Lecture 1: Introduction to Python

M. Asif Farooq

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What is Python language?

Python is open source software, which means it is available for

free.
Python is an interpreted language, meaning that it can run code
without the need for a compiler.
Python is a programming language that is used for scientific and
engineering computations all around the world.
Python is used when it comes to data analysis, machine learning,
and AI.

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Installing Python

Since Python is free so there are many softwares available that

runs Python.
Some of these softwares are Spyder, Pyscripter etc
You can also type command on Jupyter notebooks available
online.

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Checking Curren Version in Spyder

1 import platform
2 platform.python_version()

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Interactive Python as a Calculator

In [1]: 2*3
Out[1]: 6

In [2]: 6 + 21/3
Out[2]: 13.0

In [3]: (6 + 21)/3
Out[3]: 9.0

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Binary Arithmetic Operations in Python

operation Symbol
addition +
subtraction -
multiplication *
division /
floor division //
remainder %
exponentiation **
Table: Binary Operators.

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Types of Numbers
Integers
Floating Point
Complex Numbers
In [4]: 12*3
Out[4]: 36

In [5]: 4 + 5*6-(21*8)
Out[5]: -134

In [6]: 11/5
Out[6]: 2.2

In [7]: 11//5
Out[7]: 2

In [8]: 9734828*79372
Out[8]: 772672768016
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Types of Numbers (Cont.)
In [9]: 12.*3
Out[9]: 36.0

In [10]: 5**0.5
Out[10]: 2.23606797749979

In [11]: 11./5
Out[11]: 2.2

In [12]: 11.//5
Out[12]: 2.0

In [13]: 11.%5
Out[13]: 1.0

In [22]: 6.022e23*300
Out[22]: 1.8066e+26

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Types of Numbers (Cont.)

In [24]: (2+3j)*(-4 + 9j)

Out[24]: (-35+6j)

In [25]: (2+3j)/(-4+9j)
Out[25]: (0.1958762886597938-0.3092783505154639j)

In [26]: 2.5 - 3j**2

Out[26]: (11.5+0j)

In [27]: (2.5 - 3j)**2

Out[27]: (-2.75-15j)

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Variables
In [1]: a = 23
In [2]: p, q = 83.4, 2**0.5
In [3]: a = a + 1
In [4]: a
Out[4]: 24
In [5]: c, d = 4, 7.92
In [6]: c+= 2
In [7]: c
Out[7]: 6
In [8]: c*=3
In [9]: c
Out[9]: 18
In [10]: d/=-2
In [11]: d
Out[11]: -3.96

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Script Files and Programs
Code: mytrip.py
d i s t a n c e = 400 #miles
mpg = 30 # c a r mileage
speed = 60 # average speed
c o s t p e r g a l l o n =2.85
t i m e = d i s t a n c e / speed
g a l l o n s = d i s t a n c e / mpg
cost = gallons * costpergallon

Run above code by typing %run mytrip.py on console

Then type time, gallons, cost
You can change the number of digits by %precision 2
Type %precision returns IPython to its default state
%precision %e displays numbers in exponential format

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Note About Printing

To return value of the variable on the screen use print

print(time)
print(gallons)
print(cost)

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Python Module

Python consist of supplementary modules

NumPy It is the standard Python package for scientific computing
with Python
SciPy provides a wide spectrum of mathematical functions and
numerical routines for Python.
matplotlib It is the stadard Python package for making two and
three dimensional lots.
Pandas It is a Python package providing a powerful set of data
analysis tools.

