ICT Notes
Uploaded by
ValenciaICT Notes
Uploaded by
ValenciaHead to savemyexams.
com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
17.1 Website authoring
CONTENTS
Web Development Layers
HTML
CSS
Page 1 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Web Development Layers YOUR NOTES
Web Development Layers
Content Layer
The content layer forms the structure of a web page
This is where you enter the text, images, and other content that make up the body of the
web page
It's typically constructed using HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is used to display and format elements within a web page
It controls how the content looks, including layout, colours, fonts, and more
This layer is mainly handled by CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
Behaviour Layer
The behaviour layer uses scripting languages to control elements within a web page
It enables interactive elements and complex functionality, such as form validation, image
sliders, and dynamic content updates
JavaScript is the primary language used for the behaviour layer
Worked Example
Web development layers are used when designing web pages. An example of one
of the layers is the presentation layer.
Name the other two web development layers.
[2]
Content/Structure [1]
Behaviour/Scripting [1]
Page 2 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
HTML YOUR NOTES
HTML
Creating the Content Layer
The content layer of a web page is made up of HTML elements such as headings (<h1>, <h2>,
etc.), paragraphs (<p>), links (<a>), images (<img>), and more
HTML elements are the building blocks of web pages and are used to structure and
organise the content
The head section contains information about the web page that's not displayed on the
page itself
It's enclosed by <head> and </head> tags
The content inside the head tag is displayed in the browser tab
The body section contains the main content of the web page, such as text, images, videos,
hyperlinks, tables etc.
It's enclosed by <body> and </body> tags
The content inside the body tag is displayed in the browser window
Page 3 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Head Section Elements YOUR NOTES
Page Title
The <title> element is used to set the page title that displays in the browser tab
It is placed inside the <head> section of the HTML document
External Stylesheets
External stylesheets are linked in the <head> section using the <link> element
The rel the attribute is set to "stylesheet", and the href the attribute contains the relative file
path to the CSS file
Stylesheets are loaded in the order they are listed, so hierarchy is important
Metatags
Metatags are snippets of text in HTML that describe a page's content
They don't appear on the page itself but in the page's code
Search engines, browsers and other web services use metatags to glean information about
a web page
Metatags provide additional information about the web page to the browser and search
engines
E.g.
Charset
The <meta charset="UTF-8"> the tag specifies the character encoding for the HTML
document
UTF-8 is the most common character encoding and includes almost all
characters from all writing systems
Keywords
The keywords attribute in a <meta> tag is a comma-separated list of words that
represent the content of the web page
It was originally intended to help search engines understand the content of a
page, but it's less relevant today as search engines have become more
sophisticated
Author
The author attribute in a <meta> the tag identifies the author of the web page
It can be helpful for copyright purposes and for readers who want to know the
source of the content
Description
The description attribute in a <meta> tag provides a concise explanation of the content
of the web page
This description often appears in search engine results and can influence click-
through rates
Viewport
The <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> a tag makes your web
page display correctly on all devices (desktop, tablet, mobile)
It controls the viewport size and the initial zoom level
Default Target Windows
Page 4 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
The target attribute of the <base> the element can set a default target window for all links on a YOUR NOTES
page
For example, <base target="_blank"> will open all links in a new window or tab
e.g.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>My Web Page</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
<meta name="description" content="This is my web page">
<meta name="author" content="Your Name">
<base target="_blank">
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to My Web Page!</h1>
<p>This is a sample paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Page 5 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
You are a student creating a website for your IGCSE ICT revision work. You have
produced some HTML, but have not yet added the logo or merged the cells. You are
aiming to produce the following page.
Fig. 1
Part of the markup you have produced is:
<table>
<tr>
<td><h1>IGCSE ICT</h1></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><h3>Theory</h3></td>
<td><h3>Practical 1</h3></td>
<td><h3>Practical 2</h3></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><h3>2 hour<br>Theory exam</h3></td>
<td><h3>2.5 hour<br>Practical exam</h3></td>
<td><h3>2.5 hour<br>Practical exam</h3></td>
</tr>
</table>
a. Write the HTML that would display the image called “Logo.jpg” as shown in Fig. 1.
If the browser cannot find the image, then the text “Tawara School Logo” will be
displayed.
[5]
<td rowspan="3"><img src="Logo.jpg" alt="Tawara School
Logo"></td>
One mark for each point
<td rowspan = ”3”> [1]
<img [1]
src = ”Logo.jpg” [1]
alt = ”Tawara School logo”> [1]
</td> [1]
or
Page 6 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
<td rowspan="3"><img alt="Tawara School Logo” [3] YOUR NOTES
src="Logo.jpg"></td> [2]
b. The third line of HTML currently shown in the code does not produce the title as
shown in Fig. 1. Write the HTML that would produce the title as shown in Fig. 1.
[2]
<td colspan="3"><h1>IGCSE ICT </h1></td>
<td colspan [1]
="3"> [1]
Page 7 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Creating Body Content YOUR NOTES
The <body> section of the HTML document is where the main content goes
This can include text, images, tables, links, and more
Tables in Webpages
In the early days of web development, tables were often used to create complex page
layouts
They provide a way to arrange data into rows and columns
By utilising cell padding, cell spacing, and borders, developers could manipulate the
appearance of the page
Today, tables are primarily used for displaying tabular data - information that is logically
displayed in grid format
For example, financial data, timetables, comparison charts and statistical data are often
presented in tables
Tables make it easy for users to scan, analyse and comprehend the data
Tables also enhance accessibility. Screen readers for visually impaired users can read
tables effectively if they are correctly structured
Semantic HTML elements like <table>, <tr>, <th>, and <td> help in conveying the structure and
purpose of the data to these assistive technologies
Inserting a Table
Tables in HTML are created using the <table> element
Table rows are defined with <tr>, headers with <th>, and data cells with <td>
Use rowspan and colspan attributes to make cells span multiple rows or columns
Table Attributes
Set table and cell sizes with the width and height attributes, using pixel or percentage values
Apply styles to tables with inline CSS or by linking an external stylesheet
Inserting Objects
Insert text with elements like <p> for paragraphs and <h1> to <h6> for headings
Insert images with the <img> element, using the src attribute to specify the image source
Use the alt attribute to provide alternate text for images
Adjust image or video size with the width and height attributes
Insert sound clips and videos with the <audio> and <video> elements, adding controls for
playback controls, and autoplay to start automatically
Page 8 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
<body> YOUR NOTES
<h1>Welcome to My Web Page!</h1>
<p>This is a sample paragraph.</p>
<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<th>Header 1</th>
<th>Header 2</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Data 1</td>
<td>Data 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
<img src="image.jpg" alt="My Image" width="500" height="600">
<audio controls>
<source src="sound.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<video controls autoplay>
<source src="video.mp4" type="video/mp4">
</video>
</body>
Page 9 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Styling YOUR NOTES
Using the <div> Tag
The <div> a tag is a container unit which encapsulates other page elements and divides the
HTML document into sections
<div> elements are block level elements and are often used to group elements to format
them with styles
Applying Styles and Classes
Styles can be applied directly to an element using the style attribute
Classes are defined in CSS and can be applied to HTML elements using the class attribute
Multiple elements can share the same class
Text Styling Tags
Use the <h1> to <h6> tags for headings, with <h1> being the largest and <h6> the smallest
Use the <p> tag for paragraphs
Use the <li> tag for list items within <ul> (unordered/bullet list) or <ol> (ordered/numbered list)
Applying Styles to Lists
The <ul> tag creates an unordered list, and <ol> creates an ordered list
Styles can be applied directly to these lists using the style attribute or by using a class
<html>
<head>
<style>
.blue-text {
color: blue;
}
.large-font {
font-size: 20px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="blue-text large-font">
<h1>Blue Heading</h1>
<p>Blue paragraph.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type:circle;">
<li>Blue list item 1</li>
<li>Blue list item 2</li>
</ul>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Page 10 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Bookmarks & Hyperlinks YOUR NOTES
Creating a Bookmark
A bookmark in HTML is a way to provide links to specific sections of a web page
It allows users to navigate easily to different sections of content without having to scroll
through the entire page
Bookmarks are created using the id attribute in HTML
They allow users to jump to specific sections within a page
Example: <div id="section1">This is Section 1</div>
Any tag can be turned into a bookmark by adding an id attribute to it
The id should be unique and not used more than once on a page
To link to the bookmark, use the <a> tag with a href value set to # followed by the id of the
bookmark
By combining the <a> tag and the href attribute with a specific id, you can create a link that
takes the user to that bookmarked section of the page
Creating Hyperlinks
A hyperlink, often just called a 'link', is a reference to data that a reader can directly follow by
clicking or tapping
It is one of the core elements of the World Wide Web, as it enables navigation from one web
page or section to another
Hyperlinks are created using the <a> (anchor) tag in HTML
They can link to different sections of the same page, other locally stored web pages, or
external websites
Text Hyperlinks: Usually, a portion of text that is highlighted in some way, like being
underlined or a different colour
Image Hyperlinks: An image that you can click on to take you to another page or
another part of the same page
Button Hyperlinks: A clickable button that redirects the user to another page or
section
Hyperlinks utilise the 'href' attribute within the <a> tag in HTML
The 'href' attribute contains the URL of the page to which the link leads
The text between the opening <a> and closing </a> tags are the part that will appear as a link
on the page
Hyperlink Types
Same-page bookmark: Use the # followed by the id of the element, you want to jump to.
Example: <a href="#section1">Go to Section 1</a>
Locally stored web page: Use the relative path to the file. Example: <a href="contact.html">Contact
Us</a>
External website: Use the full URL. Example: <a href="https://www.google.com">Google</a>
Email link: Use mailto: followed by the email address. Example: <a
href="mailto:[email protected]">Email Us</a>
Specified location: Use the target attribute to specify where to open the link. _blank for a new
tab or window, _self for the same tab or window, or a named window. Example: <a
Page 11 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
href="https://www.google.com" target="_blank">Google</a> YOUR NOTES
<html>
<body>
<div id="section1">
<h1>This is Section 1</h1>
<a href="#section2">Go to Section 2</a><br>
<a href="contact.html">Contact Us</a><br>
<a href="https://www.google.com" target="_blank">Google</a><br>
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">Email Us</a>
</div>
<div id="section2">
<h1>This is Section 2</h1>
<a href="#section1">Go back to Section 1</a>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Relative and Absolute File Paths
Relative File Paths
A relative file path specifies the location of a file or directory about the current location, or
the location of the file that references it
For instance, if an HTML file and an image are in the same directory, you can reference the
image in the HTML file using just its name (e.g., image.jpg)
Absolute File Paths
An absolute file path specifies the exact location of a file or directory, regardless of the
current location
It includes the entire path from the root directory to the file or directory in question
For instance, an absolute file path on a Windows system might look like
C:\Users\Username\Documents\image.jpg
Reasons Not to Use Absolute File Paths for Local Objects
Using absolute file paths for local web pages or objects can lead to broken links when the
website is moved to a different directory or server
The web page or object might not exist at the specified location on the server or the user's
computer
If a website is moved or backed up, absolute links will still point to the original location, not
the new or backup location
Page 12 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
CSS YOUR NOTES
How to use CSS
The presentation layer of a web page is defined by CSS (Cascading Style Sheets). This
layer deals with the layout, colours, fonts, and animations on the page
It separates the content (HTML) from the appearance of the web page
CSS allows for better control and flexibility in designing a web page
Page 13 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Inline Styles YOUR NOTES
External CSS is written in a separate file with a .css extension, and linked to the HTML document.
This allows for the same styles to be reused across multiple pages. E.g.
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>
Inline CSS is written directly within the HTML tags using the style attribute. This applies the style
only to that specific element. E.g.
<p style="color:blue;">This is a blue paragraph.</p>
Background Properties
Background Colour: Set the background colour using the background-color property.
e.g. background-color: blue;
Background Images: Set a background image using the background-image property.
e.g. background-image: url("image.jpg");
Font Properties
Control the appearance of text with font properties. This includes font-size, font-family, color, text-align,
and more. E.g.
p{
font-size: 14px;
font-family: Arial;
color: blue;
text-align: center;
}
Tables
CSS is used to style HTML tables, allowing us to define the appearance of the table, table rows,
table headers, and table data cells.
Size: Control the width and height of a table using width and height.
e.g. width: 100%; height: 200px;
Background Colour: Use background-color to set the background.
e.g. background-color: yellow;
Borders: Apply a border using the border property. This includes colour, thickness, and
visibility.
For instance: border: 2px solid black;
Collapsed Borders: Use border-collapse: collapse; to make borders appear as a single line
Spacing: Control the space between cells with border-spacing.
e.g. border-spacing: 5px;
Padding: Define the space between cell content and its border with padding.
e.g. padding: 10px;
Page 14 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
table { YOUR NOTES
width: 100%;
height: 200px;
background-color: yellow;
border: 2px solid black;
border-collapse: collapse;
border-spacing: 5px;
}
Size: Control the width and height of rows, headers, and data cells just like with tables.
e.g. width: 50px; height: 50px;
Background Colour: Use background-color to set the background of rows, headers, and data
cells
Horizontal and Vertical Alignment: Control alignment with text-align (horizontal) and vertical-
align (vertical).
e.g. text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;
Padding: Define the space between cell content and its border with padding
Borders: Apply a border using the border property
th, td {
width: 50px;
height: 50px;
background-color: white;
text-align: center;
vertical-align: middle;
padding: 10px;
border: 1px solid black;
}
Exam Tip
Be aware that inline CSS has the highest priority. If both external and inline styles
are applied, the inline style will override the external
Keep in mind that CSS properties are case-sensitive. Always use lower case
Page 15 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Classes YOUR NOTES
Classes in CSS are used to style multiple HTML elements at once
To define a class, use a period (.) followed by the class name. To apply a class to an HTML
element, use the class attribute
Background Colour: Use the background-color property. E.g.
.red-background {
background-color: red;
}
Background Images: Use the background-image property. E.g.
.image-background {
background-image: url("image.jpg");
}
Font Properties: Control the font size, family, colour, and alignment. E.g.
.big-blue-text {
font-size: 20px;
font-family: Arial;
color: blue;
text-align: center;
}
Size: Control the width and height with width and height. E.g.
.small-cell {
width: 30px;
height: 30px;
}
Background Colour: Use background-color to set the background. E.g.
.yellow-cell {
background-color: yellow;
}
Horizontal and Vertical Alignment: Use text-align (horizontal) and vertical-align (vertical). E.g.
.center-align {
text-align: center;
vertical-align: middle;
}
Spacing, Padding, Borders: Use padding for space inside the cell, and border for cell borders.
E.g.
.padded-cell {
padding: 10px;
border: 2px solid black;
}
Page 16 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Collapsed Borders: Use border-collapse: collapse; the table class to remove spaces between cell YOUR NOTES
borders. E.g.
.collapsed-table {
border-collapse: collapse;
}
Apply these classes to HTML elements like this:
<table class="collapsed-table">
<tr class="small-cell yellow-cell center-align">
<td class="padded-cell">Content</td>
</tr>
</table>
Exam Tip
Remember, CSS classes begin with a period (.) in the stylesheet
The class attribute is used in the HTML document to apply a class
Page 17 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
External CSS YOUR NOTES
External Styles are CSS styles that are defined in a separate .css file and linked to the HTML
document. This allows for reusing the same styles across different web pages
To create external styles for HTML elements like h1, h2, h3, p, and li, simply specify the element
and define the styles within curly braces {}. E.g.
h1 {
font-family: Arial;
font-size: 30px;
color: blue;
text-align: center;
}
h2 {
font-family: Arial;
font-size: 25px;
color: red;
text-align: left;
}
h3 {
font-family: Arial;
font-size: 20px;
color: green;
text-align: right;
}
p, li {
font-family: Arial;
font-size: 14px;
color: black;
text-align: justify;
}
In the above CSS, h1, h2, h3, p, and li tags have been given different font families, sizes,
colours, and alignments. Also, p and li share the same style
To apply bold or italic styles, use the font-weight and font-style properties respectively:
h1 {
font-weight: bold; /* makes text bold */
}
p{
font-style: italic; /* makes text italic */
}
Comments in CSS are used to explain the code and make it more readable. They can be
inserted anywhere in the code and do not affect the result
A CSS comment starts with /* and ends with */. See above for examples
Page 18 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Attached Stylesheets vs Inline Style Attributes YOUR NOTES
Attached Stylesheets: These are external .css files linked to an HTML document. They
allow for reusing the same styles across multiple web pages. An attached stylesheet is
linked using the <link> tag within the <head> tag
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>
Inline Style Attributes: These are CSS rules applied directly to an HTML element using the
style attribute. They affect only the specific element they are applied to
<p style="color:blue;">This is a blue paragraph.</p>
The main difference is that attached stylesheets allow for reusability and better
organisation, while inline styles are used for single, specific modifications
Hierarchy of Multiple Attached Stylesheets and Inline Styles
If there are multiple styles defined for the same HTML element, the style closest to the
element takes priority. This is called the Cascading order
The cascading order, from highest to lowest priority, is:
1. Inline styles (inside an HTML element)
2. External and internal styles (in the head section)
3. Browser default
Characteristics of a Style and a Class
A Style is a set of CSS properties that define the appearance of an HTML element
A Class is a way of selecting multiple elements to apply the same style
The difference between them lies in their application: a style is used to define the CSS
properties, while a class is used to apply these properties to multiple elements
Relative File Paths for Attached Stylesheets
Relative file paths are used for linked stylesheets because they refer to the location of the
CSS file relative to the current HTML file. This makes the code more portable and easier to
manage
E.g. if the CSS file is in the same folder as the HTML file, the path would be "styles.css". If the
CSS file is in a subfolder named css, the path would be "css/styles.css"
Page 19 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
A teacher is creating a web page in HTML to display on the school’s intranet.
All colour codes must be in hexadecimal. It has the following style sheet attached:
h1 {color: #ff0000;
font-family: Times, serif;
font-size: 30pt;
text-align: center;}
h2 {color: #0000ff;
font-family: Times, Helvetica, serif;
font-size: 24pt;
text-align: center;}
h3 {color: #00ff00;
font-family: Times, Helvetica, serif;
font-size: 14pt;
text-align: justify;}
body {background-color: #ad88e6;}
table {border-color: #000000;}
Having tested the web page the teacher needs to make some changes to the style
sheet.
Write down the CSS to:
a. edit style h1 so that the font is Comic Sans or, if not available, Arial or, if this is not
available, the browser’s default sans-serif font.
[3]
font-family: "Comic Sans", Arial, sans-serif;
"Comic Sans", [1]
Arial, [1]
sans-serif; [1]
Must be in the correct order
b. add a markup to the table style to set a 3-pixel wide, dashed external border.
[4]
table {border-color: #000000; border-style: dashed; border-width: 3px }
border-style: [1]
dashed; [1]
border-width: [1]
3px [1]
c. edit style h3 so that the colour is set to black.
[1]
Page 20 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
h3 {color: #000000; YOUR NOTES
#000000; [1]
d. add a markup to the start of style h2 to display the text as bold.
[2]
h2 { font-weight: bold;
font-weight: [1]
bold; [1]
Exam Tip
You are being asked to write code in a specific language so you must be exact:
Don't forget quotes around items like Comic sans
Check spellings including color not colour
Make sure you include delimiters where necessary
Make sure you include ;
Don't forget to write font-weight rather than font-type
Page 21 of 21
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
16.1 Spreadsheets
CONTENTS
Create a Data Model
Formulae & Functions
Order of Operations
Cell Referencing
Sort Data in Spreadsheets
Search & Select Data in Spreadsheets
Display Features
Spreadsheet Formatting
Page Layout in Spreadsheets
Graphs & Charts
Page 1 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Create a Data Model YOUR NOTES
Create a Data Model
A spreadsheet is made of cells, rows and columns
A cell is one box on the spreadsheet and is referenced using its cell reference (e.g. A1)
A row goes across and is referenced using the number down the side
A column goes down and is referenced using the letter at the top
Inserting and Deleting Cells, Rows, and Columns
You can alter the structure of a spreadsheet by inserting or deleting cells, rows, and
columns
This flexibility allows you to manage and organise your data effectively
Merging Cells
Merging cells combines two or more cells into one larger cell
This is useful for creating headers or titles that span across multiple columns
Creating Formulae Using Cell References
Formulae allow you to perform calculations on your data
Page 2 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
You can reference specific cells in your formulae to make them dynamic and adaptable YOUR NOTES
Replicating Formulae Using Absolute and Relative Cell References
Absolute cell references ($A$1) stay constant, while relative cell references (A1) change
when you copy or drag a formula
Use absolute references when you want the same cell referenced and use relative
references when you want the reference to change
Use of Arithmetic Operators in Formulae
Arithmetic operators allow you to perform basic mathematical operations in your formulae:
add (+), subtract (-), multiply (*), divide (/), and indices (^)
Using Named Cells and Named Ranges
Named cells:
Easily refer to a group of adjoining cells
Shortens/simplifies formulae
Enables referring to a group of cells without having to lookup cell references
Don’t have to re-set the absolute referencing manually
Page 3 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
Tawara school has a shop that sells items needed by pupils in school. Part of a
spreadsheet with details of the items is shown.
a. Write down the number of rows that are shown in the spreadsheet that contain
text.
[1]
6 rows [1]
b. Write down the number of columns that are shown in the spreadsheet that
contain text.
[1]
8 columns [1]
Exam Tip
Make sure you know which way round rows and columns are - rows go across
and columns go down
Page 4 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Formulae & Functions YOUR NOTES
Formulae & Functions
What is the difference between a Formula and a Function?
A formula can:
Contain a function
Be simple calculations/mathematical operation
Be typed directly into the formula bar
It is a statement that performs calculations on values in your worksheet. For instance, "=A1+B1"
A function:
Is a special type of formula/complex formula
Is built into the software/spreadsheet
Can be used to simplify complicated calculations
Can have built-in commands
Has a pre-defined name/reserved word
It is a preset command in spreadsheets. It is a type of formula that performs specific
calculations like SUM, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN, etc. For instance, "=SUM(A1:B1)"
Using Functions
A B C D
1 10 20 30 40
2 15 25 35 45
3 20 30 40 50
Spreadsheets offer a variety of functions. Some of the most commonly used are:
E.g. "=SUM(A1:B2)" This would add all the numbers from cell A1 to B2, giving the result
65.
E.g. "=AVERAGE(A1:B2)" This would find the average of all numbers from cell A1 to B2,
giving the result 16.25.
E.g. "=MAX(A1:B2)" This would return the maximum number in the range from A1 to B2,
which is 25.
E.g. "=MIN(A1:B2)" This would return the minimum number in the range from A1 to B2,
which is 10.
E.g. "=INT(A2)" This would round down the number in cell A2 to the nearest integer,
which is 15.
E.g. "=ROUND(A2, 0)" This would round the number in cell A2 to the nearest whole
number, which is 15.
E.g. "=COUNT(A1:B2)" This would count the number of cells in the range A1 to B2 that
contain numbers, which is 4.
Page 5 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
E.g. "=LOOKUP(25, A1:B3)" This would look for the number 25 in the range A1 to B3 and YOUR NOTES
return it.
E.g. "=VLOOKUP(25, A1:B3, 2, FALSE)" This would look for the number 25 in the first
column of the range A1 to B3 and return the corresponding value in the second column
of the same row.
E.g. "=HLOOKUP(25, A1:D2, 2, FALSE)" This would look for the number 25 in the first row
of the range A1 to D2 and return the corresponding value in the second row of the same
column.
E.g. "=XLOOKUP(25, A1:B3, D1:D3)" This would look for the number 25 in the range A1 to
B3 and return the corresponding value from the range D1 to D3.
E.g. "=IF(A1>B1, "Yes", "No")" This would check if the value in cell A1 is greater than the
value in cell B1. If true, it returns "Yes". If false, it returns "No".
SUM: Adds all the numbers in a range of cells
AVERAGE: Calculates the average of a range of cells
MAX and MIN: Finds the largest and smallest numbers in a range respectively
INT: Rounds a number down to the nearest integer
ROUND: Rounds a number to a specified number of digits
COUNT: Counts the number of cells in a range that contain numbers
LOOKUP, VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP, XLOOKUP: Looks up values in a table based on a
given condition
IF: Returns one value if a condition is true and another if it's false
Using External Data Sources within Functions
Spreadsheets allow you to use external data sources within functions.
This could be data from another worksheet, workbook, or even a database
Using Nested Functions
You can use a function within another function. This is called nesting.
For instance, "=IF(A1>B1, MAX(A1:B1), MIN(A1:B1))".
This checks if A1 is greater than B1, and if true, it returns the max value, else it returns the
min value
Page 6 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
Tawara school has a shop that sells items needed by pupils in school. Part of a
spreadsheet with details of the items is shown.
Tax is paid on certain items sold in the shop. The tax rate that has to be paid is 20%
of the selling price. If tax is to be paid on an item, then ‘Y’ is placed underneath the
Tax heading.
The formula in I4 is: IF(F4=''Y'',($I$1*D4*G4),'''')
Explain, in detail, what the formula does.
[5]
5 of:
If Tax is payable then//If F4 is equal to "Y" then [1]
If true the tax is paid [1]
Multiply the rate of tax/I1 [1]
By the selling price/D4 [1]
By the amount sold/G4 [1]
If Tax is not payable//If F4 <>"Y"//Else//Otherwise [1]
Then display a blank [1]
The tax is not paid [1]
Exam Tip
If you're asked about a complex formula or function, plan out your answer and
work from left to right as you track through the formula. E.g. in the question
above IF(F4="Y",($I$1*D4*G4),"") would become If F4 is equal to "Y" then
multiply I1 by D4 by G4. If F4<>"Y" then display a blank
Page 7 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Order of Operations YOUR NOTES
Order of Operations
Understanding the order of mathematical operations is critical when
creating complex formulae in spreadsheets
In spreadsheets, as in mathematics, operations are executed in a specific order, known as
BIDMAS or BODMAS
BIDMAS stands for Brackets, Indices (or powers/exponents), Division and Multiplication
(from left to right), Addition and Subtraction (from left to right)
Brackets can be used to specify which operations to perform first, outside of this order.
For example, in the formula "=A1+2*3", the multiplication will be performed first, resulting in
"A1 + 6"
But if we write the formula as "=(A1+2)3", the operation inside the brackets will be
performed first, resulting in "3A1 + 6"
Consider the following example spreadsheet:
A B C
1 10 20
2 5 15
3 =20*2
If you input the formula "=A1+B3" in cell C1, the result will be 50, because B3 is calculated
first (20*2=40), and then A1 is added (10+40=50)
If you input the formula "=(A1+B1)*2" in cell C2, the result will be 60, because A1+B1 is
calculated first (10+20=30), and then the result is multiplied by 2 (30*2=60)
It's always a good idea to use brackets to make sure that your formulae work as expected, even
if they might not be necessary
It makes the formula easier to read and understand
It can prevent errors if the formula is edited in the future
Page 8 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Cell Referencing YOUR NOTES
Cell Referencing
Cell referencing is a critical concept in spreadsheet software like Excel.
It allows you to refer to the contents of a cell in a formula rather than typing in a specific
value
This can make your spreadsheets more flexible and powerful
There are two types of cell referencing: absolute and relative.
Relative cell referencing is the default type.
When you copy a formula that includes a relative cell reference, Excel adjusts the reference
relative to the new location
For example, if you copy the formula "=A1+B1" from cell C1 to C2, the formula will adjust to
"=A2+B2"
Absolute cell referencing is indicated with dollar signs before the column and/or row reference
(like $A$1).
When you copy a formula with an absolute cell reference, that reference does not change
For example, if you copy the formula "=$A$1+B1" from cell C1 to C2, the formula will stay as
"=$A$1+B2"
Consider the following example spreadsheet:
A B C
1 10 20
2 5 15
If you input the formula "=A1+B1" in cell C1 and drag the fill handle down to copy the formula
to cell C2, the formula in C2 will change to "=A2+B2"
But if you input the formula "=$A$1+B1" in cell C1 and drag the fill handle down, the formula in
C2 will still refer to cell A1: "=$A$1+B2"
Exam Tip
Be careful when copying formulas! Make sure you're using the right type of cell
reference for what you want to do
Remember the dollar signs ($) for absolute cell referencing. It can save you a lot
of time and hassle!
