AcTIVITY(3

AlM :Toassemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (onlof) switches, afuse and apower soure
REQUIREMENTS:
Three bulbswith holders, three (On/Of) switches, a fuse and an a.c. source.
THEORY:
CONSUMER UNIT

SUPPLY
COMPANY'S
MAIN TO
FUSE 5A 15A 30A 30A
EARTH
N
SUPPLY
CABLE MAIN IMMERSION
SWITCH HEATER GEYSERS

LIGHTSAND FANS AIRCONDITIONER

Fig. 3.1 DIAGRAM DEPICTING SUPPLY OF ELECTRIC ENERGY FROM THE COMPANY'S UTILITY POLE TO
THE CONSUMERS COMPOUND.
The a.c. voltage is supplied by the electricity board to all consumers at about 220 volts. There are generally two
cables carrying the main supply. The two cables are called the live and neutral cables. All electrical appliances are
connected in parallel with these two cables through an on/off switch.
The switch is connected to the Live wire". All electrical appliances LIVE
have independent switches. Since all the electrical devices are in
parallel, each device will get the rated voltage and will work at its full NEUTRAL
potential. LË
To safeguard the electrical installation and to protect it from any S.
L2
possible damage due to short circuiting or accidental large flow of
current. asafety fuse is inserted in the live wire circuit. The safety L3
fuse which is an alloy of lead (37%) and tin (63%) has a low melting
point and a high resistance. It is heated to a high temperature due to Fig. 3.2
hansy urrent and the fuse wire melts and the cIrcuit becomes open. The circuit for
household wire is 2s shown in fig. 3.2.
Colour coding of wires
Colour of Insulation
Wire
Old Convention
New Convention
Live Red
Brown
Neutural Black
Light blue
Earth Green
Green and yellow strips
60 MANUAL-12
EVERGREEN PHYSICS LAB
PROCEDURE:
(a) Assemble the various components ofthecircuit.
(b) Make theconnections as shown in the figure. Each switch is connected between the live wire and electrical
device, i.e., lamps in this case.
(c) The fuse' is also connected in the live wire circuit.
off.
(d) Switch on and off each switch separately and see that three lamps can be separately switched on or
PRECAUTIONS:
Live wire".
(i) The safety fuse and the switches must be connected to the
(ii) Be careful not to touch any live' part of the circuit.
(iii) Use only the wellinsulated wires in the circuit.
must be according to colour code.
(iv) Wires connected to live, neutral and earth

Viva-Voce
an electrical 0.5. What will happen, if all the appliances are
Q.1. What is the function of afuse in connected in series ?
circuit ?
Ans. Noappliance willget the required voltage for its
Ans, Thbe main function ofan electrical fuse is to protect distributed.
operation. The applied voltage will be
current and
the circuit from passing excessive The devices willnot work properly.
home. 100 watt
consequent damage to the wiring in the 0.6. VWhich lamp has more resistance:
circuiting 200 V or 60 watt 200 V lamp ?
When heavy current passes due to short
circuit
or overloading the fuse wire melts and the
is broken. Ans, R= i.e., Roc p
the 60 watt 200 V lamp will
 Ans. The current passng he same
through Aand B because they are
series. The resistance of lamp C3 cmust
onnected
low because it iss
consuming very small
Two lamps of 100 Wand 60 Ware power
42

Q.12.
Ans. H= -, then H c
in series. Which oftfthelamp
burnsim connet
ore brighty
a
R Ans. 60 Wlamp will burn more brightly
R
More heat will be produced in 2 2 resistance. resistance is more. because

ACTIVITY(4
AlM: To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.

REQUIREMENTS :
Voltmeter, resistor (of known value say 1002),arheostat, amilliammeter, abattery of 0-6 volts connecting w:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(K Rh

RESISTOR (R)

VOLTMETER
Fig. 4.1

PROCEDURE:
(a) Make the connection as shown in figure 4.1above.
() Find the least count of the milliammeter and voltmeter and zero correction if an.
( Change the voltage across the resistor with the help of the rheostat
and note the voltmeter reading.
L Talke three or four observations and record the
same in the tabular column as given below.
62
EVERGREEN PHYSICS LABBMANUAL
OBSERVATIONS :
Resistance of the given resistor=....hm
Least count of voltmeter =... Zero correction for voltmeter =.....
Least count of milliammneter =....... Zero correction for milliammeter
TABLE

Voltmeter readingV MIlllammeter readings I' Current throughDifference

S.No. the circuit
Observed Corrected Observed Corrected
R

RESULT :
potential difference across its ends.
The current through the resistor is proportional to the
PRECAUTIONS:
() Connections should be tight and neat.
milliammneter should be connected in series and voltmeterin parallel with the resistor and should have proper
(ii) The
ranges.
should be observed.
(i) Allprecautions regarding the polarity
(iv) Zero correction if any must be applied.

