security Policy. The creation and publication of an Information
Security Policy is key to ensuring that information security receives the profile it requires
in order to secure the systems and data.
11.​Monitor logs and systems. Regular monitoring of network and system logs can assist in
the early identification of a computer virus infecting the network or other attacks by
criminals.
12.​Develop an Incident Response Plan. The incident response plan outlines the roles and
responsibilities of people in the event of a computer virus infecting the network or any
other type of security breach.
13.​Restrict end-user access to the systems. Where possible, end users are prohibited from
access to the system so that the virus will also be restricted.
(https://bhconsulting.ie/computer-security-threats-solutions/)
Cyberbullying
​ Cyberbullying, cyberharassment or online bullying is a form of bullying or harassment
using electronic means usually among minors in a school setting and has become increasingly
common, especially among teenagers.

​ It is an aggressive, intentional act or behavior that is carried out by a group or an

individual using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly against a victim who cannot easily
defend him or herself. The National Crime Prevention Council defines it as a process of using
the Internet, cell phones or other devices to send or post texts or images that intend to hurt or
embarrass another person. It may also include public actions, such as repeated threats, sexual
remarks, pejorative labels or defamatory false accusations, ganging up on a victim by making
the person the subject of ridicule in online forums. hacking into or vandalizing sites about a
person, and posting false statements to discredit the targeted person.

​ Cyberbullying is similar to traditional bullying, It is just that victims may not know the
identity of their bully and the reason for bullying them. Cyberbullies may disclose victims'
personal data on websites or forums-called doxing, or may use impersonation, and create fake
accounts, comments or sites for the purpose of publishing material in their names. This can
leave the cyberbully anonymous and difficult to be caught or apprehended for his/her behavior.

​ Cyberbullying types. There are various types of cyberbullying and research has
revealed serious profound consequences on victims.

1.​ Internet trolling is a common form of bullying over the internet in an online community to
elicit a reaction, disruption or intentionally provoke and offend others.
2.​ Cyberstalking is another form of bullying or harassment that uses electronic
communication to stalk a victim and pose a credible threat to harass him/her.

​ Implications of bullying in schools. Schools should initiate various anti-bullying

programs and campaigns to protect students from being threatened or victimized by such
offense. More so, teachers should be oriented and trained in handling bullying cases and
executing teaching strategies to address and reduce bullying cases in class. Also, schools
should conduct student empowerment activities that can be engaged in by students, including
the bullies to divert their attention and energy into something worthwhile and engagements that
they can be busy about.

Cybercrime
​ Avast defines cybercrime as any criminal activity carried out using computers or the
Internet. Cybercrime uses tools like phishing, viruses, spyware, ransomware and social
engineering to break the law (https:// www.avast.com/c-cybercrime).
​
​ On the other hand, cybercrime is defined by Techopedia as a crime with the computer as
the object of the crime (i.e. hacking. phishing, spamming) or is used as a tool to commit an
offense (i.e. child pornography, hate crimes). Cybercriminals may use computer technology to
access personal and confidential information or use the Internet for exploitative or malicious
purposes.

​ There is a wide variety of cybercrimes, which can broadly be placed into two categories:
one-off crimes, such as installing a virus that steals your personal data; and ongoing crimes,
such as cyberbullying, extortion, distributing child pornography or organizing terrorist attacks
(https://www.avast.com/c-cybercrime).

​ Cybercrime may also be referred to as computer crime practiced by those who have
technological skills and use the Internet to achieve their bad motive. Cybercriminals employ
their diverse skill to access bank accounts, steal identities, blackmail, defraud, stalk, and harass
or use a compromised computer to attack their victims. Criminals can also use computers for
communication and document or data storage and those, who perform these illegal activities,
are often referred to as hackers.

​ On the other hand, malware downloaded from the computer may slow it down and
prompt it to give error messages. Likewise, phishing attacks usually involve receiving emails
from unknown sources while trying to trick someone into giving up his/her passwords or
personal data. Keyloggers leave their own telltale signs, like strange icorns, or duplicating the
messages.

