25

Linear Programming

Linear Programming
It is an important optimisation (maximisation or minimisation) technique used in decision making
business and everyday life for obtaining the maximum or minimum values as required of a linear
expression by satisfying certain number of given linear restrictions.

Linear Programming Problem (LPP)

The linear programming problem in general calls for optimising a linear funtion of variables called the
objective function subject to a set of linear equations and/or linear inequations called the constraints
or restrictions.

Objective Function
The function which is to be optimised (maximised/minimised) is called an objective function.

Constraints
The system of linear inequations or equations under which the objective function is to be optimised is
called constraints.

Non-negative Restrictions
All the variables considered for making decisions assume non-negative values.

Mathematical Description of a General Linear

Programming Problem
A general LPP can be stated as
(max/min) Z = c 1 x 1 + c 2x 2 + ... + c n x n (Objective function)
subject to constraints
1098 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

ì a11 x 1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1 n x n ( £ = ³ )b1 ü 2. Find the value of objective function Z = ax + by at each
ïa x + a x + ... + a x ( £ = ³ )b ï corner point. Let M and m respectively denote the
ï 21 1 22 2 2n n 2ï
í ý largest and the smallest values of these points.
M M M M M M
ï ï (i) When the feasible region is bounded, M and m are
ïî am 1 x 1 + am 2 x 2 + ... + amn x n ( £ = ³ )bm ïþ the maximum and minimum values of Z.
and the non-negative restrictions (ii) When the feasible region is unbounded, then
x 1 , x 2 ,..., x n ³0 (a) M is the maximum value of Z, if the open half
plane determined by ax + by > M has no point
where, all a11 , a12 ,..., amn ; b1 , b2 ,..., bm ; c 1 , c 2 ,..., c n are constants in common with the feasible region.
and x 1 , x 2 ,..., x n are variables. Otherwise, Z has no maximum value.
(b) m is the minimum value of Z, if the open half
plane determined by ax + by < m has no point
Slack and Surplus Variables in common with the feasible region.
The positive variables which are added to left hand sides of Otherwise, Z has no minimum value.
the constraints to convert them into equalities, are called the NOTE A half plane (if a line divides XY-plane into two parts, then each
slack variables. The positive variables which are subtracted part is known as half plane) in XY-plane is called an open half
from the left hand sides of the constraints to convert them plane, if the line separating the half plane is not included in the
into equalities, are called the surplus variables. half plane.

Important Definitions and Results Method to Solve LPP

● Solution of an LPP A set of values of the variables
To solve a Linear Programming Problem (LPP) we use the
x1 , x2 , ..., xn satisfying the constraints of an LPP is called a
solution of the LPP. following working steps :
● Feasible Solution of an LPP A set of values of the Step I Firstly, write the given LPP in mathematical form
variables x1 , x2 ,..., xn satisfying the constraints and by using mathematical formulation (if not given in
non-negative restrictions of an LPP is called a feasible mathematical form).
solution of the LPP.
● Optimal Solution of an LPP A feasible solution of an LPP Step II Consider all constrains as linear equations.
is said to be optimal or optimum, if it also optimises the Step III Draw the graph of each linear equation obtained in
objective function of the problem. Step II and find their intersection points (if any).
● Graphical Solution of an LPP The solution of an LPP
obtained by graphical method i.e. by drawing the graphs Step IV Shade the common region of all the linear
corresponding to the constraints and the non-negative inequalities i.e. find feasible region and check that
restrictions is called the graphical solution of an LPP. feasible region is bounded or unbounded.
● Unbounded Solution If the value of the objective function Step V Now, find the corner points of feasible region and
can be increased or decreased indefinitely, such solutions
are called unbounded solutions.
calculate the value of objective function at each
corner point.
● Fundamental Extreme Point Theorem An optimum
solution of an LPP, if it exists, occurs at one of the extreme Step VI (i) If region is bounded, then maximum (say M)
points (i.e. corner points) of the convex polygon of the set of or minimum (say m) value out of these values
all feasible solutions. obtained in Step V, is the required maximum
or minimum value of the objective function.
(ii) If region is unbounded, no need to go next
Graphical Method of Solving step. Then, maximum (say M) or minimum
(say m) value out of these values obtained in
Linear Programming Problem Step V may or may not be required maximum
or minimum value of the objective function.
The graphical method is suitable for solving linear
Then, we go to next step.
programming problems containing two variables only. This
method of solving linear programming problem is referred Step VII Suppose the given objective function is ax + by ,
as corner point method. The procedure of this method is as then draw the graph of inequality ax + by > M or
follows : ax + by < m. If open half plane obtained by these
1. Find the feasible region of the LPP and determine its inequalities has no point in common with the
corner points (vertices) either by inspection or by feasible region obtained in Step IV, then M or m is
solving the two equations of the lines intersecting at the required maximum or minimum value.
that point. Otherwise, objective function has no maximum or
no minimum value.
Practice Exercise
1. A wholesale merchant wants to start the business of 5. If the objective function Z = 4x + 2y , subject to
cereal with ` 24000. Wheat is ` 400 per quintal and constraints 4x + 2y ³ 46, x + 3 y £ 24 and x and y are
rice is ` 600 per quintal. He has capacity to store greater than or equal to zero, then the maximum value
200 quintal cereal. He earns the profit ` 25 per quintal of Z is
on wheat and ` 40 per quintal on rice. If he stores a. 46 b. 96
x quintal rice and y quintal wheat, then for maximum c. 52 d. None of these
profit, the objective function is
a. 25x + 40y b. 40x + 25y 6. The maximum and minimum values of Z = 5x + 2y ,
400 600 subject to the constraints 2x + 3 y ³ 3, x - 2y ³ 2,
c. 400x + 600y d. x + y 6x + 4 y £ 24, -3x + 2y £ 3 and x, y ³ 0, are
40 25
respectively
2. The feasible region for the following constraints L1 £ 0, 18 2 63
a. , b. 19, c. 19, 63 d. 19, 13
L2 ³ 0, L3 = 0, x ³ 0, y ³ 0 in the diagram shown is 7 7 13
Y 7. The maximum value of Z = 10 x + 6 y subject to
F constraints x ³ 0, y ³ 0, x + y £ 12, 2x + y £ 20, is
L1 = 0 a. 72 b. 80 c. 104 d. 110
E 8. The maximum value of Z = 3x + 5 y , under the
G
L3 = 0 constraints x + 2y £ 2000, x + y £ 1500, y £ 600 and
D
I x, y ³ 0, is
L2 = 0
a. 5000 b. 5500
X
A B C c. 6000 d. None of these
a. area DHF 9. If x1 and x 2 are optimal solution of LPP, then which of
b. area AHC the following is also an optimal solution?
c. line segment EG
a. x = kx1 + (1 - k )x 2 ; k Î R
d. line segment GI
b. x = kx1 + (1 - k )x 2 ; 0 £ k £ 1
3. The linear programming problem c. x = kx1 + (1 + k )x 2 ; 0 £ k £ 1
Maximise Z = x1 + x 2 d. x = kx1 + (1 + k )x 2 ; k Î R
Subject to constraints
x1 + 2x 2 £ 2000 10. The maximum value of Z = 9 x + 13 y subject to
x1 + x 2 £ 1500 constraints 2x + 3 y £ 18, 2x + y £ 10, x ³ 0, y ³ 0, is
x 2 £ 600 a. 130 b. 81 c. 79 d. 99
x1 ³ 0, has 11. Which of the following is a convex set?
a. no feasible solution a. {(x , y ) : x 2 + y 2 ³ 4} b. {(x , y ) : 3x 2 + 2y 2 £ 6}
b. unique optimal solution
c. {x , y }: 9 £ x 2 + y 2 £ 25} d. None of these
c. a finite number of optimal solutions
d. infinite number of optimal solutions 12. The maximum value of Z = 5x + 3 y , subject to the
4. The objective function Z = 30x + 20y , subject to constraints 3x + 5 y £ 15, 5x + 2y £ 10; x , y ³ 0, is
235 325 523 532
constraints x + y £ 8, x + 2y ³ 4, 6x + 4 y ³ 12, x ³ 0, a. b. c. d.
y ³ 0, has 19 19 19 19
a. unique solution 13. The minimum value of Z = 2x1 + 3x 2, subject to the
b. infinitely many solutions constraints 2x1 + 7x 2 ³ 22, x1 + x 2 ³ 6, 5x1 + x 2 ³ 10
c. minimum at (4, 0) and x1, x 2 ³ 0, is
d. minimum 60 at point (0, 3) a. 14 b. 20 c. 10 d. 16
BITSAT Archives
1. A furniture dealer deals in only two items namely tables and chairs. He has ` 5000 to invest and space to store at most 60
pieces. A table cost him ` 250 and a chair ` 60. He can sell a table at a profit of ` 15. Assume that he can sell all the items
that he produced. The number of constraints in the problem are [2014]
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
2. The shaded region given below represents the constraints (other than x ³ 0, y ³ 0) [2013]
Y x=4y
y=25

X
O 3x+12y=400

a. 3x + 4y £ 400, y £ 25, x £ 4y b. 3x + 12y ³ 400, y £ 25, x ³ 4y

c. 3x + 12y £ 400, y £ 25, x ³ 4y d. None of these

3. The optimal value of the objective function is attained at the point [2009]
a. given by intersection of inequations with axes only
b. given by intersection of inequations with X-axis only
c. given by corner point of the feasible region
d. None of the above

Answer with Solutions

Practice Exercise 4. (d) Feasible region is ABCDFA and Z = 30 x + 20y .
(0 Y C
1. (b) For maximum profit, Z = 40 x + 25y (0 ,8)
,3
)D
2. (c) In the given figure, the feasible region for given
constraints is the line segment EG. (0,2) E x+y=8
3. (d) Given constraints are 1, 3 F
x1 + 2 x 2 £ 2000,x1 + x 2 £ 1500, x 2 £ 600 and x1 ³ 0 X′
2
X
The feasible region is OACDEO. O (2,0)6x+ A(4, B(8
Y′ 4y 0) ,0)
Given, Z = x1 + x 2 =
12 x+2y=4
Y
x1
+2
x
Now, at A( 4, 0), Z = 30 ´ 4 + 0 = 120
2=
20
00 G(0, 1500) At B ( 8, 0), Z = 30 ´ 8 + 0 = 240
At C( 0, 8), Z = 0 + 20 ´ 8 = 160
D(800, 600)
(0,1000) F At D( 0, 3), Z = 0 + 20 ´ 3 = 60
E C(1000, 500) x2=600 æ 3ö 3
(0, 600) At F ç1, ÷, Z = 30 ´ 1 + 20 ´ = 60
è 2ø 2
X Hence, minimum value is 60 at ( 0, 3).
O A B x1+x2=1500
(1500, 0)
5. (b) Feasible region is ABCA.
At O( 0, 0), Z = 0+ 0 = 0 Y
At A (1500, 0), Z = 1500 + 0 = 1500 D(0,23)

At C (1000, 500), Z = 1000 + 500 = 1500 4x + 2y = 46

At D ( 800, 600), Z = 800 + 600 = 1400 E(0,8) (9,5)
C x + 3y = 24
At E( 0, 600), Z = 0 + 600 = 600
Here, Z is maximum on the segment AC. X′
A
X
O B
Hence, there are infinite optimal solutions. (11.5,0) (24,0)
Y′
 LINEAR PROGRAMMING 1101
and Z = 4x + 2y Y

At point C(9, 5), Z = 4 ´ 9 + 2 ´ 5 = 46 1500 (0, 1500)

x+y=1500
At point A(11. 5, 0) Z = 4 ´ 11. 5 + 2 ´ 0 = 46 1250
and at point B( 24, 0), Z = 4 ´ 24 + 0 = 96 1000
\ Maximum value of Z = 96 750 C
D y=600
6. (b) Draw a graph of the following straight lines in the first 500 B
quadrant. 250 x+2y=2000
Y A
X′ X
24

E O
=

500 1000 1500 2000 (2000, 0)

4y
+

3
(0,6) H
6x

(1500, 0)
=
B
2y
+

F
3x

Y′
−

2x S
A +3y= 9. (b) In case, there are infinite number of optimal solutions,
6 2 then every points x1 and x 2 respectively the two solutions,
C
(0, 2) x– 2y= is also solution. Here, x is the point dividing the line joining
(0, 3/2) P
(–1, 0)
R x1 and x 2 internally in the ratio k : 1 - k ( 0 £ k £ 1, k Î R )
Q (4, 0)
X′ )( X 10. (c) The feasible region is OABCO.
O
(2 , 0 3, 0 )
–1 ) At O ( 0, 0), Z = 0
G (0, B At A(5, 0), Z = 45
D F
At B( 3, 4), Z = 27 + 52 = 79
Y′
At C ( 0, 6), Z = 78
AB : 2x + 3y = 6, two points on AB are (3, 0) and (0, 2) \Maximum value of Z is 79.
CD : x - 2y = 2, two points on CD are (2, 0) and ( 0, 1) x2 y2ì ü
EF : 6x + 4y = 24, two points on EF are (4, 0) and (0, 6) 11. (b) {(x , y )} : { 3x 2 + 2y 2 £ 6} = í(xy ) :
+ £ 1ý
î 2 3 þ
GH : -3x + 2y = 3, two points on GH are (-1, 0) and (0, 3/2) = Set of points on and inside the ellipse
Hint The intersection points of given lines are x2 y2
+ =1
æ 18 2 ö æ 3 24 ö æ 7 3 ö æ 3 15 ö 2 3
Q = ç , ÷, P ç , ÷, R ç , ÷ and S ç , ÷
è 7 7 ø è 13 13 ø è 2 4 ø è2 4 ø 12. (a) Feasible region is ABCOA.
7. (c) Hint Given constraints are Given, Z = 5x + 3y
x ³ 0, y ³ 0, x + y £ 12, 2x + y £ 20 At point A( 2, 0)
Z = 5 ´ 2 + 0 = 10
The feasible region is OABCO.
æ 20 45 ö
Y At point B ç , ÷,
(0, 20) è 19 19 ø
5 ´ 20 3 ´ 45
2x+y=20 Z = +
19 19
(0, 12) C 235
B(8, 4) =
19
Y
(12, 0) (5,0)
X′ X
(0, 0) O (10, 0) A
x+y=12 20 , 45
(0,3) C B 19 19
Y′

Corner points are O ( 0, 0), A(10, 0), B( 8, 4) and C( 0, 12) X′ (5 X

O A ,0)
8. (b) Hint Draw the graph of the straight lines (2,0) 3x +5 y = 15
x + 2y = 2000 …(i) Y′
5x + 2y = 10
x + y = 1500 …(ii)
and y = 600 …(iii) At point C( 0, 3)
In the first quadrant and obtain the feasible region as Z =5 ´ 0 + 3 ´ 3
OABCD. =9
Solving Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) in pairs, we get 235
Hence, maximum value of Z is .
O ( 0, 0), A (1500, 0), B (1000, 500), C ( 800, 600), D ( 0, 600) 19
1102 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

13. (a) Given, Z = 2 x1 + 3x 2

Y

D (0,10)

(0,6) B(1, 5)
2x1 + 7x2 = 22

0, 22 A(4, 2)
7 C(11, 0)
X
O (2, 0) (6, 0)
5x1 + x2 = 10 1 x + x 2 = 6

At D( 0, 10), Z = 2 ( 0) + 3 (10) = 30
At B(1, 5), Z = 2 (1) + 3 (5) = 17
At A( 4, 2), Z = 2 ( 4) + 3 ( 2) = 14
At C(11, 0), Z = 2 (11) + 3 ( 0) = 22
Hence, the minimum value of Z is 14.

BITSAT Archives
1. (c) Let x tables and y chairs be purchased for maximum profit.
Then, x + y £ 60
6y
5x + £ 100
5
x ³ 0, y ³ 0
So, number of constraints are four.
2. (c) Consider a point ( 2, 0) on X-axis.
Substituting x = 2, y = 0 in
3x + 12y = 6 < 400
Hence, one constraints is
3x + 12y £ 400.
Again, substituting x = 2, y = 0 in
x - 4y = 2 - 0 > 0
\ x - 4y ³ 0 is other constraints.
and also the third constraint from the figure is y £ 25.
3. (c) The optimal value of the objective function is attained at the points given by corner points of the feasible region.
 1
Grammar

Tense and Agreement

Tense can be Past, Present or Future. These can further be divided into the following segments
1. Simple The action is mentioned simply. Nothing is said about whether the action is complete
or not.
2. Continuous The action is incomplete or going on at the time of speaking.
3. Perfect The action is finished or complete with respect to a certain point of time.
4. Perfect Continuous The action is going on continuously over a long period of time and is yet
to be finished.

Simple Present
(He, She, It, singulars — V 1 + s, es)
(We, They, You, I, plurals—V 1 )
l To express a habitual action.
e.g. He goes for a walk in the morning.
l To express universal truth.
e.g. The Sun rises in the East.
l In exclamatory sentences beginning with ‘here’ and ‘there’, to express what is actually taking
place in the present.
e.g. Here he comes!
l To indicate a future event that is part of a plan or an arrangement.
e.g. PM comes to the town next month.
l To introduce quotations.
e.g. Gita says, give your best and do not worry for the result.
1106 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

Present Continuous l Denoted by last, ago, yesterday, back, before, formerly, any
(Is/Am/Are + V1 + ing) fixed time, etc.
e.g. We heard a terrifying news last night.
l To express an action going on at the time of speaking.
l To indicate past habits, indicated generally by the words
e.g. I am studying in the class.
like often, seldom, never, normally, generally, always,
l To express a temporary action which may not be actually frequently, rarely, daily, used to, etc.
happening at the time of speaking. (These days)
e.g. As a kid, I often went to school on foot.
e.g. I am preparing for the competition.
l After it is time. Which is a phrasal expression.
l It also represents future action or a definite arrangement
e.g. It is time Indian cricket team starts / started winning
in the near future.
tense matches.
e.g. I am going to Mumbai tomorrow.
l When the reference is to a particular obstinate habit, the Past Continuous (Was Were + V1 + ing)
present continuous is used instead of present simple. An l To denote an action going on at some time in the past.
adverb, like always constantly, etc is also used.
e.g. When I went to his house, he was playing.
e.g. It is no use scolding him, he always does / is always I was studying yesterday.
doing what is forbidden.
l For persistent habits in the past.
l The following verbs are normally used in the present
simple instead of present continuous. e.g. He was always mooching around.

(a) Verbs of Appearance Look, appear, seem.

Past Perfect (Had + V3 )
(b) Verbs of Emotion Want, wish, desire, feel, like, love,
l To describe an action completed before a certain
hate, hope, prefer, etc.
moment in the past.
(c) Verbs of Perception See, hear, smell, task, notice,
e.g. I met him in New Delhi in 2000. I had seen him last
recognise, etc.
five years before.
(d) Verbs of Possession Belong to, consist of, contain,
own, etc.
l Past perfect should be used only when we wish to say
that one action completed before the other started. It
(e) Verbs of Thinking Agree, believe, consider, forget,
should never be used at all in any other sense.
imagine, know, mind, remember, etc.
e.g. I had gone to Mumbai when he came to meet me.
Present Perfect (Has / Have +V3 )
Past Perfect Continuous
l It is used to indicate completed activities in the
immediate past. It is a mixture of present and past. It (Had been + V1 + ing)
always implies a strong connection of past with the l To express an action that began before a certain point of
present. e. g. He has just gone out. time in the past and continued upto that time.
l The most important point is that it is used with the past e.g. He had been studying for two hours when his
actions whose time is not given and not definite. girlfriend came.
e.g. He has come here.
l If there is past tense in the Principal clause, it must be
Present Perfect Continuous followed by a past tense in the Dependent clause. In an
Indirect narration, the Past Simple in the Dependent
(Have been/Has been + V1 + ing) clause is changed to Past Perfect, if the Principal clause is
l To express an action which began at some time in the in the Past tense.
past and is still continuing. e.g. He told me that he intended to start a business. He
e.g. He has been playing since 8 o’ clock. told me that he had intended to start a business.
l The exception to the above rule is if some universal,
Simple Past (V2 ) habitual or generally recognised fact is mentioned in the
To indicate an action completed in the past at a definite Dependent clause, the Present tense must be retained in
time. all conditions.
e.g. I did this yesterday. e.g. He told me that the Earth moves round the Sun.
 GRAMMAR 1107

Simple Future 6. Verb is used according to the first with subject as and
not, with, as well as, in addition to, along with, beside,
To express an action that is still to take place. like, together with.
e.g. I shall go for the preparation when I receive the call e.g. Rahul and not his friend was absent.
letter.
7. When two nouns or pronouns are joined by not
Future Continuous only....but also, the verb agrees with the second noun or
pronoun.
(Shall be / Will be + V1 + ing)
e.g. Not only the officer but also the soldiers were
To express an action as going on at some time in the future. awarded.
e.g. I shall be earning when I am 21.
8. If the subject is the number of, the singular verb is used
and the noun is plural.
Future Perfect e.g. The number of one-dayers played these days has /
(Shall have / Will have + V3 ) have led to the deterioration of the game.
To indicate the completion of an action by a certain future 9. A great many is always followed by plural verb and a
time. plural noun.
e.g. We shall have completed our syllabus by next month. e.g. A great many students have passed this year.

Future Perfect Continuous 10. Many a is always followed by a singular verb and a
singular noun.
(Will have been / Shall have been + V 1 + ing)
e.g. Many a soldier has got medal this year.
To indicate an action which is in progress over a period of
time and will be in progress at a certain time in future. 11. A singular or a plural verb is used with such nouns as
pains, a lot of, means, variety, plenty, rest, wages, a large
e.g. Time will have been clocking for ages in the coming number of according to the sense in which they are
moments.
used.
e.g. A large number of girls were absent on account of
Subject-Verb Agreement bad weather.
1. If two subjects together express one idea, one being
added to the other for the sake of emphasis or 12. A verb should agree with its subject and not with the
clarification, the verb is singular. No plurality is left to complement. But in the case of sentence beginning with
exist in such a case. The, the verb is according to the predicate/complement.
e.g. Slow and steady wins the race. e.g. Our only guide was the stars.
The stars were our only guide.
2. When the plural noun denotes some specific quantity,
distance, time or amount considered as a whole, the 13. In a compound sentence, both auxiliary verbs and
verb is generally singular. principal verbs should be mentioned separately if they
e.g. Six miles is not a long distance for me. differ in number, form or voice. In such cases, one verb
cannot act for both the clauses.
3. Two or more singular subjects connected by either-or, He has not married and will not marry in near future.
neither-nor, take a verb in singular (third person
singular verb). 14. Use of shall and will.
e.g. Either Vivek or Vimal is absent today. l To express simple future action shall is used in the
4. When the subjects joined by or or nor are of different first person, and will in the second and third person.
numbers, the verb must be plural and the plural subject e.g. I shall come.
must be placed next to the verb. You will come. He will come.
e.g. Either Amit or his parents are coming to the party. l Shall is used in the second and third person to
5. Any noun qualified by each or every is followed by a express command, promise, threat, determination.
singular verb. Even if two nouns so qualified are l Will is used in the first person to express
connected by and, the verb must still be singular.
Willingness, Promise, Threat, Determination.
e.g. Each one of these boys has the potential to get
e.g. You shall not steal. (Command)
selected.
1108 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

Modals
What are Modals? (iii) To take or give permission
The finites which express the mode or manner of the actions e.g. (a) Can I sit here?
denoted in the principal verb are termed as Modals. This (b) You can park your scooter.
class of helping verbs not only assists in forming questions
and negatives, but expresses a wide range of meanings also.
Could (past form of ‘can’)
These helping verbs are,‘can’, ‘could’, ‘will’, ‘would’, ‘shall’,
(i) To express ability/talent in the past
‘should’, ‘may’, ‘might’ ‘must’, ‘ought to’ ‘have to’ ‘has to’ and
e.g. (a) They could win the game last month.
‘had to’. These are also known as modal auxiliaries.
They express the degree of certainty of the action in the (b) She could sing beautifully.
sentence or the attitude or opinion of the writer/speaker (ii) To express polite request
concerning the action. ‘need’, ‘dare’ and ‘used to’ are called e.g. (a) Could I have your pen?
semi-modals.