Viva-Voce
a and
through Ans. As shown in the figure, the current enters at
. How can be find the current passing leaves at c. Thus, the resistance used in the
circuit
removed
a resistor ? is that between a and c. As the variable is
Ans, This can be done by measuring the potential towards b, the resistance incircuit increases and
by aavoltmeter
and knowing
difference across it by the current in the circuit decreases.
the resistor R, I is given by ammeter connected in series ?
AcTIVITY(6
AIM: To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat. key,
circammet
uit ander
and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connectedin proper order and correct the
also the circutdiagram.
REQUIREMENTS :
Battery, resistor, rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter.
THEORY:
) Voltmeter is always connected in parallel with the point across which potential difference is to be measup:
(ii) Ammeter is always connected in series with the circuit.
(i) While connecting ammeter and voltmeter. tve should be connected to the +ve side of the battery.
GIVEN :
The circuit diagram as shown in fig. 6.1.

www
Rh
VOLTMETER BATTERY

AMMETER
Fig. 6.1

PROCEDURE:
Let us examine the given circuit diagram. It can be seenthat this circuit diagram suffersfrom the following drawbacks
(a) The ammeter is connected in parallel whereas the voltmeter is connected in series. Actually the voltmeter a
always connected in parallel and the ammeter in series.
(b) The +ve terminal of the battery is
Connected to the-ve of the voltmeter instead of the +ve.
La The +ve of the battery is
connected to the-ve terminalof the ammeter instead of the +ve.
( Due to these faulty connections the above circuit will not respond.
(e) Redrawthe circuit diagram by interchanging the position of the ammeter and voltmeter. Also, changeth
polarities so that +ve of thel battery is connected to the + ve of the voltmeter and ammeter as showninfig. 6-
Suuch acircuit, on being closed will respond and the voltmeter and ammeter readings can be
varied.
66 BMANUAL-12
EVERGREENII PHYSICS LAB
 A
Rh
AMMETER BATTERY

VOLTMETER
Fig. 6.2

ammeter respond when the knob of rheostat is moved.

You willnow find that the voltmeter and

Viva-Voce
is directly
0.6. What will happen if an ammeter
resistance-ammeter or connected acroSs a battery ?
Q1. Which has more
very loW resistance is
voltmeter ? Ans. If an ammeter which has a
will
than an ammeter. connected across the battery, a heavy current
Ans. has more resistance
Voltmeter will be burnt.
pass through it and the coil
Y What is the
resistance of an ideal ammeter 0.7. What do you expect ifa
voltmeter is connected
parallel with the
and ideal voltmeter ? in series and ammeter in figure ?
Cistance and ideal resistance R by mistake as in the
 ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY(0
AIM : To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor froma miced collection of such items.
REQUIREMENTS :
Multimeter. battery eliminator, reversing key, and the above components.
THEORY :
If we haveto identify these items,the appearance and working of each item will have to be considered. Let us
discuss cach one separately.
1. DIODE:Itis a two terminal device, it conducts when forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased.
2. LED:(Light Emitting Diode)
It also has two terminals and conducts when forward biased anddoes not conduct when reverse biased. It emits
light when conducting. It is similar to diode in that it also conducts only in one direction and then it emits light.
3. RESISTOR:It isatwo teminal device and conducts under anycondition and even when operated with a.c. voltage.
4. CAPACITOR:It is also a two terminal device. It does not conduct when d.c. voltage is applied. However, it
conducts when a.c.voltage is applied across its terminals.
PROCEDURE:
(a) To identify the resistor. capacitor, LED and junction diode, we usea multimeter. Each ofthe above devices is a
two terminal device.
(6) Set the multimeter to resistance measurement mode i.e., as ohm-metre.
Connect the two probes ofthe multimeter to each ofthe above items and note the deflection. Interchange the
probes and again note the deflection.
DIAGRAMS:
4 0.47uF
1 23 0.47uF
WRE + 6V
PAPER