Use cell references rather than the value of the cell
Page 9 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
An auction company sells toys. It uses a spreadsheet to show each person’s items
and the amount of money the buyer and seller owe to the company.
Part of the spreadsheet is shown below.
a. The person selling the item pays a Seller’s commission on any item sold. This is
calculated using the Selling price and finding a match or the next value below in the
table, in cells I6 to J11.
Write a formula to display in cell F6, the Seller’s commission on the Double Decker
bus toy.
This formula will be replicated down to cell F13.
[5]
VLOOKUP(D6, I$6:J$11,2)
VLOOKUP() [1]
(D6, [1]
I6:J11, [1]
correct use of $ [1]
2) [1]
or
IF(D6<$I$7, J$6, [1]
IF(D6<$I$8, J$7, [1]
IF(D6<$I$9, J$8, [1]
IF(D6<$I$10, J$9, [1]
IF(D6<$I$11, J$10, ,J$11))))) [1]
b. Describe how you could replicate the formula in cell F6 for each item.
[2]
2 of:
Click on the cell / F6 [1]
Move to the bottom RHS cell [1]
Select drag handle/cross / black box / double click on drag handle [1]
Page 10 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Drag handle/cross to F13 [1] YOUR NOTES
or
Click on the cell / F6 [1]
Click fill [1]
... down [1]
or
Click on the cell / F6 [1]
Click copy [1]
Select F7 to F13 [1]
Click paste [1]
or
Hover over the cell / F6 [1]
Move to the bottom RHS cell [1]
Select drag handle/cross / black box / double click on drag handle [1]
Drag handle/cross to F13 [1]
Page 11 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Sort Data in Spreadsheets YOUR NOTES
Sort Data in Spreadsheets
Sorting data is a powerful feature in spreadsheets
It arranges your data based on specific criteria
You can sort in ascending or descending order
You can sort data using a single criterion
For example, you could sort a list of names alphabetically
In Excel, select the column you want to sort and then choose 'Sort A to Z' for ascending
order or 'Sort Z to A' for descending order
You can also sort data using multiple criteria
For example, you could sort a list of students first by grade, and then alphabetically by
name within each grade
In Excel, select your data and then choose 'Sort'. Add levels for each of your criteria
Consider the following example spreadsheet:
A B
1 Name Age
2 Alex 15
3 Ben 17
4 Alex 16
If you sort by 'Name' only (A to Z), the spreadsheet might look like this:
A B
1 Name Age
2 Alex 16
3 Alex 15
Page 12 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
4 Ben 17 YOUR NOTES
If you sort by 'Name' (A to Z) and then 'Age' (Smallest to Largest), the spreadsheet would
look like this:
A B
1 Name Age
2 Alex 15
3 Alex 16
4 Ben 17
Exam Tip
Be sure to select all relevant columns before sorting, especially when dealing
with multiple criteria. Failure to do so may result in misalignment of your data!
Page 13 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Search & Select Data in Spreadsheets YOUR NOTES
Search & Select Data in Spreadsheets
Data selection allows you to focus on a specific subset of your data based on certain criteria
This is useful for analysing parts of a larger dataset
You can select data using a single criterion or multiple criteria
Searching for specific data in spreadsheets can be done using various operators
These include AND, OR, NOT, >, <, =, >=, <=, <>
For example, you might search for all students who scored above 85 (>) AND are in Year 11
Wildcards can be used when you're not sure of the exact data you're looking for
The most common wildcards are the asterisk (*) and the question mark (?)
An asterisk represents any number of characters. For example, "A*" would find "Alex",
"Aaron", etc.
A question mark represents a single character. For example, "A?e" would find "Abe", but not
"Alex"
Consider the following example spreadsheet:
A B C
1 Name Mark Year
2 Alex 85 11
3 Ben 90 12
4 Chloe 80 11
5 Dave 88 12
6 Eve 82 11
To select all students in Year 11, you could use the criterion "Year = 11"
To search for students who are in Year 11 AND scored above 85, you could use the criteria
"Year = 11" AND "Grade > 85"
Page 14 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Exam Tip YOUR NOTES
Remember that you can use operators and wildcards in your searches to find
data more efficiently
Be sure to use the correct operator for your search. For example, if you want to
find values equal to or greater than a certain number, use >=, not just >
Wildcards are especially useful when you're not sure of the exact value you're
looking for. But be careful, as they can also return unexpected results if not used
properly!
Page 15 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Display Features YOUR NOTES
Display Features
Display formulae or values in your spreadsheet as needed.
Toggle between displaying cell values or the formulae used to calculate those values
Adjust row height, column width, and cell sizes to make data, labels, and formulae fully visible.
This improves the readability of your spreadsheet and helps prevent errors
Wrap text within cells to ensure all data is fully visible.
Wrapped text will automatically move to the next line within the cell if it exceeds the cell's
width
Page 16 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Hide and display rows and columns as needed to focus on specific data or to improve
readability.
This can be useful when working with large datasets or complex spreadsheets
Page 17 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Spreadsheet Formatting YOUR NOTES
Spreadsheet Formatting
Enhance a spreadsheet using various formatting tools.
Text colour, cell colour, bold, underline, italic, shading
These features make your spreadsheet visually appealing and easier to read
Format numeric data appropriately.
Display the number of decimal places, different currency symbols, percentages
Proper formatting ensures accurate representation and interpretation of data
Use conditional formatting to change the display format depending on the contents of a cell.
This helps to highlight important information or identify patterns and trends in the data
Page 18 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
Explain the steps that need to be taken to display cell H4 as US dollars.
[2]
2 of:
Highlight/select cell H4 [1]
Select format cells [1]
Select currency/accounting [1]
Select dollar/USD icon [1]
Page 19 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Page Layout in Spreadsheets YOUR NOTES
Page Layout
Set the orientation to portrait or landscape.
Choose the best layout for your spreadsheet's data and design
Control the page layout for printing.
Specify the number of pages, print area, display or hide gridlines, and display or hide row
and column headings
Page 20 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Consider the following example spreadsheet:
A B C
1 Name Mark Year
2 Alex 85 11
Page 21 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
3 Ben 90 12 YOUR NOTES
4 Chloe 80 11
5 Dave 88 12
6 Eve 82 11
Set the orientation to landscape to accommodate the table's width
Define the print area as A1:C6
Hide gridlines and display row and column headings for a clean printout
Exam Tip
Always preview your printout before printing to ensure it looks as expected and
fits within the designated page boundaries
Remember to set the print area, especially if you only want to print a specific
part of the spreadsheet
Page 22 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Graphs & Charts YOUR NOTES
Graphs & Charts
Selecting Data for Graphs and Charts
Highlight cells that are next to each other in a row or column by clicking and dragging your
mouse across the cells
For cells that are not next to each other in a row or column, hold the 'Ctrl' key (or 'Cmd' on
Mac) and click the individual cells or ranges
Specified data ranges can be selected by clicking the first cell in the range, holding 'Shift',
and clicking the last cell
Selecting the Graph or Chart Type
Choose the appropriate chart type based on the data to be visualised
Bar graphs and pie charts work well for categorical data, while line graphs and scatter plots
are suitable for numerical data
Labelling Graphs and Charts
Page 23 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Always include a chart title that summarises what the graph or chart is about YOUR NOTES
A legend identifies the different data series in your chart
Sector labels, sector values, and percentages help interpret pie charts
Category axis title, value axis title, category axis labels, value axis labels, and data
value labels are essential in making your graph or chart understandable
Adding a Second Data Series
To add a second data series, select the new data and click on 'Add Data' in the chart menu
This is useful when comparing two sets of related data
Adding a Second Axis
Adding a second axis allows you to plot two different data sets with different scales
Click on 'Add Axis' in the chart menu and select the data series to plot on the new axis
Formatting Numerical Values
Format numerical values to a specified number of decimal places by selecting the cells
and choosing 'Format Cells' from the right-click menu
To display currency symbols, choose 'Currency' in the 'Number' tab of the 'Format Cells'
dialog box
Adjusting Axis Scale
Page 24 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Adjust the maximum and minimum values of an axis scale by right-clicking on the axis and YOUR NOTES
selecting 'Format Axis'
Set incremental values to change the scale of your graph
Enhancing Graph Appearance
Extracting a pie chart sector emphasises a particular part of the data
Change the colour scheme or fill patterns to make your graph visually appealing
Example
Month Sales (£) Expenses (£)
Jan 5000 2000
Feb 6000 2500
Mar 5500 2200
The above data can be used to create a Line Graph to illustrate the sales and expenses over
three months
Page 25 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Page 26 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
A farmer has purchased a computerised milking system for her cows. She has
asked a systems analyst to create a database to store details of the cows being
milked. The amount of milk each cow produces is currently recorded daily in a
spreadsheet.
This is part of the spreadsheet.
You have been asked to produce a graph or chart to show the amounts of milk for
the cow with Animal Passport Number 971/2016.
Describe the steps you would use to produce a graph or chart of this data as a
separate sheet.
Include in your answer the name of the new sheet.
[6]
5 of:
Highlight A7 to B16 [1]
Hide row 6 [1]
Select insert [1]
Select graph [1]
Choose chart – bar chart [1]
Add chart title [1]
Title example milk yield for cow 971 / 2016 [1]
Add axes titles [1]
Add a legend [1]
Page 27 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Right click and select Move to new sheet [1] YOUR NOTES
Type an appropriate title/name on the tab [1]
Save the chart [1]
1 mark for the name of the new sheet – Allow any appropriate name
Page 28 of 28
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
15.1 Presentations
CONTENTS
Master Slide
Editing a Presentation
Outputting a Presentation
Page 1 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Master Slide YOUR NOTES
Master Slide
Why Use Master Slide?
Master Slide is a template slide that you can apply to any number of slides in your
presentation
It allows for consistency in design and layout across your presentation
Page 2 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Inserting and Editing Objects
Images: You can add pictures or graphics to your Master Slide
Find 'Insert' on the menu bar, then click on 'Image'
You can then choose a file from your computer or online
Text: You can add text boxes to your Master Slide
Go to 'Insert', then 'Text Box'
Draw your text box on the slide and start typing
Shapes: Add shapes to your Master Slide for design or emphasis
Go to 'Insert', then 'Shapes'
Choose your shape, draw it on your slide, and adjust it as needed
Logos: You can insert a logo on the Master Slide for branding
Follow the same steps as inserting an image
Slide Headers and Footers: You can include information like slide title or date on your slides
Go to 'Insert', then 'Header & Footer
Choose what you want to include and click 'Apply to All
Placeholder Position: You can choose where your placeholders are on your Master Slide
Click and drag your placeholders to where you want them on the slide
Automated Slide Numbering: Automate the numbering of your slides
Go to 'Insert', then 'Slide Number'
Click 'Apply to All' to add slide numbers
Page 3 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Formatting Master Slide Objects
Headings and Subheadings: You can change the font, size, and colour of your headings
and subheadings
Bullets: You can choose the style and indentation of your bullet points
Background Colour: Change the colour of your slide background to suit your presentation
Go to 'Design', then 'Format Background'
Page 4 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Creating a New Presentation Using a Text File
Start with a blank presentation
Click 'New Slide', then 'Slides from Outline'
Navigate to your text file and click 'Insert'
Page 5 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Editing a Presentation YOUR NOTES
Editing a Presentation
Applying Slide Layout
This allows you to quickly format your slide with a preset layout
Click 'Layout' in the 'Slides' group on the 'Home' tab
Choose the layout that best suits your content
Inserting a New Slide
Click 'New Slide' in the 'Slides' group on the 'Home' tab
Choose a layout for your new slide
Page 6 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Moving or Deleting a Slide
To move a slide, click and drag it to a new position in the slide thumbnail pane
To delete a slide, select it in the slide thumbnail pane and press 'Delete'
Inserting and Editing Objects on a Slide
You can insert many types of objects, including text, images, charts, tables, audio clips,
symbols, lines, arrows, call out boxes, and shapes
Go to 'Insert' on the menu bar and choose the object you want to insert
Click and drag on your slide to place and size your object
Click on your object to edit it. Options for editing will appear on the menu bar
Page 7 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Adding Presenter Notes
Presenter notes can help you remember key points during your presentation
Click 'Notes' at the bottom of the presentation window and start typing
Inserting and Editing a Hyperlink
You can link text or objects to a slide within the presentation, an external file, or an email
address
Select the text or object you want to link, then click 'Insert Hyperlink' on the 'Insert' tab
Choose where you want your link to go and click 'OK'
Page 8 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Inserting an Action Button
An action button can navigate to a specified slide or file when clicked
Click 'Action Buttons' in the 'Interactivity' group on the 'Insert' tab
Choose your action button, draw it on your slide, and specify its action
Adding Alternative Text/Screentip to an Object
Alternative text helps visually impaired users understand your content
Right-click an object, choose 'Format', then 'Alt Text', and type your description
Screentip provides additional information when a user hovers over an object or hyperlink
Right-click a hyperlink, choose 'Edit Hyperlink', and type your screen tip in the 'ScreenTip'
box
Applying Consistent Transitions Between Slides
Transitions control how your slides change from one to the next
Click 'Transitions' on the menu bar, then choose a transition from the gallery
Page 9 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Applying Consistent Animation Effects
Animations control how objects appear, move, and disappear on your slide
Select an object, then click 'Animations' on the menu bar, and choose an animation from
the gallery
Hiding Slides Within a Presentation
You can hide slides that you don't want to show during your presentation
Right-click a slide in the slide thumbnail pane and choose 'Hide Slide'
Page 10 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Page 11 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Outputting a Presentation YOUR NOTES
Outputting a Presentation
Displaying the Presentation
PowerPoint presentations can be displayed for different purposes
Looped On-Screen Carousel: This is ideal for displays in public spaces like receptions or
exhibitions
Go to the 'Slide Show' tab, then 'Set Up Slide Show
Select 'Loop continuously until 'Esc'', then click 'OK'
Presenter Controlled: This allows you to control the presentation during a live presentation
Go to the 'Slide Show' tab, then 'From Beginning' or 'From Current Slide', depending on
where you want to start
Printing the Presentation
PowerPoint presentations can be printed in different layouts
Full Page Slides: This prints one slide per page
Go to 'File', then 'Print'
In the 'Print Layout' dropdown, select 'Full Page Slides
Page 12 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Presenter Notes: This prints your slides along with any notes you've added for presenting
Go to 'File', then 'Print'
In the 'Print Layout' dropdown, select 'Notes Pages'
Handouts: This prints multiple slides on a page, making it ideal for giving to your audience
Go to 'File', then 'Print'
In the 'Print Layout' dropdown, select 'Handouts' and choose how many slides per
page you want
Page 13 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Page 14 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
14.1 Databases
CONTENTS
Types of Database
Primary & Foreign Keys
Form Design
Perform Calculations
Sort Data in Databases
Search & Select Data in Databases
Present Data
Page 1 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Types of Database YOUR NOTES
Flat File Database & Relational Database
A database is a structured collection of data so it can be searched, sorted,
filtered and analysed quickly
Data in a database can be any type of data including text, images, videos, sound
Databases use tables to store data
Tables have records of data represented by one row
In the example below, each row represents the data stored about a single customer
(the customer’s record)
In the customer table, there are 3 records
Each record is divided into fields (CustomerID, FirstName, LastName, DOB and Phone
Number)
A Database Table Containing Customer Details
CustomerID FirstName LastName DOB PhoneNumber
1 Andrea Bycroft 05031976 0746762883
2 Melissa Langler 22012001 0756372892
3 Amy George 22111988 0746372821
Fields are represented by the columns in a table
There are 5 fields in the customer table
The first row in a table contains the field names which is the heading for the data stored
in that field
Each field in a table has a data type which defines what data can be entered into that
field
Flat File Database Relational Database
A single table of data Organises data into multiple tables
Characteristics Data separated by commas Tables linked by primary and foreign
or tabs keys
Suitable for large datasets
Ideal for small datasets
Uses Used in sectors such as healthcare and
Used in data import/export
finance
Page 2 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Flat File Database Relational Database
Reduced data redundancy due to
normalisation
All records are stored in one
Reduced inconsistency of data
place
Easier to edit records/record format
Easier to use
Easier to add/delete data/records
Advantages Sorting and filtering are
More complex queries can be carried
simpler
out
Can be used with a
Better security
spreadsheet
More ability to cater for future
requirements
Complex to set up and manage
Data redundancy with costing time and money
duplicated data Requires more processing power
Difficult to manage as compared to flat file databases
database size grows Slower extraction of meaning from
Harder to update data
Disadvantages Harder to change the data Less robust as each table requires a
format key field
Harder to produce complex and relationships to other tables
queries More developer expertise to run the
Almost no security database
More processing power is needed for
complex queries
Page 3 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
The owner of a gardening company is planning to create a database to store the
details of all his customers. He has the choice of using a flat file database or a
relational database.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using a relational database rather
than a flat file database.
[8]
Advantages of relational databases
Less data entry/data is stored only once / avoids duplication of data
Less inconsistency in data
Easier to edit data/records
Easier to edit data/record format
Easier to add/delete data/records
More complex queries can be carried out
Better security
More ability to cater for future requirements/expansion
Disadvantages of relational databases
More complex than a flat file database as more tables are required
Takes more time to set up
More of a reduction in performance if many tables are needed
Slower extraction of meaning from data
Less robust due to broken keys and records / each table requires a key field and
relationships to other tables
More developer expertise/personnel to run the database:
More expensive to create a relational database
More processing power is needed for complex queries.
Advantages of flat file databases
All records are stored in one place
Easier to understand/use
Sorting is simpler
Filtering is simpler
Can be used with a spreadsheet / single table DBMS
Disadvantages of a flat file database
Data is more likely to be duplicated / difficult to stop duplication
Records can be duplicated and the flat file will not stop this
Harder to update
Every record in the database has to have the same fields, even though many are not
used
Page 4 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Harder to change the data format YOUR NOTES
Harder to produce complex queries
Almost no security
Page 5 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Data Types YOUR NOTES
Import Data and Create Tables
You can import data from existing files, like .csv or .txt
You can use specified field names to create tables
Data Types
Each field in a table has a data type
If you assigned the data type Integer to a phone number it would remove the initial 0
Common data types include text/alphanumeric, character, boolean,
integer, real and date/time
Phone numbers have to be assigned the text/alphanumeric data type because they
begin with a 0
Database Data Types
Data Type Explanation Example
This data type allows letters, special characters like spaces and
Text/Alphanumeric NG321AE
punctuation and numbers to be entered into a field
This allows single characters to be entered into a field.
Character Characters can be any alphanumeric value and can be A
lowercase or uppercase
This data type can be used in fields where there are only two
possible options. Data is stored as a 1 or 0 in the database but
Boolean True/False
can be used to represent True/False or Yes/No or
checked/unchecked
Integer Only whole numbers can be entered 15
Currency Used for monetary values £4.75
Decimal / Real Numbers including decimal numbers can be stored 30.99
Only dates or times can be entered into a field with this type. A
Date/Time 180855
format for the date/time can also be assigned to the field
Page 6 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Setting Data Types and Sub-Types
You can set appropriate data types to fields
You can set sub-types of numeric data including percentages, the number of decimal
places
Setting Display Formats
You can set the display format of Boolean/logical fields to either
Yes/No
True/False
Checkbox
You can set the display format of date/time data
Exam Tip
Make sure you're specific which type of numeric data it should be - integer,
decimal/real or currency
Page 7 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
A farmer has purchased a computerised milking system for her cows. She has
asked a systems analyst to create a database to store details of the cows being
milked.
Examples of the details of the cows which will be stored are:
Breed Date_of_birth Weight_of_cow Average_milk_yield Passport_number
Holstein 25/02/2017 725.9 24.5 998/2017
Ayrshire 15/03/2016 715.0 20.1 972/2016
Jersey 25/02/2017 732.7 25.0 971/2016
Holstein 10/10/2016 715.0 25.0 765/2016
Complete the following table by entering the most appropriate data type for each
field. For any numeric field, specify the type of number.
Field name Data type
Breed
Date_of_birth
Weight_of_cow
Average_milk_yield
Passport_number
[5]
Field name Data type
Breed Text [1]
Date_of_birth Date [1]
Numeric:
Weight_of_cow
decimal/real [1]
Numeric:
Average_milk_yield
decimal/real [1]
Passport_number Text [1]
Page 8 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Primary & Foreign Keys YOUR NOTES
Primary Keys & Foreign Keys
What is a Primary Key?
Each table has a primary key field which acts as a unique identifier
Each item of data in this field is unique
Duplicate data items would be blocked if they were entered into the primary key field
Because the items of data are unique within the primary key field they can be used
to identify individual records
A Database Table Containing Customer Details
CustomerID FirstName LastName DOB PhoneNumber
1 Andrea Bycroft 05031976 0746762883
2 Melissa Langler 22012001 0756372892
3 Amy George 22111988 0746372821
In the example customer table, the primary key would be the CustomerID because each
customer’s ID is unique
If there was a customer with the same name they could be identified correctly using the
CustomerID
Creating and Editing Keys
Primary key - Uniquely identifies each record in a table
Foreign key - Used to link two tables together. The Foreign Key in one table would be the
primary key in another
Page 9 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Creating Relationships Between Tables
Relational databases allow you to create relationships between different tables using
primary and foreign keys
Page 10 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
What is a Foreign Key? YOUR NOTES
A foreign key is how we link tables together using primary keys
Using the table above with customer details, we'll add another table showing subscriptions
that customers have
In this example CustomerID is a foreign key as it links with the CustomerID in the customer
table above
SubscriptionID CustomerID SubscriptionType
1 2 Annual
2 1 Monthly
3 3 Quarterly
Exam Tip
If the answer to a question is the name of a field, ensure you copy it exactly from
the question. The examiner is looking for an exact answer with the correct
capital letters and underscores where they're included
Worked Example
A systems analyst has created a new computer system to keep records in a
medical centre. She has created a relational database to store the medical records
of patients.
The database uses primary and foreign keys. Explain the difference between a
primary key and a foreign key.
[4]
4 of:
The primary key holds unique data [1]
The primary key identifies the record [1]
The primary key can be automatically indexed [1]
Each table has one primary key whereas a table can contain several foreign keys [1]
A foreign key is used to link with the primary key of another table [1]
Page 11 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Form Design YOUR NOTES
Form Design
Characteristics of Good Form Design
Simplicity - The design should be clean and straightforward, not cluttered
Ease of use - Users should be able to understand how to fill out the form quickly
Intuitive layout - Related fields should be grouped together, and the sequence of fields
should follow a logical order
Clear labels - Each field should have a clear, concise label indicating what information is
expected
Appropriate controls - Use controls like radio buttons, checkboxes, and drop-down
menus where appropriate
Creating a Data Entry Form
You need to specify the fields required for data input
Choose the appropriate font styles and sizes. Aim for consistency and readability
Keep adequate spacing between fields for clarity and ease of use
Fine-Tuning Form Design
Appropriate Spacing
The spacing between individual characters in fields should be adjusted for readability
The use of white space is crucial - it improves readability and reduces cognitive load
Control Elements
Radio Buttons - Used when there is a list of two or more options that are mutually exclusive
Page 12 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Check Boxes - Used when the user can select multiple options from a list YOUR NOTES
Drop Down Menus - Used when you want to provide many options but conserve space
Exam Tip
Always focus on simplicity and user-friendliness in form design
Make sure your form uses clear labels, logical field grouping, and intuitive
sequence
Page 13 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
A school is setting up a new computerised system to manage many aspects of the
school administration. The data from the registration system is saved in the school
administration database. The headteacher will need to check the attendance
records for any student for any semester. She will type in the Student_ID and the
Semester (Autumn, Spring or Summer). After she has done this the following data
will appear on the same screen.
Field name
Student_name
Days_present
Number_of_lates
Number_absences
Parents_phone_number
Tutor_group
Design a suitable screen layout to display one record. It must have appropriate
spacing for each field, navigation aids and a space to type in search data. Do not
include examples of students.
[6]
4 of:
Appropriate spacing for each field [1]
Forward/backward buttons [1]
Submit/search button [1]
Information attempts to fill the page AND the design looks appropriate to scenario
[1]
Box/boxes to enter Semester or Student_ID [1]
Drop down for the Semester or Student_ID // radio button for semester [1]
Suitable title [1]
Instructions/help [1]
2 marks for all six fields
1 mark for three to five fields
0 marks for less than three fields
Page 14 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Perform Calculations YOUR NOTES
Perform Calculations
Use of Arithmetic Operations or Numeric Functions
In a database, you can use arithmetic operations or numeric functions to perform
calculations
Calculated Fields are fields that carry out a calculation based on other number fields in the
database
Let's say you have a products table with Price and Quantity fields. You could create a
TotalCost a calculated field like this:
TotalCost = Price * Quantity
This calculation multiplies the price of each item by its quantity to find the total cost
Calculated Controls are objects you place on forms or reports to display the result of an
expression
You might have a form in a sales database where you input the QuantitySold and UnitPrice. A
calculated control could be used to display the TotalSale:
TotalSale = QuantitySold * UnitPrice
This displays the total sale on the form without storing it in the database
Using Formulae and Functions to Perform Calculations
Databases allow you to use formulae and functions to perform calculations at run time
This can include basic arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division
Suppose you have a discount field and you want to subtract it from the total cost, you
could use a subtraction operation like this:
FinalCost = TotalCost - Discount
Aggregate Functions
You can also use aggregate functions to calculate statistical information about a set of records.
Some examples include:
Sum - Adds together all the numbers in a column
To find the total cost of all products sold, you could use the SUM function on the
TotalCost field:
SUM(TotalCost)
Average - Computes the average of a set of numbers in a column
To find the average price of all products, you could use the AVERAGE function:
AVERAGE(Price)
Maximum - Finds the highest number in a column
To find the most expensive product, you could use the MAX function on the Price field:
MAX(Price)
Minimum - Finds the lowest number in a column
To find the least expensive product, you could use the MIN function:
MIN(Price)
Count - Counts the number of rows in a column
Page 15 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
To find the number of products in the database, you could use the COUNT function: YOUR NOTES
COUNT(ProductID)
Remember that the actual syntax and function names might differ slightly depending on the
specific database system being used.
Page 16 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Sort Data in Databases YOUR NOTES
Sorting Data in Databases
Sorting is a crucial function in databases. It helps organise and present data in a meaningful
way.
Using a Single Criterion to Sort Data
You can sort data based on a single criterion - such as by name, date, or numerical value
For example, you might sort a list of students in ascending order by their last names
To sort the customer's tables by LastName in either ascending or descending order:
1. Open the table in Datasheet View
2. Click on the column header for the field to be sorted. For example, a table of customers to
be sorted by LastName, click on the LastName column header
3. Click on the "Sort Ascending" or "Sort Descending" button in the toolbar at the top of the
screen
Using Multiple Criteria to Sort Data
You can also sort data based on multiple criteria
For instance, you might want to sort a list of products first by category (ascending), and
within each category, by price (descending)
To sort the customer's table first by City, and then by LastName within each city:
1. Open the table in Datasheet View
2. Click on the column header for the first field to be sorted. For example, sorting by City
and then by LastName within each city, first, click on the City column header
Page 17 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
3. Click on the "Sort Ascending" or "Sort Descending" button in the toolbar YOUR NOTES
4. Next, hold down the Shift key and click on the column header for the second field to be
sorted by (LastName in this example)
5. While still holding down the Shift key, click on the "Sort Ascending" or "Sort
Descending" button again
Ascending and Descending Order
Ascending Order - Data is sorted from smallest to largest (e.g., from A to Z, or from 1 to
100)
Descending Order - Data is sorted from largest to smallest (e.g., from Z to A, or from 100 to
1)
Exam Tip
Remember, when sorting by multiple criteria, the data is first sorted by the first
criterion. Within each group of the first criterion, it is sorted by the second
criterion, and so on
Page 18 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Search & Select Data in Databases YOUR NOTES
Search & Select Data in Databases
Searching and selecting data in databases is typically done using queries. These queries can be
based on a single criterion or multiple criteria.
