### **Study Session 1: Body Fluid**

1. What percentage of the total body weight is intracellular fluid?

a) 22%

b) 42%

c) 52%

d) 60%

2. What percentage of the total body weight is extracellular fluid?

a) 22%

b) 42%

c) 52%

d) 60%

3. Which of the following is NOT a component of extracellular fluid?

a) Lymph

b) Blood plasma

c) Interstitial fluid

d) Cytoplasm

4. What is the normal pH range of blood?

a) 5.4 – 7.5

b) 6.0 – 8.5

c) 7.35 – 7.45

d) 4.5 – 8.0

5. What is the pH range of gastric juice?

a) 1.5 – 3.5
 b) 5.4 – 7.5

c) 6.0 – 8.5

d) 7.35 – 7.45

6. Which of the following is NOT a function of homeostasis?

a) Regulation of body water

b) Regulation of body pH

c) Regulation of blood glucose level

d) Regulation of external environment

7. What is the process by which water moves in and out of cells?

a) Diffusion

b) Osmosis

c) Active transport

d) Filtration

8. Which electrolyte is most abundant in intracellular fluid?

a) Sodium

b) Potassium

c) Chloride

d) Calcium

9. What is the primary function of buffers in the body?

a) Transport oxygen

b) Maintain pH balance

c) Regulate blood pressure

d) Produce energy

10. Which of the following is NOT a buffer in the body?

 a) Bicarbonates

b) Phosphates

c) Proteins

d) Glucose

---

### **Study Session 2: Blood System**

11. What is the life span of red blood cells?

a) 8 – 11 days

b) 30 days

c) 120 days

d) 365 days

12. What is the shape of red blood cells?

a) Spherical

b) Biconcave disc

c) Cuboidal

d) Irregular

13. Which hormone stimulates the production of red blood cells?

a) Insulin

b) Testosterone

c) Estrogen

d) Thyroxine

14. What is the normal platelet count per cubic millimeter of blood?

a) 100,000 – 150,000

b) 200,000 – 350,000
 c) 400,000 – 500,000

d) 600,000 – 700,000

15. Which of the following is NOT a function of white blood cells?

a) Digestion of dead tissue

b) Transport of oxygen

c) Phagocytosis

d) Boosting the immune system

16. What is the primary function of platelets?

a) Transport oxygen

b) Fight infections

c) Arrest bleeding

d) Regulate pH

17. Which of the following is NOT a type of white blood cell?

a) Neutrophil

b) Eosinophil

c) Erythrocyte

d) Lymphocyte

18. What is the process by which white blood cells engulf and digest
bacteria?

a) Phagocytosis

b) Osmosis

c) Diffusion

d) Hemolysis

19. What is the term for the series of reactions that prevent blood loss?
 a) Hemostasis

b) Hemolysis

c) Erythropoiesis

d) Phagocytosis

20. Which of the following is NOT a stage of hemostasis?

a) Vasoconstriction

b) Formation of temporary plug

c) Clotting mechanism

d) Erythropoiesis

---

### **Study Session 3: Respiratory System**

21. What is the normal tidal volume (VT) in an adult?

a) 150 mL

b) 500 mL

c) 1.3 L

d) 3.0 L

22. What is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

a) 500 mL

b) 1.3 L

c) 3.0 L

d) 1.2 L

23. What is the residual volume (RV)?

a) 500 mL

b) 1.3 L
 c) 3.0 L

d) 1.2 L

24. Which of the following is NOT a lung capacity?

a) Tidal Volume (VT)

b) Vital Capacity (VC)

c) Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

d) Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

25. What is the primary muscle involved in inspiration?

a) Intercostal muscles

b) Diaphragm

c) Abdominal muscles

d) Pectoral muscles

26. What is the term for the exchange of gases between blood and lungs?

a) Internal respiration

b) External respiration

c) Cellular respiration

d) Pulmonary ventilation

27. What is the term for the exchange of gases between blood and body
cells?

a) Internal respiration

b) External respiration

c) Cellular respiration

d) Pulmonary ventilation

28. What is the normal respiratory rate in adults?

 a) 6 – 8 breaths/min

b) 12 – 20 breaths/min

c) 25 – 30 breaths/min

d) 35 – 40 breaths/min

29. Which of the following is NOT a part of the conducting zone in the
respiratory system?

a) Trachea

b) Bronchi

c) Alveoli

d) Bronchioles

30. What is the term for the volume of air that reaches the alveoli per
minute?

a) Tidal volume

b) Minute ventilation

c) Alveolar ventilation

d) Dead space ventilation

---

### **Study Session 4: Cardiovascular System**

31. What is the normal cardiac output in an adult?

a) 2 L/min

b) 5 L/min

c) 10 L/min

d) 15 L/min

32. Which of the following is NOT a chamber of the heart?

a) Right atrium
 b) Left atrium

c) Right ventricle

d) Pulmonary artery

33. What is the term for the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per
beat?

a) Cardiac output

b) Stroke volume

c) Heart rate

d) Pulse pressure

34. What is the normal heart rate in adults?

a) 40 – 60 beats/min

b) 60 – 100 beats/min

c) 100 – 120 beats/min

d) 120 – 140 beats/min

35. Which of the following is NOT a type of circulation?

a) Pulmonary circulation

b) Systemic circulation

c) Coronary circulation

d) Lymphatic circulation

36. What is the term for the pressure in the brachial artery?

a) Pulse pressure

b) Blood pressure

c) Cardiac output

d) Stroke volume
37. What is the normal systolic blood pressure in a young adult?

a) 70 mmHg

b) 90 mmHg

c) 120 mmHg

d) 140 mmHg

38. What is the term for the difference between systolic and diastolic
pressure?

a) Pulse pressure

b) Blood pressure

c) Cardiac output

d) Stroke volume

39. Which structure is known as the pacemaker of the heart?

a) Atrioventricular (AV) Node

b) Sinoatrial (SA) Node

c) Bundle of His

d) Purkinje Fibers

40. What is the term for the electrical activity of the heart recorded on a
graph?

a) Electrocardiogram (ECG)

b) Echocardiogram

c) Electromyogram

d) Electroencephalogram

---

### **Additional Questions (41-100)**

41. What is the term for the fluid found between cells?
 a) Intracellular fluid

b) Interstitial fluid

c) Blood plasma

d) Lymph

42. Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?

a) Transport of oxygen

b) Regulation of body temperature

c) Production of hormones

d) Defense against infections

43. What is the term for the process of red blood cell production?

a) Hemostasis

b) Erythropoiesis

c) Phagocytosis

d) Hemolysis

44. What is the term for the condition of low red blood cell count?

a) Anemia

b) Leukemia

c) Thrombocytopenia

d) Hemophilia

45. What is the term for the condition of low platelet count?

a) Anemia

b) Leukemia

c) Thrombocytopenia

d) Hemophilia
46. What is the term for the condition of excessive bleeding due to lack of
clotting factors?

a) Anemia

b) Leukemia

c) Thrombocytopenia

d) Hemophilia

47. What is the term for the process of blood clotting?

a) Hemostasis

b) Coagulation

c) Phagocytosis

d) Hemolysis

48. What is the term for the process of blood cell formation?

a) Hemostasis

b) Hematopoiesis

c) Phagocytosis

d) Hemolysis

49. What is the term for the condition of high white blood cell count?

a) Leukocytosis

b) Leukopenia

c) Thrombocytosis

d) Thrombocytopenia

50. What is the term for the condition of low white blood cell count?

a) Leukocytosis

b) Leukopenia

c) Thrombocytosis
 d) Thrombocytopenia

### **Answers to Questions 1-50:**

1. b) 42%

2. a) 22%

3. d) Cytoplasm

4. c) 7.35 – 7.45

5. a) 1.5 – 3.5

6. d) Regulation of external environment

7. b) Osmosis

8. b) Potassium

9. b) Maintain pH balance

10. d) Glucose

11. c) 120 days

12. b) Biconcave disc

13. b) Testosterone

14. b) 200,000 – 350,000

15. b) Transport of oxygen

16. c) Arrest bleeding

17. c) Erythrocyte

18. a) Phagocytosis

19. a) Hemostasis

20. d) Erythropoiesis

21. b) 500 mL

22. c) 3.0 L

23. d) 1.2 L

24. a) Tidal Volume (VT)