RINGS
(b) CAPACITORS ELECTROLYTIC
MICA
(a) CARBON RESISTOR

(c) DIODES

Fig. 1.1

() Ifa large deflection is observed in one direction and no deflection in the second case, it is either ajunction diode
or an LED, The device which emits light when forward biased in an LED. The other item is junction diode
(d) If the deflection is the same in both cases, it is aresistor.
(e) Ifthe multimeter shows no deflection in either case it isa capacitor.
EVERGREEN PHYSICS LAB MANUAL-12 109
 of procedure.
Table of the components identified in various steps
ldentification by observ ing number of terminals.
Observation Device /Devices
capacitor or on LED
Two terminals May be a diode, resistor,
Further identification of devices with two terminals, on the basis of the current flowthrough it assobserved using the
multimcter. Device
multimeter
S. No. Flow of current observed using the
Resistor
1. In both directions
LED
2. Inone direction with emissionof light
Diode
3. Inone direction without emission of light
directions Capacitor
4. No current observed in both

PRECAUTIONS:
(i) Allconnections must be neat and clean.
reverse polarity every time.
(i) The current should be observed with the
ofa multimeter must be observed.
(ii) Allprecautions regarding the use
Viva-Voce
used configuration
 AcTIVITY 6a
AIM: To study the nature and size of the image formed by a convex lens using a candle
and a sCreen
(for different distances of the candle from the
lens).
REQUIREMENTS:
Opticalbench with three uprights, a convex lens with holder, a burning candle, a cardboard screen.
THEORY:
According to lens formula

f
For u = 0, V 1 For u -2f. v =2f
If the objcct is placed between the focus and the optical centre, the image is
the screen. Thus, we see that as the position of the object varics, the
virtual and will not be formed on
image varies.
position and hence size, nature of the

TABLE
Position of Details of the Image
S.No.
object screen/image Real orInverted or Magniied or
Virtual erect diminished in size
1 At infinity
2. Beyond 2f
3. At 2f
4. Between fand 2f
5. Atf
6. Between fand O

PROCEDURE:
(a) Find the rough focal length ofthe
convex lens by using the
focussing method.
(b) Mount the convex lens in the lens
holder and place at the position 21
50 cm on the optical bench.
(e) Place lighted candle on one side
of the lens and the cardboard
screen on the other side as shown
in figure 6.land measure the size
of candle.
Fig. 6.1
118 MANUAL--12
EVERGREEN PHYSICS LLAB
 dNN ighttthe cante s that an inverted and sharp image is fomed. Adjust the position of the
Nni wTY thai a sha image is fmdon the soreen The
screenwill be nearty at the toCUs ot uk
NUNNitNVN ROWands or aw the usithon and size of the imaxe ofthe cande tlame will
change.
\he AY Can f on the soroen by moving the soreen twards or away from
the lens. Note tne
S rhuaÀHs in the ttm ofatablegiven bekow.
Rnugh hal length ofthe oonvex lens = cm

NeAY NNwM aIN0 nature otthe image fr diftferent positions of the

object isgiven below.
TABLE
Rough focal length =
Aosition of
Comvex lens Candle fßame Screen Size of the image

RiCAUTONS:
Fin N a l length ofthe oonvex lens
Aynig the sthm of the kens tixed, mark F 2F positions on ether side so that we can have the upright
a ing the Canik in dhterent desired pasitins

( sathst the nsitinof the soeen w as to get a sharp image on the screen.
RESULT:
t witm of the lightnd candle is changd, the posithn ofthe screen has to be changed to get ashaD
Aing wthanetical pretithons, The size of the image is observed to be in accondace with the above

of light ident on it whereas a dìverging kens

metium divenges the rays of light incident on it.
0.3. How do you distinguish between a convex
and a coRcave lens?
WINNe surt ABs, A onvex kens is thick at the centre and thìn
ovengig and a divnging les at the dge whereaS a oncave lens is thìn at

Aamenging (awex kens) oomvengs the ys the centre and thick at the edes

ENGREENSCSLABBNANUNLt2 1193
 Ans. Oms (iv) In torches and head light.
2R)
R=f)
ACTIVITY6b
water
AR. To study the nature and size of the image ofacandle formed by aconcave
mirror on a screen by
gth in using a candle and a screen.