Using a Single Criterion to Select Subsets of Data
You can use a single criterion to select specific data. For example, you might want to select
all customers from a specific city
E.g. to return all customers from London:
1. Open the Query Design View
2. Add the table you want to query
3. Drag the field you want to query to the QBE grid. For instance, if you're looking for
customers from a specific city, drag the City field
4. In the Criteria row under this field, type the value you're looking for (e.g., 'London')
Using Multiple Criteria to Select Subsets of Data
You can also use multiple criteria to select data. For instance, you might want to select all
customers from a specific city who have also purchased in the last month
E.g. to return all customers from London who purchased in the last 30 days:
1. Follow the steps above to start a new query and add the City field with 'London' as the
criteria
2. Drag another field you want to query to the QBE grid. For example, if you're looking for
customers who purchased in the last month, drag the LastPurchaseDate field
3. In the Criteria row under this field, type Date()-30
Using Operators to Perform Searches
AND - Returns true if both conditions are met
Page 19 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
OR - Returns true if at least one condition is met YOUR NOTES
NOT - Returns true if the condition is not met
LIKE - Returns true if the value matches a pattern (used with wildcards)
>, <, =, >=, <=, <> - These are comparison operators. They return true if the comparison
between the values is correct
Using Wildcards to Perform Searches
Wildcards are used with the LIKE operator to search for patterns. The most common
wildcard characters are:
% - Represents zero, one, or multiple characters
_ - Represents a single character
E.g. to return all customers whose names start with 'J':
1. Start a new query and drag the field you want to query to the QBE grid. For example, if
you're looking for customers whose names start with 'J', drag the Name field
2. In the Criteria row under this field, type J*
Exam Tip
Remember, the exact steps and symbols used for wildcards may vary
depending on the specific DBMS and its version. In Microsoft Access, the
asterisk (*) is used as the wildcard character to represent multiple characters,
while the question mark (?) represents a single character
When referring to field names from the exam question, make sure you copy it
exactly the way it appears in the question
Make sure you give the information asked for in the question and not a different
field
Page 20 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
A student is setting up a database of information about volcanoes for a Geography
project. The following is part of the database.
Name_of_volcano Country Height State Last_eruption Volcano_type
Use Japan 731 Active 2001 Stratovolcano
Tor Zawar Pakistan 2237 Dormant 2010 Fissure
Datong China 1882 Extinct 450 Cinder Cone
Changbaishan China 2744 Active 1903 Stratovolcano
Stromboli Italy 926 Active 2016 Stratovolcano
Pyroclastic
Tengchong China 2865 Dormant 1609
cone
Wudalianchi China 597 Dormant 1721 Multi-coned
Operators such as AND, OR, NOT, LIKE, >, >=, <, <=, =, <> can be used to search the
volcano database. The search criteria for all the dormant volcanoes with a height of
less than 1000 metres would look like this:
State = “Dormant” AND Height < 1000
Use only the given operators and data to:
a. write down the search criteria that will produce a list of all the volcanoes that are
not extinct in China that also last erupted before the year 1900.
[6]
State = NOT ‘Extinct’ AND Country = ‘China’ AND Last_eruption < 1900
State = – 1 mark or State <> [1]
NOT ‘Extinct’ – 1 mark or <> ‘Extinct’ [1]
AND Country [1]
= ‘China’ [1]
AND Last_eruption [1]
< 1900 [1]
b. write down the names of the volcanoes that match the requirements of part (a).
[2]
Tengchong [1]
Wudalianchi [1]
c. The data is sorted into ascending order of height. Write down the name of the
volcano which would now be in the first record.
[1]
Page 21 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Wudalianchi [1] YOUR NOTES
Page 22 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Present Data YOUR NOTES
Present Data
Data presentation in databases is often done through reports. These reports can be formatted
and customised to display data in a user-friendly manner.
Producing Reports to Display Data
Reports should display all the required data and labels in full. For example, if you're creating
a sales report, it should include all relevant fields, like product name, quantity sold, and total
sales
Using Appropriate Headers and Footers
Report Header: This appears at the beginning of the report. This is typically where you
would put the report title and other introductory information
Report Footer: This appears at the end of the report. This is where you might put summary
or conclusion information
Page Header: Appears at the top of each page. This might contain the page number and
the date
Page Footer: Appears at the bottom of each page. This might also contain the page
number and the date
Setting Report Titles
The report title should be set in the report header. It should be clear, concise, and accurately
reflect the contents of the report
Producing Different Output Layouts
You can control the display of data and labels in your report. For example, you might
choose a tabular format, where data is arranged in rows and columns, or a columnar format,
where each data field is listed vertically
Aligning Data and Labels
Page 23 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Data and labels should be aligned appropriately. For example, numeric data is often right- YOUR NOTES
aligned, and decimal points should be aligned for easy comparison
Controlling the Display Format of Numeric Data
You can control the number of decimal places displayed, the use of a currency symbol, and
the display of percentages. For example, a total sales field might be displayed with two
decimal places and a currency symbol
Page 24 of 24
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
13.1 Document Production
CONTENTS
Create or Edit a Document
Tables
Headers & Footers
Page Layout in Documents
Navigation
Page 1 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Create or Edit a Document YOUR NOTES
Create or Edit a Document
Enter and Modify Text and Numbers
To create a document, you first enter text and numbers into it
Text and numbers can be modified by adding, deleting, or changing characters as needed
Editing Techniques for Text and Numbers
Highlight: Use the mouse to select the text or numbers you want to manipulate
Delete: Remove the selected text or numbers from the document
Move: Cut or copy the selected text or numbers, then paste it into a new location
Cut, Copy, and Paste: Cut removes the selection from its original location, copy makes a
duplicate, and paste inserts the cut or copied material
Drag and Drop: Click on the selected material, hold the mouse button down, move the
cursor to the desired location, and then release the mouse button
Placing Objects into the Document
You can add objects such as text, images, screenshots, shapes, tables, graphs or charts,
spreadsheet extracts, and database extracts into your document
These objects can come from a variety of sources, and you can adjust their size and
position in your document
Wrapping Text Around Objects
You can arrange your text to wrap around tables, charts, or images in a variety of ways,
including:
Above: The text appears above the object
Below: The text appears below the object
Square: The text forms a square around the object
Tight: The text closely wraps around the object, following its shape
Page 2 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Page 3 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
An auction company sells toys. Before the auction begins, a hard copy brochure is
produced showing information about the
items, data from the spreadsheet and images of some of the items.
Describe how this brochure is created.
[5]
5 of:
Create/choose a template for the brochure page [1]
Type in the text [1]
About the auction/date/name of seller/commission [1]
Highlight the data in the spreadsheet [1]
Open word processing/text editing software [1]
Copy the text/data/image and paste it into the brochure [1]
Position the data/text [1]
Select the image from the folder [1]
Insert the image of the items [1]
Position the image in a suitable location [1]
Check spelling/grammar [1]
Save the brochure [1]
Exam Tip
Don't forget to use names like word processor instead of Microsoft Word and
spreadsheet instead of Excel - you won't get the marks if you use brand names
Page 4 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Tables YOUR NOTES
Tables
Creating a Table
Tables are created by specifying the desired number of rows and columns
This can typically be done through a menu option or a shortcut in most word processing
software
Placing Text or Objects on a Table
You can add text or objects such as images or graphs into the cells of a table
Just click on the cell and start typing or paste the object
Editing a Table and Its Contents
Tables can be edited in several ways:
Insert rows and columns: Add more rows or columns to your table
Delete rows and columns: Remove unnecessary rows or columns
Merge cells: Combine two or more cells into one
Page 5 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Formatting a Table
Tables can be formatted to improve readability and visual appeal. Here are a few options:
Set horizontal cell alignment: Choose whether the text is aligned to the left, right,
centre, or justified within a cell using the normal alignment options
Set vertical cell alignment: Set text to align at the top, middle, or bottom of a cell
Show or hide gridlines: Display or hide the lines that make up the table
Wrap text within a cell: Make text automatically move to the next line when it reaches
the edge of a cell
Shading/colouring cells: Apply a colour to the background of a cell
Adjust row height and column width: Change the size of the cells in your table to
better fit your content
Page 6 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Page 7 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Headers & Footers YOUR NOTES
Headers & Footers
Headers and Footers are areas at the top (header) and bottom (footer) of a page in a document
where you can add text or graphics
Creating and Editing Headers & Footers
Headers and footers are areas at the top and bottom of a page in a document
You can add or edit content in these areas as required
Aligning Contents of Headers & Footers
The contents of headers and footers can be aligned consistently within a document
They can be aligned to the left margin, right margin, or centred within margins
Placing Text & Automated Objects in Headers & Footers
You can insert text and automated objects into headers and footers
These objects can include file information, page numbering, total number of pages, date,
and time
Page 8 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Page 9 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Page Layout in Documents YOUR NOTES
Page Layout in Documents
Line Spacing and Paragraph Settings
Line spacing can be set to single, 1.5 times, double, or multiple
Additional space can also be added before and after paragraphs
Setting Tabulation
Tabulation options include left, right, centred, and decimal tabs
Special paragraph formats include indented paragraphs and hanging paragraphs
Text Enhancement
Page 10 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Text can be enhanced using bold, underline, and italic YOUR NOTES
Superscript and subscript options are available for specialised text, and changes in case
can be made
Creating or Editing Lists
Lists can be bulleted or numbered for organisation and clarity
These list formats can be easily created and modified in a document
Page 11 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Editing Page Layout YOUR NOTES
Page layout can be customised, including the page size and orientation, page margins,
number of columns, and column width
Spacing between columns can be adjusted
Different types of breaks can be set or removed, such as page breaks, section breaks, and
column breaks
Page 12 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Page 13 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Navigation YOUR NOTES
Find & Replace
What is Find and Replace?
The Find and Replace function is a useful tool to quickly locate and change specific words
or phrases in a document
Case Matching
The function can be set to match the case of the word or phrase, making the search case-
sensitive
This means that 'Word' and 'word' would be considered different
Whole Word Matching
The Find and Replace function can also be set to match whole words only
This prevents partial matches from being considered, such as 'cat' in 'catalogue'
Page 14 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Bookmarks YOUR NOTES
What is a Bookmark?
A Bookmark is a tool used in digital documents to mark a specific place for easy navigation
in the future
Adding Bookmarks
Adding bookmarks can be done by selecting the text you want to bookmark, and then
choosing the 'Add Bookmark' option from the menu
Deleting Bookmarks
Bookmarks can be deleted through the 'Bookmark' menu
Just select the bookmark you wish to delete and choose the 'Delete' option
Page 15 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Using Hyperlinks with Bookmarks
Hyperlinks can be linked to bookmarks, making it easy to navigate to a specific spot in a
document from anywhere within the document
Pagination & Margins
Purpose of Setting Page, Section, and Column Breaks
Page, section, and column breaks allow for better organisation and control over the layout
of your document
A page break starts a new page, a section break allows for different formatting in separate
parts of the document, and a column break starts a new column (if your document is
divided into columns)
Purpose of Setting Gutter Margins
Gutter margins provide extra space on the sides of a page
They are particularly useful in printed documents to allow for binding without obscuring text
Page 16 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
12.1 Proofing
CONTENTS
Spell Check
Validation
Proofreading
Verification
Page 1 of 5
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Spell Check YOUR NOTES
Spell Check
Utilising Automated Software Tools
Automated software tools like spell check and grammar check help to minimise errors in
your work
These tools scan the document for spelling and grammar errors, highlighting potential
issues
Always review and make appropriate changes based on the suggestions these tools
provide
Considering Automated Suggestions
Automated suggestions provided by spell check software may not always be accurate or
appropriate
The software may not recognise some words or phrases, particularly technical terms or
jargon
Always use your judgement when accepting or rejecting these suggestions
Page 2 of 5
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Validation YOUR NOTES
Validation
Why use validation?
Validation is essential to ensure data is accurate, complete, and meets specific criteria
before it's processed
It helps minimise data entry errors and maintains the integrity of the data
Characteristics and Uses of Validation Checks
Range check: Confirms that the data entered falls within a specific range
Character check: Ensures that the data contains the correct type of characters, like letters
or numbers
Length check: Verifies the data entered is of the correct length
Type check: Validates that the data is of the correct type, like text or number
Format check: Confirms the data is in the correct format, such as a valid email address or
date
Presence check: Ensures that the data field is not left empty
Using Validation Routines
Validation routines are procedures that automatically perform validation checks
They help to minimise data entry errors, saving time and maintaining data quality
Page 3 of 5
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Proofreading YOUR NOTES
Proofreading
Why Proofread?
It is the final check to identify and correct errors before a document is finalised
It ensures professionalism and prevents misunderstanding in communication
Identifying and Correcting Data Entry Errors
Transposed numbers:
Numbers that have been swapped, like typing 21 instead of 12
Incorrect spelling:
Words that are not spelt correctly
Inconsistent character spacing:
Different spacing between characters in a document
Inconsistent case:
Incorrect use of uppercase and lowercase letters
Identifying and Correcting Layout Errors
Inconsistent line spacing:
Different spacing between lines in a document
Blank pages/slides:
Unwanted empty pages or slides in a document or presentation
Widows/orphans:
Single lines at the beginning or end of a page that should be with the rest of the
paragraph
Inconsistent or incorrect application of styles:
Different font styles or sizes are used inappropriately in the document
Split tables and lists:
Tables or lists that are incorrectly broken up over columns or pages/slides
Page 4 of 5
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Verification YOUR NOTES
Verification
Why use Verification?
It is a process to ensure that data is accurate and has been inputted correctly
It helps to maintain data integrity and reduce data entry errors
Characteristics and Uses of Verification
Visual checking: Manual method of verifying data by comparing the source with the
entered data
Double data entry: A method where data is entered twice and then compared for
inconsistencies
Is there a Need for Validation as well as Verification?
While verification ensures data is entered correctly, validation makes sure the data is
sensible, reasonable and within acceptable boundaries
Both verification and validation are essential in maintaining data accuracy and quality
Worked Example
A local railway company is considering introducing a new system for its passengers
using e-tickets on a smartphone. Details of each of the passengers have been
entered into the database.
a. Give one reason why this data was verified on entry.
[1]
To ensure that the data entered has been copied correctly [1]
Proofreading is sometimes thought to be verification.
b. Explain the difference between verification and proofreading.
[2]
Proofreading is checking the content of the data for errors [1]
Verification is comparing the data with the original [1]
Page 5 of 5
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
12.1 Proofing
CONTENTS
Spell Check
Validation
Proofreading
Verification
Page 1 of 5
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Spell Check YOUR NOTES
Spell Check
Utilising Automated Software Tools
Automated software tools like spell check and grammar check help to minimise errors in
your work
These tools scan the document for spelling and grammar errors, highlighting potential
issues
Always review and make appropriate changes based on the suggestions these tools
provide
Considering Automated Suggestions
Automated suggestions provided by spell check software may not always be accurate or
appropriate
The software may not recognise some words or phrases, particularly technical terms or
jargon
Always use your judgement when accepting or rejecting these suggestions
Page 2 of 5
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Validation YOUR NOTES
Validation
Why use validation?
Validation is essential to ensure data is accurate, complete, and meets specific criteria
before it's processed
It helps minimise data entry errors and maintains the integrity of the data
Characteristics and Uses of Validation Checks
Range check: Confirms that the data entered falls within a specific range
Character check: Ensures that the data contains the correct type of characters, like letters
or numbers
Length check: Verifies the data entered is of the correct length
Type check: Validates that the data is of the correct type, like text or number
Format check: Confirms the data is in the correct format, such as a valid email address or
date
Presence check: Ensures that the data field is not left empty
Using Validation Routines
Validation routines are procedures that automatically perform validation checks
They help to minimise data entry errors, saving time and maintaining data quality
Page 3 of 5
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Proofreading YOUR NOTES
Proofreading
Why Proofread?
It is the final check to identify and correct errors before a document is finalised
It ensures professionalism and prevents misunderstanding in communication
Identifying and Correcting Data Entry Errors
Transposed numbers:
Numbers that have been swapped, like typing 21 instead of 12
Incorrect spelling:
Words that are not spelt correctly
Inconsistent character spacing:
Different spacing between characters in a document
Inconsistent case:
Incorrect use of uppercase and lowercase letters
Identifying and Correcting Layout Errors
Inconsistent line spacing:
Different spacing between lines in a document
Blank pages/slides:
Unwanted empty pages or slides in a document or presentation
Widows/orphans:
Single lines at the beginning or end of a page that should be with the rest of the
paragraph
Inconsistent or incorrect application of styles:
Different font styles or sizes are used inappropriately in the document
Split tables and lists:
Tables or lists that are incorrectly broken up over columns or pages/slides
Page 4 of 5
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Verification YOUR NOTES
Verification
Why use Verification?
It is a process to ensure that data is accurate and has been inputted correctly
It helps to maintain data integrity and reduce data entry errors
Characteristics and Uses of Verification
Visual checking: Manual method of verifying data by comparing the source with the
entered data
Double data entry: A method where data is entered twice and then compared for
inconsistencies
Is there a Need for Validation as well as Verification?
While verification ensures data is entered correctly, validation makes sure the data is
sensible, reasonable and within acceptable boundaries
Both verification and validation are essential in maintaining data accuracy and quality
Worked Example
A local railway company is considering introducing a new system for its passengers
using e-tickets on a smartphone. Details of each of the passengers have been
entered into the database.
a. Give one reason why this data was verified on entry.
[1]
To ensure that the data entered has been copied correctly [1]
Proofreading is sometimes thought to be verification.
b. Explain the difference between verification and proofreading.
[2]
Proofreading is checking the content of the data for errors [1]
Verification is comparing the data with the original [1]
Page 5 of 5
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
11.1 Styles
CONTENTS
Using Styles
Corporate House Style
Page 1 of 8
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Using Styles YOUR NOTES
Styles
Styles
A style is a collection of formatting attributes, including font face, font size, font colour, text
alignment, and more
Styles ensure consistency in your document's formatting
Create and Modify Styles
To create a style, you select your desired formatting options and then save them as a new
style
You can modify a style by editing its formatting options and then saving the changes
Apply and Update Styles
Applying a style is as easy as selecting text and then choosing the desired style
When you update a style, all the text using that style in your document will reflect the
changes
Font Attributes
Font Face
This is the design of the text; examples include Arial, Times New Roman, and Calibri
Page 2 of 8
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Font Type
Serif fonts have little feet or lines attached to the ends of their letters, while Sans-serif fonts
do not
Serif fonts are generally considered more traditional, and Sans-serif fonts are seen as
modern
Serif Sans-serif
Times New Roman Arial
Georgia Helvetica
Font Size and Colour
Font size is measured in points, with one point being 1/72 of an inch
Font colour can be any colour available in the software's colour palette
Page 3 of 8
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Text Formatting
Text Alignment
Alignment refers to the positioning of text within a document
Options include left, right, centre, and fully justified (aligned to both the left and right
margins)
Text Enhancement
You can make your text bold, italic, or underline it to highlight important information
Spacing
Page 4 of 8
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
You can adjust paragraph spacing (before and after a paragraph) and line spacing within a YOUR NOTES
paragraph
Bullets
Bullets are used for listing items - they can either be numbered or not
You can change bullet shape, alignment, line spacing, and indent
Page 5 of 8
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Page 6 of 8
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
a. Identify the paragraph formatting shown below
[1]
Hanging indent paragraph [1]
b. Identify the paragraph formatting used for the second paragraph
[1]
Indented paragraph [1]
c. Identify the alignment used in this paragraph
[1]
Fully justified [1]
d. Identify the alignment shown below
[1]
Right aligned [1]
Page 7 of 8
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Corporate House Style YOUR NOTES
Corporate House Style
What is a Corporate House Style?
A Corporate House Style refers to the consistent use of particular visual design elements
across a company's documents and communications
These design elements may include specific fonts, colours, logos, and layout styles
Purpose of a Corporate House Style
The primary purpose is to create a consistent and recognisable image for the company
It makes the company's documents and products instantly identifiable to clients or
customers
This consistency also streamlines the creation of new documents within the company by:
Reducing time and cost spent setting up and formatting documents
Reducing the risk of errors
Uses of a Corporate House Style
A corporate house style can be applied to a wide range of materials, including:
Business documents such as reports and letters
Marketing materials like brochures and advertisements
Digital content including websites and email templates
Product packaging
Worked Example
The Medical Authority creates many different types of documents including letters
and memos. Each of them is produced using its corporate house style.
Explain why corporate house styles are required.
[3]
3 of:
Ensures consistency across all documents [1]
Lets people know that the stationery/documents belong to the same medical
authority [1]
To reduce the time spent in setting up and formatting documents [1]
To reduce the cost of setting up and formatting documents [1]
To reduce the risk of errors e.g. mis-spellings, logos omitted etc. [1]
Page 8 of 8
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
9.1 File Management
CONTENTS
File Management
File Formats
Page 1 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
File Management YOUR NOTES
Locating Stored Files
A hard drive contains files and folders
Within a folder, there may be files or other folders which are known as subfolders
There are multiple ways to locate files
Using Windows search
Click on the Windows Icon at the bottom of the screen and type the file that is
required and click on the ‘documents’ button
Exam Tip
If you are searching for a folder you can do the same thing but instead of
clicking on document, click on folder
Locate a file manually
The left hand window pane displays all drives and favourite folders
The right hand pane displays the folders/ subfolders and files of the selected drive or folder
Each folder can be accessed by selecting the folder and double clicking
As the users navigate through the folders the current path location is displayed at the top
Page 2 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Open & Import Files YOUR NOTES
It is a common method to simply double-click the file that you wish to open and it will load
into the most suitable application/program
Sometimes the application/program that the file opens in is not the preferred choice for the
user
There are 3 main ways to open or import files for use
Option 1 - Open the file from the desired application
Option 2 - Drag the file into the desired application
Option 3 - Right click on the file and choose Open with
Page 3 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Saving Files YOUR NOTES
The below screenshot shows a project structure broken into 4 different sections, Initiation,
Planning, Executing and Closing
Within each folder, files are saved according to the which part of the project they are
relevant to
Files are labelled with version numbers allowing the user to go back and review previous
versions. This is known as version control
Save Files Using Appropriate File Names
Meaningful file names should give a clue as to what the document contains
Doc1’ does not give any idea about the contents of the file and is not a meaningful file name
‘Plan’ is a partially meaningful name but could be any plan or any version of the plan
‘Initial_Plan_Version_1 is a meaningful name as it determines that it is an initial plan and is
the first version
Saving & Printing
There are different ways you can save or print your work
Save - Saves the current file or if the file has been saved, updates
Save as - Save the file with a new name and/or file type
Export - Exports a copy of the file usually as a pdf but can also be other file formats within
the program
Print - Prints the currently opened file
Web page in a browser View
Saving
To save a webpage, right click on the page and choose “Save as”
Page 4 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Choose a suitable location and save
Printing
To print a web page, right click on the web page and select “Print”
Page 5 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Choose your preferences and select “Print
Webpage in HTML view
Right-click on the web page and select “view page source”
Page 6 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Right click on the page source and select “Print”
Save
Right click on the source code and choose “Save as”
Page 7 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Save the folder to a suitable location and select “Save”
Screenshots
Using the search tool, search for and select the “snipping tool”
Page 8 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Use the snipping tool to take a screenshot
Save
To save the screenshot, right click on the image and choose “Save as”
Page 9 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Print YOUR NOTES
To print the screenshot, select the three dots at the top right of the program and select
“Print”
Database Reports
Save
With the report open, select File and then “Save as”
Page 10 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
As only the report is to be saved select “Save object as” followed by “PDF or XPS”
Choose a suitable location to save the report and save the file type as “PDF”
Print
To print the report, select the file and then select “Print”
To ensure the report s laid out correctly first preview the report
To finally print the report, select “Print”
Page 11 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Graphs & Charts
Save
Select the chart by clicking on it
Click on” File” followed by “Save as”
Select the file type as PDF and save
Print
Select the chart by clicking on it
Select File and then Print
Page 12 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Page 13 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Save & Export YOUR NOTES
Many applications have their own unique file types that are specific to their functionality
and features. These file types are designed to store and represent data in a format that is
specific to the application's purpose
Below is an example of a text document being saved as a Word application package type
Below is an example of a spreadsheet document being saved as a Excel application
package type
Page 14 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Below is an example of a document being saved as a generic plain text file
Below is an example of a document being saved as a generic comma separated file
The same method is used for both saving and exporting files to their required type
If a document has already been saved the user must select SAVE AS to create a second
copy of the document and choose its required file type
Page 15 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
.PDF and .RTF are two file formats used for storing documents. Describe the file
formats and explain the differences between them.
[5]
PDF is a portable document format that is readable on a PDF viewer or a browser [1]
whilst an RTF document is a rich text format and is readable by all word processing
software [1]
An RTF document is fully editable whereas some PDF documents cannot be edited
[1]
A PDF can use digital signatures whereas an RTF document does not allow digital
signatures [1]
A PDF document tends to be compressed whereas an RTF document is not
compressed [1]
Page 16 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
File Formats YOUR NOTES
Generic File Formats
Generic file formats are files types that are compatible and allow sharing between different
devices and software programs
Non generic files are types that require special software or hardware to be accessed
Generic file types are needed for the following reasons:
Generic files allow the exchange of data across many different types of software and
applications
Generic files are widely adopted and therefore can be accessed by many users or
devices
A single generic file can be created, edited and accessed across many different
devices
Page 17 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Characteristics & Uses of File Formats YOUR NOTES
Generic Images Files
Joint Photographic Expert Group (.jpg)
JPEG is a widely used image file format
Uses the lossy compression method
Significantly reduces file size while maintaining acceptable image quality
JPEG files are commonly used for storing and transmitting digital photographs
Portable Network Graphic (.png)
PNG uses lossless compression
Preserves high-quality images whilst still providing small file sizes
Commonly used for web design, digital illustrations, logos, and icons
Its transparency support allows its graphics to be placed into different backgrounds
easily
Portable Document Format (.pdf)
Widely used file format with its
Ability to retain the layout and formatting of documents across a range of platforms
Documents contain text, images, graphics, and even interactive elements.
Can be password protected to stop unauthorised users from editing
Allows users to provide a digital signature feature acting as a digital ‘ink signature’
Graphics Interchange Format (.gif)
Used for short, animated images and simple graphics
Use a lossless compression algorithm
Maintain high image quality while keeping file sizes small
Used in online platforms, including social media, messaging apps, and websites
Generic Video Files
Moving pictures expert group layer 4 (.mp4)
A multimedia container rather than a single file format
Can be used for video, image, and audio types
Uses advanced compression techniques to achieve high-quality video playback
The compression algorithm keeps file sizes relatively small
Popular for streaming and transferring videos online
Quicktime Movie (.mov)
A multimedia container format developed by Apple
Used for storing video, audio, and other media data
Can maintain excellent image quality while retaining smaller file sizes
Suitable for both online streaming and local playback
Widely used in professional video editing, film production, and multimedia projects
Generic Audio Files
Moving pictures expert group layer 3 (.mp3)
A very popular audio file format known for its high-quality compression algorithm
Allows for a significant reduction in file size but minimal differences to sound quality
Page 18 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Compatible with a wide range of devices and audio streaming platforms YOUR NOTES
Become the standard format for digital music distribution
Waveform File Audio format (.wav)
Uncompressed audio file format known for its high lossless quality
Preserves the original audio waveform.