25. b) Diaphragm
26. b) External respiration

27. a) Internal respiration

28. b) 12 – 20 breaths/min

29. c) Alveoli

30. c) Alveolar ventilation

31. b) 5 L/min

32. d) Pulmonary artery

33. b) Stroke volume

34. b) 60 – 100 beats/min

35. d) Lymphatic circulation

36. b) Blood pressure

37. c) 120 mmHg

38. a) Pulse pressure

39. b) Sinoatrial (SA) Node

40. a) Electrocardiogram (ECG)

41. b) Interstitial fluid

42. c) Production of hormones

43. b) Erythropoiesis

44. a) Anemia

45. c) Thrombocytopenia

46. d) Hemophilia

47. b) Coagulation

48. b) Hematopoiesis

49. a) Leukocytosis

50. b) Leukopenia

### **Study Session 1: Body Fluid (Continued)**

51. What is the term for the fluid found inside cells?
 a) Intracellular fluid

b) Interstitial fluid

c) Blood plasma

d) Lymph

52. Which of the following is NOT a component of intracellular fluid?

a) Water

b) Potassium

c) Sodium

d) Magnesium

53. What is the term for the force that pulls fluid from one compartment to
another?

a) Diffusion

b) Osmotic pressure

c) Active transport

d) Filtration

54. What is the term for the maintenance of a stable internal

environment?

a) Homeostasis

b) Hemostasis

c) Osmosis

d) Diffusion

55. Which of the following is NOT a function of extracellular fluid?

a) Transport of oxygen

b) Transport of nutrients

c) Regulation of body temperature

d) Production of hormones
### **Study Session 2: Blood System (Continued)**

56. What is the term for the process of red blood cell destruction?

a) Hemolysis

b) Erythropoiesis

c) Phagocytosis

d) Hemostasis

57. Which of the following is NOT a type of granulocyte?

a) Neutrophil

b) Eosinophil

c) Basophil

d) Lymphocyte

58. What is the term for the condition of high red blood cell count?

a) Polycythemia

b) Anemia

c) Leukemia

d) Thrombocytopenia

59. What is the term for the condition of low platelet count?

a) Thrombocytopenia

b) Thrombocytosis

c) Leukopenia

d) Leukocytosis

60. What is the term for the condition of excessive bleeding due to lack of
clotting factors?
 a) Hemophilia

b) Leukemia

c) Thrombocytopenia

d) Anemia

61. What is the term for the process of blood clotting?

a) Coagulation

b) Hemolysis

c) Phagocytosis

d) Hemostasis

62. What is the term for the process of blood cell formation?

a) Hematopoiesis

b) Hemolysis

c) Phagocytosis

d) Hemostasis

63. What is the term for the condition of high white blood cell count?

a) Leukocytosis

b) Leukopenia

c) Thrombocytosis

d) Thrombocytopenia

64. What is the term for the condition of low white blood cell count?

a) Leukopenia

b) Leukocytosis

c) Thrombocytosis

d) Thrombocytopenia
65. What is the term for the process by which white blood cells engulf and
digest bacteria?

a) Phagocytosis

b) Osmosis

c) Diffusion

d) Hemolysis

66. What is the term for the volume of air that can be forcefully expired
after normal expiration?

a) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

b) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

c) Tidal volume (VT)

d) Residual volume (RV)

67. What is the term for the volume of air that remains in the lungs after
maximal expiration?

a) Residual volume (RV)

b) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

c) Tidal volume (VT)

d) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

68. What is the term for the maximal volume of air that can be inspired
after normal expiration?

a) Inspiratory capacity (IC)

b) Vital capacity (VC)

c) Functional residual capacity (FRC)

d) Total lung capacity (TLC)