​ Techopedia cites common types of cybercrime that include online bank information theft,
identity theft, online predatory crimes, unauthorized computer access, and the most serious one
like cyberterrorism. Cybercrime encompasses a wide range of activities that can be categorized
as: (1) crimes that target computer networks or devices, including viruses and denial-of-service
(DoS) attacks; and (2) crimes that use computer networks to advance other criminal activities,
including cyberstalking, phishing and fraud or identity theft.
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2387/cybercrime)

Exploring the Internet: Researching and Evaluating the Web

​ The Internet is a global communication network that allows computers to exchange and
share information worldwide. It makes possible for people around the world to connect and
share ideas across time zones and geographic locations. However, because cyberspace is such
a large realm, sometimes it is difficult to find the needed information. So, the most effective way
to explore the Internet is to have strategies in place for doing research on the Web and for
evaluating the websites.

​ Commonly, this is important among schools in doing researches and other related works.
Therefore, this aspect needs to be explored by teachers and students in doing their works.
​ Surfing the Web. The following are the three key factors in surfing the web.
1.​ Most surfing sessions start with the user-targeted keywords about the subject into a
search engine.
 2.​ Good strategies for searching the Web include writing research questions; extracting
keywords from the questions and typing them into a search engine using synonyms if the
keywords do not bring up desired results; keeping track of keywords and synonyms
used; and recording the results of search.
3.​ Always be cautious about the information shared online and in visiting websites.

​ Assessing credibility. Different websites accessible on the Web can make the job of
researchers very challenging. Carefully evaluate the information searched online. Consider the
credibility, or trustworthiness and reliability of the content before taking it. There are two types of
websites: informational and commercial. Informational websites usually strive to offer credible
content to users, while commercial websites present inaccurate information in order to see
something.

​ Checklist of credibility criteria. The first step in evaluating the credibility of websites is
to review several important aspects of the site.

1.​ Author. Check the credentials of the author, the company or the expert and determine
the qualifications to provide information on the subject being researched. Some websites
do not list specific authors, but the credibility of a company can be explored by reviewing
the site's "About" page, if available.
2.​ Date. Look for copyright information at the bottom of a website's home page. If the site is
more than a few years old and it has not been updated regularly, look for more
up-to-date information.
3.​ Purpose. Analyze the goals of the website to determine if it is an informational or an
advertisement site.
4.​ Contact. Most credible websites list down contact information, such as telephone
number, email address, or mailing address so that users may get in touch if they have
questions.
5.​ Fact vs. Opinion. When doing research for a school paper, go to sites that present
factual information provided by experts, rather than opinions. Be on the lookout for
biases, too. If the author is biased, so as the information on the site.
6.​ URL. The URL may look like ending in edu (for education), .gov (for government), .org
(for organization), .com (for commercial sites), or .net (for network sites). Different
websites have different URLs. To help determine a site's credibility, determine if that is a
personal website or blog, a government website, or other types of website.

​ Common credible URLS. One way of determining the credibility of a website is through
the URLS. Although a website's URL gives clues as to credibility, there is still a need to evaluate
it carefully.
 1.​ When encountering a URL, look at the letters that appear after the "dot" (i.e.
www.whitehouse.gov.) and that is called top-level domain. Thus, the URL's top-level
domain helps in determining a site's credibility.
2.​ Websites ending in gov are government-related websites, which generally, can be
trusted to provide credible statistical information, articles on many different topics and
government news.
3.​ Websites ending in edu are the websites of educational institutions, such as colleges
and universities that usually offer a variety of credible data, especially about the school's
operations and research. Since students may create websites with an edu top-level
domain, but they may contain inaccurate or biased information.
4.​ Websites ending in .org are the websites of organizations. While many organizations,
especially nonprofit ones, provide credible information, they may sometimes have
advertising intent. Since some organizations show bias in their provided information, so
evaluate .org sites carefully.

​ Recognition of information sources. Similar to the information in print sources, the

use of online sources must be given credit to the authors. This can be done by applying proper
referencing and citation procedures that would get rid of risks, consequences and legal
implications because of the copyright issue, which means that the ideas and words used belong
to the author.

​ Citation. Each entry in the bibliography is called a citation. Proper citation must be
applied or included for every source used, whether it is a website, a newspaper, or a book.
Online sources are cited differently because they are different from traditional print sources.
There are different formats used to cite the sources.