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Python Modules and Functions
In [36]: import numpy

In [37]: numpy.sin(0.5)
Out[37]: 0.479425538604203

In [38]: import math

In [39]: math.sin(0.5)
Out[39]: 0.479425538604203

In [40]: numpy.sin(3+4j)
Out[40]: (3.853738037919377-27.016813258003932j)

In [41]: math.sin(3+4j)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:1 5992870784069.py ”, line1, in < cellline : 1 > math.sin(3 + 4j)
TypeError: can’t convert complex to float

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Python Modules and Functions
In [1]: import numpy as np

In [2]: np.sin(0.5)
Out[2]: 0.479425538604203

In [3]: np.sqrt(2)
Out[3]: 1.4142135623730951

In [4]: np.exp(2)
Out[4]: 7.38905609893065

In [5]: np.log(3)
Out[5]: 1.0986122886681098

In [6]: np.log10(2)
Out[6]: 0.3010299956639812

In [7]: np.degrees(1.47)
Out[7]: 84.22479588423101 15 / 18
Some NumPy Math Functions
sqrt(x) square root
exp(x) exponential of x
log(x) natural log of x
log10(x) base 10 log
degrees(x) converts x from radians to degrees
radians(x) converts x from degrees to radians
sin(x) sin of x (x in radians)
cos(x) cos of x (x in radians)
tan(x) tan of x (x in radians)
arcsin(x) inverse sin of x
arccos(x) arc cosine of x
arctang(x) arc tanent of x
fabs(x) absolute value of x
math.factorial(n) factorial of integer
round(x) rounds a float to nearest integer
floor(x) rounds a float down to nearest integer
ceil(x) rounds a float up to nearest integer 16 / 18
Scripting Example

code: Distance between in two points

i m p o r t numpy as np
x1 , y1 , z1 = 2 3 . 7 , −9.2 , −7.8
x2 , y2 , z2 = −3.5 , 4 . 8 , 8.1
d r = np . s q r t ( ( x2− x1 ) * * 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) * * 2 + ( z2− z1 ) * * 2 )

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Different Ways of Importing Modules

import math
import numpy as np
from numpy import log
from numpy import log, sin, cos

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 Lecture 4
Data Structures in Python Programming:
String

M. Asif Farooq

1 / 12
Data Structures

Python stores and organize numerical, alphabetical and other

types of information.
In Python data structures include strings, lists, tuples and
dictionaries which are all part of core Python.
NumPy arrays is also used for storing and manipulating scientific
data.
NumPy arrays represent vectors, matrices and even tensors.

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What is a String?

Strings are lists of characters.

Strings are created by enclosing a characters within a pair of
single or double quotes i.e. ’Hello’, "It’s a good day" etc
Strings can be assigned to the variable

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Examples

In [1]: a = "my name is Asif"

In [2]: b = "I teach mathematics"
In [3]: c = a + b
In [4]: c
Out[4]: ’my name is AsifI teach mathematics’
In [5]: c = a + ". " b
File
"C:8 292668584637.py ”, line1c = a + ”.”bS yntaxError : invalidsyntax
In [6]: c = a + ". "+ b
In [7]: c
Out[7]: ’my name is Asif. I teach mathematics’

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Interactive Python as a Calculator

In [8]: d = "23"

In [9]: e = 23

In [10]: type(d)
Out[10]: str

In [11]: type(e)
Out[11]: int

In above d is a string
In above e is an integer

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Indices

The position or index of a character in Python is identified with the

numbering 0, 1, 2, 3, ....

Figure: Indexing in String.

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Indexing: Examples
In [1]: a = "spam & eggs"

In [2]: a[0]
Out[2]: ’s’

In [3]: a[1]
Out[3]: ’p’

In [4]: a[2]
Out[4]: ’a’

In [5]: a[3]
Out[5]: ’m’

In [6]: a[4]
Out[6]: ’ ’

In [7]: a[5]
Out[7]: ’&’ 7 / 12
Substring or Slice

A substring or slice of a string is a sequence of consecutive

characters from the string.

Figure: Substring or slice.

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Substring: Examples

In [8]: b = "Just a moment"

In [9]: b[0:4]
Out[9]: ’Just’

In [10]: b[1:4]
Out[10]: ’ust’

In [11]: b[2:5]
Out[11]: ’st ’

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Substring: Examples (Cont.)