Commonly used in the music industry, broadcast, and multimedia production, where
audio quality is the top priority
Generic Text Files
Text (.txt)
Used for storing plain text data
Contains only human-readable text without any additional formatting or styling
Extensively supported across different platforms and applications
Can be opened and edited using a word processor or basic text editor
Rich Text Format (.rtf)
RTF is a file format used for storing formatted text documents that can contain
different text styles, fonts, colours, and other basic formatting elements
They can be opened and edited using a wide range of text editors and word
processors, making them suitable for creating documents that require basic
formattings, such as letters, reports, and academic papers
Comma separated values (.csv)
A plain text file format used for storing data in a structured manner
Consist of rows and columns, with each cell separated by a comma
Widely supported
Easy to import and export data between different applications and platforms
Commonly used for tasks involving data analysis, database management
Can be easily opened and edited using spreadsheet software
Generic Compressed Files
Zip (.zip)
A container used for compression
Allows multiple files and folders to be compressed into a single, smaller-sized archive
Uses lossless compression algorithms to reduce file sizes
Compression preserves original content
Convenient for bundling multiple files into a single package
Roshal archive (.rar)
A container used for compression
similar to .ZIP, however, it uses a proprietary compression algorithm
Generally results in higher compression ratios compared to other formats
Commonly used for sharing files over the internet and when space-saving is essential
Generic Web Development & Browsing Files
Hypertext Markup Language (.html)
A global file format used for creating and structuring web pages
Page 19 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Contain text-based code that defines the structure, layout, and content of a webpage YOUR NOTES
Rendered by web browsers, allowing users to view and interact with web pages
Used across many different devices and platforms
Cascading Style Sheets (.css)
A file format that is attached to an HTML document
Used to determine presentation and styling such as colours, fonts, layout, and
positioning
Is widely used in web development to create responsive and attractive designs
Page 20 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Page 21 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Page 22 of 22
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
10.1 Images
CONTENTS
Image Editing
File Size Reduction
Page 1 of 6
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Image Editing YOUR NOTES
Image Editing
Placing an image with precision: This refers to positioning an image accurately within a
document or other media
You can usually do this by selecting the image and dragging it to the desired location
Some software allows for more precision through the use of coordinates or alignment
tools
Resizing an image: This means changing the dimensions of an image
You can often do this by selecting the image and dragging its corners or edges
Maintaining the aspect ratio means the image's width and height change at the same
rate, preventing distortion
Adjusting the aspect ratio can change the shape and proportions of the image
Cropping an image: This involves cutting out and discarding parts of an image
Cropping tools usually allow you to select a portion of the image to keep and discard
the rest
Rotating an image: This means turning the image around a central point
Most software allows rotation to any angle, and common rotations such as 90
degrees or 180 degrees are often provided as options
Page 2 of 6
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Reflecting (flipping) an image: This means creating a mirror image of the original
An image can be flipped horizontally (left to right) or vertically (top to bottom)
Adjusting brightness and contrast: These tools change the light and dark values in an
image
Brightness affects all pixels in the image equally, making the image lighter or darker
Contrast adjusts the difference between light and dark values, which can make the
image appear more or less detailed
Page 3 of 6
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Grouping and layering images: These techniques help to organise multiple images
Grouping combines images so they can be moved or transformed as a single unit
Layering involves placing images on top of each other
You can change the order of layered images, moving them to the front or back
Page 4 of 6
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Exam Tip YOUR NOTES
Make sure you use specific technical terms when answering questions on this
topic
Worked Example
An image has been changed in several different ways.
Original image
For each of the following images describe the software editing technique used to
produce
the edited images are shown from the original image.
Edited images
[4]
A - Resize the image maintaining an aspect ratio [1]
B - Rotate the image 90 degrees anti-clockwise/counter clockwise//270 degrees
clockwise [1]
C - Reflect the image in the Y axis [1]
D - Brightness adjusted [1]
Page 5 of 6
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
File Size Reduction YOUR NOTES
File Size Reduction
File size reduction is crucial for storing, sharing, and loading digital images effectively and
efficiently
It becomes especially important when dealing with large images or limited storage space
One common way to reduce file size is by reducing the image resolution
Image resolution refers to the amount of detail an image has
The higher the resolution, the more pixels the image has, and the larger the file size
Reducing resolution decreases the number of pixels and therefore reduces file size
Be aware that reducing resolution can cause a loss of image quality, especially when
viewed at larger sizes
The image on the right has a lower resolution than the one on the left
Another method to reduce file size is by reducing the colour depth of an image
Colour depth, also known as bit depth, refers to the number of bits used to represent
the colour of a single pixel
The more bits used, the more colours can be represented, but the larger the file size
Reducing colour depth means using fewer bits and therefore fewer colours, which can
reduce the file size
Like with resolution, reducing colour depth can lead to a loss of image quality, resulting
in an image that looks more "flat" or "posterised"
Page 6 of 6
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
9.2 Compression
CONTENTS
File Compression
Page 1 of 6
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
File Compression YOUR NOTES
Why Reduce File Size?
The size of a file determines:
How much space it will require for storage
How long it will take to transmit from one device to another
Often file sizes need to be reduced and will use a form of compression
The two types of compression are:
Lossy compression - Unnecessary data is removed and can significantly reduce file
sizes. This is most often used for audio, video and image
Lossless - Allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed
version without any loss of information or quality. This is most often used for text and
document and software compression
E.g. if 10 images were to be displayed on a website and their original size was 18MB each,
with an internet connection of 32 megabits per second the webpage would take around 45
seconds to load and require 180 Mb of storage space online to host the images
Using lossy compression it is possible to compress the files down to around 10% of their
original size meaning that the same internet connection would require just 4 seconds to
load the images and the storage requirement for the files would be 18MB
How are Files Compressed?
There are many different technical ways that file sizes can be reduced however some simple
methods and techniques for multimedia files are below:
Images can be compressed by the following:
Reducing the number of colours in the image (known as the bit depth)
Reducing the resolution of the image (the total amount of pixels that make up the
image)
Page 2 of 6
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Videos can be compressed by the following: YOUR NOTES
Reducing the video resolution
Reducing the number of video frames per second
Sound can be compressed by the following:
Removing frequencies that are outside of the human hearing range
Worked Example
An author is writing a new textbook about ICT. He has used a large number of
images in the document and wishes to send the document as an email attachment
to his publisher, but the file is currently too large.
Describe how he could reduce the size of the document without reducing the
number of images. [4]
The author could reduce the size of the document by either reducing the image
resolution [1]
changing the file formats of each of the individual images [1]
saving as a PDF [1]
or compressing /zip the folder with all the photos to a smaller size [1]
Page 3 of 6
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
How to Compress a File YOUR NOTES
An uncompressed document containing both text and images
A document can be compressed by converting it to a PDF file
By converting the document to a pdf, the file size reduction is more than half
Exam Tip
Remember that although you are compressing the file to a PDF file this means
that the file cannot be edited in the same way and so it is important to keep a
copy of the original uncompressed file in case any changes are required
Compressing Multiple Images Together
Hold Ctrl and select all the images you would like to compress, right click and choose
‘Compress to Zip file’
Using the Zip file compression technique has reduced the file size considerably
Total for all files before compression: 8477KB
Total for all files after compression: 727KB
Page 4 of 6
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
The same can be done using WinRar
Hold Ctrl and select all the images you would like to compress, right click and choose
‘WinRAR followed by Add to Archive’
Give the archive a title and click OK
The compressed file is now in the directory
Page 5 of 6
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Note* Sometimes when using WinZip or WinRar the file sizes will not compress further as some YOUR NOTES
file types are already compressed, such as JPEG images. Another reason may be that different
compression algorithms are used by different compression software, and their effectiveness
can vary depending on the file types being compressed
Page 6 of 6
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
9.2 Compression
CONTENTS
File Compression
Page 1 of 6
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
File Compression YOUR NOTES
Why Reduce File Size?
The size of a file determines:
How much space it will require for storage
How long it will take to transmit from one device to another
Often file sizes need to be reduced and will use a form of compression
The two types of compression are:
Lossy compression - Unnecessary data is removed and can significantly reduce file
sizes. This is most often used for audio, video and image
Lossless - Allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed
version without any loss of information or quality. This is most often used for text and
document and software compression
E.g. if 10 images were to be displayed on a website and their original size was 18MB each,
with an internet connection of 32 megabits per second the webpage would take around 45
seconds to load and require 180 Mb of storage space online to host the images
Using lossy compression it is possible to compress the files down to around 10% of their
original size meaning that the same internet connection would require just 4 seconds to
load the images and the storage requirement for the files would be 18MB
How are Files Compressed?
There are many different technical ways that file sizes can be reduced however some simple
methods and techniques for multimedia files are below:
Images can be compressed by the following:
Reducing the number of colours in the image (known as the bit depth)
Reducing the resolution of the image (the total amount of pixels that make up the
image)
Page 2 of 6
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Videos can be compressed by the following: YOUR NOTES
Reducing the video resolution
Reducing the number of video frames per second
Sound can be compressed by the following:
Removing frequencies that are outside of the human hearing range
Worked Example
An author is writing a new textbook about ICT. He has used a large number of
images in the document and wishes to send the document as an email attachment
to his publisher, but the file is currently too large.
Describe how he could reduce the size of the document without reducing the
number of images. [4]
The author could reduce the size of the document by either reducing the image
resolution [1]
changing the file formats of each of the individual images [1]
saving as a PDF [1]
or compressing /zip the folder with all the photos to a smaller size [1]
Page 3 of 6
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
How to Compress a File YOUR NOTES
An uncompressed document containing both text and images
A document can be compressed by converting it to a PDF file
By converting the document to a pdf, the file size reduction is more than half
Exam Tip
Remember that although you are compressing the file to a PDF file this means
that the file cannot be edited in the same way and so it is important to keep a
copy of the original uncompressed file in case any changes are required
Compressing Multiple Images Together
Hold Ctrl and select all the images you would like to compress, right click and choose
‘Compress to Zip file’
Using the Zip file compression technique has reduced the file size considerably
Total for all files before compression: 8477KB
Total for all files after compression: 727KB
Page 4 of 6
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
The same can be done using WinRar
Hold Ctrl and select all the images you would like to compress, right click and choose
‘WinRAR followed by Add to Archive’
Give the archive a title and click OK
The compressed file is now in the directory
Page 5 of 6
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Note* Sometimes when using WinZip or WinRar the file sizes will not compress further as some YOUR NOTES
file types are already compressed, such as JPEG images. Another reason may be that different
compression algorithms are used by different compression software, and their effectiveness
can vary depending on the file types being compressed
Page 6 of 6
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
8.1 Effective Use of the Internet
CONTENTS
Email: How To Use It
The World Wide Web & Web Pages
Search Engines
Protocols
Page 1 of 10
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Email: How To Use It YOUR NOTES
Email - How To Use It
Email is a method of exchanging messages and files over the internet
It is used for personal communication, professional correspondence, and marketing
Acceptable language must be used depending on the recipient of the email e.g.
professional when sending a work related email
Employers often set guidelines for professional language, content, and frequency of
emails
Email security is crucial to protect sensitive information from being accessed or altered
Netiquette refers to the proper behaviour and manners when using email
Email groups allow for mass communication with a defined set of recipients
Carbon Copy (CC) is used when you want to include additional recipients to view the email
Blind Carbon Copy (BCC) is used when you want additional recipients to view the email
without other recipients knowing
Forward allows you to send an existing email to a new recipient
Attachments allow files to be sent along with the email message
Page 2 of 10
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of social networking rather than email
as a means of communication.
[8]
Advantages:
Social networking messages can be available to/seen by all
Security settings can restrict who reads/makes the comments
Communication can take place in a (private) chatroom
Comments can be liked/disliked/shared
Don’t need to learn email address
Live video/audio calls can be made/streamed
Emails tend to be one to one
Can share live videos
Do you know who’s online
Larger upload size than the email
Disadvantages:
Emails are private between the sender and recipient // more secure
Messages can be alerted as a high priority
Attachments can be used
Emails tend to be more formal
Auto reply / forward / reply can be used
Social networking makes a person more prone to cyber predators/trolls
Exam Tip
Don't use brand names (e.g. Gmail, Outlook) in your answer
Page 3 of 10
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Spam YOUR NOTES
Spam refers to unsolicited or unwanted emails, often of a promotional nature
Spam can clutter the inbox, potentially leading to important emails being overlooked, and
can sometimes carry malware or phishing
To prevent spam, use spam filters, avoid disclosing your email address publicly, and don't
click on links in spam emails or reply to them
Worked Example
Spam emails are a problem for computer systems.
Explain what is meant by a spam email.
[2]
2 of:
Junk email [1]
Unsolicited email [1]
Can consist of unwanted adverts [1]
b. Explain why spam emails need to be prevented.
[2]
2 of:
Spam may contain spyware/phishing [1]
Spam may spread malware/viruses [1]
The spam email fills the inbox and stops other emails [1]
May attempt to solicit personal data/bank details [1]
c. Describe the methods which can be used to prevent spam emails.
[4]
4 of:
Do not opt-in to marketing emails [1]
Delete accounts that you no longer use [1]
Never reply to a spam email // Don’t communicate with spammers [1]
Never reveal the main email address to strangers // set up an email address just for
buying online [1]
Use a spam filter // click on the email address and add to blocked email // block the
sender [1]
Page 4 of 10
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
The World Wide Web & Web Pages YOUR NOTES
What is the World Wide Web
The Internet and the world wide web are often used interchangeably, but they are not the same
thing.
The Internet
The Internet refers to the global network of computers and other electronic devices
connected through a system of routers and servers
It is the infrastructure that allows us to send and receive information, including email,
instant messaging, and file transfers
It also provides access to other services such as online gaming, video streaming, and cloud
computing
The World Wide Web
The world wide web, or simply the Web, is a collection of websites and web pages that are
accessed using the internet
It was created in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee, who envisioned it as a way to share and access
information on a global scale
The web consists of interconnected documents and multimedia files that are stored on
web servers around the world
Web pages are accessed using a web browser, which communicates with a web server to
retrieve and display the content
It is used for browsing web pages, sending emails, social networking, online shopping, and
much more
Advantages include ease of communication, access to information, and online services
Disadvantages include privacy concerns, cybercrime, and misinformation
What can I find online?
An intranet is a private network within an organisation, while an extranet is an intranet that is
partially accessible to authorised outsiders
Blogs, forums, wikis, and social networks are types of web pages used for sharing
information and social interaction
Blogs
A blog (short for weblog) is a website or part of a website that is updated regularly with
content, often written in an informal or conversational style like a journal
They are usually presented in reverse chronological order
They are usually managed by individuals or small groups
They allow for reader comments, facilitating some level of discussion
Blogs often focus on specific topics, such as food, travel, fashion, technology, or personal
experiences
They can also serve as a platform for sharing opinions or insights
Forums
Page 5 of 10
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
A forum is an online discussion site where people can hold conversations in the form of YOUR NOTES
posted messages
They are often organised around specific topics or interests, and divided into categories
known as threads
Unlike blogs, forums are primarily focused on peer-to-peer interaction
They may require users to create an account before posting
Forums can be moderated or unmoderated
Wikis
A wiki is a type of website that allows users to add, remove, or edit content
It is designed to facilitate collaboration and knowledge sharing from many people
It holds information on many topics which can be searched
Posts are not in chronological order
The structure is determined by the content or its users
The most famous wiki is Wikipedia, an online encyclopaedia
Changes can be tracked and reverted if necessary, and the content is usually written in a
neutral style
Social Networking
Social networking sites are platforms where users can connect with others and share
content
They include platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn
Social networking platforms usually require users to create a profile and allow them to
share text, images, videos, and links
They facilitate interaction, collaboration, and information sharing on a large scale
Privacy settings allow users to control who can see their content
Page 6 of 10
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
Tick whether the following refer to moderated or un-moderated forums
[2]
Moderated Un-moderated
All posts are held in a queue.
Posts are not policed.
This forum reduces the chance of offensive
messages.
This forum stops several postings on the same
topic.
4 correct answers – 2 marks
2 or 3 correct answers – 1 mark
1 correct – 0 marks
Moderated Un-moderated
All posts are held in a queue. χ
Posts are not policed. χ
This forum reduces the chance of offensive
χ
messages.
This forum stops several postings on the same topic. χ
The Functionality of the Internet
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provide services for accessing and using the Internet
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the address of a web page on the WWW
What is a URL?
The URL is a text-based address that identifies the location of a resource on the internet
It is the address of a web page, image, video, or any other resource available on the internet
A URL can contain three main components:
Protocol
Domain name
Web page / file name
The protocol is the communication protocol used to transfer data between the client and
the server
E.g. HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and others
The domain name is the name of the server where the resource is located
It can be a name or an IP address
The web page / file name is the location of the file or resource on the server
It can contain the name of the file or directory where the resource is located
A URL looks like this:
protocol://domain/path
Page 7 of 10
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
E.g. https://www.example.com/index.html is a URL that consists of the HTTPS YOUR NOTES
protocol, the domain name "www.example.com", and the file name is "/index.html".
Risks of Using the Internet
Inappropriate and criminal material: The internet can expose users to harmful or illegal
content
Data restriction: Parental, educational, and ISP controls can limit access to certain
information or websites
A web browser is a software application used to locate, retrieve, and display content on the
WWW, including web pages, images, video, and other files
A hyperlink is a word/phrase/image which references data that the reader can follow by
clicking or tapping, usually taking you to another web page
Worked Example
HotHouse Design is a large design company. It has recently created a new web
address for its design portfolios. The web address is:
https://www.hothouse-design.co.uk/portfolios
a. Describe the following parts of the web address.
[4]
https://
1 of:
This is the hypertext transfer protocol secure [1]
Set of rules/protocol [1]
hothouse-design
this shows the domain name that the company have purchased [1]
.uk
The company/domain is registered in the UK [1]
/portfolios
The folder in which the work is stored on Hothouse’s server [1]
b. Hyperlinks are widely used in web pages.
Explain what is meant by a hyperlink.
[2]
Word/phrase/image [1]
When clicking links to another document/page/website/top or bottom of the page
[1]
Page 8 of 10
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Search Engines YOUR NOTES
Search Engines
What are Search Engines?
Search engines are tools that locate and display web pages related to the search terms
entered by the user
They are essential for navigating the vast amount of information on the internet
They index millions of web pages and use algorithms to rank the relevance of each page to
the search terms
Speed of Searching
Search engines can scan through billions of web pages in a fraction of a second to find
matches to your search query
The speed is affected by your internet connection and the efficiency of the search engine’s
algorithms
Amount of Information
Search engines can provide an overwhelming amount of information, making it crucial to
use specific and relevant search terms
Using quotation marks for exact phrases, plus signs for mandatory terms, or minus signs for
excluding terms can help refine the search
Finding Relevant and Reliable Information
The relevance of information is determined by the search engine’s algorithm, which
considers factors such as keyword frequency and page quality
Reliable information typically comes from reputable sources such as educational,
government, or well-established industry websites
Evaluating Information Found on the Internet
The internet offers a wealth of information, but not all of it is accurate or reliable
Assess the reliability of information by considering the reputation and credibility of the
source
Determine the validity of information by checking it against other reputable sources
Consider whether the information is biased, looking for perspectives that may be
promoting a particular viewpoint
Check how up-to-date the information is, as outdated information can be misleading
Page 9 of 10
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Protocols YOUR NOTES
Protocols
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
The standard protocol for transmitting hypertext (web pages) over the internet
HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure)
A secure version of HTTP that encrypts data for security
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
A network protocol for transferring files between computers
How do you upload and publish content on a website using FTP?
Download the FTP client program
Connect to the FTP server using the FTP client program
Login to the server using the FTP username and password
Locate the files on your computer
Click the upload button on the FTP client program
Upload the files to the folder
SSL (Secure Socket Layer)
A security protocol that provides encrypted communication between a web browser
and a web server
Worked Example
You have been asked by the secretary of a soccer club to create a website to
publicise its results, fixtures and other events.
When the website has been created it has to be published on the internet. You plan
to upload it onto the internet using FTP.
Explain how to upload and publish the content of a website using FTP.
[4]
4 of:
Download the FTP client program [1]
Connect to the FTP server [1]
Using the FTP client program [1]
Login to the server [1]
Using FTP username and password [1]
Locate the files on your computer [1]
Click the upload button on the FTP client program [1]
Upload the files to the folder/web hosting space [1]
Page 10 of 10
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
7.1 Audience & Copyright
CONTENTS
Target Audience
Copyright
Page 1 of 3
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Target Audience YOUR NOTES
Target Audience
Developing ICT Solutions
To build effective ICT solutions, the first step is to identify and understand the needs of the
intended audience. These needs can be functional, like processing information or
aesthetic, like a visually appealing interface
After identifying the needs, select the appropriate technology and tools to create a
solution. This choice depends on factors like the complexity of the task, the budget
available, and the technical expertise of the users
An essential aspect to remember while designing ICT solutions is to ensure that they are
user-friendly. This means that they should be intuitive to use, require minimal training, and
have easy-to-understand instructions
Additionally, ICT solutions should be accessible to all users, including those with
disabilities. This could involve adding features like voice commands, large text options, or
compatibility with assistive devices
Once the solution is created, it is crucial to test it to ensure it functions as expected and
fulfils the users' needs effectively
Audience Needs Analysis in ICT
Understanding the audience is crucial in ICT solution design. The analysis should consider
factors such as the age, technical skills, and background of the audience, which can affect
their ability to use the solution
The solution designer should also understand the type of information that the audience
needs. This can guide the design of the information architecture and the data processing
features
How the audience accesses and uses the information also impacts the design. For
example, if the audience mostly accesses the solution via mobile devices, the solution
should be mobile-friendly
Lastly, the designer should consider any special needs of the audience, like visual or
hearing impairments. The solution should be designed to accommodate these needs,
ensuring inclusivity
Page 2 of 3
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Copyright YOUR NOTES
Copyright
Why do we need Copyright?
Copyright legislation is essential to protect the rights of creators and developers
It prevents the unauthorised use, duplication, or distribution of software, known as
software piracy
It ensures developers are rewarded for their work, encouraging further innovation and
development
Principles of Copyright in Computer Software
Copyright law prohibits the unauthorised copying, distribution, or modification of software
It also includes the End-User Licence Agreement (EULA), which outlines what the software
can and cannot be used for
Violations of these principles, such as software piracy, can lead to legal consequences
Preventing Software Copyright Violations
Software producers use various methods to protect their copyright, such as Digital Rights
Management (DRM)
DRM involves technologies or systems that control the use, modification, and distribution
of copyrighted works
Other methods include product activation, where software requires a unique code to be
fully operational
Automatic updates can also serve as a form of copyright protection, as pirated software
often can't receive these updates, making it less functional or secure over time
Page 3 of 3
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
6.2 Security of Data
CONTENTS
Threats to Data
Protection of Data
Page 1 of 7
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Threats to Data YOUR NOTES
Threats to Data
Threats
Hacking: Unauthorised access to computer systems or networks to gain control, steal
information, or cause damage
Phishing: Deceptive emails or messages that appear to be from trusted sources to trick
individuals into revealing personal data
Pharming: Manipulation of DNS (Domain Name System) to redirect users to fraudulent
websites, often for the purpose of stealing personal data
Smishing: Phishing attacks carried out through SMS or text messages
Vishing: Phishing attacks carried out through voice calls or VoIP (Voice over Internet
Protocol) systems
Viruses and malware: Malicious software designed to disrupt, damage, or gain
unauthorised access to computer systems or networks
Card fraud: Unauthorised use of credit or debit card information for fraudulent purposes
Protection from Hacking
Implement strong and unique passwords for accounts and regularly change them
Enable two-factor authentication for additional security
Regularly update software and operating systems to patch security vulnerabilities
Use firewalls and antivirus software to detect and prevent unauthorised access
Regularly backup data to ensure its availability and protection against potential data loss
Protection from phishing, pharming, smishing, and vishing attacks
Being cautious of unsolicited emails, messages, or calls requesting personal or sensitive
information
Verifying the authenticity of websites by checking for secure connections (HTTPS) and
looking for trust indicators, such as SSL certificates
Avoiding clicking on suspicious links or downloading attachments from unknown
sources
If you are unsure, end communication and establish contact with company or contact to
check legitimacy
Protection from viruses and malware
Install antivirus software and keep it up to date
Download files only from trusted sources and scan them for viruses before opening or
executing them
Do not visit suspicious websites or click on pop-up ads
Regularly update software, including web browsers and plugins, to patch security
vulnerabilities
Protection from card fraud
Shielding PIN entry at ATMs or payment terminals to prevent shoulder surfing
Page 2 of 7
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Being cautious when using payment cards online, ensuring secure and trusted websites YOUR NOTES
are used
Regularly monitoring bank statements and reporting any suspicious transactions
Using secure payment methods, such as chip and PIN or contactless payments, where
available
Being aware of potential skimming devices on ATMs and payment terminals and
reporting any suspicious activity
Worked Example
Data stored on a computer system is at risk of being hacked.
a. Explain what is meant by the term hacking. Include in your answer two examples
of the effects this can have on the computer system.
[3]
Gaining unauthorised access to a computer system [1]
2 of:
Examples
Can lead to the identity theft of data [1]
Can lead to the misuse of/access to personal data [1]
Data can be deleted [1]
Data can be changed [1]
Data can be corrupted [1]
Place malicious files/software [1]
b. Describe three measures that could be taken to protect the data from being
hacked.
[3]
3 of:
Use of firewalls to block unauthorised computer systems [1]
Use of passwords [1]
Use of intrusion detection software/anti-spyware [1]
Use two-factor authentication [1]
Switch off WiFi/computer when not in use [1]
Page 3 of 7
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Protection of Data YOUR NOTES
Protection of Data
Biometrics
The use of unique physical or behavioural characteristics of individuals, such as
fingerprints, facial recognition, or iris scans, for authentication and access control
Biometric data provides a more secure method of identification as it is difficult to forge
or replicate
Advantages and disadvantages of Biometrics
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Skin damage can stop identification
Harder to crack
Facial features can change over time
Easier to use for
Some biometrics are more expensive to set up
individual
than others
High accuracy
Voice recognition can be affected by illness
Digital certificate
An electronic document that verifies the authenticity and integrity of a website
The purpose of a digital certificate is to establish trust between parties and ensure secure
communication
Contents of a digital certificate typically include the entity's public key, identification
information, and the digital signature of a trusted third party
Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
A protocol that establishes an encrypted link between a server and a client computer
SSL ensures that data transmitted between the server and client remain confidential and
cannot be intercepted or adjusted by unauthorised individuals
Identified on a website by the S at the end of HTTP
Encryption
The process of converting data into a form that is unreadable without a decryption key
Encryption is used to protect data on hard disks, email communications, cloud storage,
and secure websites (HTTPS)
It ensures that even if data is accessed by unauthorised individuals, it cannot be
understood without a decryption key
Firewall
A network security device that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network
traffic
The purpose of a firewall is to create a barrier between an internal network and external
networks, filtering traffic based on predefined rules
Page 4 of 7
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
It helps prevent unauthorised access, malware, and other network threats YOUR NOTES
Advantages and disadvantages of Firewalls
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Stops attacks from Can affect the operation of the computer and some uploads
device To upload some files, the firewall may need to be switched
Stops fraudulent sites off, leaving the computer open to attacks
attacking the device Can stop legitimate software from running
Two-factor authentication (2FA)
A security measure that requires users to provide two separate forms of identification to
verify their identity
The purpose of 2FA is to add an extra layer of security beyond just a username and
password
It usually involves a combination of something the user knows (password), something the
user has (smartphone or token), or something the user is (biometric data)
User ID and password
A common method of authentication that involves a unique identifier (user ID) and a
secret code (password)
User ID and password are used to increase the security of data by allowing access only to
authorised individuals
Strong passwords and regular password changes are important to maintain security
It is recommended to use a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers,
and special characters in passwords
Advantages and disadvantages of Passwords
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Passwords too complex can be harder to
Strong passwords are difficult to crack
remember
Regularly changing passwords increases
Too many passwords are hard to remember
the security
Harder to choose unique passwords if
Using a range of passwords over the
regularly updating
system will stop or slow access to the full
Harder to remember if regularly updating
system
Hackers can break most passwords
Page 5 of 7
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
The data stored on the computer system needs to be protected from unauthorised
access.