Functions of Modals May

Would (past form of ‘will’) (i) To show possibility or probability
(i) It expresses the past form of will e.g. (a) You may attend the school today.
e.g. He informed me that he would dance in my (b) She may win the match.
marriage function.
(ii) To give or take permission
(ii) To express past habit e.g. (a) May I come in?
e.g. He would drink a cup of coffee in the morning. (b) Yes, you may come in.
(iii) For request (iii) To wish or pray
e.g. Would you please give me your bike? e.g. (a) May you get well soon!
(iv) To express wish (b) May God bless you with a child!
e.g. I would that you were rich!
(iv) To show a purpose
(v) To express an imaginary condition e.g. My friend is joining a new company, so that he
e.g. I would have a big house if I earned ` 10 crore. may achieve his target.

Should (past form of ‘shall’)

(i) To express duty or obligation
Might (past form of ‘may’)
e.g. I should help my friends. (duty) (i) To express less possibility
e.g. He might help us.
(ii) To express opinion
e.g. They should be on the way to Jaipur. (ii) For permission
(iii) To give or take advice or suggestion. e.g. Might I begin to reveal the truth.
e.g. We should go to the temple. (iii) To express guess
e.g. That might be Rohit.
(iv) After ‘lest’ when someone expresses fear.
e.g. Walk carefully lest you should fall.
Must
Can (i) To express necessity or obligation
(i) To express an ability, capability, capacity or power e.g. (a) You must take part in the competition.
e.g. (a) I can lift 60 kg. (b) We must love our motherland.
(b) She can pass the MBA examination.
(ii) To indicate assumption or conclusion
(c) Can you understand the English
language? e.g. (a) They must be here in the evening.
(d) I can grant you leave. (b) Mr AK Gupta must be a good teacher.
(ii) To show possibility (iii) In case of prohibition
e.g. (a) She can fall on the road. e.g. You must not bunk school.
(b) You can go there.
 GRAMMAR 1109

Ought to (b) I had needed to go to him. (Affirmative in the past)

(i) To express moral obligation / duty (c) You needn’t have gone to meet him.
e.g. (a) You ought to respect your parents. (Negative in the past)
(b) You ought to serve the nation.
(ii) To give advice Dare
e.g. You ought to study hard to achieve success. As a modal auxiliary, ‘dare’ refers to being bold and
courageous. The negative is formed by dare not and the
Need interrogative by inversion.
As a modal auxiliary verb in negative terms, it indicates e.g. (a) I dare not disturb them.
absence of obligation. It expresses the speaker’s authority or
(b) Dare we talk to them?
advice and is used for the present and the future.
e.g. You needn’t type this letter.
(i) The interrogative is formed by inversion. Used to
e.g. Need I speak to him? (i) A discontinued habit or a past situation which is no
(ii) Its past is had to in the affirmative sentence, need not more in the present.
have in the negative and need have in the e.g. He used to drink daily. ( Now he does not drink)
interrogative.
(ii) Something existing in the past.
e.g. (a) Need I have gone to him? e.g. This used to be a dense jungle before.
(Interrogative in the past)

Prepositions
Words used with nouns/pronouns to show their relationship. l Under is used before a noun to indicate that a person
or thing is being affected by something or is going
1. In is used for bigger places (towns, cities, countries) through a particular process.
while at is used for smaller places.
e.g. I’m rarely under pressure and my co-workers
e.g. I live at Shastri Nagar in Meerut. are always nice to me.
2. In / Into In is used in speaking of things at rest. Into is l Under can mean junior in ranks.
used in speaking of things in motion. e.g. He is under me.
e.g. (a) He is shopping in the market. l If something happens under a particular person or
(b) He jumped into the well. government, it happens when that person or
3. On denotes position, upon denotes movement. government is in power.
e.g. (a) The cat is on the table. e.g. There will be no new taxes under his leadership.
(b) The cat pounced upon the mouse. l If someone does something under a particular name,
4. With denotes the instrument and by denotes the agent. he uses that name instead of his real name.
e.g. (a) The letter was written by him with his pen. e.g. The patient was registered under a false name.
(b) The music was generated by /with a guitar. l Beneath has the same meaning as under, but it is
better to use it for abstract meanings.
5. Ago refers to past time while before denotes
precedence between two events. e.g. Beneath the festive mood, there is an underlying
apprehension.
e.g. (a) Long ago, there was a king named Rama.
(b) Ram existed before Mahabharata was fought. 7. Difference between On time, In time and In good time.
6. Above and below merely denote position while over and
l On time signifies absolutely right time, neither
under also carry a sense of covering or movement. before nor after.
e.g. (a) We live below the roof. e.g. The flight is on time.
(b) Sky is above us. l In time means you are not late for it.
(c) Train is running under the bridge. e.g. I arrived just in time for my flight.
(d) The train is standing below the bridge. l In good time means with comfortable margin.
(e) The bird is flying over the pond. e.g. I arrived at the airport in good time.
1110 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

8. Difference between at the beginning/at the end and in 14. Since and from are used before a noun or phrase
the beginning/in the end. denoting some point of time, but whereas since is
l At the beginning means literally at the beginning. preceded by a verb in some perfect tense, from is used
e.g. India scored fast at the beginning of the match. with other tenses except the perfect tense. For refers to
a period of time, not to a point of time and should not be
l At the end means literally at the end.
replaced by since or from.
e.g. At the end of the book, you’ll find the
bibliography. e.g. (a) I haven’t taken anything since yesterday.
(b) I started my work from 1st January.
l In the beginning (or at first) means in the early stage.
(c) I have been practicing for ten days.
It implies that later there was a change.
e.g. Sachin was nervous in the beginning , later he 15. Regarding the phrases of time, morning, afternoon and
settled down. evening are preceded by the preposition in whereas
l In the end (or at last) means eventually/after dawn, daybreak, noon, midday and midnight are
sometime. preceded by the preposition at. Besides, when these time
e.g. At first he was scared, but in the end he started phrases are qualified by last or next, they are not
enjoying. preceded by any preposition.
9. No preposition is placed after the following verbs when e.g. (a) I like to roam around in the evening.
they are used in active voice. Order, request, reach, (b) I’ll see you at night.
attack, resemble, emphasis, accompany, discuss, (c) The Sun is hottest at midday.
investigate, comprise, enter (come into), flee (a place), (d) I met him last evening.
join, affect, board, etc.
16. Across, something that lies between two points.
e.g. (a) Our forces attacked on the enemy fort.
Through, from one side of an opening to the other.
(b) We reached at the station on time.
e.g. Walk across a road and pass through a tunnel.
(c) We ordered for a cup of tea.
(d) He resembles to his father. 17. Between/Among Between is used while referring to two
persons/things whereas Among is used for more than
10. Omit to after verb of communication such as advise,
two.
tell, ask, beg, command, encourage, request, inform, order.
e.g. (a) Between the two of you, who is stronger?
e.g. (a) I advised to him to study hard. (b) The sweets are to be distributed among ten
(b) I commanded to him to leave. friends.
11. Till is used in particular time while until is used for 18. Beside/Besides Beside means ‘by the side of’, whereas
indefinite time. But whenever till and until are being Besides means ‘in addition to’.
used as the first word of a sentence, only until is used. e.g. (a) Besides eating he is also watching TV.
e.g. (a) We shall work until we fell down. (b) You were sitting beside him.
(b) We shall work till 15 hrs.
19. From/Between From is normally used with ‘to/till’,
(c) Till / Until 30, he was a bachelor. whereas Between is used with ‘and’.
12. Till is used for time while upto for place. e.g. (a) He works from nine to six (or nine till six).
e.g. (a) We shall work till 5 pm. (b) The meeting was scheduled to be held between
two pm and three pm.
(b) We walked till / upto the station.
20. Within/In Within means before the end of time,
13. The same preposition should not be used with two
whereas In means at the end of time.
words unless it is appropriate to each of them.
e.g. (a) He will return in five minutes.
e.g. (a) It is different and inferior to the other.
(b) It is different from and inferior to the other. (b) He will return within five minutes.
 GRAMMAR 1111

Conjunctions
Conjunctions are special kinds of connectors. They help you to join two clauses together. The conjunctions as, since,
because, for and in case are used to give reasons. They introduce the explanation that answers the question 'why'?
The conjunctions so that, in order that and in case and the connectors so as to and in order to are used to state a purpose.
They introduce the answer to the question what for? The conjunctions if, unless and as long as are used to introduce
conditions.
Read the sentences in Column ‘A’, some words are in bold. Their role is analysed in the sentences as indicated in Column ‘B’.
S No. Column A Column B
1. Rabindranath Tagore won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his Adds information (and as well as, both, furthermore, moreover,
collection of poems, ‘Geetanjali.’ Furthermore, he continued writing additionally but also).
inspite of his busy schedule.
2. If one has a positive attitude, one can achieve success. Similarly, if one Introduces a similar idea (in the same way).
works hard unconditionally, success will never elude one.
3. ‘‘Today’s generation is really obstinate, Granny said, ‘‘Even when you Gives a different/opposite idea (However, nonetheless, whereas,
scold them for their mistakes, still they do not change their ways’’. nevertheless, but),
4. Most people in their young days do not understand the value of money. Introduces the result (so, thus, hence),
Consequently, they have to regret when they reach old age.
5. It is important to exercise so that we may not be prone to diseases. Expresses purpose (that, therefore, in order that),

6. I understand your situation, but I would appreciate it if you complete Indicates difference/contrast (while, whereas, but, still, yet).
the project on time.

7. I like you because of your sincerity and integrity. Explains 'why' because, since, as).

8. He is very tense about his new job. Until he is settled there, he will have Explains the sequence of events (when, while, after, before, as soon as,
no peace of mind. no sooner,., than, till, until, whenever, since).

9. It is said that beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder, but I feel she is To express comparisons (as, …as, so …as, than.)
prettier than Sita.

10. Although it is too late to prepare for the exams, I am hopeful of securing When one has to depict concession (although, though, even though,
good marks. but however, yet, despite, inspite of),

11. You do not have many choices. Either you promise to solve the matter To give an alternative (either..,or, neither...nor, or)
or else fight.

Voice
Voice Mode of making statements is called voice.
Rules for change in voice Rules for Formation of Passive Voice

Changes of Persons Present Indefinite

Active Subject + first form of verb + s/es or first
Subjective Case Objective Case Possessive Case
form of verb + Object
I my me
Passive Object + is/ am/ are + third form of verb
we our us + preposition +Subject
you your you

he his him
Present Continuous
Active Subject + is/am/are + first form of verb + ing + Object
she her her
Passive Object + is/am/are+ being + third form of verb +
they their them preposition + Subject
1112 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

Present Perfect Passive Object + modal + have + been + third form of verb +
preposition + Subject
Active Subject + has/have + third form of verb + Object
Rule 3. Active Subject + ought + to + first form of verb +
Passive Object + has/have + been + third form of verb +
Object
preposition + Subject
Passive Object + ought + to + be + third form of verb + Subject
Past Indefinite Some Specific Conditions
Active Subject + second form of verb + Object
Passive Object + was/were + third form of verb + Passive Voice of Verbs with Two
preposition + Subject Objects
Past Continuous Read the following
Active Subject + was/were + first form of verb + ing + Object 1. Active She taught me English.
Passive Object + was/were + being + third form of verb + Passive I was taught English by her.
preposition + Subject Or
English was taught to me by her.
Past Perfect NOTE Here we can observe that any one of the two objects can be
Active Subject + had + third form of verb + Object chosen as the subject of the passive verb.
Passive Object + had + been + third form of verb +
preposition + Subject Passive Voice of Sentences with
Infinitive with ‘To’
Future Indefinite
Rules to Change Active Voice into Passive Voice
Active Subject + will/shall + first form of verb + object
Object + helping verb + to be + third form of verb by +
Passive Object + will/shall + be + third form of verb + Subject
preposition + Subject
e.g. Active She is to cook the food.
Future Perfect Passive The food is to be cooked by her.
Active Subject + shall have/will have + third form of verb +
Object Passive Voice of Imperative Sentences
Passive Object + shall have been/will have been + third Study the following rules to make the passive form of
form of verb + preposition + Subject imperative sentences

Change of Passive Voice with Different Modals Rule 1. Let + object + be + third form of verb

Rule 1. Active Subject + modal auxiliary + first form of Rule 2. Object + should + be + third form of verb
verb + Object Rule 3. You are ordered/requested/ advised + to + first
Passive Object + modal auxiliary + be + third form of verb + form of verb + ...........
preposition + Subject Rule 4. Let + object + be + third form of verb + by + ........
Rule 2. Active Subject + modal auxiliary + have + third
form of verb + Object

Question Tags
Question tags are not a complete question in itself. These e.g. (i) She is not working is she?
are a form of question attached with a statement. This acts ß , ß
as a confirmation to that of the statements. Question tags Negative statement Positive tag
are also used in everyday life conversations in order to seek
the attention of the listener. (b) Negative Question Tags Tags are said to be negative if it
is attached to a positive statement.
Types of Question Tags e.g. (i) We are reading aren’t we ?
ß , ß
(a) Positive Question Tags Tags are said to be positive if it
Positive statement Negative tag
is attached to a negative statement.
 GRAMMAR 1113
NOTE Statement Positive Tag Negative e. g. (i) Ram is doing maths, isn’t he ?
Statement Negative Tag Positive ß ß
Noun Pronoun
Structure of Tags
(ii) Parul has not eaten, has she ?
(a) Structure of a positive tag
ß ß
Auxiliary + Subject + ? Noun Pronoun

(b) Structure of a negative tag

Auxiliary + not + Subject + ? Rule 2. Question tag never starts with a capital letter.

Rules Regarding the Formation of Tags Rule 3. The auxiliary that is to be used in the formation of
tag must be in the contracted form. This holds good
Rule 1. Subject of a tag can never be a noun. It is always a only in the case of a negative tag.
pronoun.

Practice Exercise
Based on Tense and Agreement 7. He did not and could not have understood the full facts
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-23) Some of the following sentences a b c d
are grammatically incorrect and some are correct. Find out of the case. No error
which part of a sentence has an error and mark that part. If e
there is no error "e" part as your answer. 8. I am opposed to the plan of action not because it is ill
1. If you had seen yesterday’s cricket I am sure you a b
a b conceived but that it seems impracticable. No error
would have enjoyed seeing our team bat. No error c d e
c d e 9. He as well as you is tired of this long and
2. As the meeting was about to end he insisted to ask a b c
a b c troublesome affair. No error
several questions. No error d e
d e
10. There are many important details to attend to before
3. When he will come I will make sure I meet him.
a b c
a b c d
this book gets printed. No error
No error
d e
e
4. I began relating several details connecting with 11. Along the northern frontier of India is seen
a b a b c
the Himalayas mighty in their splendour. No error
the accident unmindful of boring the audience.
c d d e
No error 12. The recommendations of the committee that the
e a
age should be lowered down immediately
5. Weather permitted there will be a garden party at
b c
a b c
was not accepted. No error
Government House tomorrow. No error
d e
d e
13. He is overworked and that seems to have
6. The traveller being weary he sat by Woodside to rest.
a b c
a b c d
No error seriously effected his health. No error
e d e
1114 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

14. Each of the students whom I have chosen to take part

a b
Based on Modals
in the discussion have indicated that he will be happy Directions (Q. Nos. 1-12) Complete the sentences with
suitable alternative.
c d
to do so. No error 1. She told me that she ............... English fluently and
was very happy.
e
a. could speak b. could have spoken
15. Honestly speaking I like him not because he is c. can speak d. could have speak
a b 2. He returned the money to the police though he
handsome and charming but that he is exceedingly kind. .............. it.
c d a. could keep b. should keep
No error c. could have kept d. can keep
e 3. If we request her she ............... to college.
16. The father with the son were mysteriously missing a. must give us lift b. might give us lift
a b c c. can give us lift d. could give us lift
from the house. No error 4. It is possible Marlowe ............... plays for
d e Shakespeare.
17. Our country need a number of self sacrificing a. may write b. might have written
c. might write d. may have written
a b c
5. The police presume that Neena ....... there at the time
and devoted political leaders. No error of murder.
d e a. might have been
18. The constant shouting of slogans do not b. can have been
a b c. should have been
d. would have been
solve the problems of the country. No error
6. Don’t worry. You ....... left your purse in staff room.
c d e
a. can have
19. It is not advisable to take heavy luggages [2005] b. should have
a b c. may have
while on journey these days. No error d. could not
c d e 7. You ............... him that gambling would ruin him.
20. Mr Bose accompanied by his wife and children [2005] a. should warn
b. should have warned
a b
c. must warn
were present there. No error d. may warn
c d e
8. Before you started you ……… your purse.
21. You must pay respect to those who has [2005] a. must check b. should have checked
a b c c. should check d. must have check
respect for you. No error 9. She ............... work hard if she wants to top the merit
d e list.
a. must have b. must
22. Whenever is the matter I shall [2006]
c. must not d. must have been
a b
10. She ............... alone as it was raining heavily.
do this work because I have
a. must not leave b. must not have left
c
c. should not leave d. may not have left
to expose my working capacity at any cost. No error
11. Principal to a student : You ............... with bad girls.
d e
a. must not mix b. cannot mix
23. She is so lazy as she can't do this work properly and c. may not mix d. could not mix
a b c 12. She ............... alone as: it is raining heavily.
cannot cooperate us in your scheme. No error [2006] a. must not leave b. must not have left
d e c. should not have left d. may not have left
 GRAMMAR 1115
18. Are you really desirous …… visiting Japan? (2012)
Based on Preposition a. of b. in c. to d. about
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-20) Fill up the blanks with suitable 19. So many servants attended …… him during his illness.
prepositions from the alternatives given under each (2006)
sentence. a. with b. on c. for d. to
1. His professional ability proves that he is cut ..............
for this job. 20. At least he yielded …… the temptation. (2006)
a. on b. off c. for d. to
a. out b. up c. down d. for
2. The history of Hindu religion dates ......... ancient times.
a. from b. since c. for d. of Based on Conjunction
3. Now government servants have the day .............. Directions (Q.Nos. 1-20) Some of the following
every Saturday. sentences have used conjunctions incorrectly and some
a. out b. off c. since d. in correctly. Find out which part of a sentence is that and
mark that part. If there is no error mark, ‘‘e’’ part as your
4. Nothing can deter him .......... pursuing his aim of life.
answer.
a. for b. from c. in d. at
1. Although they listen to me (a)/ but their actions (b)/
5. After the death of his father, the responsibility has prove otherwise. (c)/ No error (d)
devolved .............. him.
a. on b. at c. from d. in 2. Most of the girls are doing (a)/ their post graduation
because (b)/ they may get good husbands. (c)/ No
6. Normally, he stays .............. until 11 p.m. these days. error (d)
a. up b. out c. on d. at
3. Such was his pronunciation (a)/ as (b)/ I could not
7. No one believes him because he is false ............ heart. understand him. (c)/ No error (d)
a. to b. at c. of d. on 4. I am interested (a)/ in such books (b)/ that are
8. The officials have the habit of fawning .............. interesting. (c)/ No error (d)
ministers.
5. Each member of the alliance (a)/ agrees to take such
a. above b. at c. on d. up
action (b)/ that it deems necessary. (c)/ No error (d)
9. The problem of communal harmony cannot be glossed
.............. by government. 6. She looked at him (a)/ in such distress (b)/ as he had
a. at b. on c. over d. for to look away. (c)/ No error (d)
10. Kanishka was initiated .............. Buddhism by Buddhist 7. This film is interesting (a)/ and the previous one (b)/
monks. was boring. (c)/ No error (d)
a. to b. into c. in d. on 8. It is difficult to know (a)/ whether (b)/ you are selected
11. Consequent upon heavy loss he is worse .............. or not. (c)/ No error (d)
these days.
9. He has no chance (a)/ than to start (b)/ his own
a. upon b. off c. over d. in business. (c)/ No error (d)
12. Co-operation between friends stems .............. mutual
consideration. 10. They had hardly finished (a)/ their meals that at
once (b)/ they resumed their duty. (c)/ No error (d)
a. in b. out c. from d. up
13. Many Russians name their children .............. Indians. 11. I don’t know whether (a)/ Raj is equally (b)/ good as
a. after b. to c. for d. on Vimal. (c)/ No error (d)
14. Indians have pinned their hopes .............. the 12. He (a)/ will return (b)/ on either Monday or Tuesday.
emergence of some superman. (c)/ No error (d)
a. on b. in c. at d. of 13. He has no other business (a)/ but to play (b)/ with
15. She could not muster .............. courage to stand computers. (c)/ No error (d)
against the maltreatment.
14. Hardly had I reached the airport (a)/ where I learned
a. to b. up c. about d. on about (b)/ the powerful bomb explosion. (c)/ No
16. Strangely her name did not occur .............. me on the error (d)
second meeting.
15. My book has been missing (a)/ from my room (b)/ till
a. to b. on c. about d. into
yesterday. (c)/ No error (d)
17. The whole town was plunged .............. sorrow after the
massacre of the students. 16. The manager of the bank was busy; (a)/ so he asked
them to come and see him (b)/ between two to three in
a. in b. into c. to d. from
the afternoon. (c)/ No error (d)
1116 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

17. No sooner did the Sun rise (a)/ when we took a hasty 7. One should keep one’s promise.
breakfast (b)/ and resumed the journey. (c)/ No error (d) a. One’s promise should be kept by us.
b. One’s promise has to be kept.
18. Because he is physically strong (a)/ therefore he was c. A promise should be keeping.
selected (b)/ for the school boxing team. (c)/ No error (d) d. A promise should be kept.
19. Arjun asked him (a)/ that which was the way (b)/ to the 8. Who is creating this mess?
post office. (c)/ No error (d)
a. Who has created this mess?
20. Unless you do not listen to his advice (a)/ I am not b. By whom has this mess been created?
going (b)/ to help you. (c)/ No error (d) c. By whom this mess is being created?
d. By whom is this mess being created?