In [1]: c = "Python"
In [2]: c[0:2]
Out[2]: ’Py’
In [3]: c[0:6]
Out[3]: ’Python’
In [4]: c[0:1]
Out[4]: ’P’

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Substring: Examples(Cont.)

In [1]: "Python"[1]
Out[1]: ’y’
In [2]: str1 = "Hello World!"
In [3]: str1.find(’W’)
Out[3]: 6
In [4]: str1.find(’x’)
Out[4]: -1
In [5]: str1.find(’l’)
Out[5]: 2
In [6]: str1.rfind(’l’)
Out[6]: 9

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Negative Indices in String

In [7]: a = "spam & eggs"

In [8]: a[-2]
Out[8]: ’g’
In [9]: a[-8:-3]
Out[9]: ’m e’
In [10]: a[0:-1]
Out[10]: ’spam egg’

Figure: Negative Indices of the characters of the string.

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 Lecture 5
Data Structures in Python Programming:
Lists

M. Asif Farooq

1/9
Lists

Python has two data structures: lists and tuples.

A list is an ordered sequence of Python objects.
Lists are defined by a pair of square brackets surrounded by
elements.
Elements should be separated by comma otherwise one get error.
Lists are zero indexed like c but unlike MATLAB and Fortran which
are one indexed.

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Lists: Examples
In [8]: a = [0, 1,1, 2, 3, 4]

In [9]: b = [2, "student", 3, "horse", "animal"]

In [10]: b[1]
Out[10]: ’student’

In [11]: b[4]
Out[11]: ’animal’

In [12]: b[-1]
Out[12]: ’animal’

In [13]: b[-2]
Out[13]: ’horse’

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Lists: Examples (Cont.)

In [9]: b = [2, "student", 3, "horse", "animal"]

In [14]: b[-3]
Out[14]: 3

In [15]: b[-4]
Out[15]: ’student’

In [16]: b[-5]
Out[16]: 2

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Lists: Examples (Cont.)
In [19]: b = [4, 5, "boys"]

In [20]: b[0] = b[0] + 3

In [21]: b[2] = b[2] + " and girls"

In [22]: b
Out[22]: [7, 5, ’boys and girls’]

In [23]: b+b
Out[23]: [7, 5, ’boys and girls’, 7, 5, ’boys and girls’]

In [24]: a = ["vegetable", "fruits", 4]

In [25]: a + b
Out[25]: [’vegetable’, ’fruits’, 4, 7, 5, ’boys and girls’]

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Slicing Lists: Examples

In [27]: a = ["vegetable", "fruits", 4]

In [28]: a[0:1]
Out[28]: [’vegetable’]

In [29]: a[0:]
Out[29]: [’vegetable’, ’fruits’, 4]

In [31]: a[:2]
Out[31]: [’vegetable’, ’fruits’]

In [32]: a[:3]
Out[32]: [’vegetable’, ’fruits’, 4]

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Slicing Lists: Examples (Cont.)

In [33]: a[:]
Out[33]: [’vegetable’, ’fruits’, 4]

In [34]: a[1:-1]
Out[34]: [’fruits’]

In [35]: len(a)
Out[35]: 3

In [36]: a[0::2]
Out[36]: [’vegetable’, 4]

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Range Function

In [38]: list(range(10))
Out[38]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

In [39]: list(range(3,10))
Out[39]: [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

In [40]: list(range(0,10,2))
Out[40]: [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]

In [41]: a = list(range(4,12))

In [42]: a
Out[42]: [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]

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Range Function (Cont.)

In [43]: b = list(range(-5, 5, 2))

In [44]: b
Out[44]: [-5, -3, -1, 1, 3]

In [45]: c = list(range(5,0,-1))

In [46]: c
Out[46]: [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

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 Lecture 6
Data Structures in Python Programming:
Tuples

M. Asif Farooq

1/8
Mutable and Immutable Objects

An object holds the data and has operations that can manipulate
the data.
Numbers, strings, lists and tuples are objects.
Objects that can be changed in places are called mutable.
Objects that cannot be changed in place are called immutable.