(To note: The easiest way to create citation of sources is to go to www citationmachine.net. This
website generates citations that can be copied and pasted into the Works Cited page.)
​ Data privacy implication. The implementation of data privacy in the country is
becoming stronger and powerful, especially in utilizing data for research and other forms of
report and paper works. This has also corresponding legal implications once not processed
immediately and properly. It involves uploading of pictures, designs, graphics, concepts/ideas,
frameworks, art work, data, and other information that are copyrighted without the consent of
the author or the source. These are commonly observed in schools.

The following are practical techniques in responding to data privacy issues.

1.​ When getting data, put proper citation and source acknowledgment (e.g. Source:
National Statistics Office, 2019).
2.​ When using needed pictures downloaded from the Internet, put acknowledgment (e.g.
Photo credits to PhilPost, 2019). But if possible to have personal pictures taken with your
original concept. Although, there is still a need to seek the consent of those in the
pictures.
3.​ If data, concepts and information are copyrighted, ask for the consent of the author, and
wait for his/her response.
4.​ However, if the data and information are for public domain, just acknowledging/citing the
author or the source will do.
5.​ If the author doesn't really want anyone to utilize his/her data file or article, learn the
value of respect, anyway that is his/ her property. The author's disapproval usually
manifests through difficulty in downloading the file, some tricky signs that appear on
screen, or direct statement or notice of disapproval contained in the file.

​ Research and data collection protocols. When researching and collecting data from
the Web, avoid plagiarism, which is the act of taking someone else's work and presenting it as
your own (Turnitin. com).

​ Plagiarism is unethical, and it can bring you in trouble. Sometimes, students don't mean
to plagiarize, but they end up doing it accidentally because they are unaware or unclear about it.

​ The following are 10 types of plagiarism that teachers, researchers and students should
know.

1.​ Clone Plagiarism. It is also called identical copying or copying another work
(word-for-word) without any change and claim as his/her own work.
2.​ Remix Plagiarism. It refers to collecting Information from various sources and mixing all
together as a single document then, claiming the work as their own work.
3.​ Ctrl+C Plagiarism. This is when a significant portion of text copied from any single
source without any alteration in a written document.
4.​ Hybrid Plagiarism. Here, perfectly cited source documents are copied and arranged as a
new document without citation.
5.​ Find-Replace Plagiarism. This is changing the most.common keywords and phrases in
the copied content but not making any changes in the essential document.
 6.​ Recycle Plagiarism. Also called self-plagiarism, it refers to the act of borrowing from
one's own previous document without proper citation.
7.​ Mashup Plagiarism. It is when the written document is copied from more than one
source and all are mixed together without proper citation.
8.​ 404 Error Plagiarism. Here, a person creates a document by copying from various
sources prepared as a single document with the citation but inaccurate or leads to
non-existing resources.
9.​ Aggregator Plagiarism. Here, the written document includes proper citation but it does
not contain original work.
10.​Re-Tweet Plagiarism. Here, all written documents look perfect with properly cited mark
but still, the document resembles somewhere the original text's structure or wordings.

Tips to Avoid Plagiarism

​ Turnitin.com suggests some techniques to avoid plagiarism that teachers, researchers
and students should know.
1.​ Read and understand the original document several timesbefore start explaining about
it.
2.​ Do not copy any word or sentence from the original document.
3.​ Give proper citation to all sources (book, journal, website, video, etc.).
4.​ In case of citing online sources, include the retrieval date and appropriate URL in the
reference.
5.​ Common phrases and definitions need to be quoted and cited without any modification.
6.​ Make a practice to include the "references" section whenever you write an academic
document.
7.​ Cross verify all your citations before submitting your document.
8.​ Resort to available plagiarism software to ensure the originality of the written document.

How to Evaluate a Website

​ Morris (2018) suggests ways on evaluating a website as reference in research.