Based on Voice 9. Do you imitate others?

a. Are others imitated by you?
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-19) Match the sentence given in b. Are others being imitated by you?
either Active or Passive voice with its correct Active or c. Were others being imitated by you?
Passive form, from the options given below. d. Have others been imitated by you?
1. Have the box broken. 10. I saw him conducting the rehearsal.
a. Have the broken box. a. He was seen conducting the rehearsal.
b. Break the box. b. I saw the rehearsal to be conducted by him.
c. Get someone to break the box. c. He was seen by me to conduct the rehearsal.
d. They have broken the box. d. I saw the rehearsal being conducted by him.
2. His pocket has been picked. 11. Someone gave her a bull dog.
a. They have his pocket picked. a. She was given a bull dog.
b. Picking has been done to his pocket. b. A bull dog was given to her.
c. Picked has been his pocket. c. She has been given a bull dog.
d. Someone has picked his pocket. d. She is being given a bull dog by someone.
3. The French surrendered Quebec to the English in 1759. 12. A stone struck me on the head.
a. Quebec was surrendered by the French to the a. I was struck by a stone on the head.
English in 1759.
b. My head was struck by a stone.
b. Quebeck was surrendered to the English in 1759 by
c. I had been struck by a stone on the head.
the French.
d. I was struck on the head by a stone.
c. The English were surrended Quebec in 1759 by the
French. 13. The Romans expected to conquer Carthage.
d. Quebec was surrendered in 1759 by the French to a. Carthage was expected to be conquered by the
the English. Romans.
4. Rain disrupted the last day’s play between India and b. The Romans were expected to conquer Carthage.
Sri Lanka. c. It was expected by the Romans that they would
a. The last day’s play of India and Sri Lanka was conquer Carthage.
disrupted by rain. d. The Romans expected to have conquered Carthage.
b. India and Sri Lanka’s play of the last day was 14. The clown was being laughted at by them.
disrupted by rain.
c. The last day’s play between India and Sri Lanka was a. They were laughing at the clown.
disrupted by rain. b. They were laughing on the clown.
d. The last day’s play between India and Sri Lanka were c. They laughed at the clown.
disrupted by rain. d. The clown was laughed at by them.
5. My uncle promised me a present. 15. I saw him leaving the house.
a. A present was promised by my uncle to me. a. He had been seen leaving the house.
b. I was promised a present by my uncle. b. He was seen to be leaving the house.
c. I had been promised a present by my uncle. c. Leaving the house he was seen by me.
d. I was promised by my uncle a present. d. He was seen leaving the house by me.
6. They are building a house next door to our school. 16. A lion may be helped even by a little mouse.
a. Next door to our school a house is being built by them.
a. A little mouse may even help a lion.
b. Next door to our school is being built house by them.
b. Even a little mouse may help a lion.
c. A house next door to our school is being built by them.
c. A little mouse can even help a lion.
d. A house is being built by them next door to our school.
d. Even a little mouse ought to help a lion.
 GRAMMAR 1117

17. Who taught her such things? 2. Now you can make question tags, ............... ?
a. Who was she taught such things by? a. can you b. won’t you c. can’t you d. will you
b. She was taught such things by who? 3. I am working hard on this book, ............... ?
c. By whom she was taught such things?
a. don’t I b. won’t I c. aren’t I d. can’t I
d. By whom was she taught such things?
4. He was asleep , ............... ?
18. The noise of the traffic kept me awake.
a. was he b. wasn’t he c. didn’t he d. did he
a. I remained awake by the noise of the traffic.
b. I was kept waking by the noise of the traffic 5. Let us start now, ............... ?
c. I was kept awake by the noise of the traffic. a. shall we b. should we c. could we d. would we
d. The traffic kept me awake by the noise.
19. He was arrested on a charge of theft, but for lack of
evidence he was released.
Miscellaneous
a. He was arrested on a charge of theft, but was Directions (Q. Nos. 1-18) In the following questions you
released for lack evidence. will find sentences, part of which are bold. Compare the
b. The police arrested him on a charge of theft, but for bold part of each sentence with the expressions a., b. and
lack of evidence he was released. c. given below. Choose the expression which is an
c. The police arrested him on charge of theft, but for improvement upon the bold part. If none of the three
lack of evidence released him. ' expressions improves the sentence, then your answer
d. None of the above is (d).
20. Please help me. 1. I am tired as I am working since 7 o’ clock in the morning.
a. You were requested to help me. a. I was working b. I had been working
b. You are being requested to help me. c. I have been working d. No improvement
c. You are requested to help me. 2. A highly improved variety of seeds is available to the
d. You have been requested to help me. farmer these days.
21. The residents celebrated the Independence Day. a. are b. will be
a. The Independence Day is celebrated by the c. has been d. No improvement
residents. 3. The boy told his teacher to explain the passage.
b. The Independence Day was celebrated by the
residents. a. asked his teacher b. said to his teacher
c. The Independence Day has been celebrated by the c. invited his teacher d. No improvement
residents. 4. What struck one most was their kindness.
d. Celebration of Independence Day was done by the a. What stroke one most b. What struck one more
residents. c. What stroke one more d. No improvement
22. People claim to have seen the suspect in several cities. 5. You should avoid to make such trivial mistakes.
a. The suspect is being seen in several cities. [2007] a. avoid making b. avoid to have made
b. The suspect has been the people in several cities. c. avoid make d. No improvement
c. The suspect is claimed to have been seen in several
6. If you come across my umbrella anywhere, bring it to
cities.
d. The suspect was seen by people in several cities. me, can you?
a. isn’t it b. don’t you
23. The teacher punished the boys who had not done their c. will you d. No improvement
homework. [2007]
7. The passengers are waiting for the bus outside the
a. The boys who had not done their homework had been
punished by their teacher. bus stand at the main gate for long.
b. The boys were punished by their teacher who had not a. were waited b. were waiting
done their homework. c. have been waiting d. No improvement
c. The boys who had not done their homework were 8. He has fallen out with the girl he wanted to marry.
punished by the teacher.
a. fallen off b. fallen in love
d. The boys who had not done their homework were
being punished by the teacher. c. fallen for d. No improvement
9. They are social insects, living in communities,
regulated by definite laws, each member of society
Based on Question Tags bearing a well-defined and separate part in the work of
a colony.
Directionhs (Q. Nos. 1-5) Choose the correct options
a. who are living in communities
from the questions given below
b. living among a community
1. Do as I say, ............... ? c. who lives with a community
a. didn’t you b. won’t you c. needn’t you d. shan’t you d. No improvement
1118 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

10. If the room had been brighter, I would have been 14. I hope you vividly remember the premier of the film
able to read for a while before bed time. when I, my wife and you were present in the hall.
a. if the room was brighter b. if rooms are brighter a. my wife, I and you b. you, my wife and I
c. had the room brighter d. No improvement c. my wife, you and I d. No improvement
11. The reason why he wrote the letter was because he 15. With a thundering roar the huge rocket soared up
could not contact him over the phone. from the launching pad.
a. why he wrote the letter was since a. flew up b. went upwards
b. for which he wrote the letter because c. took on d. No improvement
c. why he wrote the letter was that
16. My opinion for the film is that it will bag the national
d. No improvement
award.
12. The right-to-work implies the obligation on the part of a. opinion to b. opinion about
the government to give a job to all the unemployed. c. opinion on d. No improvement
a. any of the unemployed b. every unemployed
17. He sent a word to me that he would be coming late.
c. each of the unemployed d. No improvement
a. sent word b. had sent a word
13. Most donors would seriously protest any effort to c. sent words d. No improvement
infer from such limited data.
a. protest against 18. Young men and women should get habituated to
b. protest at reading and writing about current affairs.
c. protest to a. used b. prepared
d. No improvement c. trained d. No improvement

BITSAT Archives
1. They requested me to follow them. [2014] 8. It is time we leave. [2012]
a. ordered b. urged a. left b. have to leave
b. asked d. No improvement c. would have d. No improvement
2. She did not believed me. [2014] 9. We spent an hour discussing about his character.
a. believing b. believe to a. on his character b. of his character [2011]
c. believe d. No improvement c. his character d. No improvement
3. I am fine, what about you? [2014]
10. She is quite without affection and has no false pride.
a. your b. your’s [2011]
c. yours d. No improvement a. admiration b. affliction
4. It was not possible to drag any conclusion so he left c. affectation d. No improvement
the case. [2013]
a. fetch b. find 11. The monograph which was published 3 years ago,
c. draw d. No improvement would suggest that by 2001 there will be 73 million
5. I am looking after my pen which is missing. [2013] TV. sets in India. [2007]
a. looking for b. looking in a. has been suggesting b. had suggested
c. looking back d. No improvement c. would have suggested d. No improvement
6. Mind your language he shouted. [2013] 12. The greatest thing in style is to have a use of
a. change b. inspect metaphor. [2007]
c. hold d. No improvement a. command
7. He declined all the allegations against him. [2012] b. knowledge
a. spurned b. refused c. need
c. refuted d. No improvement d. No improvement
Answer with Solutions
Based on Tense and Agreement 3. (b) off
1. (e) No error 4. (b) from
2. (c) ‘on asking’ for ‘to ask’ 5. (a) on
3. (a) Say ‘comes’ for ‘will come’ 6. (a) up
4. (b) Say ‘connected with’ 7. (c) of
5. (a) Say ‘Weather permitting’ 8. (c) on
6. (b) Drop ‘he’ 9. (c) over
7. (a) Add ‘understand’ after ‘did not’ 10. (b) into
8. (c) Say ‘but because’ 11. (b) off
9. (e) No error 12. (c) from
10. (c) to be attended 13. (a) after
11. (c) Say ‘are seen’ 14. (a) on
12. (d) Say ‘were not’ 15. (b) up
13. (d) Use ‘affected’ 16. (a) to
14. (c) Say ‘has’
17. (b) into
15. (c) Say ‘because’
18. (a) of
16. (b) Say ‘was’
19. (b) on
17. (a) Say ‘needs’
20. (d) to
18. (b) Say ‘does not’
19. (b) Use ‘luggage’ in place of ‘luggages’.
20. (c) Use ‘was’ in place of ‘were’.
Based on Conjunction
1. (b) Replace ‘but’ by ‘yet’.
21. (c) Use ‘have’ in place of ‘has’.
2. (b) Replace ‘because’ by ‘so that’.
22. (a) Use ‘whatever’ for ‘whenever’
3. (b) Replace ‘as’ by ‘that’.
23. (b) Use ‘that’ for ‘as’.
4. (c) Replace ‘that’ by ‘as’.
Based on Modals 5. (c) Replace ‘that’ by ‘as’.
6. (c) Replace ‘as’ by ‘that’.
1. (a) could speak
7. (b) Replace ‘and’ by ‘but’.
2. (b) should keep
8. (d) No error.
3. (b) might give us lift
9. (b) Replace ‘than’ by ‘but’.
4. (b) might have written
10. (b) Replace ‘that’ by ‘when’.
5. (a) might have been
11. (b) Replace ‘equally’ by ‘as’.
6. (c) may have
12. (c) Replace ‘on either Monday or Tuesday’ by ‘either on
7. (b) should have warned Monday or on Tuesday’.
8. (a) must check 13. (b) Replace ‘but to play’ by ‘than playing’.
9. (b) must 14. (b) Replace ‘where’ by ‘when’.
10. (b) must not have left 15. (c) Replace ‘till’ by ‘since’.
11. (a) must not mix 16. (c) Replace ‘to’ by ‘and’.
12. (a) must not leave 17. (b) Replace ‘when’ by ‘than’.
18. (b) Delete ‘therefore’.
Based on Preposition 19. (b) Delete ‘that’.
1. (a) out 20. (a) Delete ‘do not’.
2. (a) from
1120 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

Based on Voice Miscellaneous

1. (c) Get someone to break the box. 1. (c) I have been working
2. (d) Some one has picked his pocket. 2. (d) No improvement
3. (a) Quebec was surrendered by the French to the English 3. (a) asked his teacher
in 1759.
4. (d) No improvement
4. (c) The last day’s play between India and Srilanka was
disrupted by rain. 5. (a) avoid making
5. (b) I was promised a present by my uncle. 6. (c) will you
6. (d) A house is being built by them next door to our school. 7. (c) have been waiting
7. (d) A promise should be kept. 8. (d) No improvement
8. (a) Who has created this mess?
9. (d) No improvement
9. (a) Are others imitated by you?
10. (d) No improvement
10. (d) I saw the rehearsal being conducted by him.
11. (b) A bull dog was given to her.
11. (c) Why he wrote the letter was that
12. (d) I was struck on the head by a stone. 12. (c) each of the unemployed
13. (c) It was expected by the Romans that they would 13. (a) protest against
conquer Carthage. 14. (b) you, my wife and I
14. (a) They were laughing at the clowm.
15. (b) went upwards
15. (d) He was seen leaving the house by me.
16. (b) opinion about
16. (b) Even a little mouse may help a lion.
17. (a) sent word
17. (d) By whom was she taught such things?
18. (c) I was kept awake by the noise of the traffic.
18. (a) used
19. (c) The police arrested him on a charge of theft, but for lack
of evidence released him. BITSAT Archives
20. (c) You are requested to help me. 1. (a) ordered
21. (b) The Independence Day was celebrated by the 2. (c) believe
residents.
3. (c) yours
22. (c) The suspect is claimed to have been seen in several
cities. 4. (c) draw
23. (c) The boys who had not done their homework were 5. (a) looking for
punished by the teacher. 6. (d) No improvement
7. (c) refuted
Based on Question Tags 8. (a) left
1. (b) won’t you 9. (c) his character
2. (c) can’t you 10. (c) affectation
3. (c) Aren’t I 11. (b) had suggested
4. (b) wasn’t he 12. (b) knowledge
5. (a) shall we
2
Vocabulary
Vocabulary is a broad concept in itself. One can enhance one’s language skills by acquiring a good
hold over vocabulary. To score high in the exam, a candidate should improve his/her vocabulary
skills. It helps you in solving questions of Comprehension, Cloze Test, Antonyms and Synonyms etc.
Here we illustrate some steps to enrich vocabulary.

Step I Identify the Word

Whenever we come across a new word in a sentence while reading a text book, newspaper or
a magazine, we should look up its meaning. This is the best way to enhance vocabulary skills.

Step II Identify the Antonym of that Word

Along with the meaning of a word, its antonyms (words with opposite meaning) should also
be taken into consideration. A good knowledge of words and their antonyms is very
beneficial from the examination point of view.

Step III Find Synonym of that Word

The knowledge of words that are similar or closer in meaning to one another is very useful. It
makes a student efficient enough to have a strong sense of the language.

Step IV Form a Proper Sentence

This is one of the most important parts in vocabulary building. It serves to stimulate memory
by recalling the words as and when needed, apart from making the proper sense and the use of
words clear.
To understand these steps, we consider an example. Suppose we take a word ‘Antique’.

Step I Antique means something that is old and has not been renewed for long e.g. Antique building
(Old building).

Step II Opposite of Antique is modern. It also Modern can be replaced by, Renovated and Recent etc.
Step III Synonyms are the similar words in meaning. For synonyms, Antique can be replaced by
Traditional and Ancient etc.

Step IV To be more familiar with the word, we should use them in sentence form. For ‘Antique’ a
proper sentence is “People love to see the Antique items.”
Following are the topics that we learn in vocabulary.
1. Antonyms 2. Synonyms 3. One word substitutions
Practice Exercise
Antonyms
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-38) The following sentences 15. It is obligatory for a common citizen to follow the rules.
consist of a word or a phrase which is written in italicised a. advisable b. unnecessary
letters. Each of them is followed by four words or phrases. c. superfluous d. optional
Select the word or the phrase which is closest to the 16. His urbane attitude won him many friends.
opposite in meaning of the italicised word or phrase. a. indifferent b. violent
1. Self-reliance has been adopted as an important c. rustic d. rude
objective of economic planning in modern India. 17. The leader might have had some covert reason for the
a. refused b. forsaken c. denied d. discarded change of his political affiliations.
2. His appointment was confirmed last month. a. unjustifiable b. obvious
a. disappointment b. suspension c. inexplicable d. flimsy
c. dismissal d. discharge 18. The room was filled with a delicious odour.
3. He has a passion for indigenous goods. a. bitter b. repulsive
a. native b. foreign c. silly d. cheap c. strange d. unpalatable
4. He made an exhaustive list of the items his secretary 19. That man is known for his elegance.
should attend to. a. awkwardness b. indelicacy
a. short b. incomplete c. clumsiness d. savagery
c. interesting d. meticulous 20. Unsettled conditions in the land led to the exodus of
5. He appears to be a phony person. hundreds of its citizens.
a. beautiful b. unread c. genuine d. ugly a. invasion
b. intrusion
6. He was in a dejected mood. c. immigration
a. jubilant b. rejected c. irritable d. romantic d. expulsion
7. Philosophers say that the world is an illusion. 21. In the interest of one’s own reputation one should
a. a fact b. a reality avoid ostentation while entertaining friends.
c. an actuality d. a truth a. miserliness b. simplicity
8. There was a marked deterioration in his condition. c. purity d. innocence
a. improvement b. revision 22. Every thing about him especially his talkative nature
c. reformation d. amendment proclaims his effeminacy.
9. The Principal hardly managed to give the papers a a. aggressiveness b. attractiveness
cursory glance. c. manliness d. boorishness
a. curious b. thorough c. through d. superficial 23. The leader was pragmatic in his approach to the
10. The attack on the freedom of the press is a retrograde problems facing the country.
step. a. indefinite b. vague
a. progressive b. stubborn c. idealistic d. optimistic
c. punitive d. aggressive 24. She used to disparage her neighbours every now and
11. We received a cordial welcome from our host. then.
a. indifferent b. distrustful . a. please b. praise
c. cold d. official c. belittle d. denigrate

12. We should not belittle the value of small things. 25. The plantation workers were on a collision course
a. extol b. praise c. inflate d. expand before the labour officer intervened.
a. retaliatory b. perfunctory
13. It used to be said that travel broadens one’s outlook. c. conciliatory d. circuitous
a. narrows b. shrinks c. contracts d. restricts
26. Every self-respecting circus needs at least one dwarf.
14. The criminal was detained by the police. a. pigmy b. undersized
a. deterred b. released c. giant d. human
c. dismissed d. protected
 VOCABULARY 1123
27. Our knowledge of the past is still largely a matter of 3. Buoyed,by these visions of the future of his son, the
conjecture. artist soldiered on.
a. certainty b. guess a. continued bravely b. stopped further
c. position d. form c. struggled hard d. fought on
28. In all places, and at all times, there is a profusion of 4. Last fortnight the rains came to the parched soils of
talents. India after the merciless drought had already sapped
the vitality and livelihood of millions of peasants.
a. plenty b. scarcity c. aversion d. generosity
a. decreased b. demolished
29. It was altercation throughout and there was no c. destroyed d. drained away
discussion. 5. The boy gave a vivid description of all that happened.
a. consonance b. alternative a. brilliant b. fresh
c. inconsistency d. resonance c. explanatory d. picturesque
30. Unlike the other candidates, his manner was entirely 6. We don’t know how we are to recompense you for the
languid. trouble you have taken.
a. energetic b. lazy c. liquid d. slow a. reward b. help c. praise d. thank
31. People who are actually running the system often take 7. John Milton wrote ‘Paradise Lost’ to vindicate the
a myopic view of the situation. ways of God to man.
a. farsighted b. visionary c. blind d. glassy a. explain b. support c. justify d. criticise
32. That was a dauntless action. 8. When youngsters do not have good role-models to
a. cowardly b. secret c. subtle d. devious emulate they start searching for them among
33. The momentum of the movement slackened in course sportsmen or filmstars.
of time. a. inhabit b. imitate c. mollify d. modify
a. stopped b. quickened 9. The eyewitness testimony was incontrovertible.
c. multiplied d. recovered a. debatable b. unquestionable
34. He is a man of mellow temper. c. unacceptable d. disputable
a. fickle b. hot c. irrational d. excitable 10. The invasion forces had no artillery and were
35. His was a delicate constitution. completely annihilated.
a. reduced b. destroyed
a. fit b. strong
c. dismembered d. split
c. rugged d. ungainly
11. The novel was so interesting that I was oblivious of my
36. Let us not aggravate the sufferings of the poor.
surroundings.
a. advocate b. appreciate
a. indifferent b. watchful c. unmindful d. precarious
c. alleviate d. abbreviate
12. Elsie is seventy years old and a fanatical gardener.
37. Misogynists are not applauded in society. a. crazy b. fantastic
a. Philanthropists b. Philogists c. excessively enthusiastic d. obsessed
c. Philogynists d. Philanderers
13. Before I could make out anything he had spoken
38. Her vivacity attracted everybody. again.
a. lethargy b. truthfulness a. find out b. apprehend c. explain d. reveal
c. beauty d. apathy
14. It is amazing how such a motley group could get along
so well.
Synonyms a. heterogenous b. assorted
c. promiscuous d. confused
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-37) In the following sentences
given below, a word or phrase is written in italicised letter. 15. His speech was nothing but a string of platitudes.
For each italicised word four words/phrases are listed a. grand statements b. stereo-typed statements
below each sentence. Choose the word nearest in c. noble sentiments d. humorous anecdotes
meaning to the italicised word. 16. He wrote a scathing review of the prize-winning novel.
1. A million cinemas a year bring the same stale a. biased b. scornful
bladerdash. c. unbalanced d. subjective
a. adventure b. nonsense 17. The opposition criticised the ruling party for the
c. thriller d. romance deteriorating law and order situation in the state.
2. There must be lively discussion of Indian authors if we a. disrupting b. worsening c. crumbling d. eroding
are to foster our knowledge. 18. The flat has been refurbished recently.
a. promote b. cherish a. white-washed b. painted
c. nourish d. nurture c. renovated d. repaired
1124 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

19. Even the most careful researcher cannot predict the 33. The acerbic remarks of the manager were
possible future ramifications of his findings. unwarranted.
a. uses b. developments a. bitter b. furious c. arrogant d. childish
c. consequences d. conclusions
34. It was an astute move to sell the property at that
20. He ended his speech on a supercilious note which stage.
was quite unexpected of a person of balanced and a. shrewd b. unwise
stable temperament. c. dishonest d. inexplicable
a. defamatory b. contemptuous
c. superfluous d. irrelevant 35. The five experiments gane disparate results.
a. similar b. encouraging
21. Graduation day is a momentous day for most c. strange d. different
students. 36. The young girl appeared self-possessed in front of TV
a. memorable b. melancholy cameras.
c. important d. hectic a. shy b. confident c. introvert d. extrovert
22. The two opposing parties have reached stalemate. 37. The chairman conducted the meeting with aplomb.
a. dilemma b. deadlock a. arrogance b. annoyance
c. exhaustion d. settlement c. poise d. authority
23. This is a lucrative business.
a. profitable b. dangerous
c. challenging d. questionable
One Word Substitution
24. Forthrightness in speech may not always be a Directions (Q. Nos. 1-10) In each of the following
desirable quality. questions, out of the four alternatives choose the one
a. outspokenness b. obliqueness which can be substituted for the given words/sentences.
c. mendacity d. equivocation 1. Music sung or played at night below a person’s
25. Such conduct deserves reprimand. window.
a. praise b. punishment a. Serenade b. Sonnet c. Lyric d. Primo
c. rebuke d. reward 2. A government by the nobles.
26. On public occasions, she was very punctilious about a. Democracy b. Bureaucracy
forms and manners. c. Autocracy d. Aristocracy
a. serious b. careful 3. Anything written in a letter after it is signed.
c. artificial d. casual a. Posterity b. Post dication
c. Postscript d. Corrigendum
27. After he came back from his evening walk, he felt
famished. 4. Bringing about gentle and painless death from
a. exhausted b. hungry incurable disease.
c. peevish d. relaxed a. Suicide b. Euphoria
c. Gallows d. Euthanasia
28. She purchased gimcrack ornaments from the market.
a. expensive b. worthless 5. A man of lax moral.
c. rare d. smuggled a. Ruffian b. Licentious c. Pirate d. Vagabond
29. He is a good looking but insipid young man. 6. Large scale departure of people.
a. arrogant b. unscrupulous a. Migration b. Emigration
c. sick d. lacking in spirit c. Immigration d. Exodus
30. He had insidiously wormed his way into her affections. 7. Lottery in which an article is assigned by lot to one of
a. in a polite manner those buying tickets.
b. in a secret manner a. Auction b. Raffle
c. in ugly way c. Audit d. Transit
d. in a forceful manner 8. To send an unwanted person out of the country.
31. His boss criticism left him feeling rather abashed. a. Exclude b. Oxtracise c. Deport d. Expatriate
a. annoyed b. arrogant 9. Voluntarily giving up throne by king in favour of his son.
c. embarrassed d. awakened a. Abdication b. Resurrecation
c. Accession d. Renunciation
32. The inexorable demands of the workers brought the
company to a closure. 10. To examine one’s own thoughts and feelings.
a. unreasonable b. relentless a. Meditation b. Retrospection
c. monetary d. violent c. Reflection d. Introspection
 VOCABULARY 1125