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Defining Tuples

Tuples are immutable

The items should be written in parentheses.
The elements should be separated by comma.

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Tuples: Examples
In [54]: t = (3, 4 , 5)
In [55]: print(len(t))
3
In [56]: print(max(t))
5
In [57]: print(min(t))
3
In [58]: print(sum(t))
12
In [59]: t[0]
Out[59]: 3
In [60]: t[0] = t[0] + 3
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:1 2760786003402.py ”, line1, in < cellline : 1 >
t[0] = t[0] + 3
TypeError: ’tuple’ object does not support item assignment

4/8
Comments on Tuples

The tuple function converts lists or strings to lists.

Tuples are more efficient than lists and should be used in
situations where no changes will be made to the items.
An important feature of Python is dictionary. The dictionary
requires the use of tuples.

5/8
Examples: Converting Lists or Strings into Tuples
In [1]: tuple([’fruits’, ’vegetables’])
Out[1]: (’fruits’, ’vegetables’)

In [2]: tuple([2, ’students’])

Out[2]: (2, ’students’)

In [3]: tuple("spam")
Out[3]: (’s’, ’p’, ’a’, ’m’)

In [7]: a[0] + ’t’

Out[7]: ’st’

In [8]: a[0] = a[0] + ’t’

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:1 54450862836.py ”, line1, in < cellline : 1 > a[0] = a[0] +′ t ′
TypeError: ’tuple’ object does not support item assignment
6/8
Examples
In [17]: L = [5,6]
In [18]: L.append(7)
In [19]: L
Out[19]: [5, 6, 7]
In [20]: n = 2
In [21]: n+=1
In [22]: n
Out[22]: 3
In [23]: s = "Python"
In [24]: s = s.upper()
In [25]: s
Out[25]: ’PYTHON’
In [26]: t = (’a’, ’b’, ’c’)
In [27]: t = t[1:]
In [28]: t
Out[28]: (’b’, ’c’)

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Examples: Tuples
In [10]: t = (2,3,1,3)
In [11]: print(t[1])
3
In [12]: t.index(3)
Out[12]: 1
In [15]: t.count(3)
Out[15]: 2
In [16]: len(t)
Out[16]: 4
In [17]: sum(t)
Out[17]: 9
In [18]: t + (7,5)
Out[18]: (2, 3, 1, 3, 7, 5)
In [19]: t*2
Out[19]: (2, 3, 1, 3, 2, 3, 1, 3)

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 Lecture 7
Data Structures in Python Programming:
Multidimensional Lists and Tuples

M. Asif Farooq

1/4
Multidimensional Lists and Tuples

In Python we can construct multidimensional lists or lists of lists

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Examples
In [62]: a = [[2, 3], [4 , 5]
In [63]: a[0]
Out[63]: [2, 3]
In [64]: a[1]
Out[64]: [4, 5]
In [65]: a[1][0]
Out[65]: 4
In [66]: a[1][1]
Out[66]: 5
In [67]: a[1][-1]
Out[67]: 5
In [68]: a[1][-2]
Out[68]: 4
In [69]: a[0][0]
Out[69]: 2

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Examples

In [71]: regions = [("Northeast", 55.3), ("Midwest", 66.9), ("South",

114.6) ]
In [72]: regions[0]
Out[72]: (’Northeast’, 55.3)
In [73]: regions[0][0]
Out[73]: ’Northeast’
In [74]: regions[0][1]
Out[74]: 55.3
In [75]: regions[1]
Out[75]: (’Midwest’, 66.9)
In [76]: regions[1][1]
Out[76]: 66.9
In [77]: regions[2][1]
Out[77]: 114.6

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 Lecture 8
NumPy Arrays

M. Asif Farooq

1/6
Creating Arrays in One Dimension

Python have different ways to create arrays.