Discuss the effectiveness of different methods of increasing the security of this
data.
[8]
8 of:
Factors increasing effectiveness
Strong passwords are difficult to crack [1]
Biometric passwords are harder to crack [1]
Regularly changing passwords increases security [1]
Use of two-factor authentication [1]
Using different passwords for parts of the computer system makes it more difficult
to gain access to the full system [1]
A firewall required to stop attacks from computers [1]
A firewall stops fraudulent sites from attacking the computer [1]
Anti-spyware stops passwords from being seen when typed in [1]
Factors reducing effectiveness
Too complex a password can be easily forgotten [1]
Passworded files may not be backed up [1]
Using several different passwords can become cumbersome [1]
Regularly changing passwords means that passwords may be forgotten [1]
May be difficult to choose a unique password if it is changed every few weeks [1]
Passwords may become easier to guess if regularly changed [1]
Hackers can breach most passwords [1]
The firewall can affect the operation of the computer and stop some uploads [1]
The firewall may need to be shut down at times to upload files therefore making the
computer unsafe [1]
Some legitimate software can be blocked by the firewall [1]
To gain full marks both sides of the discussion are needed
Page 6 of 7
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Page 7 of 7
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
6.1 Safety
CONTENTS
Safety Issues
Data Protection
Personal Data
E-safety
Page 1 of 10
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Safety Issues YOUR NOTES
Safety Issues
Electrocution
ICT devices require electrical power to charge or run
The electrical device can cause electrocution
Electrocution is caused by the electric current moving through your body, it can cause
severe injury or death
Electrocution causes and prevention strategies
CAUSES PREVENTION STRATEGIES
Spilling drinks near
Keep liquids away from electrical equipment
electrical equipment
Ensure that cables are properly insulated and protected
Use non-conductive materials where possible
Touching live cables Ensure that electrical equipment is turned off and unplugged
before cleaning or maintenance
Use circuit breakers or fuses to prevent electrical overload
Fire:
ICT devices require electricity to charge or run
Too many devices using a single socket can cause the plug socket to overload
Heat is generated by too much electricity, causing the wiring to degrade and ignite a fire
Fire causes and prevention strategies
CAUSES PREVENTION STRATEGIES
Use surge protectors to prevent electrical overload
Ensure enough plug sockets in the room
Sockets being overloaded
Don’t plug too many devices into the same plug socket
Don’t leave devices plugged in and unattended
Page 2 of 10
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Ensure that equipment is properly ventilated and not obstructed YOUR NOTES
Keep flammable materials away from heat sources
Regularly check equipment for signs of wear or damage
Equipment overheating
Use fire extinguishers in case of emergencies
Turn off or unplug devices when away from the location
Do not cover any air vents on devices
Tripping over trailing cables:
Devices can be plugged in using cables, cables that are protruding can cause an accident
You can trip over a cable left out in a location
Body damage can occur during a fall, for example, breaking bones, ligament damage,
bruising, sprains etc depending on the area fell on
Tripping over trailing cables causes and prevention strategies
CAUSES PREVENTION STRATEGIES
Use cable ties or clips to secure cables
Keep cables away from areas where people are walking
Secure cables where you can, like under desks to stop
Cables not properly secured or protruding into open areas
organised Use cable covers to protect cables and prevent tripping
hazards
Regularly inspect cables for signs of wear or damage
Where possible use wireless devices to reduce cables
Heavy equipment falling and injuring people:
Devices have varying levels of weight and if a device falls on you it could cause injury
Any device should be placed in a secure location, like a PC on a strong desk and not near
the edge
Heavy equipment falling and injuring people causes and prevention strategies
CAUSES PREVENTION STRATEGIES
Page 3 of 10
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Improperly secured Ensure that equipment is properly secured and stable YOUR NOTES
equipment Regularly check the stability of locations containing devices
Keep equipment away from edges and other potential hazards
Equipment not placed on
stable surfaces Regularly inspect equipment and locations containing devices
for signs of wear or damage
Worked Example
Using computers can lead to several physical safety issues.
Describe four of these types of issues.
[4]
Electrocution, caused by touching bare wires / allowing food and drink to spill
liquids onto computers [1]
Falling objects can cause injury [1]
Tripping over loose cables can cause injury [1]
The fire is caused by overloading power sockets / overheating computers [1]
Page 4 of 10
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Data Protection YOUR NOTES
Data Protection
The Data Protection Act (DPA) controls the collection, storage and processing of personal
data.
In the UK, European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
Protects personal data whether stored on paper or a computer system
Principles of the Data Protection Act
Data must be processed lawfully, fairly, and transparently, with clear consent from the
individual
Data should only be collected for specific, explicit, and legitimate purposes
Organisations should only collect and retain the minimum amount of personal data
necessary for their stated purpose.
Data should be accurate and kept up-to-date, and reasonable steps must be taken to
rectify or erase inaccurate information
Personal data should not be kept for longer than necessary, and it should be securely
deleted when no longer needed
Organisations must protect personal data against unauthorised or unlawful processing,
accidental loss, destruction, or damage
Why is Data Protection Legislation Required?
Protecting Individual Rights: Data protection legislation safeguards individuals' right to
privacy and control over their personal information
Preventing Misuse of Personal Data: It helps prevent unauthorised access, identity theft,
fraud, and other forms of data misuse
Promoting Trust: Data protection laws build trust between individuals and organisations
by ensuring their personal information is handled responsibly
Encouraging Responsible Data Handling: Legislation promotes responsible data
collection, storage, and processing practices among organisations
Enabling Data Subject Rights: Legislation grants individuals rights such as access to their
data, right to rectification, erasure, and objection to processing
Page 5 of 10
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Personal Data YOUR NOTES
Personal Data
Personal and sensitive data refers to information that can be used to identify an individual,
such as their personal name, address, date of birth, personal images, and medical history.
Personal data:
Personal name: Refers to the full name of an individual, including their first name and last
name.
Address: The physical location where an individual lives, including their house number,
street name, city, and postal code.
Date of birth: The specific day, month, and year when an individual was born.
Gender: the individual's identity relating to male, female, don’t know, prefer not to say
Personal images like a photograph in school uniform: An image of an individual wearing
their school uniform, which can be used to identify and locate them.
Payment details: bank card details used for purchasing items or bank details to access
online banking
Passwords: the combination of letters, numbers and symbols used to access accounts
that are held by the individual
Sensitive data:
Medical record/history: Information related to an individual's health, including any past
illnesses, medical conditions, or treatments they have received. This can include any
genetic or DNA information about genetic characteristics
Political views: the individual's opinions on political matters/issues and how they are
being handled by the current government. This can include memberships in political
parties
Ethnic/racial origin: the ethnic or cultural origins of the individual's ancestors
Criminal activities: any past or current criminal offences
Religion/philosophical beliefs
Membership of a trade union: made up of workers to protect and advance the interests
of all workers in the workplace
Sexual orientation: defining who you are attracted to, the opposite gender, the same
gender, or to both or more than one gender
Biometric data: body measurements used to identify us uniquely like fingerprints or
facial features
Why should personal data be protected?
Inappropriate disclosure of personal data can lead to privacy breaches, identity theft,
or misuse of the information
Personal data could be sold to third party companies
Individuals could be held to ransom over personal data gathered
Page 6 of 10
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Information gathered could be used to commit a physical crime YOUR NOTES
How to avoid data being inappropriately disclosed:
Personal data must be kept confidential and protected through privacy settings on
websites such as social media or strong passwords on websites where personal data is
held or used
Access to personal data should be limited to authorised individuals
Think before you post - consider what information could be gathered from your image or
content
Check website details about the collection, storage, and use of personal data
Only access websites where personal data is used or viewed when on a secure, encrypted
connection
Worked Example
Some confidential personal data can be classified as sensitive data.
Name three items of personal data that could also be sensitive.
[3]
3 of:
Ethnic/racial origin [1]
Religion/philosophical beliefs [1]
Political views/opinions [1]
Membership of a political party [1]
Membership of a trade union [1]
Sexual orientation [1]
Criminal record [1]
Health/medical record [1]
Genetic data/DNA [1]
Biometric data [1]
Page 7 of 10
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
E-safety YOUR NOTES
E-safety
E-safety is about knowing about and using the internet safely and responsibly
It refers to when an individual is using the internet, email, social media, online gaming
E-safety refers to the individual knowing how to protect themselves from potential
dangers and threats
The need for e-safety
Protects personal information
awareness that personal information should not be shared freely
Prevents cyberbullying
awareness of how to act online and how to avoid falling victim, creating a safe and
respectful online environment.
Guards against online scams
identify and avoid online scams, phishing attempts, and fraudulent websites that may
try to trick them into sharing personal or financial information.
Ensures digital reputation
mindful of online behaviour and interactions, protecting your digital reputation, which
can have long-term consequences in personal and professional lives.
Promotes privacy and control
have control over privacy settings on social media platforms, allowing a limit to who
can access/view personal information and posts.
Prevents exposure to inappropriate content
avoid encountering explicit or harmful content online, reducing the risk of exposure to
inappropriate material or online predators.
Secures online gaming experiences
engage in online gaming responsibly, avoiding sharing personal details and
maintaining respectful behaviour towards other players.
Guards against malware and viruses
protecting devices from malware, viruses, and other online threats, preventing data
loss, privacy breaches, or device damage.
Promotes responsible digital citizenship
develop responsible online behaviours, promoting respectful conduct while
interacting with others on the internet.
Supports overall well-being
maintain a healthy balance between online and offline lives, reducing the risk of
addiction, mental health issues, or negative impacts on relationships and self-esteem.
Advice
Page 8 of 10
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
The Internet: YOUR NOTES
Use trusted websites recommended by teachers or reputable sources
Utilise search engines that only allow access to age-appropriate websites and use filters
to ensure inappropriate content is not seen
Never reveal personal information
Email:
Be aware of the potential dangers of opening or replying to emails from unknown people,
including attachments, potential dangers include phishing, spam
Ensure you know who the email is for when considering sending personal data or images
via email, only with people you know and not with identifiable content like school photos
Social media:
Know how to block and report people who send content or messages that are unwanted
Know where the privacy settings are to reduce the number of people who can see your
posts or images
Be aware of the potential dangers associated with meeting online contacts face to face,
do not meet anyone you do not know, if you do, take an adult and meet publicly
Do not distribute of inappropriate images and inappropriate language
Respect the confidentiality of personal data belonging to other people
Only accept friend requests from people you know
Parents should be aware of what you are doing online, discuss what you are doing online
Do not post images or details that can be used to locate you
Online gaming:
Do not use real names as usernames
Never share personal or financial details with other players
Know how to block and report players for inappropriate messages or comments
Page 9 of 10
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
A student uses social media to keep in contact with other people.
Describe four strategies that the student could use to stay safe when using social
media to communicate with others.
[4]
4 of:
Don’t give out other people’s personal information such as address or phone
number [1]
Don’t send inappropriate images to anyone [1]
Don’t open/click on suspicious links/adverts on social media [1]
Don’t become online ‘friends’ with people you do not know//don’t contact/chat
with people you do not know [1]
Never arrange to meet someone in person who you only met online [1]
If anything you see or read online worries you, you should tell someone about
it/block them [1]
Use appropriate language [1]
Set security so only friends can contact you [1]
Page 10 of 10
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
5.1 The Systems Life Cycle
CONTENTS
Systems Life Cycle: Analysis
Systems Life Cycle: Design
Systems Life Cycle: Testing
Systems Life Cycle: Implementation
Systems Life Cycle: Documentation
Systems Life Cycle: Evaluation
Page 1 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Systems Life Cycle: Analysis YOUR NOTES
Systems Life Cycle: Analysis
The first stage is finding out about the current system. There are many ways to do this and
usually more than one method is used:
Observation
Characteristics: watching users interact with the system
Uses: understanding how users interact with the current system
Advantages: provides first-hand, unbiased information
Disadvantages: can be time-consuming, may not reveal all issues
Interviews
Characteristics: structured or unstructured conversations with users
Uses: gathering detailed information about user experiences
Advantages: allows for in-depth exploration of issues
Disadvantages: may be influenced by interviewee bias, time-consuming
Questionnaires
Characteristics: structured surveys with predetermined questions
Uses: collecting data from a large number of users
Advantages: allows for quantitative analysis, efficient data collection
Disadvantages: limited by predetermined questions, may suffer from low response
rates
Examination of existing documents
Characteristics: reviewing system documentation, user guides, or reports
Uses: understanding the current system's design and any known issues
Advantages: provides insights into the system's history, can reveal previously
unknown issues
Disadvantages: may be outdated or incomplete, time-consuming
Identifying Key Aspects of the Current System
Inputs: data or information entered into the system
Outputs: data or information generated by the system
Processing: tasks performed by the system on the inputs to produce the outputs
Problems: issues that users face with the current system
User requirements: what users need from the new system
Information requirements: data or information the new system must process
Hardware and Software Selection
Identify suitable hardware
Consider system requirements, compatibility, and cost
Justify choices based on user needs and system performance
Identify suitable software
Consider functionality, compatibility, and ease of use
Justify choices based on user requirements and system efficiency
Page 2 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Exam Tip YOUR NOTES
When justifying hardware and software choices, make sure to link your
decisions to the user and information requirements for the new system. This
demonstrates your understanding of the analysis stage of the Systems Life
Cycle
Page 3 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
A small company makes toys and then delivers them to shops.
Throughout the day orders are received by the company from its customers. The
office workers in the finance department create and store an invoice for each order.
They are too busy to be disturbed by their work.
Delivery drivers receive copies of the invoices which they will pass on to their
customers. The drivers make a large number of deliveries per day and do not return
to the office.
A systems analyst will research the current system and suggest improvements to
be made.
For each type of employee identified above, describe the most suitable method of
collecting information from them, giving a reason for your choice.
[4]
Office workers:
Observation of the processes taking place [1]
Looking at existing paperwork [1]
Reason:
1 of:
Enables the systems analyst to see the whole system [1]
There are too many workers to interview them all [1]
Questionnaires/interviews would stop them from working on their tasks [1]
Can see how the files are stored/processes undertaken [1]
It allows information to be obtained that cannot be obtained in other ways [1]
enables necessary storage, and computer equipment to be identified [1]
If they are observed, then they may change the way they work [1]
They are too busy to be interviewed [1]
Delivery drivers:
Questionnaires could be handed out [1]
Reason:
1 of:
They can complete them in their own time/at their leisure [1]
Questionnaires tend to be more accurate [1]
The data can be collated more quickly as everyone can complete at the [1]
Page 4 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
same time rather than interviewing which is one after the other [1] YOUR NOTES
Individuals remain anonymous therefore they will be more truthful/reliable [1]
Easier to analyse [1]
Page 5 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Systems Life Cycle: Design YOUR NOTES
Systems Life Cycle: Design
File/Data Structures
Field length: number of characters allowed in a field
Field name: an identifier for the field in the data structure
Data type: specifies the kind of data that can be stored in a field, e.g. text, numbers, dates
Coding of data: using codes to represent data, e.g. M for male, F for female
Input Formats
Data capture forms: designed to collect data from users in a structured format
Consider a user-friendly layout, clear instructions, and appropriate data fields
Output Formats
Screen layouts: how information is presented to users on a screen
Report layouts: how information is organised in a printed or digital report
Consider readability, visual appeal, and efficient use of space
Validation Routines
Range check: ensures data is within a specified range of values
Character check: ensures data contains only allowed characters
Length check: ensures data is of a specified length
Type check: ensures data is of the correct data type
Format check: ensures data conforms to a specific format
Presence check: ensures data is present and not left blank
Check digit: a digit added to a number to verify its accuracy
Exam Tip
In the design stage of the Systems Life Cycle, focus on creating clear, user-
friendly input formats and output formats. Additionally, make sure to implement
appropriate validation routines to ensure data accuracy and completeness.
Page 6 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
Carlos is designing a new computer system to replace an existing system. Tick four
items which will need to be designed.
[4]
Tick
Inputs to the current system.
Data capture forms.
Report layouts.
Limitations of the system.
Observation methods.
Improvements to the system.
User and information
requirements.
Validation routines.
Problems with the current
system.
File structure.
Tick
Inputs to the current system.
Data capture forms. χ
Report layouts. χ
Limitations of the system.
Observation methods.
Improvements to the system.
User and information
requirements.
Validation routines. χ
Problems with the current
system.
File structure. χ
Page 7 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Systems Life Cycle: Testing YOUR NOTES
Systems Life Cycle: Testing
Why do we test?
Ensures the system works as intended before implementation
Identifies and fixes errors, improving system reliability and performance
Test Designs
Test data structures, file structures, input formats, output formats, and validation routines
Ensure all components function correctly and interact seamlessly
Test Strategies
Test each module: verify individual components function as intended
Test each function: ensure all features work correctly
Test the whole system: confirm overall system performance and integration
Test Plan
Test data: specific data used for testing purposes
Expected outcomes: predicted results based on test data
Actual outcomes: results obtained from testing
Remedial action: steps taken to fix identified issues
Test Data Types
Normal data: valid and expected data values within the range of acceptability
Abnormal data: invalid or unexpected data values. This can either be:
Data outside the range of acceptability or
Data that is the wrong data type
Extreme data: values at the limits of acceptability
What is live data?
Data that has been used with the current system
Therefore the results are known
Page 8 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
The European Space Agency (ESA) is building a new space telescope to orbit the
Earth and search for distant galaxies. The ESA is using computer controlled robots
to build the lens of the telescope. A new computer system will operate the space
telescope; the new computer system is made up of several modules.
Describe how the new computer system is to be tested before it is fully operational.
[4]
4 of:
Each module has to be tested independently to ensure it functions correctly [1]
Modules need to be tested together [1]
Data needs to be transferred from module to module to check for data clashes [1]
Errors need to be noted and corrections made [1]
Then tested again [1]
The system as a whole needs to be fully tested under controlled conditions [1]
Page 9 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Systems Life Cycle: Implementation YOUR NOTES
Methods of Implementation
Direct changeover
The old system is replaced by the new system immediately
Used when quick implementation is necessary
Parallel running
Both old and new systems run simultaneously for a period before the old system is phased
out
Used when a smooth transition with minimal risk is required
Pilot running
The new system is implemented in a small, controlled environment before full-scale
implementation
Used when testing the new system in a real-world setting
Phased implementation
The new system is implemented in stages, with each stage replacing a part of the old
system
Used when a gradual transition is preferred to minimise disruption
IMPLEMENTATION
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
METHOD
High risk of failure, no fallback,
Fast implementation, cost-
users can't be trained on the new
Direct changeover effective as only one system is in
system, and no backup of the
operation
system
Lower risk, easy comparison of Time-consuming, resource-
Parallel running
systems intensive
Slower implementation, potential
Low risk as only trialled in one
inconsistencies, confusion as
department/centre/branch,
there are 2 systems in use, no
Pilot running allows for fine-tuning, staff have
backup for the
time to train with the new system,
department/centre/branch using
few errors as it's fully tested
the new system
Takes longer, and potential
Phased implementation Reduced risk, easier to manage
compatibility issues
Page 10 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Exam Tip YOUR NOTES
When discussing implementation methods in the Systems Life Cycle, make
sure to consider the specific context of the system being implemented.
Choose the method that best fits the organisation's needs, weighing up
factors such as risk, time, and resources
Don't mix up pilot implementation with prototyping or direct implementation
These are different ways in which one new system could be implemented using
two different methods
You may get a question which asks you to compare 2 methods - only write
about these 2 in the question and compare them, don't just describe them
Worked Example
Tick (✓) the most appropriate method of implementation to match the statements
below.
Direct Parallel Pilot
All of the benefits are immediate.
If the new system fails the whole of the old system is still
operational.
This is the cheapest implementation method.
The system is implemented in one branch of the company.
[4]
Direct Parallel Pilot
All of the benefits are immediate. χ
If the new system fails the whole of the old system is still
χ
operational.
This is the cheapest implementation method. χ
The system is implemented in one branch of the company. χ
Page 11 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Systems Life Cycle: Documentation YOUR NOTES
Technical Documentation
Characteristics: Detailed information on the system's inner workings and programming for
developers and IT staff
Uses & Purpose: To maintain, repair, and update the system with improvements
Components:
Purpose of the system/program: Explanation of the system's intended function and
goals
Limitations: Known constraints or issues with the system
Program listing: The code or scripts used in the system
Program language: The programming language used to develop the system
Program flowcharts/algorithms: Visual representations or descriptions of the
system's logic and processes
System flowcharts: Visual representations of the interactions between system
components
Hardware & software requirements: Necessary equipment and software to run the
system
File structures: Organisation and layout of the system's files and data
List of variables: Collection of variables used within the system, including their names
and purposes
Input format: Structure and format for entering data into the system
Output format: Structure and format for presenting data generated by the system
Sample runs/test runs: Examples of system operation, including input and expected
output
Validation routines: Techniques used to check and confirm the accuracy of data
entered into the system
Page 12 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
Following the implementation of the system, technical documentation needs to be
written.
Identify three components of technical documentation which are not found in the
user documentation.
[3]
3 of:
program listing [1]
program language [1]
program flowcharts/algorithms [1]
system flowcharts [1]
file structures [1]
list of variables [1]
test runs [1]
validation routines [1]
Page 13 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
User Documentation YOUR NOTES
Characteristics: Instructions and guidance for end-users on how to operate the system
Uses & Purpose: To help users effectively use the system and overcome problems
Components:
Purpose of the system: Explanation of the system's intended function and goals
Limitations: Known constraints or issues with the system
Hardware & software requirements: Necessary equipment and software to run the
system
Loading/running/installing software: Instructions for setting up the system on user
devices
Saving files: Procedures for storing data within the system
Printing data: Steps to produce hard copies of system data
Adding records: Instructions for creating new entries in the system
Deleting/editing records: Guidelines for modifying or removing existing entries in the
system
Input format: Structure and format for entering data into the system
Output format: Structure and format for presenting data generated by the system
Sample runs: Examples of system operation, including input and expected output
Error messages: Explanations of system warnings and error notifications
Error handling: Steps to resolve issues and errors within the system
Troubleshooting guide/helpline: Assistance for diagnosing and addressing common
problems
Frequently asked questions: Answers to common user inquiries
Glossary of terms: Definitions of key terms and concepts related to the system
Exam Tip
Remember that technical and user documentation serve different purposes
and audiences
Technical documentation is meant for developers and IT staff who maintain and
update the system, while user documentation is for end-users who need
guidance on using the system effectively
Ensure you understand the different components of each type and their
purposes
Page 14 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Systems Life Cycle: Evaluation YOUR NOTES
Systems Life Cycle: Evaluation
Assess the efficiency of the solution:
Evaluate the system's performance in terms of resource usage, time, and cost. Consider
whether the system is operating optimally or if improvements could be made to its
efficiency
Provide examples of specific aspects that contribute to the system's efficiency
Identify areas that may be consuming excessive resources or time, and suggest ways
to optimise them
Questions to ask:
Does it operate quicker than the previous system?
Does it operate by reducing staff time in making bookings?
Does it operate by reducing staff costs?
Evaluate the ease of use
Examine how user-friendly and accessible the solution is for its intended audience. Assess
whether the system is easy to learn and use, and if users can accomplish their tasks without
difficulty
Describe the user interface and how it facilitates interaction with the system
Mention any feedback from users regarding their experience with the system, and
address any issues they encountered
Questions to ask:
Are all the users able to use the system and make bookings easily?
Are all the users able to change and cancel bookings easily?
Can all staff understand how to use the system with minimal training?
Determine the appropriateness of the solution:
Compare the implemented solution with the original task requirements and evaluate how
well it meets the intended purpose
Outline the initial objectives of the system and discuss how the solution addresses
each one
Highlight any requirements that may not have been fully met and discuss possible
reasons for this
Questions to ask:
Is the system suitable for each of the departments?
Does it meet the needs of the customers?
Does it meet the needs of the staff?
Does the solution match the original requirements?
Gather and analyse user feedback:
Collect users' responses to the results of testing the system. Their feedback can provide
insights into potential issues and improvements, and help determine overall user
satisfaction
Page 15 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Summarise the testing process, including test data, expected outcomes, and actual YOUR NOTES
outcomes
Discuss users' reactions to the system, addressing any concerns or suggestions they
may have
Identify limitations and propose improvements:
Based on the analysis of efficiency, ease of use, appropriateness, and user feedback,
identify any limitations in the system and suggest necessary improvements
List the limitations and provide explanations for each one
Recommend specific changes or enhancements that could address these limitations
and improve the system
Worked Example
Tick three evaluation strategies that need to be carried out following the
implementation of the new system.
[3]
Tick
Observe users operating the old system.
Compare the final solution with the original
requirements.
Design the report layout.
Check user documentation to see if it is correct.
Interview users to gather responses about how
well the new system works.
Test the system works correctly.
Identify any necessary improvements that need
to be made.
Design error handling.
Tick
Observe users operating the old system.
Compare the final solution with the original
χ
requirements.
Design the report layout.
Check user documentation to see if it is correct.
Interview users to gather responses about how
χ
well the new system works.
Test the system works correctly.
Identify any necessary improvements that need
χ
to be made.
Design error handling.
Page 16 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
4.2 How ICT is Used
CONTENTS
Computer Modelling
Computer Controlled Systems
School Management Systems
Online Booking Systems
Banking Applications
Computers in Medicine
Computers in Retail
Expert Systems
Recognition Systems
Satellite Systems
Page 1 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Computer Modelling YOUR NOTES
Computer Modelling
Computer modelling is the use of computer programs and algorithms to simulate and analyse
complex systems or processes. The accuracy and reliability of computer models depend on the
quality of input data and algorithms used.
Personal finance: Budgeting, investment planning, and financial forecasting
Helps individuals and families manage their finances effectively
Bridge and building design: Structural analysis and simulations to test designs
Ensures the safety and stability of structures before construction
Flood water management: Predicting and analysing flood risks and mitigation strategies
Supports planning and decision-making for disaster management
Traffic management: Analysing traffic patterns and optimising transportation systems
Aids in reducing congestion and improving traffic flow
Weather forecasting: Using complex algorithms and historical data to predict weather
conditions
Helps people plan and prepare for upcoming weather events
Advantages Disadvantages
Dependence on accurate input data and
Faster calculations and processing
assumptions
Limited by the quality and complexity of the
Reduced human error and bias
algorithms used
Ability to simulate multiple scenarios and May overlook unique or unpredictable situations not
test different variables covered by the model
Better visualisation of complex data and Can be expensive and time-consuming to develop,
systems maintain, and update models
Page 2 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Computer Controlled Systems YOUR NOTES
Computer Controlled Systems
Computer controlled systems use computers and software to control, monitor, and manage
processes, machines, or devices. The effectiveness of computer controlled systems depends
on the quality of software, hardware, and input data.
Robotics in manufacture: Automation of production processes using robots
Improves efficiency, precision, and productivity
Production line control: Supervising and managing assembly lines with computer systems
Ensures quality control and reduces human error
Autonomous vehicles: Self-driving cars and drones guided by computer algorithms
Enhances safety, reduces traffic congestion, and increases fuel efficiency
Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer Controlled Systems
Advantages Disadvantages
Increased efficiency and productivity (due
High initial investment and maintenance costs
to working 24/7)
Greater precision and accuracy Job displacement for human workers
Ability to operate in hazardous
Dependency on reliable software and hardware
environments
Lack of flexibility and adaptability to
Reduced human error and fatigue
unexpected situations
Can work with large or delicate items Requires costly backup systems
Page 3 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
The European Space Agency (ESA) is building a new space telescope to orbit the
Earth and search for distant galaxies. The ESA is using computer controlled robots
to build the lens of the telescope.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using computer controlled robots
rather than humans to build the lens.