69. What is the term for the volume of air in the lungs after maximal
inspiration?

a) Total lung capacity (TLC)

b) Vital capacity (VC)

c) Inspiratory capacity (IC)

d) Functional residual capacity (FRC)

70. What is the term for the volume of air that reaches the alveoli per
minute?

a) Alveolar ventilation

b) Minute ventilation

c) Dead space ventilation

d) Tidal volume

71. What is the term for the portion of minute ventilation that fails to
reach the alveoli?

a) Dead space ventilation

b) Alveolar ventilation

c) Minute ventilation

d) Tidal volume

72. What is the term for the condition of increased alveolar carbon dioxide
tension?

a) Hypercapnia

b) Hypocapnia

c) Hypoxia

d) Hyperventilation

73. What is the term for the condition of decreased alveolar carbon
dioxide tension?

a) Hypocapnia
 b) Hypercapnia

c) Hypoxia

d) Hyperventilation

74. What is the term for the condition of low oxygen levels in the blood?

a) Hypoxia

b) Hypercapnia

c) Hypocapnia

d) Hyperventilation

75. What is the term for the condition of increased alveolar ventilation
with constant carbon dioxide production?

a) Hyperventilation

b) Hypoventilation

c) Hypoxia

d) Hypercapnia

### **Study Session 4: Cardiovascular System (Continued)**

76. What is the term for the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per
minute?

a) Cardiac output

b) Stroke volume

c) Heart rate

d) Pulse pressure

77. What is the term for the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per
beat?

a) Stroke volume

b) Cardiac output
 c) Heart rate

d) Pulse pressure

78. What is the term for the number of heartbeats per minute?

a) Heart rate

b) Stroke volume

c) Cardiac output

d) Pulse pressure

79. What is the term for the difference between systolic and diastolic
pressure?

a) Pulse pressure

b) Blood pressure

c) Cardiac output

d) Stroke volume

80. What is the term for the pressure in the brachial artery?

a) Blood pressure

b) Pulse pressure

c) Cardiac output

d) Stroke volume

81. What is the term for the electrical activity of the heart recorded on a
graph?

a) Electrocardiogram (ECG)