The first method is by using array function.
The second method is by using NumPy linspace or logspace.
The third way is to use NumPy arange function.
The fourth way is to create arrays by zeros and ones.

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Examples

In [79]: a = [0, 3, 5, 6]
In [80]: import numpy as np
In [81]: b = np.array(a)
In [82]: b
Out[82]: array([0, 3, 5, 6])
In [83]: c = np.array([1., -4., 5, 6])
In [84]: c
Out[84]: array([ 1., -4., 5., 6.])

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Examples

In [86]: np.linspace(0, 10, 4)

Out[86]: array([ 0. , 3.33333333, 6.66666667, 10. ])
In [87]: np.linspace(-1, 2, 5)
Out[87]: array([-1. , -0.25, 0.5 , 1.25, 2. ])
In [90]: np.logspace(0, 10, 4)
Out[90]: array([1.00000000e+00, 2.15443469e+03, 4.64158883e+06,
1.00000000e+10])

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Examples

In [95]: np.arange(0, 10, 2)

Out[95]: array([0, 2, 4, 6, 8])
In [96]: np.arange(0., 10, 2)
Out[96]: array([0., 2., 4., 6., 8.])
In [97]: np.arange(0, 10, 1.5)
Out[97]: array([0. , 1.5, 3. , 4.5, 6. , 7.5, 9. ])
In [98]: np.arange(0, 10)
Out[98]: array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
In [99]: np.arange(10)
Out[99]: array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

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Examples

In [101]: np.zeros(6)
Out[101]: array([0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.])
In [102]: np.ones(6)
Out[102]: array([1., 1., 1., 1., 1., 1.])

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 Lecture 9
NumPy Arrays: Multidimensional Arrays and
Matrices

M. Asif Farooq

1/8
Creating Arrays in Higher Dimensions

NumPy arrays can be used to represent multidimensional arrays.

It means that we can create matrices.
Matrices can be represented with two-dimensional NumPy arrays.
Higher dimension arrays can also be created

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Creating Matrices
In [2]: import numpy as np

In [3]: b = np.array([[1., 4, 5], [9,7,4]])

In [4]: b
Out[4]: array([[1., 4., 5.], [9., 7., 4.]])

In [5]: a = np.ones((3,4),dtype = float)

In [6]: a
Out[6]:
array([[1., 1., 1., 1.], [1., 1., 1., 1.], [1., 1., 1., 1.]])

In [7]: np.eye(4)
Out[7]:
array([[1., 0., 0., 0.], [0., 1., 0., 0.], [0., 0., 1., 0.], [0., 0., 0., 1.]])

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Creating Matrices with Reshape

In [9]: c = np.arange(6)

In [10]: c
Out[10]: array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

In [11]: c = np.reshape(c,(2,3))

In [12]: c
Out[12]:
array([[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5]])

4/8
Indexing Multidimensional Arrays

In [14]: b
Out[14]:
array([[1., 4., 5.], [9., 7., 4.]])

In [15]: b[0][2]
Out[15]: 5.0

In [16]: b[0,2]
Out[16]: 5.0

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Matrix Operations
In [17]: b
Out[17]:
array([[1., 4., 5.], [9., 7., 4.]])
In [18]: 2*b
Out[18]:
array([[ 2., 8., 10.], [18., 14., 8.]])
In [19]: b/4
Out[19]:
array([[0.25, 1. , 1.25], [2.25, 1.75, 1. ]])
In [20]: b**2
Out[20]:
array([[ 1., 16., 25.], [81., 49., 16.]])
In [21]: b-2
Out[21]:
array([[-1., 2., 3.], [ 7., 5., 2.]])
In [22]: np.sin(b)
Out[22]: array([[ 0.84147098, -0.7568025 , -0.95892427], [
0.41211849, 0.6569866 , -0.7568025 ]])
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Element-wise Multiplication of Two Arrays

In [24]: b
Out[24]:
array([[1., 4., 5.], [9., 7., 4.]])