BITSAT Archives
Antonyms 16. The doctor advised us to give him wholesome
nutrition. [2007]
1. Recompense [2014]
a. sickly b. stupendous
a. Emolument b. Reward
c. depressing d. fragmentary
c. Payment d. Penalty
17. He is good fellow; but what I dislike is his reckless
2. Impede [2014]
handling of things. [2007]
a. Block b. Delay
a. intelligent b. cautious
c. Push d. Freeze
c. soft d. brilliant
3. Auspicious [2014]
18. Ingratitude [2006]
a. Prosperous b. Unfavourable
c. Improper d. New a. Stimulation b. Reward
c. Sympathy d. Thankfulness
4. Fidelity [2013]
a. Faith b. Devotedness Synonyms
c. Allegiance d. Treachery
1. Augment [2014]
5. Infrangible [2013]
a. Increase b. Decrease
a. Complicated b. Breakable c. Save d. Mention
c. Weird d. Software
2. Sagacious [2013]
6. Progeny [2013]
a. Shameless b. Wise
a. Kid b. Parent c. Powerless d. Foolish
c. Friend d. Enemy
7. In toto 3. Remedial [2013]
[2012]
a. Bluntly b. Partially a. Corrective b. Proficient
c. Entirely d. Strongly c. General d. Optional
8. Protean [2012] 4. Reticent [2013]
a. Amateur b. Catholic a. Confident b. Sad
c. Unchanging d. Rapid c. Truthful d. Secretive
9. Fragrance [2011] 5. Flabbergasted [2012]
a. Aroma b. Perfume a. Scared b. Embarrassed
c. Smell d. Stink c. Dumbfounded d. Humiliated
10. Eternal [2011]
6. Eternal [2012]
a. Momentary b. Continual
c. Everlasting d. Endless a. Innumerable b.Unmeasurable
c. Prolonged d. Perpetual
11. Reprimand [2009]
a. Reward b. Appreciate 7. Enlightenment [2011]
c. Encourage d. Praise a. Lightness b. Insight
12. Impertinent [2009] c. Twilight d. Proficiency
a. Polite b. Indifferent 8. Sublimity [2011]
c. Unpleasant d. Stubborn a. Despression b. Reduction
13. Equivocal [2009] c. Subversion d. Proficiency
a. Mistaken b. Quaint 9. Paramour [2010]
c. Clear d. Universal
a. Lever b. Companion
14. Infallible [2008] c. Friend d. Rival
a. Erring
b. Untrustworthy
10. Refectory [2010]
c. Dubious a. Dining Room b. Parlour
d. Unreliable c. Living Room d. Restaurant
15. Exalt 11. Denouement [2009]
[2008]
a. Depreciate b. Ennoble a. Outcome b. Eschew
c. Glorify d. Simplify c. Action d. Character
1126 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

12. Gauche [2009] One Word Substitution

a. Vain b. Rich
c. Polished d. Tactless 1. Despite being in the career of singing for the last
10 years, he has not been able to earn fame on
13. Accolade [2009] account of his practice of borrowing ideas and words
a. Honour from others and using them as his own. [2010]
b. Appreciation
a. Adaptation b. Pantomime
c. Greeting
c. Imitation d. Plagiarism
d. Gift
14. Ephemeral [2008] 2. Every person is not allowed to enter the place where
public, government or historical records are kept. [2010]
a. Uneral b. Mythical
c. Short-living d. Artificial a. Scullery b. Pantry
c. Archives d. Coffer
15. Stubborn [2008]
a. Easy b. Obstinate 3. The advertisement assured the public that the
c. Willing d. Pliable medicine would give back to the users, their youthful
16. Prognosis vigour and appearance. [2010]
[2008]
a. Rejuvenate b. Restore
a. Identification b. Preface
c. Forecast d. Scheme c. Replenish d. Render

17. Many of his acquaintances avoid him because he is 4. Design made by putting together coloured pieces
so garrulous. of glass or stones. [2009]
[2007]
a. proud a. Oleograph b. Mosaic
b. unreasonable c. Tracery d. Relief
c. talkative 5. The doctrine that human soul passes from one body
d. quarrelsome to another at the time of death. [2009]
18. Connoisseur [2006] a. Metamorphosis b. Transition
a. Lover of art b. Interpreter c. Transmigration d. Extrapolation
c. Delinquent d. Ignorant 6. A place adjoining kitchen, for washing dishes etc.
19. Lethal a. Cellar b. Wardrobe [2008]
[2006]
c. Scullery d. Pantry
a. Unlawful b. Sluggish
c. Deadly d. Smooth 7. Elderly woman in charge of a girl on social occasions.
20. Picturesque a. Spinster b. Matron [2009]
[2006]
c. Chaperon d. Chandler
a. Photogenic b. Ugly
c. Simple d. Stimulating 8. Land so surrounded by water as so be almost an
island. [2009]
21. Renounce [2005]
a. Archipelago b. Isthmus
a. Reform b. Revoke
c. Peninusula d. Lagoon
c. Retain d. Resign
Answers
Antonyms
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (a)

Synonyms
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (b)
31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (d) 36. (b) 37. (c)

One Word Substitution

1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (d)

BITSAT Archives
Antonyms
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (d)

Synonyms
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (d)

One Word Substitution

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (b)
3
Comprehension
Ability

Comprehension involves a thorough understanding of the given passage consisting of one or more
paragraphs. It forms a very good exercise for brilliant and intelligent reading and judicious selection. It is
meant to test the intelligence of candidates and their ability to comprehend a given piece of text.

Tips for Attempting Comprehension

1. Skim once as rapidly as possible to determine the main idea before you look at the questions. Do
not worry about words you do not know, at this stage.
2. Underline the words that you do not understand to facilitate a complete understanding of the
passage. This will enable you to solve the vocabulary questions quicker.
3. Keep forging ahead and don’t get bogged down if there is a word or sentence you do not
understand. Sometimes you can sense the meaning of the word/sentence from the context. It is
also possible that the word/sentence may not be the basis of any questions.
4. Read each question carefully and be certain that you understand exactly what is being asked.
5. Answer strictly on the basis of the passage and avoid selecting general answers.
6. Note transition from one idea to the next and examine the relationships among the different
ideas or part of the pasage.
7. Concentrate on the vocabulary items and puzzle out the meanings of the words you do not
know in the context. Generally, options are tricky or some options are closely related. Therefore,
analyse the questions and options carefully before answering.
8. Select the answer on the basis of the information provided in the passage. You are not expected
to rely on outside knowledge of a particular topic. Avoid selecting answer which are not based
on the passage.
Practice Exercise
Directions (Passages 1-10) Read the passages given below and answer the questions that follow

Passage 1 5. Which of the following is correct according to the

White cement is the basic raw material for producing cement passage?
a. White cement is not used in the manufacture of paint
tiles and cement paint which are used extensively in building
b. White cement forms a minor part of tile manufacturing
construction. The main consumers of white cement are,
c. White cement is very important for tile manufacturing
therefore, cement tile and cement paint manufacturing units. d. White cement is used only for making paints
These consumers, mostly in the small scale sector, are
today facing a major crisis because of a significant increase 6. Which of the following words has the same meaning
in the price of white, cement during a short period. as the word ‘artificial’ as used in the passage?
a. Unnatural b. Prolonged c. Practical d. Deliberate
The present annual licensed production capacity, of white
and grey cement in the country is approximately 3.5 lakh 7. What is the author’s suggestion to bring down prices?
tonnes. The average demand is 2-2.5 lakh tonnes.This a. Government should control the white cement market
means that there is idle capacity to the tune of one lakh b. Production capacity should be increased
tonnes or more. The price rise is, therefore not a c. Usage of white cement in other areas should be
phenomenon arising out of inadequate production capacity, reduced
but evidently because of artificial scarcity created by d. Competition among manufacturers of cement paints
the manufacturers in their self-interest. and tiles should be reduced
The main reason for the continuing spurt in cement price is 8. Which of the following words has the opposite
its decontrol. As it is, there is stiff competition in the meaning as the word ‘basic’ as used in the passage?
cement paint and tile manufacturing business. Any further a. Vital b. Unimportant c. Acidic d. Last
price revision at this stage is bound to have a severe adverse
9. Which of the following is correct according to the
impact on the market conditions. The government should take
passage?
adequate steps to ensure that suitable controls are brought in.
a. Cement production capacity is more than usage
Else, it should allow import of cement. b. Cement production capacity is less than usage
1. Why is the price of cement going up? c. Cement production capacity is equal to usage
a. Because the Government is controlling the quota d. Cement production capacity is twice than usage
b. Because of export of white cement 10. What can be presumed from the passage regarding
c. Because of the large usage of white cement foreign trade in cement?
d. None of the above a. The country is exporting cement at present
2. Which of the following statements is false according to b. The country is importing cement at present
the passage? c. The country is exporting and importing cement
a. Price rise in white cement would increase the price of d. The country is neither exporting nor importing cement
cement paint
b. White cement is a controlled product Passage 2
c. Increase in price of white cement is not because of
production problem The forces that generate conditions conducive to crime and
d. Price rise is white cement would upset cement tile riots are stronger in urban communities than in rural areas.
market Urban living is more anonymous living. It often releases the
3. What is the crisis being faced by the cement tile individual from community restraints more common in
manufacturers as described in the passage? tradition-oriented societies. But more freedom from
a. White cement is priced very low constraints and controls also provides greater freedom to
b. White cement is not of good quality deviate. And living in the more impersonalised, formally
c. White cement usage is high controlled urban society means that regulatory orders of
d. White cement prices are very high conduct are often directed by distant bureaucrats. The
4. Which of the following words has the same meaning police are strangers executing these prescriptions on an
as the word ‘idle’ as used in the passage? anonymous set of subjects. Minor offences in small town or
a. Lazy b. Clumsy village are often handled without resort to official police
c. Large d. Excess action. As disputable as such action may seem to be, it
results in fewer recorded violations of the law compared to the
1130 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

big cities. Although perhaps causing some decision-difficulties c. Urban areas are thickly populated and commercialised.
for the police in small town, formal and objective law d. Anonymous living in urban areas may lead to a
enforcement is not always acceptable to villagers. freedom to deviate from rules
Urban areas with mass population, greater wealth, more 18. According to the passage, the crime in small towns
commercial establishments and more products of our a. is less frequently reported or dealt with officially
technology also provide more frequent opportunities for b. is brought well under control by .distant bureaucrats
theft. Victims are impersonalised, property is insured, c. leads to an impersonalised style of living
consumer goods in more abundance are vividly displayed d. is often dealt with objective law enforcement
and more portable. The crime rate increases despite formal
moral education given in schools. Passage 3
11. According to the passage, all of the following A pioneering scheme has been started recently in
contribute to higher crime rates in urban areas except
Southampton of England’s South coast to educate tourists
a. vivid display of consumer goods
who have been convicted of drunken driving.
b. higher standard of living
c. urban impersonalised living The penalty for drunken driving might be the loss of a driving
d. inadequate police force licence and a heavy fine. But under the new scheme,
12. Which of the following is a characteristic of an urban convicted drivers do not pay the fine. Instead they have to
setting? attend eight training; sessions one a week organised by the
a. Unreported minor crimes local authority probation service.
b. Deviation from freedom Designed to demonstrate the damage alcohol can do, the
c. Less forceful social control scheme was devised by senior probation officer John Cook.
d. Minimal opportunities of crime due to better law He said about a quarter of the people who came to him had a
enforcement drink problem, but had not realised how much they were
13. The author’s view of ‘Traditional Societies’ is best drinking. One way of getting the message across was to
expressed by which of the following? make the drivers pour out their usual ration of alcohol and
a. They provide less freedom for the individual in many then measure it. Almost everyone pours out not a single
circumstances measure, but a double at least an example of how easy it is
b.They have lower crime rates because of the moral to have more than just one drink and to encourage other
teachings in schools
people to do the same.
c. They provide inadequate freedom for personal
movements and travel The instructors on the course are giving clinical evidence of
d. They do not have adequate modern technology the effects of alcohol on the body and brain. The sober truth
14. People live under more social control in is that drinking badly affects driving skills, although the
a. formally controlled urban societies drinker might like to believe otherwise.
b. the presence of the police authorities 19. The Southampton scheme requires convicted drivers
c. an anonymous form of living a. to pay a heavy fine
d. None of the above b. to attend eight driving sessions-one a week
15. It can be inferred from the passage that urban crime c. to undergo a probation service
can be controlled by d. to surrender their driving licence
a. greater emphasis on moral education 20. John Cook-devised the scheme
b. enforcement of law by distant bureaucrats a. as a demonstration technique for driving
c. vivid display of expensive consumer goods b. to demonstrate the harmful effects of alcohol
d. None of the above c. to show that Southampton was concerned about
16. Which of the following statements is true in the context drivers
of the passage? d. to prove that alcohol does influence driving
a. The display of consumer goods is the main cause of
21. The problem with a quarter of the people who went to
crime
John Cook was that they
b. Lack of personal contacts increases crimes in urban areas
a. did not want to stop drinking
c. Small communities have more minor crimes than in
urban centres b. were unaware of the fact that they could get drunk
d. Urban crimes areas cannot be prevented c. would not admit that they had a drinking problem
d. did not know how much they were drinking
17. Which of the following statements is not true in the
context of the passage? 22. Most drivers start off with at least
a. Moral education imparted in schools is ineffective in a. a double measure
checking crime rate b. a single measure
b. There is less freedom in the current society than in a c. a little less than a single measure
traditional society d. two doubles
 COMPREHENSION ABILITY 1131
23. The truth is that alcohol Passage 5
a. does not affect the body but only the brain
b. affects only the brain Education is for life, not merely for a livelihood. So long as
c. affects the body and the brain we are unmindful of this truth, the quality of our educational
d. has no effect on the body or the brain curriculum as well as that of our teachers and students is
likely to remain inadequate. It is not enough for a society to
Passage 4 have experts. It needs human beings who can think, feel and
act generously, the kind of people who cannot be replaced
I consider myself something of an authority on apologies, by computers and robots. The great fault of our present age
because a quick temper has provided me with plenty of is its emphasis on efficiency at the cost of humanity.
opportunities to make them. In one of my earliest memories,
my mother is telling me don’t look at the ground when you 29. When the author says that education is for life rather
say, ‘I’m sorry’. Hold your head up and look the person in the than for a livelihood, he means to say that
a. education is a generally useful thing in life
eye, so he’ll know you mean it.
b. the primary purpose of education is to train people to
My mother thus, conveyed the first principle of successful be proper human beings
apology : it must be direct. You must never pretend to be c. education is useful for earning a living
doing something else. You do not leaf through a sheaf of d. education can enable one to become rich
correspondence while apologising to a subordinate after 30. The author says that is not enough for a society to
blaming her for a mistake that turned out to be your fault. have experts because
You do not apologise to a hostess, whose guest of honour a. experts are egocentric
you insulted, by sending flowers the next day without b. experts do not have an overall view of things because
mentioning your bad behaviour. of their being highly specialised
c. along with efficiency, educated people need to be
24. According to the author’s mother, the best way to sympathetic and sensitive to the needs of society
apologise is d. experts are highly eccentric people
a. to say ‘sorry’ while looking at the ground
b. to look the person in the eye, even if you don’t say 31. The author is critical of the present educational
‘sorry’ system because it
c. while saying ‘I’ m sorry look the person in the eye a. overemphasises efficiency
d. to hold your head up and avoid looking at the person b. neglects social sciences
c. is science-oriented
25. The successful way of apology is that it d. is obsessed with computers
a. should not be mixed up with other activities
32. Proper human beings cannot be replaced by
b. could be made carefully even when you are busy
c. should be hinted at indirectly to the person
computers and robots because
concerned a. computers and robots are non-human
d. could be made seriously while doing other activities b. computers and robots react mechanically
c. only human beings can have, specialised knowledge
26. You should apologise for your bad behaviour at a d. only proper human beings can think creatively and
party by sending act generously
a. flowers to the guest of your hostess 33. The main idea of the author in this passage is that
b. flowers to your hostess at your leisure a. educated people should be sympathetic towards
c. flowers to your hostess with a note of apology human suffering
d. only a note of apology the next day b. education should emphasise improvement in quality
27. The phrase ‘leaf through a book’ means to . of life rather than efficiency
a. copy from a book c. specialisation improves efficiency
b. turn over the pages of a book quickly d. to attain efficiency is the only goal of education
c. read a book seriously
d. turnover a new leaf Passage 6
28. The author considers himself to be an authority on Grandchildren at university now how time passes!
apologies because
I wonder if they or anyone else would be interested in what
a. his mother trained him how to apologise
student life was like in the ‘30s ? Well, here goes....
b. he has read many books on how to apologise
c. he has apologised many a time The academic part of a student’s life doesn’t change all that
d. he has been offered apologies in many ways much through the generations, but the style of social life
1132 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

has changed. (For better or worse ¾ who are we to say ?) If we, in private enterprise, are to play our legitimate role in the
The ‘English Lit. more properly, Edinburgh University decade to come, it is clear to me that we must prove to
English Literature Society, met on Tuesday evening in the Government, to Parliament and to the public in general that we
Non-Soc Hall, which is roundabout where the student shop deserve to be trusted. There is also the opposition from
is now. It was called the Non Soc Hall ‘because the meetings socialists in our country who, though opposed to violence and
there were of Non-Associated Societies the Associated regimentation of communism, accept its economic policies in
Societies being high-and-mighty affairs with a long history, the mistaken belief that private enterprise is incompatible with
such as the Dialectic, Philomathic and Diagnostic, which, in the achievements of socialist goals and that even if it were,
those days, certainly didn’t admit women. Indian businessmen and industrialists do not believe in those
34. The author of the passage feels nostalgic because goals or are unwilling to make the necessary sacrifices.
a. he doesn’t belong to the present generation 39. The majority of Indian entrepreneurs want
b. he represents the past generation a. to monopolise the trade
c. he is conscious of time passing swiftly b. to concentrate wealth and power
d. things have changed since he was a student c. to exploit the workers
d. the opportunity to use their talent and resources for
35. The author observes that the academic life of a the benefit of their stakeholders
university 40. The socialists oppose the private sector because
a. changes faster than the social life a. it exploits the workers
b. does not change as fast as the social life b. they think that entrepreneurs cannot achieve the
c. does not change because of a generation gap socialist goals
d. changes abruptly after a long gap c. they believe in Marxist ideology
d. they think that private sector should not be trusted
36. When the author was a student at Edinburgh, English
Literature Society used to meet 41. What impeded the economic growth in the sixties?
a. where it meets even now a. The non-availability of the raw materials
b. Strikes and lock-outs in the industries
b. where the Dialectic Society used to meet
c. The faulty planning by the Government
c. near the place the student shop is located now d. The mistrust of the private sector by the Government
d. where the Diagnostic Society meets now
42. The socialists think that Indian businessmen should
37. The English Literature Society was considered to be a not be trusted because
Non-Associated Society because a. the businessmen do not believe in socialist goals and
a. its activities were deemed to be insignificant are unwilling to make any sacrifices
b. it refused to be associated with any other society b. they only calculate their own profit
c. it was an exclusive society of Department of English c. they exploit the economically weaker section of the
d. it indulged in unconventional literary movements society
d. they do not think about the general good of the
38. The membership of the Associated Societies was society
a. open to all students
43. Private sector can contribute to the economy because
b. restricted to students of History of
c. restricted to students of Psychology a. market driven economy
d. open to only men b. globalisation
c. disinvestment policy
Passage 7 d. the expertise it has acquired

The private sector has today reached a stage of

development and expertise where it can make a massive Passage 8
contribution to the country’s further economic development. One of the great delusions of modern times is the prevailing
The majority of India’s entrepreneurs, large and small, are belief that we are more civilised than our ancestors. At no
patriotic men who do not ask for special favours or large other period in the history of mankind has the word
profits, nor do they seek monopolies or any conentration of ‘civilisation’ been so often misused and misunderstood. It is
wealth and power. What they want are the opportunities to not in the abundance of material alone that civilisation lies.
exercise their initiative, their skills and their resources for the Neither does it consist of the advance of scientific
benefit of their stakeholders and above all, to be allowed to knowledge, however amazing that may be. The inventions
get on with the job. Yet, mistrust of the private sector, and discoveries of science have undoubtedly brought
particularly in large-scale industry, has been such as unheard of blessings and comforts to us. But they are not
seriously to impede economic growth in the sixties and it civilisation. What we have failed to see is that civilisation is a
now threatens to make it impossible for it to meet its targets special way of human behaviour, of thought and feeling. The
in the current plan. essential quality of civilisation lies in the spirit of man, in his
 COMPREHENSION ABILITY 1133
attitude to himself, to his fellowmen and to life as a whole. 50. According to this passage, most cinemas
Looking everywhere around us today, you will find that man a. deal with the familiar uninteresting family dramas
has made no progress since the dawn of history, in his b. tend to be didactic and moralistic
attitude towards his fellowmen. On all the highest pillars in c. bring the images of the same old adventurous
cities of the world, you will find the figure of a conqueror or a activities
d. bring nothing..but some dull, nonsensical talk
general soldier. We know far more about our killers and
destroyers than about our saviours and saints. The heroes 51. The author says that the fourth-rate writers and dramatists
of war are the heroes of the world. a. never existed, in old times
b. wrote novels and plays which are not of permanent
44. What have scientific inventions given to mankind? value
a. Wealth c. are mushrooming in modern times unlike, in the past
b. Civilisation d. succeed easily in the modern times
c. Blessings and comforts
d. Destructive weapons 52. According to this passage, the modern audience
a. is cosmopolitan in its outlook
45. Does the writer think that we are more civilised than
b. is very discriminating
our ancestors?
c. never falls asleep in a cinema hall
a. Yes
d. lacks individual initiative and refuses to exercise the
b. No mind
c. There has been no perceptible change
d. The change, if any, cannot be determined 53. To indulge in their favourite pastime, our ancestors
46. What is civilisation according to the author? a. exercised some intelligence and individual initiative
b. enjoyed nonsensical works
a. Possession of goods
c. never moved out of their familiar environment
b. Inventions and discoveries
d. formed recreational clubs
c. Way of human behaviour, thought and feeling
d. Another form of affluence 54. The author thinks that the bane of modern times is that
47. Who are the heroes of the world? a. physical exercise has been given a go-by
a. Warriors b. Saints b. the trash travels very fast
c. Prophets d. Teachers c. people are taking active interest in mindless
pleasures
48. Who should be our heroes? d. the cheap ready-made distractions have become
a. Saints and saviours more and more pervasive
b. Conquerors
c. Great men of history
d. Politicians Passage 10
49. A vital quality of civilisation depends upon Those of us who already possess knives and use them as a
a. competitive spirit of man matter of course at our meals can hardly understand the
b. attitude of man towards his fellowmen
longing of an infant to be given the freedom of so perilous an
c. man’s desire to conquer nature
d. management of resources instrument. Man has been defined as a tool-using animal,
and there is no another tool that appeals to the imagination
so strongly as a knife. It is through long months and year a
Passage 9 forbidden thing and all the more fascinating on that count.
In place of old pleasures demanding intelligence and There is no glory in using a spoon. There is no honour in
personal initiative, we have vast organisations that provide holding a fork in the right hand and in taking up on it little
us with ready-made distractions, which demand from
squares of meat that have been cut with a knife by some
pleasure-seekers, no personal participation and no
more privileged, hand. Fork and spoon are little more than
intellectual effort of any sort. To the interminable
democracies of the world, a million cinemas bring the same an extension of the fingers and a spoon, at least, is so safe
stale bladerdash. There have always been fourth-rate, that it can be left in the hands of an infant in the cradle. But a
writers and dramatists; but their works in the past, quickly knife is a danger against which constant warning is
died without getting beyond the boundaries of the city or the necessary-something out of reach and waiting as a prize at
country in which they appeared. Today, the inventions of the the end of a long avenue of years.
scenario-writer go out from Los Angeles across the whole
55. The ‘privileged hand’ in this passage refers to
world. a. the spoon
Countless audiences soak passively in the tepid bath of b. expert hand
nonsense. No mental effort is demanded of them, no c. the adults
participation; they need only sit and keep their eyes open. d. the children
1134 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

56. To the child, there is no glory in handling a spoon 58. The child
because a. longs to be tool-using animal
a. the child does not find the spoon attractive b. desires the freedom to use the perilous instrument
b. for the child it is nothing but the extension of fingers c. wants to use the knife because he wants to become
c. it is an extremely safe instrument a soldier
d. it is not as exciting as a fork d. dreams of crime and adventure

57. Adults cannot understand why a child finds knives so 59. The knife fascinates a child all the more because it is
attractive because they a. out of his reach
a. use knives routinely at the dining table b. a precious prize
b. have forgotten their childhood experiences c. a strong weapon to defend oneself with
c. use the knife to cut tough vegetables d. a very attractive toy
d. wield power at the time of meals

BITSAT Archives
India is a country which has been subjected to foreign and will, but also of sacrifice and suffering, a story of heroism
invasions since the dawn of Indian history. The fertile plains and courage that happens in all revolutionaries. [2006]
of India have been attracting avaricious tribals from all over 1. Why did the Aryans settle permanently in India?
the world. Long back the Aryans from Central Asia invaded a. Because here food and fodder were available in plenty
India and settled down permanently in this beautiful land b. Because they invaded India
where food and fodder were available in plenty. After a chain c. Because here food was available in plenty
of invasions from the bordering countries through land d. Because here fodder was available in plenty
routes, the European nations, including the British, finally 2. British came to India
came to India to exploit her rich resources. The Englishmen a. to exploit her rich resources
came to India as traders, but stealthily became her masters. b. to become her master
India became the ‘brightest Jewel’ in the British diadem. c. to civilize her
They proclaimed to civilise her and started to exploit her. d. None of the above
Neither the imperialist might, nor the treachery of some of 3. The Indians indomitable urge for freedom could be
her sons, nor the treachery of some of her sons, nor the curbed neither
nerve-racking exploitation could curb the indomitable urge a. by the nerve-racking exploitation of the British
for freedom of the people who bid defiance to time. They b. by the treachery of some of her sons
fought and fought heroically; they never submitted. c. by the imperialist might
Their struggle for independence is an inspiring and d. All of the above
exhilarating story. It is a story not only of firm determination

Answers
Practice Exercise
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (d) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (b)
41. (d) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (c) 45. (b) 46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49. (b) 50. (d)
51. (b) 52. (d) 53. (d) 54. (d) 55. (c) 56. (b) 57. (a) 58. (a) 59. (a)

BITSAT Archives
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d)
4
Rearrangement

One of the questions set in the objective test in English relates to rearrangement. A student is required
to rearrange the jumbled parts of a sentence/paragraph so as to form a proper sentence. In fact, there
are no hard and fast rules for this kind of test. Only sound knowledge of English language and constant
practice may enable a student to solve such questions.
The questions based on rearrangement are usually of three types.
In the first type of questions, some parts of a sentence are jumbled up. You are required to rearrange
these parts which are labelled P, Q, R, and S so as to produce the correct sentence.
In the second type of questions, a paragraph consisting of six sentence is given. The first and the last
sentences are given and the middle four sentences are removed and jumbled up. You are required to
find the proper order these four sentences so as to form a coherent paragraph.
In the third type of questions, some sentences are given. These sentences form a coherent paragraph
when they are arranged in proper order. You are required to rearrange these sentences to form a
coherent paragraph and then answer the given questions.