1.​ Open the site. When looking through Google search results, open sites in new tabs,
leave search results in a tab for easy access later (e.g. right-click on the title and click
"Open link in new tab").
2.​ Skim read. Determine whether you can read and understand the text. If it is too
complicated or difficult to understand, find another website that may provide the
information you need.
3.​ Look for the answer to your question. Find out if the information on the site actually
answers your question. You can use a search box, navigation menu, or pull up your own
search box by pressing Control/Command F and type in the keywords you are searching
for.
4.​ Consider the credibility of the author or website. You need to consider the credibility
of the author or website by considering the following: (1) Domain domains that include
.gov or .edu are trustworthy sources; (2) Author's information - look at the author's bio or
 About page regarding the qualification of the author: (3) Design avoid sites that are
cluttered and difficult to navigate; and (4) Sources trustworthy articles usually link to
other sources or cite where their facts come from.
5.​ Consider the purpose of the site. Think about the purpose of the site and whether it
meets your needs.
6.​ Look for the date. Consider whether the information is current enough for your topic.
You can look for the date when the article was written or last updated. Sometimes, URLs
also include dates. (http://www.kathleenamorris.com/)

Integrating Digital/Cyber Literacy into the Curriculum

​ The following are suggested activities to integrate digital literacy, higher-order thinking
and construction of meaning in the classroom.

1.​ Use an interactive whiteboard to design and deliver lessons, Use Promethean and Smart
Notebook with teacher-created lessons if you are not yet capable of designing your own.
2.​ Allow students to maintain blogs, wikis, web pages related to their learning.
3.​ Engage in email/video chat exchanges with students.
4.​ Utilize storytelling media to allow students to create and publish stories.
5.​ Set-up a blog site, Facebook page, Yahoo or Google group and post weekly discussion
questions for students to respond.
6.​ Use video cameras to dramatize stories, record scientific experiments and expose
students to video editing software to create video production of learning.
7.​ Engage students in discussions about how and why various media work well to
showcase learning and why others do not.
8.​ Thinking critically about the medium use to present a message is as important as the
message itself.
9.​ Require E-Portfolio that would compile their outputs. projects, messages and
photo-documents of group activities and investigations online.
10.​Allow students to use digital tools, such as mobile phones, Ipad and netbooks for Google
search, dictionary Apps, Youtube, Podcast and Spotify applications in class to
complement their learning, especially during group works and concept reporting.

​ Impact of integrating digital literacy in the classroom on teachers, families and

friends. Integrating digital literacy in the Classroom can bring a positive impact on students'
leaming as evidenced by the following:

1.​ It motivates students in their learning due to their enjoyment and ease of use with
various technological mediums.
2.​ It reaches students of various learning styles and multiple intelligences.
3.​ It allows students to create and design their own unique products reflective of their
personalities and learning needs/ styles.
4.​ It encourages students to manipulate media in constructing their own meaning.
 5.​ It enables students to share their learning with teachers, families and friends.
6.​ It gives students the chance to explore technological media that inevitably increase the
job skills needed in the workforce.
(http://purposefultechnology.weebly.com/how-can-we-embed-digital-literacy-in-the-classroom.ht
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Life and Values Integration

Share a personal experience wherein you encountered digital risk and consequence. What life
lessons and values have you realized and learned?

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

1.​ How do you define cyber/digital literacy and cybersecurity?

2.​ What do you mean by cyber citizenship? Elaborate.
3.​ What are netiquette and the process of safety use of digital media? Give examples.
4.​ What are the common computer threats and how can these be fixed?
5.​ What is meant by cyberbullying and cybercrimes? Discuss.
6.​ How can you practice the processes of Internet exploration, source citation, research
and data-gathering protocols and website evaluation?
7.​ How can cyber/digital literacy be integrated in the teaching- learning process?

RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND IMPLICATION

Direction: Analyze the following research abstract and cite its implication on teaching-learning.
You may download the full paper of this research on the website given below.

Teachers' beliefs about integrating digital literacy into classroom practice: An

investigation based on the Theory of Planned Behavior
Sadaf and Johnson (2017)

Abstract

This study explored teachers' behavioral, normative, and control beliefs related to digital
literacy integration into their classrooms. Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was
used as a theoretical framework to collect and analyze data. Findings revealed that
teachers' integration of digital literacy were related to their behavioral beliefs (attitude
towards outcomes of a behavior) about the value of digital literacy for developing
students' 21억 century skills, increasing student engagement, and preparation for future
careers; normative beliefs (social support) about meeting the expectations of
 administrators, parents, colleagues, and students; and control beliefs (perceived
behavioral control) about ease of integrating digital literacy due to access to technology,
professional development, and curriculum resources.