In [25]: c
Out[25]:
array([[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5]])

In [26]: b*c
Out[26]:
array([[ 0., 4., 10.], [27., 28., 20.]])

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Matrix Multiplication (Linear Algebra)

In [28]: d = np.array([[4,2],[9,8],[-3,6]])

In [29]: d
Out[29]:
array([[ 4, 2], [ 9, 8], [-3, 6]])

In [30]: b
Out[30]:
array([[1., 4., 5.], [9., 7., 4.]])

In [31]: np.dot(b,d)
Out[31]:
array([[25., 64.], [87., 98.]])

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 Lecture 10
Dictionaries in Python Programming

M. Asif Farooq

1/6
Dictionaries

List is collection of objects indexed in order sequence.

Dictionary is also a collection of objects but indexed with strings or
numbers or even with tuples.
Dictionaries are a part of core Python similar to List.
Dictionaries are written in curly braces.

2/6
Examples

In [33]: room = "Emma":309, "Jake":582

In [34]: room["Jake"]
Out[34]: 582

In [35]: room["Emma"]
Out[35]: 309

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Examples (Cont. )
In [33]: room = "Emma":309, "Jake":582

In [34]: room["Jake"]
Out[34]: 582

In [35]: room["Emma"]
Out[35]: 309

In [36]: weird = "tank":52, 846:"horse", ’bones’: [23, ’fox’, ’grass’],

’phrase’:’I am here’

In [37]: weird["tank"]
Out[37]: 52

In [38]: weird[846]
Out[38]: ’horse’

In [39]: weird["bones"]
Out[39]: [23, ’fox’, ’grass’] 4/6
Building Dictionaries
In [43]: d = {}

In [44]: d["last name"] = "Farooq"

In [45]: d["first name"] = "Muhammad Asif"

In [46]: d["subject"] = "Mathematics"

In [47]: d
Out[47]:
{’last name’: ’Farooq’, ’first name’: ’Muhammad Asif’, ’subject’:
’Mathematics’}

In [48]: d.keys()
Out[48]: dict_keys([’last name’, ’first name’, ’subject’])

In [49]: d.values()
Out[49]: dict_values([’Farooq’, ’Muhammad Asif’, ’Mathematics’])
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Dictionaries from Tuples

In [51]: g = [("Melissa", "Canada"), ("Jeana", "China")]

In [52]: gd = dict(g)

In [53]: gd
Out[53]: {’Melissa’: ’Canada’, ’Jeana’: ’China’}

In [54]: gd[’Jeana’]
Out[54]: ’China’

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 Lecture 11
Conditionals and Loops:
if-Statements

M. Asif Farooq

1/5
Conditional Statements

Conditional statements allow computer program to take different

actions based on whether some conditions are true or false.

2/5
if-elif-else Statement: Example

Write the following program in Python script.

a = 5.0
b = 0.0
c = 8.0
d = b*b - 4*a*c
if d >= 0.0:
print("Solutions are real")
elif b == 0.0:
print("Solutions are imaginary")
else:
print("Solutions")
print("finished")

3/5
if-else Statement

Write the following program in Python script.

a=4
if a % 2 == 0:
print (" The number is even integer")
else:
print("The number is odd")

4/5
if-Statement

Write the following program in Python script.

a = -1
if a < 0:
a = -a
print(a)

5/5
 Lecture 11
Plotting in Python

M. Asif Farooq

1 / 10
Outline

Plotting is done in Python by matplotlib.