Some Useful Tips

1. First, look for the part which may be the beginning part of the sentence. The part must have word that
could act as the subject of a sentence.
2. Usually, the subject of a sentence is either a noun or a pronoun.
3. Sometimes a sentence can also start with an adverb, a gerund or a conjunction. Keep an eye on such
words also.
4. Try to find out the tense of the given sentence. It will also help you in arranging the parts in a proper
order.
5. While choosing the proper order of sentences in a paragraph, try to find out the logical pairs.
6. Sometimes a chronological order can also be set. It will make your work very easy.
7. You can also select the correct option from among the given alternatives by eliminating the wrong
options.
Practice Exercise
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-19) Some parts of each of the 6. If you had told me I would not have given it to you
following sentences, have been jumbled up. You are P
required to choose the correct sequence to rearrange
that you had already bought this book as a birthday
these parts which are labelled P, Q, R, S so as to produce
Q R S
the correct sentence.
present
1. The only time when this dynamic cricketer
P The proper sequence should be
a. Q R P S b. P Q R S c. S P Q R d. S R Q P
was on the 1979 tour of England failed with
Q R 7. All precautionary measures were taken to prevent the
capture of booths during the election by the
the bat the tag of an all-rounder did not fit him
P Q
S
Government by the terrorists
The proper sequence should be
R S
a. S P R Q b. P R S Q c. S R P Q d. S Q P R
The proper sequence should be
2. Kapil left in an aeroplane after reading a sailing a. S P R Q b. Q S P R c. R P S Q d. R Q S P
magazine
P Q 8. The Government has assured the people that in the
Kargil operation who have sacrificed their lives will be
had decided to build his own boat nine years earlier
P Q
R S
properly looked after the families of all those
The proper sequence should be
R S
a. P R Q S b. R S Q P c. R Q P S d. P S R Q
soldiers.
3. When it becomes an honour of a lifetime
The proper sequence should be
P
a. P S R Q b. S Q P R c. S R Q P d. S P R Q
in recognition of their great performance illustrious
Q R 9. All through collecting and storing up food the long
P
personalities win an award
S warm summer days an ant was very busy for the
Q R S
The proper sequence should be
winter.
a. R P Q S b. P Q R S c. Q R S P d. S Q R P
The proper sequence should be
4. The newspaper reported that according to one
estimate P a. S R Q P b. Q P S R c. Q R P S d. R S Q P

and many of them assume epidemic proportions most 10. Standing carelessly with his sword, the fat major
Q P
held horizontally behind him and with his legs far apart
illness in India are related to water-borne diseases
Q R
R S
looked after the receding horseman and laughed
The proper sequence should be S
a. P R Q S b. P R S Q c. R Q S P d. R Q P S
The proper sequence should be
5. The zoologist says that having been bitten by them a. P Q S R b. Q P R S c. P Q R S d. P R S Q
P
11. Since life has now become intensely competitive
once trembled to make a second attempt at catching P
Q R not only by the grades he obtains but also by his skill
the snakes the snake-charmers Q
S of observation and logical reasoning we judge a
The proper sequence should be R
a. P R Q S b. S Q P R person’s intellectual worth
c. R P Q S d. P S Q R S
 REARRANGEMENT 1137
The proper sequence should be The proper sequence should be
a. S Q R P b. P S R Q a. P S R Q b. Q P S R
c. P Q R S d. P S Q R c. R P Q S d. Q S P R
12. By the time known to everyone we appeared on the 18. Nearly to NTPC’s environmental activities bloom
P Q P
scene he had already become an institution around NTPC’s power plants and stand lush green
R Q R
who had ever stayed at Anand Bhawan testimony one and a half crore trees.
S S
The proper sequence should be The proper sequence should be
a. Q P R S b. P S Q R c. Q R P S d. R S Q P a. P R Q S b. S Q R P c. P Q R S d. S R Q P
13. I can guarantee as a medical representative 19. Animal welfare experts to demolish illegal structures
P P
without any doubt for the post for which he has have condemned by the Forest Department the use
Q R Q R S
applied that this candidate will be successful of elephants.
S
The proper sequence should be The proper sequence should be
a. S P R Q b. S R Q P c. P S R Q d. Q S P R a. Q S R P b. R P Q S c. Q P R S d. R S Q P

14. Most of our small farmers do not get a fair return Directions (Q. Nos. 20-28) In the following items, each
P paragraph consists of six sentences. The first and the
on the sale of their farm-products on their investments sixth sentences are given in the beginning and labelled S1
and S 6 respectively. The middle four sentences in each
Q been removed and jumbled up. These are labelled P, Q, R
in back-breaking labour and high cost of seeds and S. You are required to find the proper order for the four
sentences and mark accordingly.
R
and fertilizers 20. S1 : Yes, a mirage can be photographed.
S S 6 : That kind of mirage obviously cannot be
The proper sequence should be photographed.
a. P Q R S b. P Q S R c. P R Q S d. P R S Q P : That is hallucination.
15. The guide said that nowhere in the world Q : Anything reflected by the lens of the human eye
will naturally be picked up by the photographic
P lens.
a fairer building you will find than the Taj Mahal R : Sometimes, however, a person imagines he is
Q R S seeing something but actually he is not.
The proper sequence should be S : The image, of course, will be hazy and
a. R Q P S b. P R Q S c. P S Q R d. R Q S P simmering because of refraction of light.
a. S P R Q b. Q R P S c. P S Q R d. Q S R P
16. The students knew that to control unruly students
P 21. S1 : One of the greatest curses of the world is the
belief in the necessity of poverty.
in the college administration our new Principal took a S6 : We have been poor in the very midst of
Q R abundance, simply because of our own blighting
number of strong measures limiting thought.
S P : There need not be poor person on the planet.
The proper sequence should be Q : But there was no poverty, no want, no lack, in
the creator’s plan for man.
a. R S P Q b. R S Q P c. P Q R S d. Q R P S
R : Most people have a strong conviction that some
17. According to the standard big-bang theory, in a moment must necessarily be poor, that they were made
P to be poor.
of infinite temperature the universe came into existence S : The Earth is full of resources which we have
Q scarcely yet touched.
some ten to fifteen billion years ago and density. a. S P Q R b. R S P Q
R S c. R Q P S d. P Q S R
1138 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

22. S1 : There is nothing strange in the fact that so many R : Both of them were guided by stern realism and
foreign students should wish to learn English. would tolerate no deviation from the objectives
which they pursued relentlessly.
S6 : This key will open to him whatever is valuable in
the literature of the world. S : Similarly, Patel refashioned a compact India out
of the fragments left by the British.
P : If any valuable book is written in another
language an English translation of it is sure to be a. S Q R P b. S R Q P c. S R P Q d. P Q S R
speedily published.
26. S1 : The spiritual training of the boys was a much
Q : Anyone who masters the English tongue more difficult training.
acquires a key.
S 6 : And I held that this was an essential part of the
R : Most books found to be generally useful are training of the young and that all training without
written in English. culture of the spirit was of no use, and might be
S : The English speaking want no monopoly of even harmful.
knowledge. P : I had realised that the training of the spirit was a
a. P S Q R b. S Q R P c. R P S Q d. P Q S R thing in itself.
23. S1 : Much of our adult behaviour and our attitudes Q : Of course, I believed that every student should
be acquainted with the elements of his own
are determined by our upbringing. religion and have a general knowledge of his
S 6 : Psychologists have studied these forces in own scriptures.
depth. R : I relied little on religious books for spiritual
P : But the process does not stop here. training.
Q : In particular by the effects of that small part of S : To develop the spirit is to build character and to
society which is our family. enable one to work towards a knowledge of God
R : As we grow we are constantly and increasingly and self-realisation.
affected by new forces such as the social a. P Q S R b. R Q S P c. R Q P S d. P R S Q
pressure of our friends and the larger world of
society. 27. S1 : The word ‘victory’ generally reminds us of wars
S : The family and our early life have profound effect and conquerors like Alexander and Napoleon.
on our later life. S 6 : The victories of peace are more lasting and
a. S R P Q b. P R S Q c. Q P S R d. Q S P R useful to humanity than the victories of war.
P : Thousands of people are killed and hundreds of
24. S1 : Many people, who are hit on the head and towns and cities are destroyed.
suffer from brain injury, temporarily lose Q : But the victory associated with a war comes after
memory of things happening to them a few so much of destruction.
hour or few days before the accident.
R : In this category, we may include the
S6 : It is as if the memories of this time do not have achievements of scientists and scholars,
time to become established in the permanent long statesmen and social reformers and the like.
memory.
S : However, there is another type of victory which is
P : The first ones to come back are usually older creative and constructive.
memories.
a. P R Q S b. S P Q R c. Q P S R d. R P Q S
Q : After a while the memories begin to return.
R : Then other items appear. 28. S1 : The Arabs who are not in cities live in the desert
S : But there is always a short period of a few all the year round.
minutes just before the accident, which remains S 6 : An Arab loves his horse almost as much as he
a complete blank. loves his wife and children.
a. P Q R S b. S R Q P c. Q P R S d. Q R P S P : They have the finest horses in the world.
25. S1 : Chanakya, by his foresight and strength of Q : So they can easily move from one place to
another.
character, built up the Mauryan Empire.
R : These desert Arabs eat ripe, sweet figs and also
S 6 : It is not true as some people said that Sardar the dates that grow upon the palm trees.
Patel was not particular about the means as long
as he achieved his end. S : They live in tents that can be put up and taken
down easily.
P : They were men of iron.
a. R S P Q b. S Q R P
Q : Therefore, they were impervious to criticism and
had implicit confidence in themselves. c. P Q R S d. Q R S P
 REARRANGEMENT 1139

BITSAT Archives
1. 1. Today we live in modern technology era. [2014] 7. 1. A wood-cutter was cutting a tree on a river bank.
P : We have a lot of problems now. P : He knelt down and prayed. [2012]
Q : We want to get everything in one day. Q : His axe slipped and fell into the water.
R : Ancient time was quite pleasant. R : God Mercury appeared before him and asked
S : We had no problems then. about the matter.
6. Perhaps greed is the main cause for this. S : He could not get it back as the river was very deep.
a. P Q R S b. P R S Q c. S R Q P d. R P Q S 6. He dived into the water and came up with an axe of
wood.
2. 1. He is a common man. [2014] a. R P Q S b. R P S Q c. Q S R P d. Q S P R
P : Yesterday our city saw a brutal crime.
8. 1. A dog stole a piece of meat from a butcher’s shop.
Q : Police is trying to arrest innocent persons.
P : He barked in anger. [2012]
R : The criminals are well known.
Q : He ran to the jungle with the piece of meat.
S : Police as well as whole system in corrupt.
R : He saw his reflection.
6. Police will arrest him as he is an easy target
because of being a common man. S : He crossed a river on the way.
a. P R S Q b. P Q S R 6. He lost his piece of meat.
c. P Q R S d. P S Q R a. Q P S R b. Q S R P
c. Q P R S d. S R P Q
3. 1. He is a famous doctor. [2013]
P : Once I had to consult with him. 9. 1. Making ourselves [2011]
Q : I never believed him. P : our language
R : He suggested me a proper remedy. Q : part of growing into
S : I become completely fine. R : masters of
6. Now I also admit this fact. S : is an important
a. P Q R S b. Q P S R c. Q P R S d. R Q S P 6. full manhood or womanhood
a. P S R Q b. S Q P R
4. 1. We don’t know the plan of Ram. [2013]
c. R P S Q d. P R S Q
P : He cares for his friends.
Q : He is a complete person. 10. 1. The very first battle they fought [2011]
R : We want some help and advice. P : and they had to fall back
S : As we are in a trouble. Q : cross the border
6. We hope he will do his best for us. R : was lost
a. P R S Q b. Q P R S S : letting the enemy
c. P Q R S d. P S R Q 6. an enter the country
5. 1. It is not my problem. [2013] a. R Q S P b. R P S Q
c. Q R P S d. Q P R S
P : All residents of this society are careless.
Q : I am unable to convince anyone. 11. 1. A nation [2011]
R : They don’t want to do some good. P : the material assets it possesses
S : Every one seems to be unwise here, Q : is not made by
6. We all have to suffer one day. R : and collective determination
a. P R S Q b. P R Q S S : but by the will
c. P Q R S d. P S R Q 6. of the people
6. 1. Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, a. P Q R S b. Q P S R
wealthy and wise. [2012] c. R S P Q d. S R P Q
P : But for the morning tea, I had to wait for someone
to get up before me. 12. 1. When the Governor [2011]
Q : This saying inspired me to rise early P : the bell had rung
R : That day I was the first to get up Q : justice should be immediately
S : One day I got up early in the morning R : he ordered that
6. Then I realised that it was a waste of time to get up S : found out why
early and wait for the morning tea. 6. done to the horse
a. Q S R P b. Q P R S a. R S P Q b. P Q S R
c. P Q R S d. S P Q R c. S P R Q d. S Q R P
1140 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

13. 1. When you ponder over [2011] 19. In life,

P : that the only hope (P) some rules are
Q : you will realise
(Q) as in business
R : of world peace lies
S : the question deeply (R) they seem almost instinctive
6. in the United Nations (S) learnt so early that
a. Q R S P b. S P Q R c. S Q P R d. R S P Q a. R S P Q b. Q P S R [2009]
c. R P S Q d. Q S P R
Directions (Q. Nos. 14 to 18) Rearrange the sentences
labelled A to E to form a coherent paragraph and then 20. The Bible, [2008]
answer the questions. (P) has in many respects
A. The large crowd, these myriad activities and the bright (Q) the sacred books of all Christians
lights combine to transform the beach into a (R) among all the books of the world
photographers’ delight. (S) a unique character and position
B. Sand and spray are all pervasive on a beach. a. Q P S R b. Q R P S c. R P Q S d. R Q P S
C. They love to construct fragile sand castles and splash 21. The ultimate hope [2008]
about in the shallow waters.
(P) will force the nations
D. Even the elderly seem to forget their ageing worries
here. (Q) that the destructive nature of weapons
(R) to give up war
E. These make beaches a favourite haunt of children.
(S) has not been fulfilled
14. Which sentence should come First in the paragraph? a. P Q R S b. P R Q S c. Q P R S d. R S Q P
a. A b. B
22. It was [2008]
c. C d. D [2010]
(P) in keeping with my mood
15. Which sentence should come Second in the (Q) a soft summer evening
paragraph? [2010] (R) as I walked sedately
a. D b. E (S) in the direction of the new house
c. A d. B a. Q P R S b. Q R P S c. S Q P R d. S R P Q
16. Which sentence should come Last in the paragraph? 23. (P) I decided to call on him [2005]
a. D b. A (Q) at the earliest opportunity
c. E d. C [2010] (R) having heard of the palmist
17. Which sentence should come Third in the paragraph? (S) before I came into town
a. C b. D a. R S P Q b. P Q R S c. S Q P R d. Q P R S
c. E d. A [2010] 24. (P) When a chemical substance [2005]
18. Freedom, is the restricted kind in the sense/(P), the (Q) the food poisoning occurred
rich and poor woman/(Q), that a wide gulf (R) in the food preparations
separates/(R), which a modern woman enjoys/(S). (S) was mistaken for salt and used
a. P S R Q b. S R Q P [2009] a. R Q P S b. S R Q P
c. R Q P S d. S P R Q c. Q P S R d. P S R Q

Answers
Practice Exercise
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (b)

BITSAT Archives
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (c)
5
Fill in the Blanks
Question based on Fill in the blanks or Sentence Completion are designed to test the comprehension
ability as well as the knowledge of the meaning of the words required to be filled in. The candidate is
asked to select the best of the alternatives given below a sentence.
A word of caution may be put in here for the benefit of the students. Before attempting this section
they must go through the plethora of words to guide them in choice of selecting the best of the
alternatives.
These questions are usually of two types.
In the first type of questions, a sentence is given with a blank space. Below the sentence, four
alternatives are suggested for the blank space. You are required to select the alternative which makes
the sentence meaningfully complete.
In the second type of questions, a sentence is given with two blank spaces. Below the sentence, four
pairs of words are suggested for the blank spaces. You are required to select the alternative which has
the correct pair of words required to be filled in.

Some Useful Tips

1. First read the sentence and try to find out its meaning.
2. Go through all the given alternatives before selecting the answer.
3. Select the word which makes the sentence meaningful and grammatically correct.
4. Try to find out which part of speech is required to fill in the blank. It will make your choice very easy.
5. Sometimes more than one option may seem to be correct. In such case, choose your answer in the
context of the sentence. The answer must provide a proper sense and must belong to the required
grammatical class or part of speech.
6. In case of double blanks, be careful not to choose the alternative which has only one correct word.
Make sure that the alternative must have the words that can fill both the blank spaces appropriately.
7. Eliminating the wrong options will also help you in selecting the right answer.
Practice Exercise
1. The pilot was ..... injured; he died within half an hour. 13. Those who live in ........... houses should not throw
a. seriously b. fatally ............ at others.
c. fatefully d. vitally a. big, abuse b. own, challenges
c. stone, bricks d. glass, stones
2. His...... directions misled us; we did not know which
road to take. 14. I write a letter to you tentatively ..... the dates of the
a. complex b. obscure programme.
c. mingled d. vague a. involving b. urging
c. guiding d. indicating
3. He was very friendly with the press and it really .....
him even for what he did not achieve. 15. Contemporary economic development differs..... from
the Industrial Revolutiosn of the 19th century.
a. praised b. lionised
c. appreciated d. highlighted a. naturally b. usually
c. literally d. markedly
4. These essays are intellectually ..... and represent
various levels of complexity. 16. Ravi had to drop his plan of going to picnic as he had
certain ..... to meet during that period.
a. revealing b. modern
c. superior d. demanding a. preparations b. observations
c. urgencies d. commitments
5. The soldiers were instructed to ... restraint and handle
the situation peacefully. 17. It was .......... hot that day and the cable suffered the
a. exercise b. control brunt of the heat.
c. prevent d. enforce a. treacherously
b. acceptably
6. Since, one cannot read every book, one should be c. unfailingly
content with making a ..... selection. d. unbelievably
a. normal b. standard
c. moderate d. judicious 18. ........ eye-witness, the news reporter gave a graphic
description of how fire broke out.
7. There has been a ..... lack of efficiency in all the a. Reporting b. Observing
crucial areas of the working of Public Sector
b. Seeing d. Quoting
Undertakings.
a. positive b. surprising 19. He gave me an additional ..... of ` 100 a month by .....
c. conspicuous d. stimulative of the commissioner.
a. allowance; permission
8. The Managing Director treated the employees to a ..... b. pay; allowance
lunch at an expensive hotel. c. payment; agreement
a. precious b. thriving d. salary; admittance
c. stupendous d. sumptuous
20. There is no glory in war ..... the blood it.....
9. Satish was ..... with a natural talent for music. a. considering; sheds b. comparing; spills
a. given b. found c. worth; costs d. thinking; demands
c. endowed d. entrusted
21. The Director has ..... me to ..... a speech for him.
10. She always insisted on the need to ..... between ends a. notified; do
and means. b. demanded; prepare
a. analyse b. define c. entrusted; write
c. distribute d. distinguish d. commissioned; draft
11. If greater security measures had been taken the 22. I will come tomorrow ..... I hear to the .....
tragedy might have been ......... a. unless; contrary
a. removed b. until; contradictory
b. repeated c. except; oppose
c. restrained d. despite; otherwise
d. averted 23. The children are so ..... , their parents are thinking of
sending them to a ..... school.
12. A politician’s speech must be read ..... the lines, it may a. small; high
have a double ........ b. naughty; neighbouring
a. behind; edge b. between; meaning c. misruled; lodging
c. among; ends d. beyond; face d. unruly; boarding
 FILL IN THE BLANKS 1143
24. Only .... people are ..... after death. 26. His life consists of...... of drinking punctuated by
a. vicious; condemned periods of drunken sleep.
b. virile; forgotten a. barrels b. bouts
c. virtuous; remembered c. bowls d. pints
d. virulent; glorified
27. He lost the match easily because he had played a ....
25. The Secretary .... the society’s funds, ...... he was five set match in the earlier round.
dismissed. a. sensational b. gruelling
a. robbed, thus b. pirated, therefore c. wonderful d. controversial
c. misplaced, and d. embezelled, therefore