b) Echocardiogram

c) Electromyogram

d) Electroencephalogram

82. What is the term for the condition of high blood pressure?
 a) Hypertension

b) Hypotension

c) Tachycardia

d) Bradycardia

83. What is the term for the condition of low blood pressure?

a) Hypotension

b) Hypertension

c) Tachycardia

d) Bradycardia

84. What is the term for the condition of rapid heart rate?

a) Tachycardia

b) Bradycardia

c) Hypertension

d) Hypotension

85. What is the term for the condition of slow heart rate?

a) Bradycardia

b) Tachycardia

c) Hypertension

d) Hypotension

### **Additional Questions (86-100)**

86. What is the term for the condition of high red blood cell count?

a) Polycythemia

b) Anemia

c) Leukemia
 d) Thrombocytopenia

87. What is the term for the condition of low red blood cell count?

a) Anemia

b) Polycythemia

c) Leukemia

d) Thrombocytopenia

88. What is the term for the condition of high platelet count?

a) Thrombocytosis

b) Thrombocytopenia

c) Leukocytosis

d) Leukopenia

89. What is the term for the condition of low platelet count?

a) Thrombocytopenia

b) Thrombocytosis

c) Leukocytosis

d) Leukopenia

90. What is the term for the condition of high white blood cell count?

a) Leukocytosis

b) Leukopenia

c) Thrombocytosis

d) Thrombocytopenia

91. What is the term for the condition of low white blood cell count?

a) Leukopenia

b) Leukocytosis
 c) Thrombocytosis

d) Thrombocytopenia

92. What is the term for the process of red blood cell production?

a) Erythropoiesis

b) Hemolysis

c) Phagocytosis

d) Hemostasis

93. What is the term for the process of red blood cell destruction?

a) Hemolysis

b) Erythropoiesis

c) Phagocytosis

d) Hemostasis

94. What is the term for the process of blood clotting?

a) Coagulation

b) Hemolysis

c) Phagocytosis

d) Hemostasis

95. What is the term for the process of blood cell formation?

a) Hematopoiesis

b) Hemolysis

c) Phagocytosis

d) Hemostasis

96. What is the term for the condition of excessive bleeding due to lack of
clotting factors?
 a) Hemophilia

b) Leukemia

c) Thrombocytopenia

d) Anemia

97. What is the term for the condition of high blood pressure?

a) Hypertension

b) Hypotension

c) Tachycardia

d) Bradycardia

98. What is the term for the condition of low blood pressure?

a) Hypotension

b) Hypertension

c) Tachycardia

d) Bradycardia

99. What is the term for the condition of rapid heart rate?

a) Tachycardia

b) Bradycardia

c) Hypertension

d) Hypotension

100. What is the term for the condition of slow heart rate?

a) Bradycardia

b) Tachycardia

c) Hypertension

d) Hypotension
### **Answers to Questions 51-100:**

51. a) Intracellular fluid

52. c) Sodium

53. b) Osmotic pressure

54. a) Homeostasis

55. d) Production of hormones

56. a) Hemolysis

57. d) Lymphocyte

58. a) Polycythemia

59. a) Thrombocytopenia

60. a) Hemophilia

61. a) Coagulation

62. a) Hematopoiesis

63. a) Leukocytosis

64. a) Leukopenia

65. a) Phagocytosis

66. a) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

67. a) Residual volume (RV)

68. a) Inspiratory capacity (IC)

69. a) Total lung capacity (TLC)

70. a) Alveolar ventilation

71. a) Dead space ventilation

72. a) Hypercapnia

73. a) Hypocapnia

74. a) Hypoxia

75. a) Hyperventilation

76. a) Cardiac output

77. a) Stroke volume

78. a) Heart rate

79. a) Pulse pressure

80. a) Blood pressure

81. a) Electrocardiogram (ECG)

82. a) Hypertension

83. a) Hypotension

84. a) Tachycardia

85. a) Bradycardia

86. a) Polycythemia

87. a) Anemia

88. a) Thrombocytosis

89. a) Thrombocytopenia

90. a) Leukocytosis

91. a) Leukopenia

92. a) Erythropoiesis

93. a) Hemolysis

94. a) Coagulation

95. a) Hematopoiesis

96. a) Hemophilia

97. a) Hypertension

98. a) Hypotension

99. a) Tachycardia

100. a) Bradycardia

MORE QUESTIONS

### **Study Session 1: Body Fluid**

1. **What is the primary mechanism by which water moves between
intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments?**

a) Active transport

b) Osmosis

c) Diffusion

d) Filtration

2. **Which of the following is the primary cation in intracellular fluid?**

a) Sodium (Na⁺)

b) Potassium (K⁺)

c) Chloride (Cl⁻)

d) Calcium (Ca²⁺)

3. **What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in

maintaining intracellular fluid composition?**

a) To move sodium into the cell and potassium out of the cell

b) To move potassium into the cell and sodium out of the cell

c) To maintain equal concentrations of sodium and potassium inside and

outside the cell

d) To regulate pH balance

4. **Which of the following best describes the role of buffers in

maintaining homeostasis?**

a) They transport oxygen to cells

b) They regulate blood pressure

c) They prevent large changes in pH by neutralizing acids and bases

d) They promote blood clotting

5. **What is the primary cause of fluid shift from the intracellular to the
extracellular compartment during dehydration?**