(Source: Sadaf, A. and Johnson, B. (2017). Teachers' beliefs about integrating digital literacy
into classroom practice: An investigation based on the Theory of Planned
Behavior doi: 10.1080/21532974.2017.1347534)

Analysis: How do teachers perceive digital literacy integration into their classrooms, according to
the study?

Implication: How does the result of the study impact the students' learning and the development
of 21st century skills?

SYNTHESIS AND LEARNING REFLECTION

DIGITAL/CYBER LITERACY

●​ Digital literacy is the set of competencies on the effective use of digital devices for
purposes of communication, expression, collaboration and advocacy while cybersecurity
is the practice of protecting systems, networks and programs from digital attacks.
●​ Cyber citizenship refers to being responsible when exploring the Internet, including the
right manner and etiquette in using the Web.
●​ Internet safety is preventing from online security risks to private information and property
and protecting self from computer threats and cybercrimes.
●​ Cyberbullying is a form of bullying or harassment using electronic means that is
punishable by law while cybercrime is any criminal activity carried out using the
computer or the Internet.
●​ A computer threat refers to anything that has the potential to cause serious harm and
damage to a computer system, that must be fixed immediately and effectively with
solutions.
●​ In order to avoid digital risks and consequences, proper Internet exploration, source
citation, data privacy imposition, research and data- gathering protocols and website
evaluation are imperative.
●​ As digital literacy impacts teaching-learning process, its wide dissemination in schools
and integration in the classroom is timely, relevant and necessary.

Direction: Choose any type of cyberbullying. Describe it and write its purpose, procedures,
principles and prospective target indicated in the tablets provided below.

CURRICULUM APPLICATION
Direction: Produce and evaluate a digital tool that can be utilized in the classroom.

PROJECT PLAN

Digital Tool:

Brief Discussion:

Purpose:

Topic:

Subject:

Materials:

Estimated Cost:

PROCEDURES

OUTPUT
(Paste picture of digital tool here.)

PREPARED BY:

LET SAMPLERS: TAKING THE EXAMINATION

Direction: Read analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. If you plan to produce a digital tool as a learning material, which of the following aspects will
you consider first?
a.​ Validity, relevance and appropriateness
b.​ Quality, efficiency and technicality
c.​ Economic value, durability and long-term usability
d.​ User-friendliness, convenience, accessibility and visual impact

2. To avoid risks and consequences brought about by technology in the use of social media,
which ethical principle is the most important and which encompasses other principles?
a.​ Choose the social media account that you will keep.
b.​ Be careful in responding to the messages while threading to an issue.
c.​ Think before you click.
d.​ Select the best type of social media to be utilized.

3. Which of the following instructional strategies can be used effectively in presenting lessons on
cyberbullying and cybercrime?
a.​ Discuss the provisions of the law and administer a short quiz after.
b.​ Research on how the law was amended and how it would impact both the victim's and
the culprit's lives.
c.​ Analyze related cases guided by legal provisions to be presented in class using jury trial
technique.
d.​ Report to class the status of cybercrime in the country taken from Internet source.

4. When you receive a suspicious e-mail asking you to withdraw big amount from a prestigious
bank upon winning the grand prize in an automated raffle draw, which you know you have not
participated in, what would be your first and immediate move?
a.​ Ignore the email, do not open and delete it right away.
b.​ Take the e-mail and verify it to the concerned bank and relevant agencies.
c.​ Contact the owner of the e-mail and ask him to discuss with you the content of the
message.
d.​ Take the e-mail and transact immediately the given message, there's no harm in trying,
anyway.

5. When researching data from the Internet, which of the following reminders should be taken
into account to avoid complications, risks and negative consequences?

I. Choose creditable and reputable sources of data that you need.

II. Apply proper citation of the source/reference.
III. Rephrase statements while retaining its original concept and meaning.
IV. Include pictures and graphics to be downloaded, copied and pasted in the report.
a.​ I and II only
b.​ I, II and IV
c.​ I, II and III
d.​ I, II, III and IV