BITSAT Archives
1. Our company signed a profitable ..... last month. [2014] 7. The bank clerk tried to .... money from his friend’s
a. issue b. agenda account. [2009]
c. deal d. paper a. empower b. embellish
2. When Indians from the South move North, they find c. embroil d. embezzle
certain aspects of life quite ...... from their own. [2012] 8. Eight scientists have .... the national awards for
a. strange b. separate outstanding contribution and dedication to the
c. different d. divergent profession. [2008]
3. The sky is overcast, we ....... the storm will soon burst. a. bestowed b. picked
[2012] c. bagged d. conferred
a. expect b. hope 9. In a little published deal, Pepsi Cola has ... the entire
c. trust d. suspect soft drink market in Afghanistan. [2008]
4. We must ...... our students on subjects like health and a. conquered b. swallowed
sanitation besides the usual subjects. [2010] c. captured d. occupied
a. learn b. teach 10. Mr Shyam Lal has gone to his native village with the
c. insist d. educate .... of starting an adult school. [2007]
5. The judge used his ......... power and let him off with a a. suggestion b. presumption
reprimand. [2007] c. opinion d. intention
a. residuary b. official 11. The twins are so alike that I cannot ..... one from the
c. legal d. discretionary other.
6. It is difficult to believe what he tells us because his a. discern b. tell
account of any event is always full of .... and of all c. say d. notice
sorts. [2009] 12. We must .... to authority.
a. discrepancies b. differences a. bend b. surrender
c. discretions d. distinctions c. subdue d. submit

Answers
Practice Exercise
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (b)

BITSAT Archives
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (d)
 VERBAL

1
Analogy
Analogy means similarity or correspondence i.e. having similar features. The questions based on
analogy, a particular relationship is given and another similar relationship has to be identified from
the alternatives provided. Questions based on analogy are set-up to test a candidate’s overall
knowledge, power of reasoning and ability to think.
These types of questions cover every types of relationships that one can think. There are many ways of
establishing a relationship like quantity and unit, worker and tools, cause and effect, word-synonym,
word-antonym, country and capital, state and capital, country and currency, animal and the young
ones (kid), male and female, animals and their resting places, games and places of playing, occupation
their working place and their work.
Here, some relationships are given, which are useful for solving questions based on analogy
Country Capital Currency Occupation Working Place Working
Bangladesh Dhaka Taka Lawyer Court Legal Practice
Iraq Baghdad Dinar Servant House Service
China Beijing Yuan Beautician Parlour Make up
India New Delhi Rupee
Mechanic Garage Repairing
UK London Pound
Japan Tokyo Yen Waiter Restaurant Serving
USA Washington DC Dollar Teacher School Teaching
Russia Moscow Rouble Chef Kitchen Cooking
Greece Athens Euro Sailor Ship Sailing

States of India Capital Male Female

Sikkim Gangtok Dog Bitch
West Bengal Kolkata Horse Mare
Goa Panaji
Bull Cow
Tamil Nadu Chennai Cock Hen
Odisha Bhuvaneshwar Son Daughter
Bihar Patna Brother Sister
Practice Exercise
1. Major is related Lieutenant in the same way as 11. Prairies is to North America as Downs is to ……?……
Squadron Leader is related to ……?…… a. Europe b. Australia
a. Group Captain b. Flying Attendant c. Africa d. India
c. Flying Officer d. Pilot Officer e. Nepal
e. Driver
Directions (Q. Nos. 12-14) In each of the following
2. Kilogram is related to Quintal in the same way as questions, there is certain relationship between two
Paisa is related to …… ? …… . given words on one side of (::) and one word is given on
a. Rupee b. Coin another side of (::) while another word is to be selected
c. Wealth d. Money from the given alternatives having the same relationship
e. Dollar with the word, as the words of the given pair bear.
3. Roentgen is related to X-rays in the same way as Choose the correct alternative.
Becquerel is related to …… ? …… . 12. Cougar : South America :: Okapi : ?
a. Uranium b. Radioactivity a. India b. Central Africa
c. Fission d. Superconductivity c. North America d. Pakistan
e. None of these e. Australia
4. Jade is related to Green in the same way as Garnet is 13. Bow : Arrow :: Pistol: ?
related to ……?…… .
a. Bullet b. Gun
a. Blue b. Orange
c. Shoot d. Rifle
c. Red d. Yellow
e. Revolver
e. White
5. Victory is related to Happiness in the same way as 14. Cobbler : Leather :: Carpenter : ?
Failure is related to ……?…… . a. Furniture b. Wood
a. Defeat b. Anger c. Hammer d. Chair
c. Frustration d. Sandness e. Wool

6. Food is to Fad as Religion is to ……?…… Directions (Q. Nos.15-19) The following questions consists
a. Crucification b. Notion of two words each that have a certain relationship to each
c. Superstition d. Mythology other, followed by four lettered pairs of words. Select the
e. Psychology lettered pair that has the same relationship as the
original pair of words.
7. Glutton is related to Eat in the same way as Garrulous
is related to ……?…… 15. War : Destruction
a. Talk b. Walk a. Fire : Burn b. Court : Justice
c. Laugh d. Travel c. Water : Drown d. Food : Hunger
e. Run 16. Banyan tree : Proproots
8. Vitro is related to Glass in the same way as Ligno is a. Potato : Tuber b. Climbers : Tendrils
related to ……?…… c. Ginger : Stem d. Spinach : Root
a. Marble b. Metal
17. Vaseline : Petrol
c. Rock d. Wood
a. Tea : Leaves b. Plant : Tree
e. Gold
c. Butter : Ghee d. Cream : Milk
9. Buffalo is to Leather as Llama is to ……?…… 18. Preamble : Constitution
a.Wool b.Meat
a. Word : Dictionary b. Contents : Magazine
c. Silk d. Fur c. Explanation : Poetry d. Preface : Book
e. Linen
19. Garbage : Squalor
10. Cell is related to Tissue in the same way as Tissue is a. Poor : Hunger
related to ……?…… b. Diamond : Magmticence
a. Object b. Organ c. Colour : Brush
c. Limb d. None of these d. Dirtiness : Cleanliness
 ANALOGY 1149

Directions (Q. Nos. 20-23) In the following questions, Directions (Q. Nos. 31-42) Find the related words
find the word which holds the same relation with the third analogy from the given alternatives.
word as there in between the first two words. 31. Godan : Premchand : : Guide : ?
20. Doctor : Nurse :: ? : Follower a. RK Narayan b. KR Narayan
a. Worker b. Employer c. Premchand d. MK Gandhi
c. Union d. Leader 32. WHO : Geneva : : IMF : ?
21. Oxygen : Burn :: Carbon dioxide : ? a. New York b. Paris
a. Isolate b. Foam c. Geneva d. Washington DC
c. Extinguishes d. Explode 33. Distance : Scalar quantity : : Velocity : ?
22. Smoke : Pollution :: War : ? a. Scalar quantity
b. Vector quantity
a. Peace b. Victory c. Speed ´ Time
c. Treaty d. Destruction d. Graph
23. Dress : Tailor :: ? : Carpenter 34. Bihu : Asom : : Garba :?
a. Wood b. Furniture a. Uttar Pradesh b. Rajasthan
c. Leather d. Cloth c. Punjab d. Gujarat
Directions (Q. Nos. 24-30) The following questions 35. National tree : Banyan : : National song : ?
consists of two words each that have certain relationship a. Jan Gan Man
between each other, followed by four lettered pairs of
b. Vande Matram
words. Select the related pair that has the same
relationship as the original pair of words. c. Inqulab Zindabad
d. Sare Jaha Se Acha
24. Surgeon : Scalpel :: ?
a. Musician : Instrument b. Carpenter : Cabinet 36. Raj Ghat : Mahatma Gandhi : : Shanti Van : ?
c. Sculptor : Chisel d. Baker : Oven a. Indira Gandhi
b. Subhash Chandra Bose
25. Horse : Hoof :: ?
c. Rajiv Gandhi
a. Man : Foot b. Dog : Black
c. Paise : Rupee d. Pen : Pencil d. Jawahar Lal Nehru

26. Sailor : Compass :: ? 37. Japan : Yen : : UK :?

a. Rial b. Dollar c. Pound d. Yuan
a. Student : Exam b. Doctor : Stethoscope
c. Pen : Officer d. Painter : Artist 38. Bihar : Patna : : Nagaland : ?
e. Bricks : Plumber a. Kohima b. Gangtok
c. Lucknow d. Chandigarh
27. Cells : Cytology :: ?
a. Worms : Ornithology b. Insects : Entomology 39. Red : Violence :: White: ?
c. Diseases : Physiology d. Tissues : Morphology a. Lotus b. Peace
c. Colour d. Cleanliness
28. Chair : Wood :: ?
a. Book : Print b. Mirror : Glass
40. Wish : Desire :: Refuse : ?
c. Plate : Food d. Purse : Money a. Accept b. Rebuff
c. Abuse d. Deny
29. Nuts : Bolts
a. Nitty : Gritty b. Bare : Feet
41. Botany : Plants :: Entomology : ?
a. Snakes b. Germs
c. Naked : Clothes d. Hard : Soft
c. Birds d. Insects
30. Book : Author 42. virology : virus :: Semantics : ?
a. Rain : Flood b. Light : Switch a. Compilers b. Bacteria
c. Symphony : Composer d. Song : Music c. Greeks d. Language
Answer with Solutions
1. (c) Major and Squadron Leader are equivalent ranks in 24. (c) Scalpel is used by surgeon during operation, in the
Army and Air Force respectively and so are Lieutenant same way, sulptor uses his chisel for crating sculptures.
and Flying Officer.
25. (a) The Hoofs of an animal such as a Horse are the hard
2. (a) Second is bigger unit than the first, though both are lower parts of its feet. In the same way, Foots are the
used to measure the same quantity, 100 kilograms = 1 lower parts of Man.
quintal and 100 paise = 1rupee.
26. (b) Sailor is judge the direction through Compass same
3. (b) Roentgen discovered X-rays. Similarly, Becquerel as Doctor is judge the breathing and heart beats through
discovered radioactivity. Stethoscope.
4. (c) Jade is a green precious stone and garnet is a red 27. (b) Cytology is the science of study Cells. In the same
precious stone. way, Entomology is the science of study of Insects.
5. (c) Second is the result of the first. 28. (b) As, Chair is made of Wood. Similarly, Mirror is made
6. (c) Second is the name given to wrong notions about the of Glass.
first. 29. (c) As, Nuts are covered with Bolts. Similarly, naked is
7. (a) Glutton is one who eats too much. Garrulous is one covered with cloths.
who talks too much. 30. (c) Book is written by Author. Similarly, Symphony is
8. (d) Vitro means ‘related to glass’ and Ligno means composed by composer.
‘related to wood’. 31. (a) Godan is written by Premchand. In the same manner,
9. (a) Second is a product obtained from the first. Guide is the book written by RK rarayan.

10. (b) Tissue is made up of cell and organ is made up of 32. (d) The headquarter of WHO is in Geneva, Similarly, the
Tissue. headquarter of IMF is in Washington DC.

11. (b) The grasslands of North America are known as 33. (b) Distance is a scalar quantity as it has no direction. In
Prairies and those of Australia are called Downs. the same way, velocity is a vector quantity is has unit as
well as direction both.
12. (b) As, Cougar is found in South America.
Similarly, Okapi is found in Central Africa. 34. (d) Bihu is the dance from of Asom. In the same way,
dance from of Gujarat is Garba.
13. (a) As, Arrow is released from Bow.
Similarly, Bullet is released from Pistol. 35. (b) National tree of India is Banyan. In the same way,
National Song of India is Vande Matram.
14. (b) As, Cobbler uses Leather to make shoes.
Similarly, Carpenter uses Wood to make furniture. 36. (d) Raj Ghat belongs to Mahatma Gandhi. In the same
way, Shanti van belongs to Jawahar Lal Nehru.
15. (a) First causes the second.
37. (c) Yen is the currency of Japan. In the same way, Pound
16. (b) Second provides support to the first. is the currency of UK.
17. (d) First is extracted from the second. 38. (a) Patna is the capital of Bihar. In the same way, Kohima
18. (d) Preamble is the introduction to the Constitution. is the capital of Nagaland.
Similarly, preface is the introduction to a book. 39. (b) Red is the symbol of violence. In the same way, white
19. (b) Second is the property of first. is the symbol of peace.
20. (d) Nurse receives instructions from the doctor and 40. (d) Wish is the higher intensity of desire. In the same way,
follower receives the instructions from leader. Refuse is the higher intensity of deny.
21. (c) The fire Burns due to presence of Oxygen and the fire 41. (d) Botany is the study of plants. In the same way,
Extinguishes due to Carbon dioxide. Entomology is the study of Insects.
22. (d) Pollution is the result of Smoke. Similarly, Destruction 42. (d) Virology is the scientific study of virus. In the same
is the result of War. way, semantics is the study of meanings of words and
phareses in a language.
23. (b) As, Tailor makes Dress. Similarly, Carpenter makes
Furniture.
2
Classification
Classification means ‘to assort the items’ of a given group on the basis of a certain common quality
they possess and then spot the stranger or ‘odd one out’.
These questions are based on words, letters and numerals. In these types of problems, we consider the
defining quality of particular things. In these questions, four or five elements are given, out of which
one does not belong to the group. You are required to find the ‘odd one’.
Classification problems are divided into the following types

1. Number Classification
In number classification, there is a similarity among the numbers or groups of numbers.
The number classification is generally based on similarities like
l Square and square root of a number
l Cube and cube root of a number
l Even and odd number
l Prime number
l Divisibility test of a number etc.

2. Alphabet Classification
In alphabet classification, there is a similarity or pattern among the alphabets in the group and the candidate
has to identify the pattern and select the one which does not follow the common pattern in the group.
The relationship among the alphabets is based on the following
l Position of alphabets
l Vowel and consonant
l Reverse order of alphabets
l Addition or multiplication of position etc.

3. Word Classification
In word classification, the candidate is given a group of words which are related to one another in a
particular manner. The candidate has to identify the odd word that does not belong to the group.
The relationship among the word classification is generally based on the following
l Synonym of word
l Antonym of word etc.
Practice Exercise
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-8) In each of the following 15. a. Poland b. Greece
questions some groups of letters are given, all of which, c. Spain d. Italy
except one, share a common feature while one is e. Korea
different. Choose the odd one out.
16. a. Calf b. Cub
1. a. BEH b. CFI c. Piglet d. Duckling
c. DGJ d. EHL e. Hireling
e. FIL
17. a. Sketch b. Diagram
2. a. AOT b. CPA c. Poster d. Chart
c. REB d. TIW e. Paper
e. QUD
18. a. Metre b. Furlong
3. a. BDW b. DFU c. Yard d. Mile
c. FHS d. GIQ e. Acre
e. IKP
19. a.Cheetah b. Lion
4. a. RSXY b. NOUV c. Bear d. Tiger
c. MNST d. DEJK [2005]
Directions (Q. Nos. 20-25) In each of the following
5. a. ACZX b. BDYW questions, five pairs of words are given, out of which the
c. EGVT d. GITR words in four pairs bear a certain common relationship.
e. CEUS Choose the pair in which the words are differently related.
6. a. BCYZ b. EFVW 20. a. Shoe : Leather b. Iron : Axe
c. HIUV d. JKQR c. Table : Wood d. Jewellery : Gold
e. ABZA e. Shirt : fabric
7. a. APoQ b. DxeM 21. a. Mason : Wall b. Cobbler : Shoe
c. SFiK d. oWjB c. Farmer : Crop d. Chef : Cook
e. CQuL e. Choreographer : Ballet
8. a. xXYA b. ilMP 22. a. Daring : Timid b. Beautiful : Pretty
c. hHIR d. DBCE [2006] c. Clear : Vague d. Youth : Adult
e. Native : Alien
Directions (Q. Nos. 9-19) In the following questions,
three / four out of the four / five alternatives are same in a 23. a. See : Eye b. Hear : Ears
certain way and so form a group. Find the odd one that c. Smell : Nose d. Touch : Skin
does not belong to the group. e. Tongue : Taste
9. a.Yen b. Lira [2005] 24. a. Bottle : Wine b. Cup : Tea
c. Dollar d. Ounce c. Pitcher : Water d. Ball : Bat
e. Inkpot : Ink
10. a. Litchi b. Papaya
c. Jackfruit d. Guava 25. a. Stallion : Colt b. Horse : Mare
11. a. Peak b. Mountain c. Dog : Bitch d. Drake : Duck
e. Drone : Bee
c. Valley d. Hillock
e. Mound Directions (Q. Nos. 26-30) In each of the following
12. a. Jumping b. Running questions, five numbers are given. Out of these, four are
c. Sprinting d. Exercising alike in a certain way but the rest one is different. Choose
e. Jogging the one which is different from the rest four.
13. a. Mother b. Friend 26. a. 17 b. 27 c. 29 d. 37
c. Brother d. Sister e. 59
e. Father 27. a. 6 b. 12 c. 18 d. 9
14. a. Geometry b. Algebra e. 7
c. Trigonometry d. Mathematics 28. a. 15 b. 21 c. 24 d. 28
e. Arithmetic e. 30
 CLASSIFICATION 1153
29. a. 43 b. 53 32. a. 2 – 8 b. 3 – 27
c. 63 d. 73 c. 4 – 32 d. 5 – 125
e. 83
33. a. 13 – 21 b. 19 – 27
30. a. 488 b. 929 [2007]
c. 15 – 23 d. 16 – 24
c. 776 d. 667
e. 596 34. a. 2 : 4 b. 4 : 8
c. 6 : 18 d. 8 : 32
Directions (Q. Nos. 31-35) Choose the odd numeral pair
group in each of the following questions. 35. a. 3 : 12
b. 4 : 20
31. a. 34 – 43 b. 55 – 62
c. 6 : 42
c. 62 – 71 d. 83 – 92 d. 7 : 63

Answer with Solutions

1. (d) In all the groups, there is a gap of two letters between 16. (e) All except Hireling are young ones of animals.
first and second as well as between second and third
17. (e) All others can be drawn on paper.
letters.
18. (e) All except Acre, are units of measuring distance, while
2. (b) In all other grous, the middle letter is a vowel.
acre is a unit of area.
3. (d) In all other groups, the first two letters are alternate
19. (c) All except Bear, belong to the cat family.
letters of the alphabet, while second and third letters
occupy the same positions from the beginning and the 20. (b) In other pairs, first is a product made from the second.
end of the alphabet respectively. 21. (d) In other pairs, second is prepared by the first.
4. (b) In all other groups, the first second and third letters
22. (b) In all other pairs, the two words are antonyms of each
are respectively moved one, five and one step forward to
other.
obtain second, third and fourth letters respectively.
5. (e) In all other groups, first and second as wells as fourth 23. (e) In other pairs, first denotes the function performed by
and third letters are alternate. Also, the first and third the second.
letters occupy the same positions from the beginning and 24. (d) In other pairs, first is used to hold the second.
end of the alphabet, respectively.
25. (a) In other pairs, second is the female of the first.
6. (c) In all other groups, first and second as well as third
and fourth letters are consecutive and the third letter 26. (b) Each of the numbers except 27, is a prime number.
occupies the same position from Z backward as the first
27. (e) 7 is the only prime number in the group.
occupies from A onward.
28. (d) Each of the numbers except 28, is divisible by 3.
7. (d) In all other groups, the third letter is small and a vowel.
8. (d) Except (d), all other groups contains only small letter. 29. (c) Each of the numbers except 63, is a prime number.

9. (d) Except Ounce, others are currencies of different 30. (d) Except 667, sum of digits is 20.
countries. 31. (b) In all other pairs, second number is 9 more than the
10. (c) Jackfruit is a vegetable while others are fruits. first.
11. (c) Except Valley, all other are the elevated features. 32. (c) In all other pairs, second number is the cube of the
first.
12. (d) Except Exercising, all others are different forms of
exercising. 33. (d) All other pairs consist of odd numbers only.
13. (b) Except Friend, all others are denote blood relations. (1st number)2
34. (a) In all other pairs, = 2nd number.
14. (d) All except Mathematics are branches of Mathematics. 2

15. (e) All except Korea are European countries, while Korea 35. (d) In all other pairs, (1st number) ´ (1st number
is an Asian country. + 1) = 2 nd number.
3
Series Completion

Series is a sequential order of letters, numbers or both arranged in such a way that each term in the
series is obtained according to some specific rules. These rules can be based on mathematical
operations, place of letters in alphabetical order etc.
In questions on series, a specified sequence/order of letters, numbers or a combination of both is
given where one of the term (letter/number/letter and number) of the series is missing either at the
end of the series or in between the series.
The candidate is required to identify the pattern involved in the formation of series and accordingly
find the missing term to complete the series. Also, there may be some questions where one of the
term in the series is incorrect and the candidate is required to find out that term of the series by
identifying the pattern involved in the formation of series.
There is no set pattern and each question may follow a different pattern or sequential arrangement of
letters or digits, which you have to detect using your common sense and reasoning ability.
Types of series covered in this chapter are as follows

1. Number Series
In number series, the numbers are arranged in a particular pattern based on some mathematical or
logical operations.
The pattern of number series is based on following
l Square and square roots of a number
l Cube and cube roots of a number
l Arithmetic operations (like addition, subtraction, division, multiplication)
l Prime number
l Even and odd numbers
l A combination of above relations
The questions are asked in two formats
1. Find the missing term
2. Find the wrong term
 SERIES COMPLETION 1155

Basic Approach to Number series

The best way/method of approaching the number series question is as follows.
(i) Firstly, analyse the difference between terms.
(ii) If the difference is constant, it is a constant difference series.
(iii) If the difference is increasing or decreasing fastly, then try the square series approach.
(iv) If the increase is very much and it is not a square series, then try the cube series approach.
(v) If there is no constant increasing or decreasing difference, then try product series approach.
(vi) If the number obtained are same, then it is a product series.

2. Alphabet Series
In alphabet series, letters of english alphabet are arranged in a particular pattern like reverse order of letters, position of
letters, skipping of letters etc.
The following problem can be solved by remembering the position of the letters in the alphabetical order from forward and
backward direction.

Forward 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Letters A B C D E F G H I J K I M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Backward 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

3. Alpha-numeric Series
In alpha-numeric series, the pattern of series is based on the combination of both numbers and letters.
These kind of problems use both mathematical operation and position of letters in the alphabet in both forward, backward
or reverse order.

4. Continuous Pattern Series

Continuous pattern series consist of a series of small letters that follow a certain pattern like repetition of letters.