a) Increased osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid

 b) Decreased osmotic pressure in the intracellular fluid

c) Increased sodium concentration in the intracellular fluid

d) Decreased potassium concentration in the extracellular fluid

### **Study Session 2: Blood System**

6. **Which of the following is the primary function of hemoglobin in red

blood cells?**

a) To transport carbon dioxide

b) To transport oxygen

c) To fight infections

d) To promote blood clotting

7. **What is the primary site of erythropoiesis in adults?**

a) Liver

b) Spleen

c) Bone marrow

d) Lymph nodes

8. **Which of the following is the primary stimulus for erythropoietin

release?**

a) High oxygen levels in the blood

b) Low oxygen levels in the blood

c) High carbon dioxide levels in the blood

d) Low carbon dioxide levels in the blood

9. **What is the primary role of platelets in hemostasis?**

a) To transport oxygen

b) To form a temporary plug at the site of vessel injury

 c) To fight infections

d) To regulate blood pH

10. **Which of the following is the primary function of fibrin in the clotting
process?**

a) To form a mesh that traps blood cells and platelets

b) To dissolve blood clots

c) To transport oxygen

d) To regulate blood pressure

11. **What is the primary difference between intrinsic and extrinsic

pathways of blood clotting?**

a) The intrinsic pathway is activated by tissue damage, while the

extrinsic pathway is activated by blood contact with a foreign surface

b) The extrinsic pathway is activated by tissue damage, while the

intrinsic pathway is activated by blood contact with a foreign surface

c) The intrinsic pathway involves platelets, while the extrinsic pathway

does not

d) The extrinsic pathway involves platelets, while the intrinsic pathway

does not

12. **Which of the following is the primary cause of hemophilia?**

a) Deficiency of vitamin K

b) Deficiency of clotting factors

c) Excess production of fibrin

d) Excess production of platelets

13. **What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune response?

**

a) To produce antibodies

b) To engulf and digest bacteria

 c) To regulate blood clotting

d) To transport oxygen

14. **Which of the following is the primary role of lymphocytes in the

immune system?**

a) To produce antibodies and mediate immune responses

b) To engulf and digest bacteria

c) To regulate blood clotting

d) To transport oxygen

15. **What is the primary cause of anemia in chronic kidney disease?**

a) Deficiency of erythropoietin

b) Deficiency of iron

c) Excess production of red blood cells

d) Excess destruction of red blood cells

### **Study Session 3: Respiratory System**

16. **What is the primary function of the diaphragm during inspiration?**

a) To decrease thoracic cavity volume

b) To increase thoracic cavity volume

c) To decrease lung compliance

d) To increase lung compliance

17. **Which of the following is the primary mechanism of gas exchange in

the alveoli?**

a) Active transport

b) Diffusion

c) Osmosis
 d) Filtration

18. **What is the primary role of surfactant in the alveoli?**

a) To increase surface tension

b) To decrease surface tension

c) To promote gas exchange

d) To regulate blood flow

19. **Which of the following is the primary cause of respiratory acidosis?**

a) Hyperventilation

b) Hypoventilation

c) Increased oxygen levels

d) Decreased carbon dioxide levels

20. **What is the primary function of the Hering-Breuer reflex?**

a) To regulate heart rate

b) To prevent overinflation of the lungs

c) To promote gas exchange

d) To regulate blood pressure

21. **Which of the following is the primary cause of hypoxia in high-

altitude environments?**

a) Decreased atmospheric oxygen pressure

b) Increased carbon dioxide levels

c) Decreased lung compliance

d) Increased lung compliance

22. **What is the primary role of the medullary respiratory centers in

controlling respiration?**

a) To regulate heart rate

 b) To regulate blood pressure

c) To generate the basic rhythm of breathing

d) To regulate body temperature

23. **Which of the following is the primary cause of hypercapnia?**

a) Hypoventilation

b) Hyperventilation

c) Increased oxygen levels

d) Decreased carbon dioxide levels

24. **What is the primary function of the carotid and aortic bodies in
respiratory control?**

a) To detect changes in blood oxygen levels

b) To detect changes in blood pressure

c) To detect changes in blood pH

d) To detect changes in blood glucose levels

25. **Which of the following is the primary cause of respiratory alkalosis?