[6]
Max 4 of:
Advantages
Robots can work in sterile areas where humans would need protective clothing [1]
Robots can easily be used for transferring large delicate items [1]
Robots can work 24/7 / continuously [1]
Cheaper in the long run/robots not paid [1]
More accurate as the lens needs to be precise / higher quality of lens [1]
More frequent checking of the equipment/lens [1]
They do boring/laborious work [1]
Issues can be found more quicker [1]
Task/job can be carried out far quicker [1]
Max 4 of:
Disadvantages
Very expensive to buy / higher in the short term [1]
Maintenance is very expensive [1]
Difficult to re-program when changes are made [1]
Requires expensive backup systems [1]
They replace skilled workers, leading to de-skilling [1]
They need constant observation which increases the cost of maintenance crews [1]
If something goes wrong, it may be difficult to find the error [1]
Exam Tip
Some of the advantages/disadvantages listed above don't always apply
depending on the scenario. Choose the ones appropriate for the scenario in the
question
You can't get full marks by only focusing on advantages or disadvantages -
make sure you know both
Don't use short answers like 'it's expensive' - explain your answer
Page 4 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
School Management Systems YOUR NOTES
School Management Systems
School management systems are software applications designed to manage various aspects
of educational institutions, such as student registration, attendance, performance tracking,
and online learning.
There are various ways school management systems are used in educational institutions:
Learner registration and attendance: Recording and tracking student enrolment and
daily attendance
Simplifies the registration process and ensures accurate record-keeping
Recording learner performance: Monitoring and analysing student grades, test
scores, and overall performance
Helps teachers identify areas for improvement and track progress
Computer aided learning: Facilitating online learning resources and activities for
students
Enhances the learning experience and promotes self-paced learning
Advantages of using school management systems:
Streamlined administration and record-keeping
Improved communication between teachers, students, and parents - this can be
automated
Centralised access to information and resources
Data-driven decision-making and insights for teachers and administrators
Information is more up to date
Information can be obtained quickly in an emergency
Patterns of absence can be found quickly which helps to tackle truancy/lateness
Page 5 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
A school is setting up a new computerised system to manage many aspects of the
school administration.
a. Describe how this system can be used to manage student registration and
attendance.
[3]
3 of:
Student scans a card // teacher records the student as present on the computer
system [1]
The system records the time of arrival [1]
The system sends the data to the school administration database [1]
The data is searched in the database [1]
If a student arrives after a certain time the student’s attendance record is flagged
as late/absent [1]
Attendance/lateness records are automatically printed/sent to parents [1]
Letters/texts are automatically sent to parents to show the absenteeism/lateness
of students [1]
Parents can log in into the system to check student’s attendance/lateness records
[1]
b. Describe the benefits of using this system.
[2]
2 of:
The information is more up to date [1]
Information about the student can be obtained quickly after a fire/emergency [1]
Information regarding patterns of absence can be found quickly [1]
Helps to tackle truancy/lateness [1]
Parents can be informed automatically about patterns of lateness/attendance [1]
Lateness is entered consistently in the school [1]
Automatic lateness reports for the form tutor can be generated [1]
Accurate/up to date records if there is a fire [1]
Speeds up the process as attendance is not marked manually [1]
Exam Tip
Relate your answer to the scenario given in the question
Page 6 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Online Booking Systems YOUR NOTES
Online Booking Systems
Online booking systems are web-based platforms and applications that allow users to reserve
and purchase tickets or services for various events and industries.
Travel industry: Booking flights, hotels, and holiday packages
Provides a convenient platform for travellers to plan and book their trips
Concerts: Reserving tickets for live music events
Allows music fans to secure their spot at popular concerts
Cinemas: Booking movie tickets in advance
Enables cinema-goers to reserve seats and avoid queues
Sporting events: Purchasing tickets for sports matches and competitions
Offers sports enthusiasts an easy way to attend their favourite events
Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Booking Systems
Advantages Disadvantages
Convenience and accessibility
Potential for technical issues and downtime
(24/7 booking)
Instant confirmation and ticketing Possible security and privacy concerns
Ability to compare prices and
Transaction and booking fees
options
Promotions and personalised Impersonal and less tailored customer
offers service
Faster to change/cancel Internet connected devices required
Automated reminders via
Staff may lose their job
email/text
Repeated bookings can easily be
made
Staff are freed up to do other
things
Page 7 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
RockIT Airlines representatives use a computer booking system to book flights for
customers. A representative from the airline types in the customer reference
number, the number of passengers, departure time, departure date, departure
airport and the destination airport. Describe the processing and outputs involved in
making the booking.
[6]
6 of:
Display flights available [1]
The booking database is searched for the customer reference number [1]
A matching record is retrieved [1]
Details of the customer are displayed on the screen [1]
The booking database is searched for matching departure airports [1]
The booking database is searched for matching destination airports [1]
If the flight correct, the date/time found [1]
Search if seats/tickets/flights available [1]
If unavailable error message output [1]
Outputs the price [1]
If seats are available, flags seat as booked [1]
If not booked then the flag removed [1]
Reduces the number of seats/tickets available by the number booked [1]
E-ticket/ticket details are output [1]
E-ticket/ticket details sent to customer [1]
A receipt is printed//Verification email sent [1]
Page 8 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Banking Applications YOUR NOTES
Automatic Teller Machines (ATM)
Automatic Teller Machines (ATM) is an electronic banking terminal that provides customers
with access to financial transactions
Characteristics and uses of ATMs:
Withdrawing cash: Obtain money from a bank account
Depositing cash or cheques: Add funds to a bank account
Checking account balance: View the current balance of a bank account
Mini statements: Obtain a summary of recent transactions
Bill paying: Settle utility bills and other payments
Money transfers: Send funds to another bank account
Advantages and disadvantages of ATMs
Advantages Disadvantages
Convenient access to banking
Risk of theft or fraud
services
Limited services compared to bank
Available 24/7
branches
Technical issues and machine
Reduced waiting time
downtime
Fees for transactions at non-network
Global access to funds
ATMs
Page 9 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) YOUR NOTES
Characteristics and uses of EFT:
Transfer of funds between bank accounts electronically
Utilised for bill payments, salary deposits, and online purchases
Utilises NFC in contactless payments
The process of EFT:
The data is read from the chip (using RFID / NFC if it's a contactless payment)
The business bank's computer contacts the customer’s bank's computer
The card is checked if it is valid
If the card is valid the transaction continues
If it is not valid the transaction is terminated
An authorisation code is sent to the business
The price of the item is deducted from the customer’s account
This money is added to the business' account
Advantages and disadvantages of EFT
Advantages Disadvantages
Fast and efficient Risk of online fraud
Reduces paperwork Technical issues
Lower transaction Requires internet
costs connection
Worked Example
Adam is paying his bill in a restaurant using a contactless debit card.
Describe the computer processing involved in Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) using
contactless cards.
[4]
4 of:
The reader checks the amount to pay is less than the contactless limit [1]
The data is read from the chip using RFID / NFC [1]
The restaurant’s bank's computer contacts the customer’s bank's computer [1]
The card is checked if it is valid [1]
If valid the transaction continues [1]
If not valid the transaction is terminated [1]
An authorisation code is sent to the restaurant [1]
The price of the meal is deducted from the customer’s account [1]
Added to the restaurant’s account [1]
Page 10 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Exam Tip YOUR NOTES
Make sure you read the question to see if it's a contactless payment or involves
Chip & PIN and reference this in your answer
Don't forget that money isn't stored on the card, and that it provides a link to the
bank account it's linked to
Credit/Debit Card Transactions
Characteristics and uses of credit/debit card transactions:
Payment or withdrawal using a bank card
Accepted by most merchants and service providers
Advantages and disadvantages of credit/debit card transactions
Advantages Disadvantages
Convenient and easy to
Risk of theft or loss
use
Potential for
Widely accepted
overspending
Secure with fraud
Transaction fees
protection
Page 11 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Cheques YOUR NOTES
Characteristics and uses of cheques:
A written order to a bank to pay a specified amount to a designated person or entity
Can be used for various payments, including bills, services, and personal transactions
How do you deposit a cheque at an ATM?
Customer is asked to enter their debit card in the ATM
Customer’s bank computer is contacted
The card details are searched in the bank database
The card is checked to see if valid, in date or if it has been stolen
The customer is asked to enter their PIN
The PIN is compared to the PIN stored on the chip
The customer is asked to deposit a cheque
The system checks whether the cheque is valid
The cheque is scanned by the ATM
Amount is scanned
The Bank account is checked for sufficient funds
The image of the scan is saved
The customer is asked to select the account to deposit money
Money is deducted from the bank of the cheque
Money is added to the account of the payee
A receipt is sent to the printer at the ATM
Advantages and disadvantages of cheques
Advantages Disadvantages
Slow processing
Secure and traceable
time
No need for physical
Not widely accepted
cash
Useful for large Risk of cheque
transactions bouncing
Page 12 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Online Banking YOUR NOTES
Characteristics and uses of Internet banking:
Online access to banking services via a secure website or app
Allows for transfers, bill payments, account management, and more
Advantages and disadvantages of Internet banking
Advantages Disadvantages
Convenience and 24/7 access Security of transactions
Easy account management Requires a reliable internet
connection
Reduced need for branch visits (saving
time and money) More risk of fraud
Easier to make errors (typing in
Interest rates may be better
the wrong information)
Easier to shop around for the best Physical cash can't be
account deposited/withdrawn
Exam Tip
Sometimes the question will be about advantages and disadvantages of going
to the bank rather than using online banking. Read the question carefully (you
can reverse the statements in the table above)
Page 13 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Computers in Medicine YOUR NOTES
Information Systems in Medicine
Characteristics and uses of patient records:
Digital records of a patient's medical history
Contains personal information, diagnoses, treatments, and test results
Used by healthcare professionals for making informed decisions about patient care
Characteristics and uses of pharmacy records:
Records of medication dispensed by a pharmacy
Contains patient information, medication details, dosages, and the prescribing doctor
Used by pharmacists to track medication history and ensure safe dispensing
Healthcare settings may also use online booking systems for appointments
Healthcare professionals may also utilise expert systems to assist with a diagnosis
3D Printers in Medicine
There are various ways 3D printers can be used:
Printing of prosthetics:
Custom-made prosthetic limbs or body parts
Can be tailored to a patient's specific needs
Faster and more affordable than traditional methods
Tissue engineering:
3D printing of living cells to create functional tissues
Can be used to repair or replace damaged organs
Potential to reduce the need for organ donations
Artificial blood vessels:
3D printed blood vessels made of biodegradable materials
Can be used in surgeries to replace damaged vessels
Allows for improved blood flow and faster healing
Customised medicines:
3D printed pills with precise doses and drug combinations
Tailored to a patient's specific needs and conditions
Potential to improve medication adherence and effectiveness
Page 14 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Computers in Retail YOUR NOTES
Point Of Sale (POS)
Point of Sale (POS) terminals are a computerised system used at checkout counters to
process transactions and manage inventory
Essential part of retail checkout counters
Process transactions and calculate total amounts due
Utilise barcode scanners, touch screens, and receipt printers
Functions of POS terminals:
Update stock files automatically
Track inventory levels in real-time
Prevent stock discrepancies and ensure accurate records
Order new stock automatically
Monitor inventory levels and reorder when stock is low
Streamline supply chain management and minimise stockouts
Electronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale (EFTPOS) terminals:
Enable customers to make payments using credit/debit cards
Part of a secure transaction system
Functions of EFTPOS terminals:
Check the validity of cards
Ensure cards are active and not expired
Reduce the risk of fraud
Use of chip and PIN
Enhance security with two-factor authentication
Require customers to enter a personal identification number (PIN)
Use of contactless cards
Allow for faster transactions
Enable customers to tap their card on the terminal
Use of Near Field Communication (NFC) payment
Facilitate payments through smartphones and other devices
Increase convenience for customers
Communication between supermarket computer and bank computer
Share transaction details securely
Enable instant payment processing and verification
Page 15 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
Modern supermarkets have automated stock control systems, which use data
from the checkouts.
Describe how food items can be ordered by an automated stock control system so
they are delivered before the stock in the supermarket runs out.
[4]
4 of:
Each item is scanned/bar code is read at the POS terminal [1]
Bar code is searched in the database [1]
The quantity of products is reduced [1]
The stock database is updated [1]
When the minimum stock number/level/reorder level is reached [1]
Reads re-order quantity [1]
Goods flagged as ordered [1]
The automated stock system sends a signal to the warehouse computer to order
new items [1]
The warehouse sends the items to the supermarket [1]
Re-order quantity is found in the database [1]
Flags removed [1]
The stock control system updates the stock levels in the stock control database
with the new stock [1]
Page 16 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Internet shopping YOUR NOTES
Internet shopping is the act of purchasing goods or services online through websites or mobile
applications
Characteristics of Internet Shopping
Online stores accessible through web browsers
Wide variety of products and services are available
Convenient and often open 24/7
Advantages of Internet Shopping to the Customer
Time-saving and convenient
Shop from home or on the go
Avoid queues and busy stores
Greater product variety
Access to the global market
Compare products and prices easily
Customisation options
Personalise items or services
Tailor purchases to individual preferences
Potential cost savings
Competitive pricing due to lower overheads
Take advantage of online sales and promotions
Disadvantages of Internet Shopping to the Customer
Security concerns
Risk of fraud or identity theft
Need to provide personal and financial information
Limited physical interaction
Can't touch or try products before purchasing
This may lead to dissatisfaction or returns
Delivery delays and fees
Wait for items to be shipped and delivered
Additional costs for shipping and handling
Impersonal customer service
Difficulty resolving issues or returning items
Lack of face-to-face interaction with staff
Advantages of Internet Shopping to the Business
Can target prices, products and services at specific groups based on buying data
Can update stock availability and prices more quickly than a physical store through their
website
Cheaper to publicise special offers rather than mail shots
International customer base
Increased profits due to lower overheads (e.g. fewer staff)
Disadvantages of Internet Shopping to the Business
Page 17 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Increased Competition YOUR NOTES
Online shopping means businesses have to compete with a global market, which can
be more challenging than competing with local businesses
Digital Fraud and Security Concerns
Online transactions expose businesses to potential cyber threats such as hacking and
fraud. Data breaches can result in financial loss and damage to brand reputation
Technical Issues and Downtime
Website outages or technical glitches can prevent customers from making purchases
and negatively affect the user experience
Costs of Delivery and Returns
Online businesses often shoulder the cost of shipping products to customers and
also have to manage returns and refunds, which can be costly
Customer Trust
Customers can't physically touch, feel, or try products before buying, which can lead
to uncertainty and a lack of trust
Inventory Management
Keeping accurate track of inventory can be complex, especially if a company sells
through multiple online channels
Depersonalisation
It can be harder to build relationships with customers and provide personalised service
when all interactions happen online
Online Reviews
Negative customer reviews can greatly impact the image of the business, as they are
visible to all potential customers
Dependency on Internet Infrastructure
Businesses need a stable and reliable internet connection to manage their operations
smoothly
Logistical Challenges
Managing and operating warehouses, packaging, and shipping can be difficult and
costly for smaller businesses
Legal and Regulatory Compliance
Companies selling online may have to comply with a multitude of laws and regulations,
which can vary by country
Page 18 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Increased Customer Expectations YOUR NOTES
The convenience of online shopping has led to increased customer expectations for
fast, free delivery, and excellent customer service
Page 19 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Expert Systems YOUR NOTES
Expert Systems
An Expert system is a computer program that uses artificial intelligence to replicate the
decision-making abilities of a human expert in a specific field.
Purpose of an Expert System
Solve complex problems
Expert systems are designed to handle complex problems that usually require human
expertise
Enhance decision-making
They assist in making informed decisions by providing accurate and reliable
recommendations based on the available data
Save time and resources
Expert systems can process vast amounts of data quickly, reducing the time and effort
required by human experts
Consistency and accuracy
They ensure consistent and accurate results by eliminating human error and bias
Knowledge preservation
Expert systems store and preserve the knowledge of experts, ensuring it is not lost
when the expert retires or is unavailable
Uses of Expert Systems
Mineral prospecting
Analyse geological data
Identify potential locations for mineral deposits
Car engine fault diagnosis
Determine issues within engine components
Suggest repair options and maintenance schedules
Medical diagnosis
Analyse patient symptoms and medical history
Suggest possible diagnoses and treatment plans
Chess games
Evaluate possible moves based on the game state
Plan strategic moves to increase chances of winning
Financial planning
Evaluate investment options and risks
Provide personalised financial advice
Route scheduling for delivery vehicles
Calculate optimal routes based on factors like distance, traffic, and time constraints
Reduce fuel consumption and improve efficiency
Plant and animal identification
Analyse physical characteristics and habitat data
Identify species and provide relevant information
Career recommendations
Page 20 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Ask the user a series of questions / analyse existing qualifications YOUR NOTES
Make recommendations on career choices
Worked Example
Expert systems are used by doctors.
a. Describe how an expert system can be used to diagnose illnesses.
[5]
5 of:
An Interactive user interface appears [1]
Questions are asked about the illness [1]
Yes and No type answers to the questions [1]
Answers lead to other questions [1]
The inference engine searches the knowledge base [2]
Using the rules base [1]
Probabilities/possibilities of diagnoses and treatments are displayed [1]
Displays the ways it achieved the solutions/conclusions / explanation [1]
b. Name two other applications of expert systems.
[2]
2 of:
Mineral prospecting [1]
Car engine fault diagnosis [1]
Chess games [1]
Tax queries [1]
Careers recommendations [1]
Page 21 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Components of an Expert System YOUR NOTES
Components of an Expert System
User Interface:
Allows users to interact with the expert system
Provides a platform for inputting data and receiving recommendations or solutions
Designed for ease of use and accessibility
Inference Engine:
A core component of the expert system that performs logical reasoning
Applies rules from the rules base to the data from the knowledge base
Mimics human decision-making processes to generate conclusions
Knowledge Base:
Repository for domain-specific information, facts, and data
Contains expertise gathered from human experts or other reliable sources
Essential for the inference engine to make accurate recommendations
Rules Base:
Stores logical rules and relationships governing the domain
Guides the inference engine in applying reasoning to the data
Rules can be modified or updated as new information becomes available
Explanation System:
Provides transparency in the decision-making process
Offers detailed explanations of the expert system's reasoning and conclusions
Enhances user trust and understanding of the system's recommendations
How an Expert System is Used to Produce Possible Solutions
Expert systems use the knowledge base and rules base to analyse input data
The inference engine applies rules and logic to the input data
The system generates potential solutions or recommendations based on the applied rules
The explanation system communicates the reasoning behind the suggested solutions
Exam Tip
This topic comes up frequently. Make sure you understand the operation of an
expert system. You need to be able to not only name the components but
explain how they interact or operate
Page 22 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Recognition Systems YOUR NOTES
Recognition Systems
Recognition
Characteristics Uses Advantages Disadvantages
System
School registers, Limited to
Detects marks on Fast and efficient
Optical Mark multiple-choice predetermined
paper, such as data collection,
Recognition examination responses, sensitive
filled-in circles or reduces manual
(OMR) papers, barcodes, to poor marking or
checkboxes entry errors
QR codes smudging
Can struggle with
Optical Converts printed or Automated Speeds up data
different fonts or
Character handwritten text Number Plate processing
handwriting styles,
Recognition into machine- Recognition reduce human
sensitive to image
(OCR) readable text (ANPR) systems error
quality
Uses radio Tracking stock,
Radio Fast and efficient Limited read range,
frequency signals passports,
Frequency data transfer, can can be susceptible
to transmit data automobiles,
Identification be read without a to interference or
stored on a contactless
Device (RFID) direct line of sight hacking
microchip payment
Enables short- Convenient and
Near Field Limited range,
range wireless Payment using a secure, allows for
Communication compatibility issues
communication smartphone contactless
(NFC) with some devices
between devices transactions
Expensive
Identifies Face, iris, retina,
Highly secure, technology, privacy
Biometric individuals based finger, thumb,
difficult to forge concerns, potential
Recognition on unique hand, voice
or replicate false positives or
biological traits recognition
negatives
Page 23 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
As banks reduce the number of branches due to the increased use of online
banking systems, improved security of customer data is needed. Many banks are
introducing biometric systems to secure customer data.
Explain, using examples, why biometric systems are more effective than other
methods of security.
[3]
Max 2 of:
The biometric data is unique to the person [1]
The biometrics cannot be forgotten/stolen/shared like passwords [1]
The person needs to be present to enter the data [1]
Difficult to replicate/forge / fake/duplicate [1]
Award 1 mark for any 2 examples:
Examples: fingerprint/palm print / facial recognition/hand geometry/iris / retina
scan/voice [1]
How does RFID work?
RFID Tags
RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification. It refers to a technology that uses
radio waves to identify and track objects. This system includes RFID tags, which can
be attached to objects and contains information about them
Components of RFID Tags
RFID tags consist of an integrated circuit (IC) and an antenna. The IC is responsible for
storing and processing information, while the antenna receives and transmits the
signal
Passive RFID Tags
Passive RFID tags do not have a power supply. They get their power from the
electromagnetic energy transmitted by the RFID reader
When the RFID reader emits radio waves, these waves are picked up by the passive
tag's antenna
The energy from the waves is converted into electrical energy, which powers the IC
The IC then transmits the stored information back to the reader via the antenna, again
using radio waves
Active RFID Tags
Page 24 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Unlike passive tags, active RFID tags have their power source, which is usually a YOUR NOTES
battery. This allows them to broadcast a signal to the reader actively, making them
more powerful and capable of being read from a greater distance
Active tags emit a signal which is picked up by the RFID reader. They don't require the
reader's signal to activate them, unlike passive tags
Radio Waves
Both passive and active RFID systems operate by utilising radio waves for
communication
The RFID reader transmits radio waves, which are captured by the RFID tag's antenna
in the case of passive tags, or directly interact with the active tags' signal
The frequency of these radio waves can vary and is generally divided into low-
frequency (LF), high-frequency (HF), and ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID systems.
The choice of frequency impacts the reading distance, speed of data transfer, and
ability to penetrate different materials
Antennas
The antennas in the RFID system are crucial for the communication between the tag
and the reader
In passive RFID tags, the antenna receives the signal from the reader, powers the IC,
and then transmits the tag's information back to the reader
In active RFID tags, the antenna is responsible for emitting the signal that carries the
tag's information to the reader
Communication with RFID Reader
The RFID reader emits radio waves, which are either captured by the passive tag or
interact with the active tag's signal. The reader then receives the information
transmitted by the tag's IC through the tag's antenna. This information can be used to
identify and track the tagged object
Page 25 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
A farmer has purchased a computerised feeding system for her goats. A goat has
an RFID tag
attached to its ear, which is recognised by the computer. The system uses a
passive RFID tag.
a. Describe how the RFID tag can be activated.
[3]
3 of:
The RFID reader sends radio waves / signals to the RFID antenna in the tag [1]
The tag sends radio wave/signal back to the reader [1]
The radio waves move from the tag’s antenna to the microchip [1]
A signal is generated and sent back to the RF system [1]
The RF wave is detected by the reader which interprets the data [1]
The system recognises the goat and therefore gives the correct feed to the animal.
b. Describe how RFID technology will be used to give the correct feed to the animal.
[3]
3 of:
The goat passes the RFID reader [1]
The RFID reader extracts data from the tag [1]
The ID is compared with data stored in the database [1]
The feed for the goat is then selected/identified / read from the database [1]
Exam Tip
When talking about where data is stored, be specific and don't just say 'in the
computer/system'. The example above the data is stored in a database
What is Near Field Communication (NFC)?
It's a technology that allows two devices to communicate when they're very close together,
typically within a few centimetres. This is the same tech that allows you to make payments by
tapping your phone or card on a payment terminal.
Two Modes of Operation
NFC works in two modes - reader/writer mode (for reading tags in NFC posters, for
example) and peer-to-peer mode (for exchanging data between two NFC devices)
Power Source
Page 26 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
NFC devices can be either passive or active. Active devices, like smartphones, can YOUR NOTES
both send and receive data. Passive devices, like NFC tags, don't have their own
power source and can only send data when they come close to an active device
Communication
Communication between NFC devices happens through radio waves. When two NFC
devices get close, one sends radio waves that the other can pick up, allowing them to
exchange information
Usage
NFC enables payment for things at the shop by tapping a phone on the terminal, share
files by bringing two phones close together, and use a phone as a bus or train ticket
Security
Because NFC only works over a short range, it's generally secure. But it's always good
to be aware that any wireless communication could potentially be intercepted, so it's
important to only use NFC for secure transactions with trusted devices
Page 27 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Satellite Systems YOUR NOTES
Satellite Systems
Characteristics
Orbiting objects that receive, amplify and transmit signals
Use radio frequencies to communicate with ground stations
Require line of sight between satellite and receiver
Uses
Determine location, speed and time using satellite signals
Provides turn-by-turn directions for travel
Collect, analyse and display spatial data
Satellite television
Broadcast TV signals via satellite
Satellite phone
Provide communication in remote areas
Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
Satellite navigation
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Media communication systems
How does sat nav work?
The position/location of the car is calculated using GPS software
Data is transmitted every few seconds
An algorithm calculates the speed/location of the car
The map is updated every few seconds
Advantages Disadvantages
Wide coverage area Expensive setup and maintenance
Signal interference due to weather
Real-time data transmission
or obstacles
Improved communication in
Limited bandwidth and capacity
remote locations
Privacy Concerns and potential for
Accurate location tracking
Surveillance
Page 28 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
Modern-day drivers rely less on paper maps and more on satellite navigation
systems (satnav). Describe the inputs, outputs and processing of a satnav when
used by a driver to reach a destination.
[4]
4 of:
Destination is input by driver [1]
Exact position of motor vehicle is continually calculated using GPS [1]
Using data transmitted from 3 / 4 satellites [1]
The on board computer contains pre-stored road maps [1]
The car’s position is displayed on the map/route displayed [1]
The algorithm calculates the route from the current car’s position to the destination
[1]
Makes allowances for traffic jams/roadworks [1]
The car system receives regular updates on traffic conditions [1]
Outputs the journey time/ETA of journey/voice output [1]
Calculates the journey time / ETA of journey time [1]
Outputs speed limits/cameras / warning speed limit [1]
Exam Tip
Some people think the satnav sends signals to the satellite and the satellite did
the calculations and sends the results back to the satnav - this is not how it
works
A satnav will calculate your current position using GPS - the user doesn't need
to input this
Page 29 of 29
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
4.1 Communication
CONTENTS
Communication Media
Mobile Communication
Electronic Conferencing
Page 1 of 9
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Communication Media YOUR NOTES
Communication Media
Communication media is the various methods and channels used to convey information and
messages between people, organisations, and devices.