Method to Solve Continuous Series

l Firstly, count the number of blanks and given letters.
l Divide the whole sum of blanks and letters by a multiple.
l Note down the pattern common to all groups separately.
Practice Exercise
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-7) In each of the following Directions (Q. Nos. 13-19) In each of the following
questions,various terms of alphabet series are given with questions, number series is given with one of the terms
one or more terms missing as shown by (?). Choose the missing. Choose the correct alternative that will continue
missing terms out of the given altervatives. the same pattern and replace the questions (?) in the given
1. A, C, F, J, ? series.
a. K b. O c. M d. N 13. 21, 23, 27, 33, ?
e. L a. 37 b. 41 c. 43 d. 49
2. A, Z, D, Y, G, X, ?, ? 14. 68, 67, 64, 59, ?
a. W, J b. J, W c. W, K d. K, W a. 52 b. 53 c. 54 d. 56

3. NZ, OY, PX, QW, RV, ? 15. 1, 8, 27, ?, 125, 216 [2014]
a. FS b. SU c. UF d. TU a. 52 b. 58
e. SW c. 64 d. 65
4. AZY, EXW, IVU, ? 16. 4, 7, 13, ?, 34, 49, ? [2010]
a. MTS b. MQR c. NRQ d. LST a. 20 b. 22
e. JWV c. 24 d. 21

5. DKM, FJP, HIS, JHV, ? 17. 5, 11, 24, ?, 106, 217, ? [2010]
a. LGY b. HGY a. 50 b. 50 c. 49 d. 51
c. IGZ d. IGY 18. 24, 6, 18, 9, 36, 9, 24, ? [2013]
6. bc, cde, de, efg, fg, ? a. 24 b. 12
a. ghi b. fgh c. 8 d. 6
c. hij d. ijk e. 26
e. gh 19. 83, 82, 81 , ........, 69, 60, 33 [2007]
7. CFL, EIK, GLJ, IOI, ? a. 73 b. 80
a. KRH b. KRJ c. 77 d. None of these
c. JRU d. KOV
Directions (Q. Nos. 20-24) In each of the following
Directions (Q. Nos. 8-12) These questions are based on questions, one of the terms in the number series is wrong.
the letter series. In each of these series, some letters are Find out the wrong term.
missing. Select the correct altervative.
20. 160, 118, 83, 65, 34, 20
8. ab_d_ _ b_dm_ _x_ _ a. 83 b. 118 c. 34 d. 65
a. xmaxabda b. xmaxabdm e. 34
c. mxaxabdm d. mxaxbadm
21. 1, 9, 25, 50, 81 [2012]
9. mc_m_a_ca_ca_c_mc a. 1 b. 25
a. acmmma b. camcam c. 50 d. 81
c. aaacmm d. acmmc
22. 5, 10, 17, 24, 37 [2011]
10. b_ab_ b_aab_b a. 10 b. 24
a. abbb b. abba c. 17 d. 37
c. baaa d. aaba
23. 1788, 892, 444, 220, 112, 52, 24 [2010]
11. _bcab_cabc_abca _b a. 52 b. 112
a. abca b. aabc c. 220 d. 444
c. bbca d. abac
24. 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 18, 23
12. _ _r_ttp_ _s__tp_ _ _s_ _ _ a. 13 b. 15 c. 16 d. 18
a. pqrssqtpqrtp b. pqstrsqptrst e. 23
c. pqsqrsqrrtpq d. None of these
Answer with Solutions
1. (b) The pattern of the series is as follows 15. (c) From the given series,
A C F J O 13 ¾¾® 1, 23 — 8

+2 +3 +4 +5 33 ¾¾® 27, 43 — 64
2. (b) The pattern of the series is as follows 53 ¾¾® 125, 63 — 216
–1 –1 –1 16. (b) The pattern of the series is as follows
A Z D Y G X J W 4 7 13 22 34 49

+3 +3 +3
+3 +6 +9 +12 +15
3. (b) The pattern of the series is as follows
17. (d) The pattern of the series is as follows
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1
5 11 24 51 106 217
NZ OY PX QW RV SU

+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 x2+1 x2+2 x2+3 x2+4 x2+5

4. (a) The pattern of the series is as follows 18. (b) The pattern of the series is
+4 +4 +4 24 6 18 9 36 9 24 12
A E I M
–2 –2 –2
Z X V T ×4 ×2 ×4 ×2

Y
–2
W
–2
U
–2
S 19. (c) Series is written in reverse order with a difference of
12, 13, 22, 23, 32, 33
5. (a) The pattern of the series is as follows i.e. 1, 1, 4, 8, 9, 27
+2 +2 +2 +2
D F H J L 20. (d) The pattern of the series is as follows
–1 –1 –1 –1
K J I H G 55
+3 +3 +3 +3
M P S V Y 160 118 83 65 34 20

6. (a) As, bc, cde, de, efg, fg, ghi

– (7 × 6) – (7 × 5) – (7 × 4) – (7 × 3) – (7 × 2)
In this series, last letter of a term is started to new term
and next two letter is included in the term. 21. (c) The pattern of the series is
49
7. (a) 1 9 25 50 81
8. (b) Here, repeated block is ‘abxdm’.
Now, abxdm abxdm abxdm
2 2 2 2 2
1 3 5 7 9
9. (a) m c a/ m c a/ m c a/ m c a/m c a/ mc
Hence, 50 is the wrong number.
10. (d) ba/ab/ab/ba/ab/ab
22. (c) The pattern of the series is
11. (a) abc/abb/cab/cca/bca/ab
26
12. (c) The last letter of each previous block is moved to the 5 10 17 24 37
beginning of the successive block.
Now, pqrst/tpqrs/stpqr/rstpq
2 2 2 2 2
13. (b) The pattern of the series is as follows 2 +1 3 +1 4 +1 5 +1 6 +1

21 23 27 33 41 Hence, 24 is the wrong number.

23. (b)
+2 +4 +6 +8
24. (d) The pattern of the series is as follows
14. (a) The pattern of the series is as follows 17
68 67 64 59 52 2 3 5 8 12 18 23

–1 –3 –5 –7 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
4
Logical Deduction
It is a combination of an information based passage followed by some conclusions based on that,
which are to be checked according to a given set of directions. This section deals with the questions in
which unusual patterns of conclusions are inferred on the basis of a passage. Such conclusions are
unusual as they are different from other type of conclusions which are based on the statements (as in
case of syllogism). Infact, other type of conclusions are definite i.e. they are either definitely true or
definitely false but here in the passage based conclusion, probability factor is also taken into
consideration.

Directions (Examples 1-5) In each question below is given a passage followed by several
inferences. You have to examine each inference separately in the context of the passage and
decide upon its degree of truth or falsity.
Mark your answer as
(a) If the inference is 'definitely true' i.e., it directly follows from the facts given in the passage;
(b) If the inference is 'probably true' though not definitely true in the light of the facts given;
(c) If you think the data are inadequate i.e., from the facts given you cannot may whether the
inference is likely to be true or false;
(d) If you think the inference is 'probably false' though not definitely false in the light of the facts given
and;
(e) If you think the inference is 'definitely false’ i.e., it contradicts the given facts.

Passage
The railroads was not the first institution to impose regularity on society or to draw attenion to the
importance of precise time keeping. For as long as merchants have set out their wars at day break and
communal festivities have been celebrated, people have been in rough agreement with their
neighbours as to the time of day. The value of tradition is today more apparent than ever. Were it not
for public acceptance of a single yardstick or time, social life would be unbearably chaotic. The
massive daily transfer of goods. Services and information would proceed in fits and starts, the very
fabric of modern society would begin to unravel.
1. An accepted way of measuring time is essential for the smooth functioning of society.
2. In modern society we must make more time for our neighbour's.
3. Society judges people by the time at which they conduct certain activities.
Sol. (Examples 1-3)
1. (a) Statement is a major objective in making the decision one of the goals sought by the decision
maker.
2. (c) Statement is a minor factor in making the decision, a less important element bearing on or
affecting a major factor rather than a major objective directly.
3. (c) This statement is minor factor in making the decision.
Practice Exercise
Passage 1 Passage 3
The smaller pesticide formulation units in India operate The water resources of our country are very much
under heavy constraints such as obsolete technology, underutilised. .The main reason of this underutilisation is the
small scale of operation and dependence on large units lack of capital and technology. A large portion of our water
for raw materials. In view of the loss of expensive material resources is wasted due to floods and unwise use of water
by the smaller units it is important to either eliminate or for irrigation as well as domestic purposes. We can make full
reduce losses to the extent possible through innovative use of our water resources by building dams on rivers and by
and sustainable waste minimisation techniques. adoption policy of awareness among people not to waste
Operating profit margins of the units are very low and water.
small adverse conditions land these companies in trouble. 11. Our country has large areas to be irrigated and much
Maximum losses suffered by these units are through poor water is wasted.
house keeping, sub-optional operating practices, and lack
of proper opportunities for recycling waste. 12. Building of dams is a essential step in the
conservation of water resources.
1. Smaller units should be operationally self-sufficient so
as to minimise losses. 13. Occurrence of floods adds to the water resources.
2. Recycling or wastes through modern techniques can 14. Some people do not use water resources in a
set off large part of the losses incurred by the smaller judicious way.
units. 15. The country does not have enough funds to develop
3. Pesticide units should necessarily be on a large scale water resources.
to make them economically viable.
Passage 4
4. Waste management process in India needs A recent survey shows that India has the lowest death rate
modernisation. for blood cancer. China, Thailand aid Myanmar (countries
5. Lack of funds compels smaller units to ignore house that have taste for spices) also have low rates. Higher rates
keeping. are found in U.S.A. where spices are not used. The typical
American food remains chicken rolls, butter and beef.
Passage 2 16. Americans are unorthodox in their food habits.
The basic thrust of the Government's policy is to provide 17. Americans dislike spices.
price incentives to farmers to make them produce more 18. Spices prevent blood cancer.
food. But is a price-incentive system always efficient in
ensuring incremental yields ? Our contention is that this 19. Spices promote forms of cancer other than blood
incentive works only in persuading farmers to shift cancer.
cultivation from one crop to another depending on which 20. Chicken rolls, butter and beef promote cancer.
crop is more profitable at the given prices. But it would not be
a sufficient condition in ensuring incremental output of all Passage 5
crops which is what is required. More than a decade of erosion in budgetary support from the
Union Government has seriously affected Indian Railways
6. This passage is taken from an article written by an capacity to finance its plan expenditures. The situation has
expert on agricultural finance. come to a pass where the railways must now think of
7. The author is advocating for more yield of various innovative ways to get longer mileage from its investments.
crops. Significantly the resource crunch has had grievous impact on
8. The Government is not ready to increase the the railways.
procurement price of crops. As a result, it will not be in a position to acquire necessary
9. According to the passage, the farmers are not equipments and this will seriously affect the railways
income-conscious. capacity to serve the needs of the economy in future.
10. Recently there was an agitation by farmers for 21. Railways had so far believed in traditional ways in
increase in procurement price of crops. generating income.
1160 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

22. Government has shifted its priority from railways to 31. Though adequate provisions of funds were made but
other areas. they remained unspent.
23. The Union Government has reduced drastically the
budgetory support to railways during the last decade. Passage 7
24. The fiscal position of railways in the earlier plan period The World Health Organisation has called for an improved
was better than the current plan period. surveillance to combat dengue and says the outbreak can be
controlled in two weeks if all necessary steps are taken to stop
25. During the current plan period, the railways will not be the mosquitoes from breeding and break the transmission cycle.
able to expand its network. Dengue is already the most widespread mosquito-borne
disease among humans. In the past 15 years, outbreaks in
Passage 6 South and South-east Asia have been rapidly rising mostly due
Urban services have not expanded fast enough to cope with to falling environmental and public health standards during
urban expansion. Low investment allocations have tended urbanisation. WHO reports that several forms of the disease
to be underspent. Both public (e.g., water and sewage) and such as haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and shock syndrome (DSS)
private (e.g., low-income area housing) infrastructure quality are putting more than 2.5 million people at risk worldwide each
has dectilined. This impact of the environment in which year. Importantly, 95% of the DHF cases are among children
children live and the supporting services available to them less than 15 years. Therefore, the disease has major impacts on
when they fall ill, seems clear. The decline in average food public health and future generations.
availability and the rise in absolute poverty point in the same 32. If rate of urbanisation in South Asia is controlled,
unsatisfactory direction. outbreaks of all diseases may be reduced.
26. There is nothing to boast about urban services. 33. World Health Organisation has not collected data of
27. The public transport system is in the hands of private outbreak of dengue in the past.
sector. 34. There was no outbreak of dengue in the European
28. Birth rate is higher in urban areas as compared to countries in the recent past.
rural areas. 35. Over the last decade South Asian countries have not
29. Low-cost urban housing is one of the priorities. successfully stepped up mechanism to combat dengue.
30. The environment around plays an important role on 36. DSS type dengue seems mostly to be affecting the
the health status. adults.
Answer with Solutions
1. (c) The given fact is neither mentioned in nor can be 18. (a) The fact that blood cancer is more prominent in
derived from the given passage. America, where spices are not used while the rate is
much lower in Asian countries where spices are used,
2. (a) It is mentioned in the passage that maximum losses
makes the given conclusion valid.
suffered by the smaller units are because of lack of
proper opportunities for recycling waste. This clearly 19. (c) Other forms of cancer have not been talked about in
implies the given fact. the passage.

3. (b) From the first sentence of the passage, it is quite 20. (a) It is mentioned that blood cancer is more prominent
in America, where the typical diet comprises of chicken
probable that operating on a large scale might make the
rolls, butter and beef.
pesticide units economically viable.
21. (a) It is mentioned in the passage that railways now need
4. (a) The fact directly follows from the sentences 'In view of to find ‘innovative ways’ to get bigger returns for their
the loss......... waste minimisation techniques' in the investments. This clearly implies the given fact.
passage.
22. (b) According to the passage, budgetory support to the
5. (b) It is mentioned in the passage that the profit margins railways from the Union Government has declined.
of small units are low and so small adverse conditions Perhaps this is because the Government has shifted its
land them in trouble. Thus, it is quite probable that lack of priority to some other areas.
funds compels these units to ignore house keeping. 23. (a) The fact directly follows from the first sentence of the
6. (a) Since the passage analyses the merits and demerits passage.
of the Government's new fiscal policy relating to 24. (a) The fact that railways have now fallen in need of bigger
agriculture, the given conclusion follows. returns from their investment, implies the given fact.
7. (a) It is mentioned that the new policy will lead to a shift in 25. (a) The given fact directly follows from the last sentence
cultivation and would not fulfill its real objective, which is of the passage.
to make farmers produce more food. 26. (a) The first sentence of the passage verifies the given
The last sentence of the passage also confirms the fact. conclusion.
8. (e) According to the passage, the Government is 27. (c) Nothing about the public transport system is
providing price incentives to farmers. This contradicts the mentioned in the passage.
fact given in the question. 28. (c) The passage deals with deteriorating living conditions
9. (d) According to the passage, the farmers would shift in urban areas. Nothing about the birth rate is mentioned.
cultivation from the present crop to the more profitable 29. (b) Since the passage condemns the decline in quality of
one. This means that they are income-conscious. low-income area housing, it is probable that it is a vital
10. (c) The fact is neither mentioned in nor can be derived aspect of urban services.
from the passage. 30. (a) The conclusion directly follows from the statement. ‘The
11. (c) No mention of the land to be irrigated in India is there impact of the environment …… seems clear’ in the passage.
in the passage. 31. (e) The phrase low investment allocations in the passage
implies that the funds provided were not adequate.
12. (a) It is given in the passage that we can make full use of
our water resources by building of dams. 32. (b) It is mentioned in the passage that outbreaks in South
and South-east Asia have been rapidly rising mostly due to
13. (b) It is mentioned that much of our water resources are
falling environmental and public health standards during
wasted due to floods.
urbanisation. Thus, the fact in the question is quite probable.
14. (d) It is mentioned that wastage of water takes place due 33. (e) The passage talks of outbreak of dengue during the past
to their unwise use for domestic purposes.
15 years. This contradicts the fact given in the question.
15. (a) It is given in the passage that underutilisation of the 34. (c) The passage mentions the outbreak of dengue in
water resources of our country is due to lack of capital or Asian countries only and not the European countries.
funds.
35. (a) It is mentioned in the passage that cases of outbreak
16. (d) It is mentioned that Americans have almost the same of dengue are rapidly rising in South Asian countries
diet, with no intake of spices. This means that probably they since the last 15 years. This means that adequate steps
cannot change diet easily and are orthodox in food habits. to combat dengue have not been taken.
17. (c) Nothing about the reason for Americans not using 36. (c) Nothing about the effect of DSS type dengue is
spices in their diet is mentioned in the passage. mentioned in the passage.
5
Logic Chart
Logic charts is one of the major areas in most of the competitive exams. Any data like daily
production, financial performance or productivity will have to be presented in a concise manner.
Study and manipulation of such data leads us to an important area called logic charts.
Data can be organized in a number of ways so that larger volume of data can be presented in a more
compact and precise form. Data thus presented has to be deciphered correctly by the user of data.
Numerical data can be presented in one or more of the following ways.
(i) Data Table (ii) Pie chart
(iii) Bar chart (iv) Line Graph
Data can also be presented by using a combination of two or more of the above forms.
Let us understand each of the above forms of data representaion with an example.

Data Table
A Data Table is a chart of facts and figures represented in horizontal rows and vertical columns. These
facts and figures can be of imports, exports, income of employees in a factory students applying for
and qualifying a certain field of study.
The amount of data that can be presented on data table is much higher than that which can be
presented on any other type of graph or chart.

e.g. The data table given below shows profit of 3 companies from year 2010 to 2012.

Column Year 2010 2011 2012 Row

(Profit%) (Profit%) (Profit%)
Company

SATYAM 30 20 15 1

TCS 15 20 10 2

L&T 15 10 35 3

1 2 3
 LOGIC CHART 1163
Directions (Examples. 1-3) Study the given table
carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Pie Chart
Percentage of marks obtained by five students in five different Pie chart is a circular chart divided into sectors in which the
subjects in a school arc length, its central angle and area are proportional to the
quantities that it represents.
Subject English Science Mathematics Social Hindi l Pie chart is called so because of its shape. Each slice of
(100) (125) (150) Studies (50)
pie is allowed to each category and shows the portion of
Student (75) the entire pie.
Rahul 67 84 70 64 90 l In the questions of pie chart, the total quantity is
Veena 59 72 74 88 84
distributed over a total angle of 360° or 100%. Here, the
data can be plotted with respect to only one parameter.
Soham 66 90 84 80 76
l Uses of pie charts are restricted to represent limited type
Shreya 71 66 80 66 86 of information.
Varun 63 76 88 68 72 l Pie chart is also useful for representing proportions or
Figures in brackets indicate maximum marks for a percentages of various elements with respect to the total
particular subject. quantity.
Ex. 1 What is Varun's overall percentage in the examination? The following pie chart gives the distribution of the
population in different geographical zones.
Sol. Total marks of Varun
Distribution of population in geographical zones
= Sum of marks in English + Science + Mathematics
+ Social Studies + Hindi
= 63% of 100 + 76% of 125 + 88% of 150 + 68% of 75 East 18%
West 22%
+ 72% of 50
76 ´ 125 88 ´ 150 68 ´ 75 72 ´ 50 South
= 63 + + + + 25% Central
100 100 100 100 12%
North
= 63 + 95 + 132 + 51 + 36 = 377
23%
Total marks of Varun
\Required percentage = ´ 100%
Total marks
377 From the above pie chart, we can calculate the following
= ´ 100% = 75 .4%
500 l Population in any zone when the total population is
Ex. 2 If in order to pass the exam, a minimum of 95 marks are given.
needed in Science, how them many students pass in the l Population of any zone as a percentage of that of another
exam? zone.
Sol. Let pass percentage in Science be x. l Percentage increase in the total population, given that
Then, x% of125 = 95 percentage increase in the population of one or more
125 ´ x 95 ´ 100 zones.
Þ = 95 Þ x= = 76
100 125 Direction (Example. 4) Refer to the following pie chart and
Only three students will pass. (Rahul, Soham and Varun) answer the questions that follow.
Ex.3 What is the respective ratio of total marks obtained by National budget expenditure in the year 2012
Veena and Shreya together in Mathematics to the marks (Percentage distribution)
obtained by Rahul in the same subject?
Sol. Total marks obtained by Veena and Shreya together in
Mathematics
= 74% of 150 + 80% of 150 Others
74 ´ 150 80 ´ 150 17%
Military 59%
= + = 111 + 120 = 231
100 100 Veterans
International

6% t on
Marks obtained by Rahul in Mathematics = 70% of 150 s
ere %
Int bt 9
9%

70
= 150 ´ = 105 de
100
231 11
\ Ratio = = = 11 : 5
105 5
1164 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

Ex.4 In year 2012, if India had a total expenditure of ` 120 For example Given below chart shows perecentage
billion, then how many billions did it spend on distribution of sales of 4 books in two different year.
interest on debt?
Sol. Total expenditure =120 billion 100
90
\ Expenditure of interest on debt = 9% of 120 80
70
9
= ´ 120 60 Book A
100 50 Book B
40 Book C
= ` 10.8 billion 30 Book D
20
10

Bar Chart 0
2012 2013
Total number of Total number of
Copies Produced Copies Produced
A bar chart is a chart with rectangular bars with lengths = 25000 = 35000
proportional to the values that they represent. Bar charts
are diagramatic representation of discrete data. 3. Multiple bar chart In this type, two or more bars are
A bar is a thick line whose width is shown merely for constructed adjoining each other to represent either
attention. In this method of data representation, the data is different components of a complete data or to show
plotted on the X and Y -axes as bars. multiple variables.
One of the axes (normally the X-axis) of the bar diagram For example Given below chart show the production of
represents a discrete variable, while the other axis 3 types of car in three different year.
represents the scale for continuous variable. 50

Each bar diagram has a title indicating the subject matter

In Thousands

40
represented in the diagram. 30
Honda City
20
Types of Bar Chart Hyundai Verna
10 Mahindra Xuv 500
Following are the main bar charts
0
1. Simple bar chart A simple bar chart relates to only 2011 2012 2013

one variable.
For example Given below chart shows the percentage
distribution of total expenditure of a company Line Graph
25 A line graph (cartesian graph) indicates the variation of a
20 20 quantity with respect to the two parameters caliberated
Per cent Spent

20 17.5
15 (plotted) on X and Y -axes, respectively.
15
12.5
10
10 A line graph shows the quantitative information or a
5 relationship between two changing quantities (variables) with
5
a line or curve that connects a series of successive data points.
0
Infrastructure

Transport

Advertisement

Taxes
Research and
Development
Salary
Interest on
Loans

Types of Line Graph

Different types of line graph are discussed below
1. Single Line Graph Used for single variable
representation.
For example The following single line graph represents
2. Sub-divided bar chart A sub-divided bar chart is
the yearly sales figure of a company in the years
used to represent various parts of total magnitude of a
2001-2010.
given variable.
 LOGIC CHART 1165
For example The following multiple line graph
10
represents the maximum and minimum
9
8
temperature recorded everyday in a certain week.
Sales (in ` crore)

7 45º
6
40º
5

Temperature
4 35º Maximum temperature
3
30º Minimum temperature
2
1 25º
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20º
Years
15º Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
2. Multiple Line Graph Used for more than one Days
variable representation.

Practice Exercise
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-4) Study the following table and Directions (Q. Nos. 5-9) The following pie chart
answer the questions based on it. represents a total expenditure of ` 540000 on different
The table given below depicts the export of a commodity items in constructing a flat in a town. Study the pie chart
through four ports in the year 1998 and 1999. and answer the questions.

Port Export in 1998 Export in 1999 Steel

(in ` crore) (in ` crore) Labour
45º
A 57 61 Bricks 50º 100º

B 148 160 75º 90º

Cement Timber
C 229 234

D 146 150

1. The percentage increase in the export of the 5. The expenditure (in `) on bricks is
commodity from the year 1998 to 1999 was the a. 75000 b. 67500
highest from which port? c. 150000 d. 70000
a. A b. B c. C d. D 6. The expenditure on bricks is less than the expenditure
2. What was the change in the aggregate export of the on timber (in `) by
commodity in the year 1999 as compared to the year a. 10000 b. 12500
1998? c. 60000 d. 65000
a. Nearly 4.3% increase
7. The percentage of the total expenditure spent on steel
b. Nearly 4.3% decrease
c. Nearly 0.04% increase and cement is
d. Nearly 0.04% decrease a. 33.23% b. 25%
1
3. What was the average increase in the export of the c. 33 % d. 30%
3
commodity from the ports in the year 1999 as
compared the year 1998? 8. Which is the item of maximum expenditure?
a. ` 82500000 b. ` 80000000 a. Cement b. Steel
c. ` 75000000 d. ` 62500000 c. Timber d. Labour
4. The percentage increase in the export of the 9. The expenditure (in `) on cement is
commodity from the year 1998 to 1999 was the lowest a. 75000
from which port? b. 90000
a. A b. B c. 135000
c. C d. D d. 112500
1166 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

Directions (Q. Nos. 10-13) Study the following graph and Directions (Q. Nos. 14-18) Study the following graph
answer the questions that follow. carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Demand and production of colour TVs of five companies The per cent rise in production from the years 1999 to 2006.
for Jan 2006 Y

3300 3000 160

2700 2500 140
3000
2200
Number of TVs

120

Per cent rise

2500
1800 100
2000 1500
1000 80
1500 1200
600 60
1000
500 40
20
A B C D E
X
Demand Production 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Years

10. What is the ratio of the number of companies having 14. For how many years, the per cent rise was more than
100%?
more demand than production to the number of
companies having more production than demand? a. One b. Two
a. 2:3 c. Three d. Five
b. 4:1 e. None of these
c. 2:2 15. What was the average of per cent rise over the given
d. 3:2 years?
11. What is the difference between average demand and a. 110% b. 105%
average production of the five companies taken c. 100.5% d. 92.5%
together? e. None of these
a. 1400 16. For how many years, the per cent rise was lower than
b. 400 the average of the per cent rise over the given years?
c. 280 a. Two b. One
d. 138 c. Five d. Three
12. Demand of company D is approximately what per cent e. None of these
of demand of company E? 17. For which of the given years, the per cent rise (from
a. 12% the previous year) was the least? [Years 2001 and
b. 20% 2003 are not to be considered.]
c. 24% a. 2000 b. 2004
d. 30% c. 2006 d. Cannot be determined
e. None of these
13. What is the ratio of average demand to average
production of companies B and D?
18. If the production in year 1998 was 1000 units, then
how much was the production in year 2002?
a. 1:5
a. 35280 units b. 64680 units
b. 2:5
c. 46200 units d. Cannot be determined
c. 3:5
e. None of these
d. 4:5
Answer with Solutions
1. (b) Percentage increase from port A 10. (d) Companies which have more demand than
61 - 57 production = A, C and E, i.e. 3 companies.
= ´ 100% = 7.01 %
57 Compaines which have more production
Percentage increase from port B than demand = B, D i.e. 2 companies
160 - 148 \ Required ratio = 3 : 2
= ´ 100% = 8.10%
148 11. (c) Average demand
Percentage increase from port C Sum of all demands
=
234 - 229 Number of all demands
= ´ 100% = 2.18%
229 3300 + 1200 + 3000 + 600 + 2500
=
Percentage increase from port D 5
150 - 146 10600
= ´ 100 = 2.74 % = = 2120
146 5
So, the highest increment is from port B. Similarly, average production
2200 + 2700 + 1500 + 1800 + 1000 9200
2. (a) Total export in year 1998 = = = 1840
5 5
= 57 + 148 + 229 + 146 = 580 crore \ Required difference = 2120 – 1840
Total export in year 1999 = 280
=61 + 160 + 234 + 150 = 605 crore 600
12. (c) Required percentage = ´ 100%
605 - 580 2500
Required percentage = ´ 100%
580 = 24%
= 4.3% increase 13. (b) Average demand of B and D
3. (d) Total increase = 605 – 580 = 25 crore 1200 + 600 1800
= = = 900
25 2 2
\ Average increase = crore
4 Average production of B and D
= 62500000 2700 + 1800 4500
= = = 2250
4. (c) It is clear from solution 1 that lowest increment is from 2 2
port C. 900
\ Required ratio = =2 : 5
5. (a) Angle made by the expenditure on bricks 2250
= 360° - ( 45 ° + 100° + 90° + 75 ° ) 14. (e) For 4 yr, i.e. 2002, 2004, 2005 and 2006, the
= 360° - 310° = 50° percentage rise was more than 100%.
Thus, expenditure on bricks 15. (d) Required average
50° æ 40 + 50 + 40 + 120 + 100 ö
= ´ 540000 = ` 75000 ç ÷
360° + 120 + 130 + 140 ø = 740 = 92.5%
=è
6. (c) Required value 8 8
(90° - 50° ) 16. (d) The relevant years were 1999, 2000 and 2001.
= ´ 540000 = ` 60000
360° 17. (c) In the year 2000,
7. (c) Expenditure on steel and cement 50 - 40
= ´ 100% = 25%
= 75 ° + 45 ° = 120° 40
\ Required percentage 120 - 100
In the year 2004, ´ 100% = 20%
120° 100 1 100
= ´ 100% = % = 33 %
360° 3 3 140 - 120
In the year 2006, ´ 100% = 16.67%
8. (d) From the given pie chart, it is clear that ‘Labour’ has 120
maximum expenditure. Clearly, per cent rise was the least for the year 2006.
9. (d) Expenditure on cement 18. (e) Production in year 2002
75° 140 150 140 220
= ´ 540000 = ` 112500 = 1000 ´ ´ ´ ´ = 6468
360° 100 100 100 100
 NON-VERBAL

6
Completion
of Figure

Figure completion is a way or process to find out a missing part of a incomplete figure.
In this chapter, we deal with the questions in which a part of figure is missing, generally 1 / 4 th part of
figure and a candidate is asked to find the missing part from the option figure. These type of questions
are designed to test the candidate’s ability to correlate missing visual parts.
Here, you are required to understand the general structure of the figure, then choose the correct
alternative.
Different types of questions covered in this chapter are as follows

1. Rotational Symmetry through an Angle of 90°

In this type of questions, the question figure looks the same if it is rotated by 90° in clockwise (CW)
or anti-clockwise (ACW) direction.

2. Diagonally Opposite Parts are Similar

In this type of questions, the diagonally opposite parts have similar design and if the figure is
rotated through 180° in CW or ACW direction the figure remains the same.

3. Adjacent Parts are Laterally/Vertically Inverted Images

In this type of questions, the adjacent parts are laterally/vertically inverted images of each other.

4. Based on Certain Design and Pattern

In this type of questions, they do not follow any of the patterns discussed in the previous types.
These questions contain a certain design or pattern with one of its parts missing. A candidate has to
complete the design accordingly.
Practice Exercise
1. Problem Figure 5. Problem Figure

Answer Figures Answer Figures

a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d.

2. Problem Figure 6. Problem Figure

?
?
Answer Figures
Answer Figures

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
7. Problem Figure
3. Problem Figure

?
?

Answer Figures
Answer Figures

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
8. Problem Figure
4. Problem Figure

?
?
Answer Figures
Answer Figures

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
1170 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

9. Problem Figure 13. Problem Figure

S
?

S
Answer Figures
Answer Figures

S
S
a. c. a. b. c. d.
b. d.

10. Problem Figure 14. Problem Figure

? ?

Answer Figures Answer Figures

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.

11. Problem Figure 15. Problem Figure

Ý
rr
Ý
@
r b ?
? a

Answer Figures
Answer Figures
r r a b
@ b @ a b r r @
a b @ a
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
16. Problem Figures
12. Problem Figure
+
+

?
+

?
Answer Figures
Answer Figures
+

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
 C O M P L E T IO N O F F IG U R E 1171
17. Problem Figure 21. Problem Figure

Answer Figures Answer Figures

a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d.

18. Problem Figure 22. Problem Figure

(X) (X)

Answer Figures Answer Figures

a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d.

19. Problem Figure 23. Problem Figure

? ?

Answer Figures Answer Figures

a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d.

20. Problem Figure 24. Problem Figure

?
?

Answer Figures Answer Figures

a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d.
1172 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

25. Problem Figure 28. Problem Figure [2010]

?
?

Answer Figures
(X)

Answer Figures
a. b. c. d.

26. Problem Figure

a. b. c. d.
29. Problem Figure [2010]

Answer Figures

Answer Figures
a. b. c. d.

Directions (Q. Nos. 27-30) In each of the following

problems, select a figure from the given four alternative,
which when placed in the blank space of problem figure a. b. c. d.
(X) would complete the pattern.
30. Problem Figure [2009 & 2007]
27. Problem Figure [2011]

?
(x) (X)

Answer Figures Answer Figures

a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d.
Answer with Solutions
1. (b) The missing figure which will complete the figure 9. (b) The missing figure which will complete the figure
pattern is given by option (b) i.e. pattern is given by option (b) i.e.

10. (d) The missing figure which will complete the figure
2. (b) The missing figure which will complete the figure
pattern is given by option (d) i.e.
pattern is given by option (b) i.e.

3. (b) The missing figure which will complete the figure 11. (c) The missing figure which will complete the figure
pattern is given by option (b) i.e. pattern is given by option (c) i.e.

12. (d) The missing figure which will complete the figure
4. (a) The missing figure which will complete the figure pattern is given by option (d) i.e.
pattern is given by option (a) i.e.

13. (d) The missing figure which will complete the figure
5. (d) The missing figure which will complete the figure pattern is given by option (d) i.e.
pattern is given by option (d) i.e.
S

6. (c) The missing figure which will complete the figure 14. (c) The missing figure which will complete the figure
pattern is given by option (c) i.e. pattern is given by option (c) i.e.

7. (d) The missing figure which will complete the figure 15. (c) The missing figure which will complete the figure
pattern is given by option (d) i.e. pattern is given by option (c) i.e.

a
b r
@

8. (d) The missing figure which will complete the figure 16. (d) The missing figure which will complete the figure
pattern is given by option (d) i.e. pattern is given by option (d) i.e.
+
1174 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

17. (c) The missing figure which will complete the figure 24. (b) The missing figure which will complete the figure
pattern is given by option (c) i.e. pattern is given by option (b) i.e.

18. (d) The missing figure which will complete the figure 25. (d) The missing figure which will complete the figure
pattern is given by option (d) i.e. pattern is given by option (d) i.e.

26. (a) The missing figure which will complete the figure
19. (d) The missing figure which will complete the figure pattern is given by option (a) i.e.
pattern is given by option (d) i.e.

27. (b) The missing figure which will complete the figure
20. (d) The missing figure which will complete the figure pattern is given by option (b) i.e.
pattern is given by option (d) i.e.

28. (d) The missing figure which will complete the figure
21. (d) The missing figure which will complete the figure pattern is given by option (d) i.e.
pattern is given by option (d) i.e.

22. (d) The missing figure which will complete the figure 29. (d) The missing figure which will complete the figure
pattern is given by option (d) i.e. pattern is given by option (d) i.e.

23. (b) The missing figure which will complete the figure 30. (b) The missing figure which will complete the figure
pattern is given by option (b) i.e. pattern is given by option (b) i.e.
7
Figure Formation

Introduction
The process of formation of a defined geometrical figure with the use of pieces of different designs is
known as formation of figure.
Figure formation deals with the problems related to the formation of geometrical figures like triangle,
square, circle, etc., by joining some pieces out of a group of pieces of different designs. Besides this,
some questions are asked in which the question figure contains some figures which can be joined
together to obtain one of the alternative answer figures and one has to find out the correct alternative.
Also, there are questions in which one question figure is given and we have to find out the correct
answer figure in which all the pieces which are required to form the question figure are present.
In such questions, a question figure is given followed by four/five answer choices. The candidate is
required to select the correct figure out of the given answer choice figures.
Different types of questions covered in this chapter are as follows

1. Based on Arrangement of the Figures

In this type of questions, a candidate is required to select at figure, out of the answer choice figures,
that can be formed by arranging the pieces given in the question figure.

2. Based on Signs and Symbols

Such problems are just the reverse of type I. In this type of questions', question figures are to be
formed with the pieces of one of the figures given in the answer choices and the candidate is required
to find out the correct answer figure. Sometimes, pieces of boundary lines of the question figure are
also given in the answer figure, then in this case these pieces are also counted for the formation of
question figure. These questions require deep analysis of the question and answer figures.
1176 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

3. Based on Formation of Triangle element (designs) present to form a figure and spatial analysis
In this type of questions, a triangle (equilateral, isosceles of the figure to be formed.
etc.) is to be formed by joining three figures out of a group of
figures of different designs. A candidate is required to find
4. Square Formation Using a Set of
out the correct combination of figures from the given Figures
alternative combinations. In this type of questions, a square is to be formed by joining
To solve these type of questions, there is no fixed rule or three figures out of a group of figures of different designs. A
method. These questions requires a deep analysis of various candidate is required to find out the correct combination of
figures from the given sets of figures.

Practice Exercise
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-11) In each of the following questions, find out which of the figures (a), (b), (c) and (d) can be
formed from the pieces given in figure (X).
6.
1.

(X ) a. b. c. d.
(X ) a. b. c. d.
7.
2.

(X ) a. b. c. d.
(X ) a. b. c. d. 8.

3.

(X ) a. b. c. d.
9.
(X ) a. b. c. d.

4. (X ) a. c.
b. d.
10.

(X ) a. b. c. d.
(X ) a. b. c. d.
5.
11.

(X ) a. b. c. d.
(X ) a. b. c. d.
 FIGURE FORMATION 1177
Directions (Q. Nos. 12-16) In each of the following 14.
questions, find out which of the alternatives (a), (b), (c)
and (d) will exactly make up the key figure (X).
12. (X ) a. b. c. d.
15.

(X ) a. b. c. d.
(X ) a. b. c. d.
13. 16.

(X ) a. b. c. d. (X ) a. b. c. d.

Answers
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (c)
8
Paper Folding and
Cutting
1. Paper Folding
Paper folding is a process in which a piece of paper (with certain embedded design pattern) is folded
along a certain dotted line and it is asked to select the correct folded pattern.
Questions based on ‘Paper Folding’ comprise of a question figure representing a transparent sheet
and four answer figures. The transparent sheet contains some figural pattern and one/more dotted
lines. These dotted lines indicate the axis (axes) along which the paper is folded. A candidate is asked
to choose an option from the given set of options, which would resemble the design that appears on
the transparent sheet after folding.

2. Paper Cutting
Paper cutting is a process in which a piece of paper (of any shape) is folded along a certain direction
and then cuts are made into it.
In paper cutting, questions based on one or more question figures are given showing the manner in
which a piece of paper is folded, where a dotted line is the reference line along which the paper has to
be folded and the arrow indicates the direction of the fold. Then, the paper is punched (cut) from a
particular section. Such cuts may be based on varying patterns. These patterns appear on the paper
when the paper is unfolded after cutting. The candidates are required to see the question figure(s)
carefully and then identify the unfolded paper having correct cutting pattern out of the four answer
choices given in the form of figures.

Types of Questions
1. Selecting Unfolded Pattern of a Folded Punched Piece of Paper
In this type of questions, the order in which a paper is folded and its punching pattern after folding is
depicted through a series of question figures. The objective is to select from among the four answer
figures, the one which correctly shows the shape of the paper after it is unfolded.

2. Selecting Folded and Punched Pattern Based on Unfolded Pattern

In such type of questions, a question figure is given which represents an unfolded piece of paper with
several punches (cuts) made into it along with it, four alternatives representing differently folded and
punched paper patterns are also given. The candidates is required to analyse the answer figures to
find out the correct folded and punched paper pattern for the given unfolded pattern.
Practice Exercise
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-19) In each of the following questions, a figure marked as trasparent sheet is given and followed by
four answer figures, one out of these four options resembles the figure which is obtained by folding transparent sheet
along the dotted line. Find the answer from these figures.
Transparent sheet Answer figures 9.
1.

(X) a. b. c. d.
(X) a. b. c. d.
10.
2.

(X) a. b. c. d.
(X) a. b. c. d.
11.
3.

(X) a. b. c. d.
(X) a. b. c. d.
12.
4.

(X) a. b. c. d.
(X) a. b. c. d.
13.
5.
D A " D A D D A
A D
(X) a. b. c. d.
(X) a. b. c. d.
14.
6.

(X) a. b. c. d.
(X) a. b. c. d.
15.
7.

(X) a. b. c. d.
(X) a. b. c. d.

8. 16.

(X) a. b. c. d. (X) a. b. c. d.
1180 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

17. 23.

(X) a. b. c. X Y Z
d.

18.

a. b. c. d.

(X) a. b. c. d. 24.

19.
X Y Z

(X) a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.
20.
25.

X Y Z
X Y Z

a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d.

26.
21.

X Y Z
X Y Z

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
27.
22.

X Y Z
X Y Z

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
 PAPER FOLDING AND PAPER CUTTING 1181
Directions (Q. Nos. 28-34) In each of the following 31. [2010]
questions, a set of three figures (X), (Y) and (Z) have been
given, showing a sequence in which a paper is folded and
finally cut at a particular section. Below these figures a set
of answer figures marked (a), (b), (c) and (d) showing the X Y Z
design which the paper actually acquires when it is
unfolded are also given. You have to select the answer
figure which is closest to the unfolded piece of paper.
28. [2014]
a. b. c. d.
32. [2010]
X Y Z

X Y Z

a. b. c. d.

29. [2012]
a. b. c. d.
33. [2007]
X Y Z

X Y Z

a. b. c. d.

30. [2010] a. b. c. d.

34. [2006]

X Y Z

X Y Z

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.

Answers
Practice Exercise
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (c)
9
Figure Matrix

Figure matrix is a2 ´ 2 or 3 ´ 3 representation of figures following a certain pattern in matrix form.

In this chapter, we deal with questions which have either 2 ´ 2 or 3 ´ 3 matrix. These matrix are formed
by a group of figures. Corresponding rows or corresponding columns follow a certain pattern. You are
required to analyse each of the sets to find out the common pattern and on the basis of that, the
missing figure is to be identified from a set of alternatives, so as to complete the matrix.
The common pattern can be on the basis of number of elements, orientation of figure, addition or
deletion of elements etc.
For clear understanding of this chapter, few example are given below
Directions (Examples 1-2) In each of the following questions, find out the answer figure which
completes the problem figure matrix.
Ex. 1 Problem Figure Answer Figures

a. b. c. d.

Sol. (d) The second part of each row is thrice the first part. So, the figure given in option (d) will replace the
question mark.

Ex. 2 Problem Figure Answer Figures

a. b. c. d.

Sol. (d) In each row, the second figure is obtained by removing the outer most element of the first figure
and the third figure is obtained by removing the outer most element of the second figure.
Practice Exercise
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-24) In each of the following 4. Problem Figure
questions, find out which of the answer figures (a), (b), (c)
and (d) completes the figure matrix?
1. Problem Figure

? Answer Figures

Answer Figures

a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d. 5. Problem Figure

2. Problem Figure

?
?
Answer Figures
Answer Figures

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
6. Problem Figure
3. Problem Figure

Answer Figures Answer Figures

a. c. a. b. c. d.
b. d.
1184 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

7. Problem Figure Answer Figures

a. b. c. d.

? 11. Problem Figure

Answer Figures

a. b. c. d.
?
8. Problem Figure
Answer Figures

a. b. c. d.
?
12. Problem Figure
Answer Figures

a. b. c. d. ?
9. Problem Figure
Answer Figures

a. b. c. d.

? 13. Problem Figure

Answer Figures

a. b. c. d.

10. Problem Figure ?

Answer Figures

a. b. c. d.
?
 FIGURE MATRIX 1185
14. Problem Figure Answer Figures

a. b. c. d.

? 18. Problem Figure

Answer Figures

a. b. c. d. ?

15. Problem Figure Answer Figures

a. b. c. d.

? 19. Problem Figure

Answer Figures

a. b. c. d. ?
16. Problem Figure
Answer Figures

? a. b. c. d.

20. Problem Figure

Answer Figures

a. b. c. d. ?
17. Problem Figure
Answer Figures

?
a. b. c. d.
1186 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

21. Problem Figure 23. Problem Figure

?
?

Answer Figures Answer Figures

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
22. Problem Figure
24. Problem Figure

Answer Figures
Answer Figures

a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d.

Answer with Solutions

1. (d) In each row of figure, the number of dots in the second 7. (c) In each row, the third figure is a collection of the
figure is thrice the number of dots in the first figure. common elements.
2. (c) Columnwise, second element is the mirror image of 8. (b) Figures in each row are rotating clockwise 90°.
first element. 9. (a) In figure, each row consists of a circle and two
3. (a) The pattern is as follows segments or three line segments or four line segments.
So, in third row only the figure with three line segments is
missing.
10. (d) The third figure in each row comprises of parts which
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer. are not common in the first two figures.
4. (d) The pattern is as follows 11. (c) There is a triangle after circle and square after
triangle. In the last row, we have to find the figure inside
the triangle. In the next segment of circle, there is
triangle and a square will be inside the triangle.
12. (b) The pattern is as follows
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.
5. (b) In clockwise direction, every figure is increasing with
one line. So, it will be 4 lines in figure (b).
6. (d) Each row, the second figure is obtained by rotating the
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
first figure 135° anti-clockwise.
 FIGURE MATRIX 1187
13. (d) Clearly, there are three types of shadings of circles, 19. (c) Clearly, in each row, the number of elements in the
one is unshaded, another has its right half shaded with third figure is equal to the difference in the number of
vertical lines and yet another and has its upper half elements in the first and second figures. Also, the third
shaded with horizontal line. Also, two of the figures in figure has the same types of elements as that of first
each row have one triangle shaded.
figure.
14. (a) Clearly, there are three types of arrows—one arrow is
with a single head and without any base, other arrow with 20. (b) In each row, the second figure is obtained from the
double head having a circle at its base, last arrow is with first figure by adding two mutually perpendicular line
triple head having a rectangle at its base. segments at the centre and the third figure is obtained
Also, in each row, the arrows point to three from the first figure by adding four circles outside the
directions—upwards, downwards and towards the right. main figure.

15. (d) Clearly, in each row, the second figure forms the 21. (b) In each row, the figure are getting laterally inverted in
innermost which is also at the outermost position and first each step. The number of components or the quantities
figure at middle position. are either increasing or decreasing from left to right
16. (d) In first and third set, the black portion of middle image sequentially.
is diagonally opposite to that of first image. Hence, 22. (a) The number of components in each row either
second image in second set must be option (d). increases or decreases from left to right. In the third row,
17. (d) If we use figure (d) from the alternatives, the given it increases.
matrix is complete.
23. (d) In each row, there are three types of outer elements
18. (a) Each column has one ‘+’, one ‘o’ and one ‘×’. First (circle, triangle and square), three types of inner elements
figure of each column is without boundary and second (circle, triangle and square) and three types of shadings
one is in the square. Third figure is in two squares. As, in the inner elements (black, white and lines).
there are ‘+’ and ‘o’ in third column.
24. (b) The third figure in each row comprises of parts which
are not common to the first two figures.

So, figure ‘×’ will be surrounded by two squares.

10
Rule Detection
In this chapter, we will solve problems in which, a particular rule is given and it is required to select
from the given sets of figures, a set of figures which obeys the rule and thus forms a series.
e.g. Which one of the given sets of figures follows the following rule?
Rule Sectors get converted to triangles one by one.

a.

b.

c.

d.

Sol (b) The region of the circle enclosed between two radii is called a sector. In the first figure of set (b),
the circle is divided into sectors and in the subsequent figures of set (b), the arcs are replaced one by
one, by straight lines so that the sectors are converted one by one into triangles. Hence, set (b) is the
answer.
Practice Exercise
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-12) In each of the following 3. Rule Closed figures become more and more open
questions, choose the set of figures which follows the and open figures become more and more closed.
given rule. (X). [2005]
1. Rule Closed figures become more and more open
and open figures become more and more closed.
[2007] a.

a.

b.

b.

c.

c.

d.
d.

4. Rule Closed figures losing their sides and open

figures gaining their sides.
2. Rule Closed figure becomes more and more open.

a.
a.

b.
b.

c.
c.

d.
d.
1190 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

5. Rule The series becomes complex as proceeds. 8. Rule As the circle decreases in size, its sectors
increase in number.
a.
a.

b.
b.

c.
c.

d. d.

6. Rule Any figure can be traced by a single unbroken 9. Rule Closed figures become more and more open
line unbound retracing. [2008] and open figures become more and more closed.

a.
a.

b.
b.

c.
c.

d.
d.

7. Rule Closed figures become more and more open 10. Rule The seres becomes complex it proceeds.
and open figures become more and more closed.

a.
a.

b.
b.

c. c.

d. d.
 RULE DETECTION 1191
11. Rule Closed figures gradually become open and open
figures gradually become closed.
b.

a.

c.

b.

d.

c.

13. Which of the figures (a), (b), (c) and (d) will be the
answer figure is the following rule is applied to figure
(X)?
d.
Rule The curves should become straight lines and
the straight lines should become curves.

12. Rule The series becomes simpler as it proceeds.

a.
(X ) a. b. c. d.

Answerss
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (a)