**

a) Hypoventilation

b) Hyperventilation

c) Increased carbon dioxide levels

d) Decreased oxygen levels

### **Study Session 4: Cardiovascular System**

26. **What is the primary function of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
**

a) To regulate blood pressure

b) To generate the electrical impulse for heart contraction

 c) To regulate blood flow to the lungs

d) To regulate blood flow to the body

27. **Which of the following is the primary cause of the “lub” sound in the
heart?**

a) Closure of the atrioventricular valves

b) Closure of the semilunar valves

c) Opening of the atrioventricular valves

d) Opening of the semilunar valves

28. **What is the primary function of the atrioventricular (AV) node in the
heart?**

a) To generate the electrical impulse for heart contraction

b) To delay the electrical impulse to allow atrial contraction before

ventricular contraction

c) To regulate blood flow to the lungs

d) To regulate blood flow to the body

29. **Which of the following is the primary cause of the “dub” sound in
the heart?**

a) Closure of the atrioventricular valves

b) Closure of the semilunar valves

c) Opening of the atrioventricular valves

d) Opening of the semilunar valves

30. **What is the primary function of the Purkinje fibers in the heart?**

a) To generate the electrical impulse for heart contraction

b) To rapidly conduct the electrical impulse to the ventricles

c) To regulate blood flow to the lungs

d) To regulate blood flow to the body

31. **Which of the following is the primary cause of myocardial infarction?
**

a) Blockage of a coronary artery

b) Blockage of a pulmonary artery

c) Blockage of a systemic artery

d) Blockage of a vein

32. **What is the primary function of the coronary circulation?**

a) To supply blood to the heart muscle

b) To supply blood to the lungs

c) To supply blood to the body

d) To supply blood to the brain

33. **Which of the following is the primary cause of hypertension?**

a) Increased cardiac output

b) Increased peripheral resistance

c) Decreased blood volume

d) Decreased heart rate

34. **What is the primary function of the Frank-Starling mechanism in the

heart?**

a) To regulate blood pressure

b) To increase stroke volume in response to increased venous return

c) To regulate heart rate

d) To regulate blood flow to the lungs

35. **Which of the following is the primary cause of heart failure?**

a) Inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood

b) Inability of the lungs to exchange gases

 c) Inability of the kidneys to filter blood

d) Inability of the liver to produce bile

### **Answers to Questions 1-35:**

1. b) Osmosis

2. b) Potassium (K⁺)

3. b) To move potassium into the cell and sodium out of the cell

4. c) They prevent large changes in pH by neutralizing acids and bases

5. a) Increased osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid

6. b) To transport oxygen

7. c) Bone marrow

8. b) Low oxygen levels in the blood

9. b) To form a temporary plug at the site of vessel injury

10. a) To form a mesh that traps blood cells and platelets

11. b) The extrinsic pathway is activated by tissue damage, while the

intrinsic pathway is activated by blood contact with a foreign surface

12. b) Deficiency of clotting factors

13. b) To engulf and digest bacteria

14. a) To produce antibodies and mediate immune responses

15. a) Deficiency of erythropoietin

16. b) To increase thoracic cavity volume

17. b) Diffusion

18. b) To decrease surface tension

19. b) Hypoventilation

20. b) To prevent overinflation of the lungs

21. a) Decreased atmospheric oxygen pressure

22. c) To generate the basic rhythm of breathing

23. a) Hypoventilation
24. a) To detect changes in blood oxygen levels

25. b) Hyperventilation

26. b) To generate the electrical impulse for heart contraction

27. a) Closure of the atrioventricular valves

28. b) To delay the electrical impulse to allow atrial contraction before

ventricular contraction

29. b) Closure of the semilunar valves

30. b) To rapidly conduct the electrical impulse to the ventricles

31. a) Blockage of a coronary artery

32. a) To supply blood to the heart muscle

33. b) Increased peripheral resistance

34. b) To increase stroke volume in response to increased venous return

35. a) Inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood

### **Study Session 4: Cardiovascular System (Continued)**

36. **What is the primary cause of atrial fibrillation?**

a) Disorganized electrical activity in the atria

b) Disorganized electrical activity in the ventricles

c) Blockage of the coronary arteries

d) Increased peripheral resistance

37. **Which of the following is the primary cause of ventricular fibrillation?