Use "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt"
create the (x, y) data arrays
Display the plot in figure window using show function

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Plotting

In [1]: import numpy as np

In [2]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
In [5]: plt.plot([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7])
Out[5]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x2ba43062c10>]
In [10]: plt.show()

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Plot

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.plot([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7])
plt.show()

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Plot

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = np.linspace(0, 4.*np.pi, 33)
y = np.sin(x)
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.show()

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Plot

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = np.linspace(0, 4.*np.pi, 129)
y = np.sin(x)
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.show()

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Plot: Title

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x_coord = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
y_coord = [0, 3, 1, 5, 2]
plt.plot(x_coord, y_coord)
plt.title(’Sample Data’)
plt.show()
main()

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Plot: Label

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

xcoord = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
ycoord = [0, 3, 1, 5, 2]
plt.plot(xcoord, ycoord)
plt.title(’Sample Data’)
plt.xlabel(’This is x-axis’)
plt.ylabel(’This is y-axis’)
plt.show()

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Plot:Customizing x and y-axis

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

xcoord = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
ycoord = [0, 3, 1, 5, 2]
plt.plot(xcoord, ycoord)
plt.title(’Sample Data’)
plt.xlabel(’This is x-axis’)
plt.ylabel(’This is y-axis’)
plt.xlim(xmin = -1, xmax = 10)
plt.ylim(ymin = -1, ymax = 6)
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()

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Plotting

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x_coord = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
y_coord = [0, 3, 1, 5, 2]
plt.plot(x_coord, y_coord)
plt.title(’Sales’)
plt.xlabel(’Year’)
plt.ylabel(’Sales’)
plt.xticks([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [’2016’, ’2017’, ’2018’, ’2019’, ’2020’])
plt.yticks([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [’om’, ’1m’, ’2m’, ’3m’, ’4m’])
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()

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 Lecture 12
Conditionals and Loops:
Logical Operators

M. Asif Farooq

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Logical Operator

The logical operator tells a relation between two arrays.

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Operators and Functions

operator function
< less than
≤ less than or equal to
> greater than
≥ greater than or equal to
== equal
!= Not equal
and both must be true
or one or both must be true
not reverses the truth value
Table: Logical operator

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Examples
In [1]: a = 4

In [2]: b = 7
m
In [3]: a!= 5
Out[3]: True

In [4]: a > 2 and b < 20

Out[4]: True

In [5]: a > 2 and b >10

Out[5]: False

In [6]: a > 2 or b >10

Out[6]: True

In [7]: not a >2

Out[7]: False
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 Lecture 13
Conditionals and Loops:
for Loops

M. Asif Farooq

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Logical Operator

In computer programming a loop in statement or block of

statements that is executed repeatedly.
Python has two kinds of loops, a for and while loops.

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for loops

for dogname in ["Molly", "’Max", "Buster"]:

print(dogname)

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Examples

s=0
for i in range(1,100,2):
s=s+i
print(s)

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Iterating over sequence

a = ’There are places’

for letter in a:
print(letter)

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Examples

a = ’There are places I remember all my life’

i=0
for letter in a:
if i % 3 == 0:
print(letter, end = ”)
i+= 1

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 Lecture 14
Conditionals and Loops:
while Loops

M. Asif Farooq

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while Loops

If the condition remains correct then we use while loops

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Example: Fibonacci Numbers Less Than 1000

x, y = 0,1
while x < 1000:
print(x)
x, y = y, x + y

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Time Calculations in Loops and Arrays

import numpy as np
import time
a = np.linspace(0,32,10000000)
print(a)
startTime =time.process_time()
for i in range (len(a)):
a[i] = a[i]*a[i]
endTime = time.process_time()
print(a)
print(’Run Time = Seconds’.format(endTime-startTime))
27 seconds

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Time Calculations in Loops and Arrays

import numpy as np
import time
a = np.linspace(0,32,10000000)
print(a)
startTime =time.process_time()
a = a*a
endTime = time.process_time()
print(a)
print(’Run Time = Seconds’.format(endTime-startTime))
0.06 seconds

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