REQUIREMENTS:
An optical bench with three uprights, a concave mirror holder, a burning candle, a cardboard screen.
lecting THEORY:
dwhose
According to themirror formula
rom a 1
- +
1 1

efacing For u = 0, V = f ; For u =-2f, v=-2f

convex
y from
121
AL-12 EVERGREEN PHYSICS LAB MANUAL-12
 Hence, as the object (lighted candle is moved from infinity toward the concave mirror, its image
towards intinity). The position and size of the image for different positions of theobject are given belowmoves
: irom foo

B,
B

MIRROR
Fig. 7.1

PROCEDURE:
Follow all steps as in activity number 6a but with the candle and the cardboard screen both placed on the same sid:
of the mirror.

OBSERVATIONS:
Rough focal length of the mirror ..... Cm

TABLE
Position of
S.No. Nature and Size
Concave mirror Object upright Image upright
1.
2.
3.
4.
5

PRECAUTIONS:
() To start with, find the rough focal length of the concave miror.
Utoplacet
(ii) Keeping the position ofthe mirror fixed mark Fand Cpositions on the metre scale. This helpsSus
object needle (candle) in any position.
(iii) All uprights must be vertical.
(iv) Always adjust the position of the screen to get a sharp image of the obiect.

1
MANUAL-
122 EVERGREENIPHYSICSLABI
 V=-u Q.7. What is a telephoto lens ?
i.e., the image is as far as
Ans. It is a photographic lens that can
behind the plane
mirror as the object is in front of it.
produce a
large image of a distant object. It has a narrow
angle of view and small depth of field.

ACTIVITY(7
To obain a lens combination with the
specified focal length by using two lenses from the given set of lenses.
REQUIREMENTS:
Asetof lenses of different focal lengths, a
dioptometer.
THEORY:
We know that the focal length F of the two
lenses of focal length f, and f, in contact is given by
1 1 1
+
F S f2
Further. =P=Power of the combination, where fis expressed in metres.
P=P, +P, where P and P, are the powers of the individual lenses.
Knowing P, P, of the lenses (as measured with a dioptometer) of different lenses we can choose the
suitable
COmbination so as to satisfy the above relation ; here P is the power of thecombination to be formed.
Incase the set of different lenses contains lenses of known focal length, andfis the focal
length of the required
Combination, then the relation to be satisfied is :
1 1

ehe set contains concave lenses also, its focal length and power is to be taken as negative in the above relation
EVERGREEN PHYSICsLAB MANUAL-12 123
 loobtain a lenscombination of a given focal length.
To find the focal length of the component lensesandthat ofthe combination we use thefact that when aparallel bea
of light coming from a distant Iobject falls on alens, it convergesto a point calledthe principal focus. of the lens.T,

centre of the lens gives us the focal length of the lens.

Tomeasure
distance this between
measured distancethis
nmount awhite
point optical
sheet
andthe on upright placed on the optical bench. Also, hold the first lens (of foa
length/) on alens holderfixedin:an upright. Movethe lens and adjust its height and positionsothatliwht from the dista
object falls on it and asharp image ofthe distant object is formed on it. Mcasure distance between the screen and lex

uprights to get the focal length of the lens.

Screen
A parallel bean of light
Convex lens

Measurement of f, or h

Measurement of the focal length of combination (F)

Record of observations :
Focal length of convex lens ():
() (ii) (iii) ....... nean f =
Focal length of convex lens ) :
(i) (ii) (ii) ....., mean f, =
TABLE
Focal length of the combination of two convex lenses.
S.No. Distance between screen Distance between screen X4 + X2
F=
and lens L, X and lens L X 2
1
2
3
4

5.
Mean F=
RESULT:
Eocal length F of thecombination of two lenses of tocal lengthfË and f, respectivelv. then
F= cm

rievalue ofF agrees very well with the experimental value (within
experimental error).
MANLAL:
124 LAB
EVERGREEN PHYSICS
 PRECAUTIONS:
ià Thecombination ofthe two lenses must be
Deam converging.
The ii) The image formed by the individual lenses or combination on the screen must be sharp.
(i) The incident beam must be in the form of parallel beam of light.
focal
stant Viva-Yoce
lens
Q.1. Define focal length of a lens. .. Pç = P, + P 5-2.5 =2.5 D
Ans. It is defined as the distance between the principal 0.6. How is the relation
1 mo

focus and the optical centre.

when the two lenses are separated