Newsletters: Periodic publications, often used to inform, educate, or entertain subscribers
about specific topics
Usually distributed through email or as printed copies
Suitable for organisations, schools, and clubs to keep members up-to-date
Posters: Visual presentations that convey information or promote events or products
Combine text, images, and graphics to grab the attention
Used for advertising, public service announcements, and event promotion
Websites: Online platforms that provide information or services
Accessible through the internet using a web browser
Useful for businesses, educational institutions, and individuals to share information,
sell products, or offer services
Multimedia presentations: Digital presentations that combine various forms of media,
such as text, images, audio, and video
Used in education, business, and entertainment to present information in a visually
engaging way
Audio: Sound recordings, such as podcasts, music, and radio shows
It can be streamed or downloaded for offline listening
Suitable for providing information, entertainment, or educational content
Video: Moving images with or without sound, used for entertainment, education, or
promotional purposes
Can be streamed or downloaded for offline viewing
Typical platforms include YouTube, Vimeo, and social media websites
Media streaming: Real-time transmission of audio and video files over the internet
Allows users to access content without downloading it to their devices
Popular services include Spotify, Netflix, and YouTube
ePublications: Digital versions of printed materials, such as eBooks, eMagazines, and
eNewspapers
It can be read on electronic devices, such as eReaders, tablets, and smartphones
Offer benefits like portability, searchability, and adjustable text size
Page 2 of 9
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Mobile Communication YOUR NOTES
Mobile Communication
There are various ways mobile devices are used for communication:
SMS messaging: Short Message Service allows sending and receiving text messages up to
160 characters long
Uses cellular networks
Can be sent to multiple recipients at once
Phone calls: Traditional voice calls made and received through mobile devices
Uses cellular networks or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services
Provides real-time communication
VoIP: Voice over Internet Protocol enables voice calls over the Internet instead of traditional
phone lines
E.g. Skype, WhatsApp
Can provide better call quality and lower costs compared to traditional calls
Video calls: Real-time video conversations between two or more users with a camera-
enabled device
Uses internet connection or cellular data
E.g. FaceTime, Skype, and Zoom
Accessing the Internet: Mobile devices can connect to the Internet using Wi-Fi or cellular
data
Allows users to browse websites, send and receive emails, and use social media
Page 3 of 9
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Electronic Conferencing YOUR NOTES
Video Conferencing
Hardware required
Tv Screens/Monitors
Speakers
Microphone
Webcam
Video Conferencing System
Characteristics
Video conferencing is an alternative for face to face meetings between two or more
people
Allows both sound and video
Participants of the video conference can be many miles apart or even in a different
country
Audio and video are real-time allowing users to interact with each other
Uses
Remote employee meetings
Staff interviews
Multi-person discussion
Remote training
Video conferencing has many uses that include:
Advantages
Convenience
Cost saving
Better for the environment
Attendees do not have to travel to the event
Anyone within the company can attend regardless of location
Events can be held at short notice as travel is not required
Allows other members outside of the organisation to attend easily without having to
visit on premises
Some video conferencing software allows record and playback to allow members to
review the meeting
Disadvantages
Page 4 of 9
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
The initial purchase of equipment can be costly YOUR NOTES
This can cause issues amongst employees when working across different time zones
Those using the system may need to be trained to use it effectively which can:
Take time
Be costly
Video conferencing systems require a strong and stable network connection
There can often be a delay in response times
The time lag is caused by the image not being synchronised with the sound
Poor picture/sound quality caused by the speed of connection/quality of the
hardware
Worked Example
A motor car company has some designers based in London and some in Beijing.
The cost of travel between the two cities is very high, so when they wish to meet to
discuss new products they use video-conferencing.
The designers all have PCs with a keyboard and a mouse in order to take part in
video-conferencing.
a. Name three other devices used to input or output data which would be needed to
take part in the video-conference.
[3]
Three of:
Webcam / video camera [1]
Speakers / headset / headphones [1]
Large monitor / television / data projector [1]
Microphone [1]
b. Describe three potential problems of the designers using video-conferencing
systems rather than meeting in either London or Beijing.
[3]
Three from:
Time lag / lip sync caused by the image not being synchronised with the sound [1]
Poor picture quality caused by the speed of connection / quality of the hardware [1]
More likely to have poorer sound quality caused by the quality of the hardware /
connection [1]
Confidential material about the new cars may have to be signed / viewed in person
[1]
The new car may have to be viewed in person [1]
Hardware breakdown stops the conference taking place [1]
Communication breakdown stops the conference taking place [1]
Different time zones will mean the conference has to take place at inconvenient
times [1]
Page 5 of 9
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Audio Conferencing YOUR NOTES
Hardware required
A landline phone
Internet Phone
Computer (requires a microphone and speakers)
Characteristics
Voice communication only (no video)
Audio is in real time
Call management options (mute etc)
Participants of the audio conference can be many miles apart or even in a different
country
Uses
On the go business meetings
Allows a hybrid collection of devices such as landline telephones, smartphones and
laptops (providing it is a VoIP call)
Advantages
Attendees do not have to travel to the event
Convenience
Cost saving
Better for the environment
Anyone within the company can attend regardless of location
Events can be held at short notice as travel is not required
Allows other members outside of the organisation to attend easily without having to
visit on premises
Audio conferencing is more cost effective as it requires less bandwidth and less
expensive equipment
Audio conferencing can integrate with many other devices and tools for
communication
Audio conferencing provides a higher level of security as users are not sharing a
screen
Disadvantages
Can be difficult to determine who is the speaker
Limited interaction
Page 6 of 9
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Lack of visuals: YOUR NOTES
Body language
Users sharing visual content
This can cause issues amongst employees when working across different time zones
Page 7 of 9
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Web Conferencing (Webinar /Webcast) YOUR NOTES
Hardware Required
Computer (requires webcam, microphone and speakers)
Characteristics
Allows both sound and video
Participants of the web conference can be many miles apart or even in a different
country
Audio and video are real time allowing users to interact with each other
Allows virtual breakout rooms for teams of participants
Screen and slide presentations
Instant messaging
Document sharing
Uses
Distance learning and education
Online presentations
Online team collaboration
Interviews
Customer support
Virtual events
Advantages
Attendees do not have to travel to the event
Convenience
Cost saving
Better for the environment
Anyone within the company can attend regardless of location
Events can be held at short notice as travel is not required
Allows other members outside of the organisation to attend easily without having to
visit on premises
Web conferencing software often allows recording and playback features to allow
members to review the event
Enhanced visual presentations compared to video conferencing
Real time collaboration
Disadvantages
Page 8 of 9
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Requires a strong and stable network connection YOUR NOTES
Security and privacy concerns
Distractions from other activities on the device
Those using the system may need to be trained to use it effectively which can:
Take time
Be costly
Dependent on users being technically savvy and having suitable devices/network
connections
Differences of Online Conferencing Types
Audio Conferencing Video/Web Conferencing
Requires less bandwidth Requires more bandwidth
Less Social More Social
No Visual Engagement Visual Engagement
No option of non verbal cues Use of nonverbal cues
Fewer resources needed More Resources needed
Exam Tip
Both web conferencing and video conferencing are very similar however, the
key differences are:
Video conferencing has a focus on face to face communication
Web conferencing has a focus on interaction and collaboration such as
document sharing, whiteboards etc
Page 9 of 9
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
3.1 The Effects of Using IT
CONTENTS
Microprocessor Controlled Devices
Health Issues
Page 1 of 5
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Microprocessor Controlled Devices YOUR NOTES
Microprocessor Controlled Devices
A microprocessor is a small computer chip that can be used to control devices. It is made up of a
central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output (I/O) devices. The CPU is responsible
for carrying out instructions, the memory stores data, and the I/O devices allow the
microprocessor to communicate with the outside world.
Microprocessor controlled devices are used in a wide variety of applications, including:
Household appliances, such as washing machines, refrigerators, and ovens
Office equipment, such as printers, scanners, and photocopiers
Industrial machineries, such as robots and assembly lines
Transportation, such as cars, aeroplanes, and trains
Medical devices, such as pacemakers and insulin pumps
Impact of Microprocessors on Home Life
Positive effects on lifestyle, leisure, physical fitness, and data security include:
Convenience
Devices such as smart thermostats, lights, and appliances can be controlled
remotely, saving time and effort
People have more time to spend on the things they want
Smart fridges automatically order fresh food and therefore reduce food waste
Fitness tracking
Devices like smart watches monitor physical activity and health data,
encouraging healthier lifestyles
Security
Smart security systems provide real-time surveillance, adding an extra layer of
protection to homes
Negative effects include:
Privacy risks
These devices can be vulnerable to hacking, risking the security of personal data
Social interaction
Over-reliance on these devices can decrease face-to-face interaction, impacting
social skills
Physical fitness
Despite fitness tracking, sedentary behaviour may increase due to the
convenience of smart devices
Page 2 of 5
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Impact of Microprocessors on Transport YOUR NOTES
Positive effects on data security, autonomous vehicles, and transport safety include:
Efficiency
Autonomous vehicles optimise routes, reducing travel time and fuel consumption
Safety
Advanced safety features, like automatic braking and lane assist, can reduce
accidents
Data security
Real-time tracking and encryption help protect against theft or loss
Negative effects include:
Privacy issues
Data collected by these vehicles could be misused or hacked
Job losses
Autonomous vehicles could replace jobs in transport industries, leading to
unemployment
Safety risks
Malfunctions in autonomous vehicle systems could lead to accidents
Page 3 of 5
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
Microprocessor-controlled devices in the home have had positive effects on
people’s lifestyles. One of the positive effects of using these devices is that we can
now set a cooker to switch on whilst we are out so that we arrive home to a cooked
meal. Describe the positive effects of using other microprocessor-controlled
devices in the home.
[4]
Four of:
Microprocessor-controlled devices reduce the need for people to do manual tasks
at home [1]
People can use microprocessor-controlled devices for physical fitness tracking in
the home [1]
People have more time to spend on leisure activities/shopping/socialising [1]
Increased sense of security as homes are protected with burglar alarms/ smoke
alarms/fire alarms [1]
Smart fridges can be used to improve healthy lifestyle//Smart fridges automatically
order fresh food//Smart fridges reduce food waste [1]
Microprocessor-controlled devices can be set remotely using a smartphone [1]
Saves fuel as the heating/air conditioning is not on all day [1]
Reduces injuries by using microprocessor-controlled lights outside [1]
Page 4 of 5
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Health Issues YOUR NOTES
Health Issues When Using Computers
Common health issues related to extensive ICT use include:
Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)
A condition affecting muscles and nerves, often caused by repetitive movements and
overuse
Back problems
Poor posture while using devices can lead to back pain and other related issues
Eye problems
Strain and fatigue from staring at screens for long periods can harm vision
Headaches
Overuse of ICT devices can cause headaches, usually due to eye strain or poor
posture
Health Issue Causes Prevention Strategies
Repetitive Repeated physical movements do
Regular breaks, ergonomic equipment,
Strain Injury damage to tendons, nerves, muscles,
and correct typing techniques.
(RSI) and other soft body tissues.
Back Poor posture, particularly when using Correct posture, ergonomic furniture, and
problems devices for long periods. regular movement.
Regular breaks from the screen,
Prolonged screen time leads to digital
appropriate screen brightness, and
Eye problems eye strain, characterised by dryness,
maintaining an appropriate distance from
irritation, and blurred vision.
the screen.
Factors such as poor posture, eye Regular breaks, maintaining good
Headaches strain, or stress from overuse of posture, and ensuring proper screen
devices. brightness.
Page 5 of 5
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
2.2 Network Issues
CONTENTS
Security Issues
Passwords & Authentication
Anti-malware
Page 1 of 7
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Security Issues YOUR NOTES
Security Issues
When moving electronic data from one place to another, there are different types of
security concerns to consider:
Data interception can occur when an unauthorised user intercepts data being
transferred.
Two common methods are:
Packet sniffing
Man in the middle attack
Encryption can be broken if it is not strong
Using HTTP instead of HTTPS protocols when dealing with sensitive information
Depending on whether the data being sent is sensitive will depend on the level of security
needed to ensure it stays safe
All types of information will need to be transferred from one place to another at some point
but typical examples may include:
User credentials when logging into online banking
Medical records being passed from a hospital to a GP
Student details from one school to another
Criminal records and details
When dealing with personal or sensitive data it is essential that not only is it protected from
hackers but also that it is protected from accidental disclosures such as:
Sending an email with sensitive information to the wrong person
Losing a device that has sensitive data stored
Shared access misconfigurations allow unauthorised users access to sensitive data
Page 2 of 7
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Passwords & Authentication YOUR NOTES
Passwords
Passwords are a common form of security and are often accompanied by a username or
email address
This type of security is often seen when accessing online banking, virtual learning
environments, email accounts and many more
There are many ways to enhance the security of your password such as the following:
Ensure that the password is changed regularly in case it has been obtained illegally or
accidentally
Ensure that the password uses a combination of uppercase, lowercase, numbers and
symbols to make the password more difficult to guess
iloveict is a weak password
1lov3ICT# is a strong password
Passwords should not contain personal information related to you such as your date of
birth, your name or the name of your pet
Anti spyware software can be run regularly to ensure that your information including your
password is not being passed to an unauthorised third party user
Page 3 of 7
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Authentication YOUR NOTES
There are also other forms of authentication aside from passwords that utilise what is
known as “zero login”
This aims at removing or reducing the need for the user to manually input their details and
instead rely on the system to verify the users credentials automatically
One such type is known as biometrics where the user's fingerprints or facial features are
scanned to provide unique biometric information to authenticate the user's details.
Newer methods of zero login types of authentication include the use of networks,
location, device data and human behavioural patterns to recognise users automatically.
Although these methods offer many advantages there are some concerns that need to be
taken into consideration. They include:
What personal data is being collected?
Is the collected data being kept securely?
Will it log in and out at the correct times?
Magnetic Stripe Cards
Magnetic stripe cards are a form of card that stores the user’s data on a magnetic strip
usually on the reverse side
The user scans the card through a reader where the details stored on the card are
compared to the details stored within the system. It the data from the card matches the
data that is store on the system the user is authenticated and granted access
The advantages to use magnetic stripe cards include:
Widely used and accepted
Cheap
Simple to use
A single card can serve multiple purposes within an organisation such as doors,
purchasing food from canteens and accessing IT equipment
Disadvantages to magnetic stripe cards include:
Some cards use a holographic or photographic ID to detect forged or stolen copies
The card can may need to be scanned multiple times before the user is accepted and
authenticated
Cards can become damaged or wear out over time (especially with constant use)
Cards can be easily cloned
Smart Cards
Smart Cards are cards that contain a chip and can be used as contactless
The card does not need to be inserted or swiped through a machine and can be detected
from a short distance away
Personal identification information can be stored on the card such as name, address, date
of birth and/or banking information
The information on the card is encrypted which means it can only be read by authorised
devices
Often the card will require a personal identification number (PIN) which is needed to
access the information, providing an additional layer of security
Advantages of smart cards include:
Page 4 of 7
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Durable YOUR NOTES
Use for a wide range of applications (Payments, Access Control, Storing personal data
Enhanced security (Compared to standard cards)
Disadvantages of smart cards include:
Risk of loss
Initial Infrastructure requirements
More expensive compared to traditional cards
Physical Tokens
A Physical Token enables authentication with the use of a small physical device
To access a system that uses a physical token, a user will enter their username and
password into the system, and then enter the security code generated by the token
The physical token can be directly connected to the device that the user is trying to access
or the physical token will generate one time password (OTP) which is then entered into the
system manually
To obtain a one time password (OTP) the user will enter their personal identification
number (PIN) and any other authentication requirements into the physical token device. If
all requirements are satisfied then an internal clock will be used to generate the one time
password (OTP) which is displayed on its screen
To enhance security, the one time password (OTP) changes frequently and each code will
only be valid for a short period of time (usually within 1 minute)
Advantages of physical tokens include:
Offline authentication
Portable
Disadvantages of physical tokens include:
Cost
Loss or theft of the physical token
Physical dependance
There are two typical of physical token:
Disconnected physical token
When using a disconnected physical token, a separate device is used to generate the
one time password (OTP) which the user will then enter into the system manually
Connected physical token
When using a connected physical token, the one time password (OTP) is generated
and passed to the system automatically though a physical connection and does not
require to user to enter the password manually
Electronic tokens
Electronic Tokens are a form of application software that is installed on a user's device
(usually smartphone) to allow them to authenticate their details and allow them to access a
secure website
Page 5 of 7
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
A user must download and register the electronic token software app prior to accessing YOUR NOTES
the secure website
As the website prompts for authentication, the user will open the app that will provide a one
time passcode (OTP) which will be entered into an entry box on the website along with
other forms of authentication such as a username and personal identification number
(PIN)
Both the web server and the smartphone application have synchronised clocks which will
generate identical numbers and should the authentication details match, the user will be
granted access to the website
The above explanation is just one method of authentication when using electronic tokens.
Another method is as follows:
The website will prompt the user for their username and password
Upon successful credentials the website will generate a code
The code is then entered into the application software on the users phone which will
generate another code
The generated code from the application software is then entered into an entry box
on the website
Should all authentication methods pass successfully, the user is granted access to
the website
Page 6 of 7
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Anti-malware YOUR NOTES
Anti-malware
Anti-Malware (also known as Anti Virus software) is designed to protect devices against
viruses and malicious software
Anti-malware has 3 mains purposes, detect, prevent and remove malicious software
Anti-Malware is installed onto a computer system and will operate in the background
Common features of Anti-Malware software include the following:
Comparing the scanned files against a large database of known threats
Real-time scanning
Regular updates to gather an up to date list of known threats
Quarantine of infected files
Quarantining files allows threats to be automatically deleted
Allows the user to determine if the file is a legitimate threat and not a false positive
Scanning external storage media such as USB flash drives to prevent viruses from
being loaded onto the computer system
The scanning of downloaded software to ensure that it is free from any threats
Heuristic checking
This is the identification of potential threats within a file from behavioural patterns
and characteristics rather than just relying on a database of known viruses
Worked Example
Give two examples of how Anti-Malware protects devices against malicious
software
[4]
Regular updates by the Anti-Malware software will keep an up to date list of threats
[1]
If any of the threats are detected on the device, the Anti-Malware software will
quarantine the files [1]
Anti-Malware software will scan external storage media when they are connected
to the device [1]
Preventing viruses from being transferred from storage media onto the device [1]
Page 7 of 7
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
2.1 Networks
CONTENTS
Common Network Devices
Wi-Fi & Bluetooth
Cloud Computing
Extranet, Intranet & Internet
LAN & WAN
Page 1 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Common Network Devices YOUR NOTES
Common Network Devices
Network Interface Cards (NICs)
Network Interface Cards (NIC) allow an electronic device to be connected to a network
Network Interface Cards are connected to the motherboard but in most modern systems
are usually integrated
Each network interface card has a unique identifier which is known as a media access
control address or MAC address which is created during the manufacturing process
Wireless Network Interface Cards (WNIC) are the same as a NIC but use wireless
connectivity to connect devices to networks
A MAC address is a 48 bit hexadecimal code where 12 hexadecimal characters are
grouped in pairs
The general format for a MAC address is that each pair of hexadecimal digits are separated
by a “-”
An example of a MAC address:
Microsoft has an OUI of 00-15-5D,
a new laptop straight out of a Microsoft production line could have a MAC address of
“00-15-5D-45-1B-3F”
Exam Tip
Two completely different products can contain the same Network Interface
Identifier but they must use their own Organisational Unique Identifier
Microsoft can have the MAC Address 00-15-5D-45-1B-3F
Amazon can have the Mac Address 0C-5B-8F-45-1B-3F
Hubs
Hubs are devices that allow several other devices to be connected to them
Hubs are generally much cheaper than switches but:
When a hub receives a data packet it will broadcast it to every device on the network
This creates two potential issues:
Page 2 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
As the information is being broadcast to every device it will make unnecessary traffic YOUR NOTES
especially if there are a large number of devices
As every device will receive the data packet, security may be a concern
Switches
Switches are also used to connect several devices together just like a hub; however, rather
than sending data packets to all devices on the network, the switch will only send the data
to its intended device
This is done by each switch having a lookup table
Port Mac address
1 DF-42-B2-11-4D-E3
2 11-14-F2-1D-C3-C6
3 00-4B-17-7C-A2-C9
When a switch receives a data packet, it examines the destination MAC address of the
box and looks up that address in its lookup table
Once it has found the matching MAC address it will then forward the data packet to the
corresponding port
Worked Example
Explain the difference between a switch and a hub regarding data forwarding
capabilities.
[2]
A switch forwards data packets based on the destination MAC address and only
sends data to the intended device [1]
A hub broadcasts incoming data packets to all connected devices [1]
Page 3 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Bridges YOUR NOTES
Bridges are used to connect two networks or network segments to create a single larger
network
An important note is that a bridge cannot communicate with external networks such as the
internet like a router can
Page 4 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Wi-Fi & Bluetooth YOUR NOTES
Wi-Fi & Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a wireless communication technology that allows devices to be connected
within a maximum range of about 30 meters
Before communication can happen, two devices connect using a process called “pairing”
to establish a secure connection
When two devices pair, they both exchange a cryptographic key. Both these keys are used
to generate a secret shared key which is used to encrypt the data between the two devices
and create a Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
Bluetooth operates using a frequency range of around 2.4Ghz
Connected devices continuously change their transmitting frequency between 79
different channels to avoid interference and improve the reliability of the connection. This
is known as the frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
Bluetooth may be preferred over Wi-Fi when:
File transfer required between two close-range devices such as a laptop and
smartphone without the need for internet connectivity
Streaming audio from a smartphone to another wireless device such as a speaker or
headphones
Connecting to a car system allows for music streaming and hands-free calling
When low power communication is required
Wi-Fi is also a wireless communication technology that allows devices to be connected up
to a range of about 100 meters depending on the standard that is being used
Wi-Fi operates across the 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz frequency ranges and although 5Ghz is faster,
the 2.4 GHz range is preferred as the lower frequencies often travel further and penetrate
obstacles more easily
Similar to Bluetooth bands are split into channels
Wi-Fi-enabled devices connect to a network by connecting to a hotspot or wireless
access point (WAP) also referred to as an access point (AP)
Wi-Fi may be preferred over Bluetooth when:
High speed data transfer is required
Long range communication is required
Many devices are needed to be connected at the same time
Similarities between Bluetooth and Wi-FI
Use radio waves for wireless technologies
Can connect multiple devices
Support encryption for secure connections
Based on industry standards that are universally accepted
It can be used to connect Internet of Things (IoT) devices and applications
Differences between Bluetooth and -Wi-Fi
Page 5 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Bluetooth Wi-Fi
Maximum number of 30 (based on a standard consumer grade router with high
7
connections end options providing substantially more)
Transmission
2.4Ghz 2.4Ghz, 5Ghz
frequency
Maximum range
30 meters 100 meters (depending on obstructions)
(meters)
Maximum transfer
speed 3 Mbytes /
75 Mbytes / Sec
(Depending on the Sec
standard being used)
Worked Example
A school IT team is trying to determine what technology they should use to connect
students' tablets around the school for data transfer and are unsure whether to
choose Wi-Fi or Bluetooth technology. Consider the advantages and limitations of
both and justify your answer
[7]
WiFi offers significantly faster transfer rates compared to Bluetooth [1]
so students will be able to upload and download files faster [1]
WiFi coverage can be over a much larger area compared to Bluetooth [1]
so that students will be able to access resources wherever they are in the school [1]
Bluetooth however, is easy to set up [1]
students can transfer data without the school having to invest in expensive
infrastructure [1]
Given the current situation, the school is in, the preferred choice for connecting
student's tablets would be Wi-Fi [1]
Page 6 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Cloud Computing YOUR NOTES
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is a method where data is stored on remote servers and accessed
through the internet
Local storage refers to a storage device that is connected to the computer
The three types of cloud storage are:
Public Cloud - The customer and the cloud storage provider are different companies
Private Cloud - The customer and the cloud storage provider are a single organisation
Hybrid Cloud - Combines both public and private cloud options and allows for
sensitive data to remain private whilst providing public cloud services for less sensitive
information
Cloud data is duplicated and stored on other servers to ensure data availability during
system failures, upgrades and maintenance periods
Advantages of Cloud storage
Scalability
As the business requirements change the customer can scale services up or down to
meet their needs
Cost saving
Cloud storage eliminates the need for a business to purchase expensive equipment
for infrastructure and maintenance which can result in significant cost savings
Accessibility
Cloud services are available globally and allow both remote working and data sharing
Reliability
Cloud computing providers offer high levels of uptime ensuring that services are
always available for its users
Storage Space
Page 7 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Cloud services can offer an almost unlimited amount of storage YOUR NOTES
Backup and recovery
If a customers machine or storage device fails, a backup of the data from the cloud will
allow for recovery
File Synchronisation
Files can be synced across multiple devices
Convenience
A user does not need to carry storage devices around with them as all data is stored on
the cloud
Disadvantages of Cloud Storage
Internet Connection
A stable internet connection is required to use cloud storage
Security
Storing data in the cloud may be vulnerable to security breaches
Dependency
The user is dependent on the storage provider for the availability and reliability of its
services
Ceases to trade/dissolve
Should the company dissolve or cease to change, all cloud data may be lost
Cost
As the amount of storage or bandwidth required increases, the service may become
expensive over time
Worked Example
Explain the difference between cloud storage and local storage
[2]
Cloud storage involves storing data on remote servers accessed via the internet [1]
While local storage refers to storing data on physical devices like hard drives or
flash drives [1]
Page 8 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Extranet, Intranet & Internet YOUR NOTES
Internet
The Internet is a very large global network that consists of many other interconnected
networks
The world wide web is the vast collection of web pages that can be accessed using a web
browser
The world wide web allows you to access information by using the internet
Exam Tip
You must be very clear about the difference between the World Wide Web and
the Internet
Characteristics of the Internet
Open
The Internet is an open network meaning anyone with access can access the same
resources and information as everybody else
Decentralisation
The Internet is a decentralised network with no owner, controller or governing body.
Instead, it is made up of vast numbers of interconnecting networks that operate
independently but work together to provide communication
Global Reach
The internet is a global network meaning that people from all over the world can
communicate with each other in real-time
Accessibility
The Internet is available to anyone who has a suitable device and access to any one of
the interconnected networks
The Internet has many uses and plays a critical role in our lives. This can include;
Education and training
Social Networking
Online shopping
Entertainment
Page 9 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Intranet YOUR NOTES
Intranets operate in a similar way to the Internet and although they are still networks, they
are usually private and are used to send information securely and safely
Unlike the Internet which is a global network accessible by all, access to an organisation’s
Intranet is restricted and only accessible to authorised users such as employees
Intranets have many advantages over the internet such as:
Better bandwidth than the internet
Data is kept within the organisation
Less chance of hacking and attacks
Administrators can manage access to external sites and links
Characteristics of an Intranet
Private
An intranet is a private network that is accessible to employees within a company or
organisation
Security
An intranet is usually behind a firewall to ensure security and that only authorised users
can access it
Sharing and Communication
An Intranet allows for document sharing and the use of collaboration tools between
users. It can also allow the use of email and video calling to enable efficient
communication within the organisation
Customisation
An intranet can be customised to meet the specific requirements of the business such
as navigation and subject content as well as the service being able to be scaled up as
the business grows
Users will require a username and password to access the Intranet
Page 10 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Extranet YOUR NOTES
An extranet is a private Intranet that also allows access by selected parties that reside
outside of the organisation. These parties, for example, maybe customers, key
stakeholders or clients
External users will have an authorisation level once they have successfully logged in which
will determine which resources they may access
Similarities between the Internet, Intranet and extranet are as follows:
They are all web based technologies
They allow users to access information remotely
They all use client server architecture
They all use security measures such as authentication and encryption
They all promote and facilitate information and resource sharing
Differences between the internet, intranet and extranet are as follows:
The internet is a global network whereas an intranet/extranet is a private network
contained within an organisation
The use of the internet covers a wide range of purposes whereas an intranet/extranet
is designed for specific users and purposes
Much of the information is publicly available whereas an intranet/extranet is not
The internet is not owned solely by one person or organisation whereas
intranets/extranets are owned usually by the organisation
Page 11 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
A company uses an Intranet. Explain what is meant by an Intranet
[2]
An Intranet is a private network that is accessible to employees of the organisation
and not to members of the public [1]
It provides employees access to company information and to share resources
internally [1]
Page 12 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
LAN & WAN YOUR NOTES
LAN
Local Area Networks (LANs) are networks that are usually contained within a single
building or small geographical location
A LAN is made up using hubs and/or switches which will connect several devices together
It is common for one hub or switch to be connected to a router which will allow the LAN
connectivity to other outside networks such as the internet
A LAN can offer many advantages such as:
Centralised management - A LAN allows centralised management of updates,
backups and software installations.
Security - A LAN can secure its devices with the use of firewalls, antivirus software and
other security features to prevent unauthorised access
File Sharing and Collaboration - A LAN allows users on the network to share resources
such as printers and other peripherals. This also allows the users of the network to
collaborate and share files and folders
Disadvantages of a LAN include:
If hardware fails, the network may not function properly or even at all
Networks are more prone to attacks than standalone computers
Access to data and peripherals can be slow depending on network traffic
Maintenance - LAN networks require maintenance to ensure that software is up to
date, upgrades and backups which can be costly
Page 13 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
WAN YOUR NOTES
Wireless LANs (WLANs) are Local Area Networks that allow devices to connect wirelessly
rather than using physical cables
Wireless Access Points (WAPs) are connected to an existing wired network which
provides a means to connect wirelessly
Wireless Access Points use spread spectrum technology that has a range of around 30
to 50 metres compared to Infrared which has a range of around 3 metres
WLANs are often used when it is not practical to use cable or devices that will access the
network do not have Ethernet ports
WLANs support a vast range of devices such as smartphones and laptops and are very
popular in public areas such as shopping malls
Advantages of a WLAN include:
Mobility - WLAN allows users to connect anywhere that is in the range of a Wireless
Access Point (WAP) without the need for additional hardware or wiring.
Flexibility - WLANS can be used in a variety of environments both indoors and out
making them highly flexible
Scalability - As the requirements change, additional Wireless Access Points can be
added relatively easily resulting in additional users being able to use the network or
increased network coverage
Wireless devices have access to peripherals such as printers
Disadvantages of a WLAN include:
Coverage - WLANS are limited in their coverage and can be further affected by walls
and other structures
Bandwidth - Bandwidth speeds can become an issue in high traffic areas
Interference - WLANs can sustain interference from other devices which can affect
performance and connectivity
Security - WLANs can be vulnerable to security threats due to wireless signals being
intercepted
Worked Example
Give 2 reasons why a fitness centre may want to install a WLAN
[4]
The fitness centre may wish to install a WLAN for several reasons such as :
Customers can connect to their Wi-Fi and search for information such as class
times etc [1]
will improve customer services [1]
Staff at the fitness centre will be able to access resources wirelessly such as
printers [1]
allowing them to move freely around the centre [1]
Page 14 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Page 15 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Page 16 of 16
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
1.4 Emerging Technologies
CONTENTS
Artificial Itelligence & Virtual Reality (AI & VR)
Page 1 of 4
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Artificial Itelligence & Virtual Reality (AI & VR) YOUR NOTES
AI
This is the development of computer systems that can perform tasks usually requiring
human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, and decision-making
Impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Enhances productivity by automating repetitive tasks
Improves decision-making through data analysis and pattern recognition
Can be used in various industries, such as healthcare, finance, and transportation
Raises ethical concerns, including job displacement and privacy issues
Page 2 of 4
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
VR & AR YOUR NOTES
Virtual Reality (VR):
A computer-generated simulation of a three-dimensional replicated environment
It can be interacted with in a seemingly real or physical way
Can manipulate objects or perform a series of actions
Makes use of the sensory experience
Uses a virtual reality headset with built in speakers
Can be used with gloves / controllers / driving wheel
Augmented Reality (AR): A technology that superimposes a computer-generated image or
information onto a user's view of the real world, providing a composite view
Impact of Extended Reality (VR and AR)
Virtual Reality (VR) immerses users in a simulated environment, while Augmented Reality
(AR) overlays digital information onto the real world
Used in gaming, education, and training for a more engaging experience
Can be applied in fields like architecture, medicine, and retail for improved visualisation and
interaction
Potential issues with addiction and excessive screen time
Page 3 of 4
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
Some smartphones connected to the internet can allow the user to point their
phone’s camera at an object or image to display information about it on the
phone’s screen. The object acts like an item in a search engine. This is called
augmented reality.
One example of its use is in mobile games, where the user tries to catch characters
from the game as the characters appear to walk in the streets. Explain, using
examples, other ways in which augmented reality could be used in everyday life.
[4]
Max three of:
Gather information [1]
Can be used as a direction finder [1]
Visualise what something will look like in real life [1]
Could be used for facial recognition [1]
Max three of:
Examples of gathering information about a building/painting / product [1]
Giving information about the area you are moving in / finding your way in an
airport/railway station / shopping mall etc. [1]
Used by archaeologists / architects / interior designers / try on clothes / trying
makeup/colour of clothing / placing furniture [1]
point it at a word to link to the thesaurus / get it's meaning / translation / modern
landscape [1]
Used by the police to recognise suspects [1]
Exam Tip
Don't get mixed up between augmented reality and virtual reality - augmented
reality changes the real world in front of you (e.g. Pokemon Go) whereas virtual
reality puts you in a new world entirely and you can't see the real world around
you
Page 4 of 4
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
1.3 Types of Computer
CONTENTS
Desktop Computers
Mobile Computers
Page 1 of 4
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Desktop Computers YOUR NOTES
Desktop Computers
Characteristics of a Desktop Computer
Designed to be used on a desk or table
Comprised of separate components (monitor, keyboard, mouse, tower)
More powerful than laptops and tablets
Easier to upgrade and customise
Typically less portable than other computer types
Uses of a Desktop Computer
Office and business management:
Word processing
Spreadsheet creation and management
Email communication
Data storage and backup
Education:
Access to educational resources
Creating and editing multimedia content
Conducting research
Distance learning and virtual classrooms
Gaming and entertainment:
High-performance gaming
Streaming movies and TV shows
Social media browsing
Creating and editing video and audio content
Page 2 of 4
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Mobile Computers YOUR NOTES
Mobile Computers
Portable computing devices, such as laptops, smartphones, tablets, and phablets, that allow
users to access and use computer applications and resources on the go
Characteristics of Mobile Computers
Laptop Computers:
Portable with integrated display, keyboard, and touchpad
Battery powered
Less powerful and less expandable than desktops
Smartphones:
Portable and lightweight
Touchscreen interface
Multifunctional (phone, internet access, camera)
Anti-glare screen
Front and rear facing camera
Battery powered
Uses Bluetooth, WiFi, 3G, 4G, 5G
Has an on screen keyboard
Tablet Computers:
Larger touchscreen than smartphones
Ideal for media consumption and web browsing
Limited expandability
Anti-glare screen
Front and rear facing camera
Battery powered
Portable and lightweight
Uses Bluetooth, WiFi, 3G, 4G, 5G
Has an on screen keyboard
Phablet Computers:
Combine features of smartphones and tablets
Larger screen than smartphones
Can be used for phone calls
Uses of Mobile Computers
Office and business management:
Remote access to office applications
Email and communication on the go
Mobile payment processing
Calendar
Education:
E-books and digital textbooks
Educational apps and tools
Note-taking and research
Page 3 of 4
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Gaming and entertainment: YOUR NOTES
Mobile gaming apps
Streaming movies and music
Social media
Remotely controlled devices:
Controlling smart home devices
Remote access to surveillance systems
Controlling drones and other devices
Communication:
Video calling
Text messaging
Other:
Sat Nav
Online banking
Searching the Internet
Taking photos
Language translation
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
Limited expandability (Difficult to upgrade
Easy to carry and use on the go (Portability)
hardware)
Access to internet and resources from Less powerful (Lower performance compared to
anywhere (Flexibility) desktop computers)
Can be used for various tasks and activities
Shorter battery life (Needs frequent charging)
(Multi-functionality)
Worked Example
Circle two input devices that could be used in a smartphone.
magnetic stripe
HDD microphone mouse
reader
remote control speaker touchpad touch screen
[2]
Microphone [1]
Touch screen [1]
Page 4 of 4
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
1.2 Components of Computer Systems
CONTENTS
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Memory
Input Devices & Direct Data Entry
Output Devices
Storage
Page 1 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Central Processing Unit (CPU) YOUR NOTES
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the computer's "brain" responsible for processing
instructions entered into the computer
The CPU processes instructions and performs calculations in order to produce an output
CPU Functions
Fetches instructions from memory
Decodes the instructions to determine the required operation
Executes the operation
Stores the result back in memory or sends it to an output device
CPU Components
The CPU is made up of 3 main components:
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Control Unit (CU)
Registers
Page 2 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Memory YOUR NOTES
Memory
Memory is used to store data and instructions temporarily for the computer to process
Characteristics of ROM and RAM
ROM RAM
Non-volatile (retains data when Volatile (loses data when powered
Volatility
powered off) off)
Read-only (data cannot be
Access Read-write (data can be modified)
modified)
Stores essential instructions (e.g. Stores data and instructions in use
Main Purpose
BIOS) by CPU
Differences between ROM and RAM
ROM is non-volatile, while RAM is volatile
ROM is read-only, while RAM is read-write
ROM stores essential instructions, while RAM stores data and instructions currently in use
Worked Example
State two characteristics of RAM
[2]
Two of:
RAM can be read from and written to [1]
RAM is volatile memory [1]
RAM is temporary storage [1]
Exam Tip
Make sure you know the difference between RAM & ROM - it's easy to get them
mixed up
Page 3 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Input Devices & Direct Data Entry YOUR NOTES
Input Devices
Characteristics of Input Devices
Input devices: allow users to enter data or instructions into a computer system e.g.:
Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner
Microphone
Touch screen
Differences between Input & Output Devices
Input devices send data or instructions to the computer, while output devices receive data
from the computer
Input devices are used for user interaction and data entry, while output devices display or
produce the results of data processing
Input Device Use Advantages Disadvantages
Keyboard & Fast and accurate The steeper learning
Numeric Entering text and numbers input for experienced curve, repetitive strain
Keypad users injury
Pointing Navigate and interact with Intuitive and precise Requires flat surface,
Devices computer interfaces control the strain on the wrist
Control devices from a Convenient, no direct
Limited range, may
Remote Control distance, e.g., TVs and media physical contact is
require line-of-sight
players needed
Enhances gameplay Expensive, limited use
Joystick/Driving
Simulation and driving games experience, realistic outside of gaming,
Wheel
control bulky
Intuitive, no need for a The screen may get
Direct interaction with the
Touch Screen separate pointing dirty, less precise than
screen using fingers or a stylus
device a mouse
Accurate Quality depends on
Scanners and Capture images and convert
reproduction, easy to resolution, which can
Cameras them into digital format
share and store be expensive
Hands-free input can May pick up
Capture a sound for recording
Microphone be used for voice background noise, the
or communication purposes
recognition quality varies
Page 4 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Sensors and
Sensors detect changes in the Can automate tasks, May require calibration, YOUR NOTES
environment; light pen interacts provides real-time affected by the
Light Pen
with screens information environment
Exam Tip
Note that a mouse isn't built into a laptop - instead, it would be another pointing
device e.g. trackpad
All the devices listed here are input devices. Some people think microphones
and webcams are output devices
Page 5 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Direct Data Entry YOUR NOTES
Direct Data
Use Advantages Disadvantages
Entry Device
Reading information stored Data can be easily
Magnetic Stripe Fast, simple to use,
on magnetic stripes, e.g., erased, and limited
Reader reliable
credit cards, ID cards storage capacity
Chip and PIN Processing debit and credit Secure, quick
Requires PIN input,
Reader transaction, reduced
card transactions in stores potential for skimming
fraud risk
Reading information from No line-of-sight is The expensive system,
RFID Reader RFID tags, e.g., inventory needed, multiple tags and potential privacy
tracking, access control are read simultaneously concerns
OMR (Optical Reading marked areas on Limited to specific
Fast processing,
Mark forms, e.g., multiple-choice forms, cannot read
reduced human error
Recognition) exams handwriting
OCR (Optical Converting printed text into Can struggle with
The fast and accurate,
Character digital text, e.g., digitising complex layouts, font
searchable digital text
Recognition) books dependent
Scanning barcodes to
Fast and accurate, low Requires line-of-sight,
Barcode Reader retrieve product
cost limited data storage
information and prices
Scanning QR codes for Requires a smartphone
Can store more data,
QR Scanner information retrieval or or specific scanner,
versatile uses
linking to websites quality dependent
Page 6 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
For each of the following uses of data capture, name one appropriate direct data
entry device. The devices must be different in each case
a. Contactless credit cards
[1]
Radio Frequency Identification/RFID reader [1]
b. Multiple choice answers in an examination paper
[1]
Optical Mark Reader/OMR [1]
c. To scan items at a computerised till
[1]
Bar Code reader/scanner [1]
Page 7 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Output Devices YOUR NOTES
Output Devices
Characteristics of Output Devices
Output devices: display or produce the results of data processing from a computer
system e.g.:
Monitor
Printer
Speakers
Projector
Differences between Input & Output Devices
Input devices send data or instructions to the computer, while output devices receive data
from the computer
Input devices are used for user interaction and data entry, while output devices display or
produce the results of data processing
Output
Use Advantages Disadvantages
Device
Displaying computer-generated Real-time display, Power consumption,
Monitor
visual information on a screen adjustable settings potential glare
Touch Displaying visual information and Susceptible to
Screen allowing user interaction with the Intuitive, space-saving smudges, potential
(Output) screen calibration issues
Projecting computer-generated
Multimedia Large display, good for Requires darkened
images and videos onto a larger
Projector presentations room, expensive bulbs
surface
Fast, high-quality
Laser Printing high-quality text and Expensive initial cost,
prints, lower cost per
Printer graphics quickly limited to flat surfaces
page
Inkjet Printing text and graphics using Lower initial cost, high- Slower, higher cost per
Printer liquid ink quality prints page, ink may smudge
Printing text and simple graphics
Dot Matrix Low cost, can print
using a print head that strikes an Noisy, low print quality
Printer multi-part forms
ink-soaked ribbon
Creating large-format graphics, High accuracy, can
Slow, expensive, large
Plotter such as architectural plans and print on various
size
engineering designs materials
Page 8 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Creating three-dimensional
Customisable designs, Limited materials, slow
YOUR NOTES
3D Printer objects by adding material layer
rapid prototyping process
by layer
Range of sizes and
Converting digital audio signals Can be power-hungry,
Speaker power outputs,
into sound the sound quality varies
immersive audio
Converting electrical signals into Requires power,
Precise movement,
Actuator physical movement, e.g., motors potential mechanical
programmable
and valves in robotics wear
Holographic imaging
Holographic imaging is a technique that creates three-dimensional images by recording
and reconstructing light waves
These images provide a realistic and immersive visual experience
This could be used in medicine to create:
MRI scan images
Ultrasound images
3D views of our internal organs
Page 9 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
Complete the following sentences using the most appropriate items from the list
below.
A 3D printer An ADC A compiler An interpreter A microphone
A numeric
A monitor A speaker A switch A USB
keypad
a. ________ is a device used to input a pin
[1]
A numeric keypad [1]
b. ________ analyses and executes a program line by line
[1]
An interpreter [1]
c. ________ produces output in the form of solid objects
[1]
A 3D printer [1]
d. ________ produces output in the form of sound
[1]
A speaker [1]
Exam Tip
Make sure you know which printer is which. Some people get mixed up between
dot matrix and laser
Detail is needed in the description in order to achieve full marks. Relating the
answer back to the scenario is important as some printers would not work in the
given scenario
Page 10 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Storage YOUR NOTES
Storage
Characteristics of Backing Storage
Backing storage: long-term storage used to store data, files, and programs when not in
use e.g.:
hard disk drives (HDD)
solid-state drives (SSD)
USB flash drives
optical discs (CDs, DVDs)
Backing storage is typically slower than internal memory but has a larger capacity
It is non-volatile, meaning it retains data when the computer is powered off
Differences between Backing Storage & Internal Memory
Backing Storage Internal Memory
Long-term storage of files, Temporary storage of data and essential
Function
programs, and data instructions while the computer is running
HDD, SSD, USB flash drives,
Examples RAM, ROM
optical discs (CDs, DVDs)
Access
Slower Faster
Speed
Capacity Larger Smaller
Non-volatile (retains data when
Volatility RAM: volatile, ROM: non-volatile
powered off)
Storage Media
Storage
Examples Use Advantages Disadvantages
Media
Long-term data Slower access time,
Magnetic Hard disks, High capacity,
storage, backup, and moving parts,
Drives Magnetic tape low cost per GB
archiving susceptible to magnets
Data storage, audio, Portable,
Optical CD, DVD, Blu- Limited capacity,
video, and software durable, low
Discs ray susceptible to scratches
distribution cost
Page 11 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Memory cards YOUR NOTES
Solid- (SD, xD, Fast data storage for Fast access
More expensive, limited
State CFast), USB portable devices and time, no moving
write cycles
Media Drives, Solid modern computers parts
State Drives
Worked Example
Give two error messages that may appear when trying to save to a CFast solid-
state memory card.
[2]
Two of:
Medium is full [1]
Corrupt card [1]
Write error [1]
Card error [1]
Card not initialised [1]
Virus found on the card [1]
Device not recognised [1]
Storage Devices
Storage
Use Media Advantages Disadvantages
Devices
High capacity Slower access time,
Magnetic Long-term data storage,
Magnetic (10TB), low cost moving parts,
Drive backup, and archiving
per GB susceptible to magnets
Fixed General-purpose Large storage
Magnetic Moving parts, vulnerable
Magnetic storage in computers capacity (5TB),
Hard Disk to physical damage
Hard Drive and servers relatively fast
Portable Portable (5TB), Slower than SSDs,
External storage for data Magnetic
Magnetic large storage vulnerable to physical
transfer and backup Hard Disk
Hard Drive capacity damage
Page 12 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Magnetic
Backup and archiving,
Magnetic
High storage
Slow access time,
YOUR NOTES
especially for large capacity (10TB),
Tape Drives Tape sequential access
volumes of data low cost
Audio and data storage, Affordable, widely Low capacity (700MB),
CD CD
software distribution compatible susceptible to scratches
Higher capacity storage Higher capacity Susceptible to
DVD for data, video, and DVD than CD (8.5GB), scratches, lower
software distribution affordable capacity than Blu-ray
High capacity
High-definition video More expensive, and
(50GB), high-
Blu-ray and high capacity data Blu-ray requires specific
resolution video
storage hardware
storage
Fast access time,
Fixed Solid-
Fast internal storage for Solid- no moving parts, More expensive, limited
State Drive
modern computers State high capacity write cycles
(SSD)
(30TB)
Fast access time,
External storage for fast Solid- portable, no More expensive, limited
Portable SSD
data transfer and backup State moving parts, high write cycles
capacity (2TB)
Portable data storage Small size, fast Limited capacity
Solid-
Pen Drive and transfer for various read/write speeds, compared to other
State
devices high capacity (1TB) storage devices
Page 13 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
A program collects a large amount of data and this could be stored using either a
fixed solid-state drive (SSD) or cloud storage.
a. Describe four advantages to the school of using cloud storage rather than using
the SSD
[4]
Four of:
The cloud has greater storage capacity [1]
The data could be sent directly to/from the cloud from any computer/device [1]
Storage capacity can be increased without adding additional physical devices [1]
Many people can share the data [1]
The school would only pay for the storage used [1]
There is an automatic backup of data [1]
b. Describe three disadvantages to the school of using cloud storage rather than
using the SSD
[3]
Three of:
More security issues as multiple copies of the data are stored [1]
The school loses control over the storage of the data [1]
Cloud storage has an ongoing cost [1]
Users must have a reliable internet connection to store data [1]
Users must have an internet connection to access data [1]
Page 14 of 14
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE ICT CIE
1.1 Hardware & Software
CONTENTS
Hardware
Software
Analogue & Digital Data
Page 1 of 8
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Hardware YOUR NOTES
Hardware
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system
These components can be internal or external
Internal Components
Central Processing Unit (CPU): the computer's "brain" that performs calculations,
processes instructions, and controls other components
Processor: a chip inside the CPU that carries out instructions from a program
Motherboard: the main circuit board that connects all internal components
Internal Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM): temporary storage for running programs and data; it is
volatile, meaning data is lost when the computer is turned off
Read-Only Memory (ROM): permanent storage for essential data, like the computer's
BIOS; it is non-volatile, meaning data is retained even when the computer is turned off
Hardware Components
Graphics card: processes images and videos for display on a monitor
Sound card: processes audio for output through speakers or headphones
Network Interface Card (NIC): enables connection to a network, such as the internet
Camera: captures images or video for input into the computer
Internal/external storage devices: stores data permanently, such as hard drives or USB
flash drives
Input devices: allow users to enter data, like keyboards and mice
Output devices: display or produce results, like monitors and printers
Page 2 of 8
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
A computer contains internal hardware. Write down the most appropriate item of
internal hardware to match the descriptions.
a. This handles all the system instructions
[1]
Processor / CPU [1]
b. A printed circuit board that contains the main components of the computer
[1]
Motherboard [1]
c. This generates output for the speaker
[1]
Sound card [1]
d. A type of memory where data is lost when the computer is switched off
[1]
RAM / Random Access Memory [1]
Page 3 of 8
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Software YOUR NOTES
Software
Software refers to programs that control the operation of a computer or the processing of
electronic data
Application Software
Application software provides the services that users require to solve a task
E.g.:
Word processing: creating and editing text documents
Spreadsheet: organising and analysing data in a grid format
Database management systems: storing, retrieving and managing data in databases
Control/measurement: uses sensors to measure and control a system
Applets and apps: specialised software for specific tasks
Video editing: creating and modifying video files
Graphics editing: creating and modifying images
Audio editing: creating and modifying sound files
Computer Aided Design (CAD): designing and modelling objects in 2D or 3D
System Software
System software provides the services that the computer requires to operate e.g.
Compilers: translating high-level programming languages into machine code
Linkers: combining object files into a single executable program
Device drivers: controlling hardware components and peripherals
Operating systems: managing the computer's resources and providing a user
interface
Utilities: tools for maintaining and optimising the computer's performance
Page 4 of 8
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Worked Example
Tick whether the following are examples of applications software or system
software
[2]
Applications software Systems software
Control software
Compiler
Word processor
Device driver
Applications System
Software Software
(✓) (✓)
Control software ✓
Compiler ✓
Word processing ✓
Device drivers ✓
2 marks for 4 correct ticks
1 mark for 2 or 3 correct ticks
0 marks for 0 or 1 tick
Exam Tip
A common misconception is that control software is system software - it's
actually application software
Page 5 of 8
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Operating Systems YOUR NOTES
An Operating System has a user interface to allow the user to interact with the computer. There
are different types of user interfaces:
Command Line Interface (CLI)
Text-based interface
Users type commands to perform tasks
Requires knowledge of command syntax
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Visual-based interface with icons, windows, and menus
Users interact with the system using a mouse and keyboard
Easier for beginners to learn and use
Dialogue-based interface
Users communicate with the system through text or voice
The system responds with appropriate actions or feedback
Gesture-based interface
Users interact with the system through physical gestures
Requires a camera or sensor to detect movements
Differences between types of interface
CLI has a steeper learning curve compared to GUI
GUI is more resource-intensive than CLI
Dialogue-based and gesture-based interfaces enable more natural and intuitive
interaction
Advantages & Disadvantages
Type of Operating System Advantages Disadvantages
Faster for experienced users Difficult for beginners to
Command Line Interface Consumes fewer system learn
resources Less visually appealing
Slower for some tasks
User-friendly and easier to compared to CLI
learn Consumes more system
Visually appealing resources (RAM / HDD)
Graphical User Interface
Better help facilities Slower to run as graphics
Can exchange data between have to be loaded
different applications Restrictive as can only use
pre-defined functions
Page 6 of 8
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Natural and intuitive May require additional YOUR NOTES
Dialogue-based & interaction hardware
Gesture-based Interfaces Accessible for users with Limited functionality
disabilities compared to CLI and GUI
Exam Tip
Make sure you explain your answer in full - GUI requires more power is not
enough on its own and needs expansion
Make sure you know a range of both benefits and drawbacks
Page 7 of 8
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.com for more awesome resources
Analogue & Digital Data YOUR NOTES
Analogue & Digital Data
Analogue data is continuous and varies smoothly over time
Digital data is discrete and represented in binary form (0s and 1s)
Differences between Analogue & Digital Data
Analogue data can have any value within a range, while digital data has a limited set of
values
Digital data is less prone to noise and distortion compared to analogue data
Digital data can be easily manipulated, stored, and transmitted by computers
Converting Analogue to Digital Data
Analogue data must be converted to digital data so it can be processed by a computer
This process is called analogue-to-digital conversion (ADC) and is performed by an
analogue-to-digital converter
Converting Digital to Analogue Data
Digital data must be converted to analogue data so it can be used to control devices
This process is called digital-to-analogue conversion (DAC) and is performed by a
digital-to-analogue converter
Worked Example
A greenhouse is used to grow plants and is computer controlled. Give two reasons
why data from the sensors need to be converted for use by a computer.
[2]
Two of:
So that the data from the sensor can be understood by the computer [1]
The output from a sensor is analogue [1]
The input to the computer is digital [1]
Page 8 of 8
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
You might also like
- Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) Fundamentals: How to Master HTML with EaseFrom EverandHypertext Markup Language (HTML) Fundamentals: How to Master HTML with EaseNo ratings yet
- DCA1109 & INTRODUCTION TO WEB PROGRAMMING-Bhushan 266No ratings yetDCA1109 & INTRODUCTION TO WEB PROGRAMMING-Bhushan 26619 pages
- Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Computer Science: The Internet & The World Wide WebNo ratings yetCambridge (CIE) IGCSE Computer Science: The Internet & The World Wide Web10 pages
- SDOC-EB6AC7833A22C9403DEA0B62129D1AB4-03-20-SI (2)No ratings yetSDOC-EB6AC7833A22C9403DEA0B62129D1AB4-03-20-SI (2)61 pages
- SHUBHAM Complete Computer Applications FileNo ratings yetSHUBHAM Complete Computer Applications File23 pages
- HTML Basics: This Work Is Licensed Under ANo ratings yetHTML Basics: This Work Is Licensed Under A83 pages
- Online Faculty Evaluation System Documentation67% (3)Online Faculty Evaluation System Documentation98 pages
- Introduction To Web Technology: Unit 3 HTMLNo ratings yetIntroduction To Web Technology: Unit 3 HTML49 pages
- Web Development Starter Kit: by Halim BoussadaNo ratings yetWeb Development Starter Kit: by Halim Boussada58 pages
- Online Faculty Evaluation System DocumentationNo ratings yetOnline Faculty Evaluation System Documentation99 pages
- IBM Lotus Domino: Classic Web Application Development TechniquesFrom EverandIBM Lotus Domino: Classic Web Application Development TechniquesNo ratings yet
- What Are The Major Components of A Web Browser - Draw A Neat Diagram To Explain Them.No ratings yetWhat Are The Major Components of A Web Browser - Draw A Neat Diagram To Explain Them.3 pages
- Carlson BRx7 Download Static With Wifi Rev3No ratings yetCarlson BRx7 Download Static With Wifi Rev32 pages
- Practical 1: Aim: Design A Webpage Using Different Text Formatting Tags. CodeNo ratings yetPractical 1: Aim: Design A Webpage Using Different Text Formatting Tags. Code39 pages
- Arm Keil Studio Cloud User Guide 102497 1.5 04 enNo ratings yetArm Keil Studio Cloud User Guide 102497 1.5 04 en102 pages
- Coconut Disease Prediction System and recommendation Using Image Processing (1)No ratings yetCoconut Disease Prediction System and recommendation Using Image Processing (1)30 pages
- Microsoft Word - CSE102 Review Answer KeyNo ratings yetMicrosoft Word - CSE102 Review Answer Key41 pages
- Evidian EAM as a Service Installation and Configuration Guide 39a224mbrev05usNo ratings yetEvidian EAM as a Service Installation and Configuration Guide 39a224mbrev05us89 pages
- Comprehensive Web Vulnerability Scanner - Try A Free ScanNo ratings yetComprehensive Web Vulnerability Scanner - Try A Free Scan18 pages
- Previous Years' Board Paper - Question Bank: Cascading Style Sheets and JavascriptNo ratings yetPrevious Years' Board Paper - Question Bank: Cascading Style Sheets and Javascript16 pages
- Complete Web & Mobile Designer in 2020 UIUX, Figma + MoreNo ratings yetComplete Web & Mobile Designer in 2020 UIUX, Figma + More4 pages
- 1tutorial - Alphabet Shadow Box - 3DCuts PDFNo ratings yet1tutorial - Alphabet Shadow Box - 3DCuts PDF8 pages