**

a) Disorganized electrical activity in the atria

b) Disorganized electrical activity in the ventricles

c) Blockage of the coronary arteries

d) Increased peripheral resistance

38. **What is the primary function of the bundle of His in the heart?**

a) To generate the electrical impulse for heart contraction

 b) To conduct the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles

c) To regulate blood flow to the lungs

d) To regulate blood flow to the body

39. **Which of the following is the primary cause of angina pectoris?**

a) Reduced blood flow to the heart muscle

b) Reduced blood flow to the lungs

c) Reduced blood flow to the brain

d) Reduced blood flow to the kidneys

40. **What is the primary function of the electrocardiogram (ECG)?**

a) To measure blood pressure

b) To record the electrical activity of the heart

c) To measure blood flow to the heart

d) To measure oxygen levels in the blood

41. **Which of the following is the primary cause of cardiogenic shock?**

a) Failure of the heart to pump sufficient blood

b) Failure of the lungs to exchange gases

c) Failure of the kidneys to filter blood

d) Failure of the liver to produce bile

42. **What is the primary cause of pulmonary edema?**

a) Increased pressure in the pulmonary capillaries

b) Decreased pressure in the pulmonary capillaries

c) Increased pressure in the systemic capillaries

d) Decreased pressure in the systemic capillaries

43. **Which of the following is the primary cause of peripheral edema in
heart failure?**

a) Increased venous pressure

b) Decreased venous pressure

c) Increased arterial pressure

d) Decreased arterial pressure

44. **What is the primary function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

system (RAAS) in cardiovascular regulation?**

a) To increase blood pressure by retaining sodium and water

b) To decrease blood pressure by excreting sodium and water

c) To increase heart rate

d) To decrease heart rate

45. **Which of the following is the primary cause of orthostatic

hypotension?**

a) Sudden drop in blood pressure upon standing

b) Sudden increase in blood pressure upon standing

c) Sudden drop in heart rate upon standing

d) Sudden increase in heart rate upon standing

### **Study Session 3: Respiratory System (Continued)**

46. **What is the primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(COPD)?**

a) Long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke

b) Short-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke

c) Long-term exposure to high oxygen levels

d) Short-term exposure to high oxygen levels

47. **Which of the following is the primary cause of asthma?**

a) Inflammation and narrowing of the airways

b) Inflammation and narrowing of the blood vessels

c) Inflammation and narrowing of the alveoli

d) Inflammation and narrowing of the bronchi

48. **What is the primary cause of pulmonary embolism?**

a) Blockage of a pulmonary artery by a blood clot

b) Blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot

c) Blockage of a systemic artery by a blood clot

d) Blockage of a vein by a blood clot

49. **Which of the following is the primary cause of pneumothorax?**

a) Air in the pleural cavity causing lung collapse

b) Blood in the pleural cavity causing lung collapse

c) Fluid in the pleural cavity causing lung collapse

d) Pus in the pleural cavity causing lung collapse

50. **What is the primary cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome

(ARDS)?**

a) Severe inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs

b) Severe inflammation and fluid buildup in the heart

c) Severe inflammation and fluid buildup in the kidneys

d) Severe inflammation and fluid buildup in the liver

### **Answers to Questions 36-50:**

36. a) Disorganized electrical activity in the atria

37. b) Disorganized electrical activity in the ventricles

38. b) To conduct the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles

39. a) Reduced blood flow to the heart muscle

40. b) To record the electrical activity of the heart

41. a) Failure of the heart to pump sufficient blood

42. a) Increased pressure in the pulmonary capillaries

43. a) Increased venous pressure

44. a) To increase blood pressure by retaining sodium and water

45. a) Sudden drop in blood pressure upon standing

46. a) Long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke

47. a) Inflammation and narrowing of the airways

48. a) Blockage of a pulmonary artery by a blood clot

49. a) Air in the pleural cavity causing lung collapse

50. a) Severe inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs