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Lecture 09 - Counting Theory

The document discusses Counting Theory, focusing on the counting principle, rules of sum and product, and permutations. It provides examples and exercises to illustrate how to calculate possible outcomes for various scenarios, such as choosing outfits or arranging letters. Additionally, it covers permutations with repetition and includes exercises for practice.

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dreamy
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6 views16 pages

Lecture 09 - Counting Theory

The document discusses Counting Theory, focusing on the counting principle, rules of sum and product, and permutations. It provides examples and exercises to illustrate how to calculate possible outcomes for various scenarios, such as choosing outfits or arranging letters. Additionally, it covers permutations with repetition and includes exercises for practice.

Uploaded by

dreamy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COUNTING

THEORY
Counting Theory

The counting principle is a rule used to count the total number of


possible outcomes in a situation.

• In daily lives, many a times one needs to find out the number of
all possible outcomes for a series of events.
Example
• A boy lives at X and wants to go to School at Z. From his home X
he has to first reach Y and then Y to Z. He has 3 paths to reach
from X to Y and 2 paths to reach Y to Z. How many ways are
there to go from X to Z?
a1 b1
a2
X Y b2
Z
a3

3X2=6
The Rules of Sum and Product

The Rules of Sum


If a sequence of tasks T1,T2,…,Tm can be done in w1,w2,…wm ways
Then the number of ways to do one of these tasks is w1+w2+⋯+wm

➢ The condition is that no tasks can be performed simultaneously.


T1 T2

X Y Z

No of ways to do T1 & T2 3 2
The Rules of Sum and Product

The Rules of Product


If a sequence of tasks T1,T2,…,Tm can be done in w1,w2,…wm ways
respectively and every task arrives after the occurrence of the
previous task,
Then there are w1 x w2 x⋯x wm ways to perform the tasks.

T1 T2

X Y Z

Total No of ways 3 x 2 =6
Exercise

Lily is trying to decide what to wear.


She has shirts in the following colors: red, purple, and blue, and she
has pants in the following colors: black and white.
How many different outfits can Lily choose from (assuming she
selects one shirt and one pair of pants)?
Exercise
1. There are 8 Newspapers and 3 magazines published by
Lakehouse. Adrian want to purchase one newspaper and one
magazine out of them, how many different choices does he have?

2. Nishadhi has 3 hats, 5 dresses and 2 pair of shoes. How many


different outfits does she have?

3. There are 138,122 and125 bus services and one train service to
reach Maharagama to Colombo Fort. If you want to travel from
Maharagama to Colombo Fort how many different ways do you
have?
Permutations
Permutation relates to the act of arranging all the members of a
set into some sequence or order.

From a set S ={x, y, z} by taking two at a time.


All permutations are − xy, yx, xz, zx, yz, zy
6 arrangements
Number of Permutations

The number of permutations = npr

‘n’ different things taken ‘r’ at a time


Example
From a set S ={x, y, z} by taking two at a time.
How many Arrangements?

n= 3 𝑛!
𝑛𝑃 𝑟 = 𝑛−𝑟 !
r=2

3!
3𝑃 2 = 3−2 !

3𝑥2𝑥1
3𝑃 2 = 1! =6
6 arrangements
Exercise
1. Find the number of permutations if n = 12 and r = 2.

2. How many 4 letter words can be formed out of the letters of


the word ‘LNBTI’ when repetition is not allowed?

3. How many signals can be given by 6 lights of different colors


while using 3 lights at a same time?

4. How many 4-digits number can be formed by using the digits


3,4,5,6,7,8,9 only once?
Exercise
5. How many 3-letter words can be formed using the letters
from the word “FABLE”?

6. Amal, Shamil, and Prabha are seated in a row to take a


photograph. How many different ways are there to have the
photo with all them together?

7. How many six-digit numbers can be formed by using the digits


1,2,3,4,5,6,7and 8, but with the condition digits 5 and 8 are next
to each other.
Permutations with Repetition

The number of permutations of n objects with n1 identical


objects of type 1, n2 identical objects of type 2,……….. nk identical
objects of type k is

𝑛!
𝑛1! 𝑛2! … . . 𝑛𝑘 !
Example
Find how many ways you can rearrange letters of the word
“BANANA” all at a time.
𝑛!
Total number of letters in “BANANA” = 6 𝑛𝑃 𝑟 = 𝑛−𝑟 !
6!
“A” repeats 3 times 6𝑃 6 = 6−6 !
= 6!
“N” repeats 2 times

6𝑃 6 6!
So, the permutation = = = 60
3! 2! 3! 2!
Exercise
1. How many ways can the letters in the name RAMONA be
arranged?

2. Rearranging all the letters of word “MATHEMATICS”, how


many distinct strings can form?

3. If there are 4 Chocolate, 2 Custard, and 2 Orio cookies in a box,


in how many different orders is it possible to eat all of these
cookies?

4. How many different 5-digit numerals can be written using the


following 9 digits? 2, 2, 2, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9
Exercise
5. If there are 4 cans of cola, 3 cans of lemonade, and 5 cans of
iced tea in a cooler, in how many orders is it possible to
consume these drinks?

6. A clothing store has a certain shirt in 4 sizes: small, medium,


large, and extra large. If it has 2 small, 3 medium, 6 large, and
2 extra large in stock,
i. How many orders can it sell all the shirts?
ii. Suppose the store decides not to sell the extra large
shirts. In how many orders can it sell the remaining
shirts?

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