Peis leetocentest ww! om spl. = _ ool ¢ LLevoect urst] vrepoanted A Lescr Cone ele sym LAP Also Knoon Oo Terminals ange tS Symobob. Denoted by 1 SEE vangy HBO finite, and Seay fnatler. atengin f sting 321 No of symbols Invelved in the ching. wiz abed 1. \i\e4 #(Mever) | lo] #40 4, Empty Shing or Null Shing (2) Shin leer Shing mot a symbot] EGmeat. of shings(-) Coneat ef 2 abing ust alioaip be = ching. Dito F to, Sangisenqreiston Re [Eieng Fong e = omg 6 Prefix La Sting: Wsabed +. Prefe(10,)= €,a,ab ,abe ,abed, is Sea of banding. W2=9204 Prefix (lo,)=€,a,aa, aaa, aaa. Suymbbote. ina 2 5 ye DLA Shing it & prefix f jkself. trial). tale tye yo * Satie fa Shing wizabed . Cave €,ded bed, abed, Sef be Hingy ok shing Ta se fix of tscle $: Sub Stings HR a ohn. presnt inne shing - wozabed — subchings - 7© a abate Ged Pwol=n; shen ral gato wed \ Tos ne = ed Sub she = PES Spay + Valid wohen all aymbeds arc wigqueric gals 9 Reve, ka ind (60%) : tttelie dkhnek]. B Sted"): WFabed 5 w®- donn [68s 48 to} palindzone -, Sey: wee _ le. longunge t Sat of Shings [ay be finile ov tn fite] xEmply Lanquage & pemible L= 7b =6 # day W Alphabet:(=) Non emely fuk set f Symbols om which, the Lan! & 4 qeege defined, ® Le d i W Aithabel, Language % tat ponte eee 4 uf Length O je [wl=o- Rin Gate Alphabet nok possible alphatset f $ al © = docant emtain €- valid % Paroer of ahi [orl ne zy ®=abe » Fo =é]; W3= Www = abealeake . Langue. + Tusk Like Gartetlan prod, fa selr bY tae TL 2Y Bement of @ Lang Jf only ifs “tgs far,az, bi, bry bethof them cue fake. —_— "2 Concord L Scanned with CamScannera a ke el 3 I) fe cod Gt the Lang in the ot [Gang = ang-d= 9 | Ye oo 2 then Ganeat Te oo. "Revere of a langua e [UR] ot | LF contains wf for Vive Ls Lafab, baa bby a) Hh 1. LR Sha ,ab, aa, bb, a, bY 5 Peoen eb Longuage [it lnewi] Hh teed Me dey Uer=hany 7 peask L% Li = fark sary =faa,ab ef | @tnen ond ihiseehen £2 lang cofll alors be a Language ||" Gemplement Lang £11; WiSet d00: oe oe ={e.raaaaa-. | LSS Universal - L AK gives a tong coop. | | { CAFE A combinatinon 2 Wversal EG i & and & . ee 7 eo | Ploy. Gay] PE fovea. bom oe ef ® Kost = or] i | 19) Positive Coerei(at) at. Uae OS a *] io at= ar- B= B and (ate oy aot = oto a 4 Scanned with CamScannerToe+ Requlan Language; @ranquage i ‘ cegula, {f accepted by De ule Stalé Machine + FA tu. zd Fr, Sh ps (Q22>G] [Sgxs sas] gx evey~a?| DPA “NFA TS NFA. @A FM Moy have Ow moe final abaly, but exeielly one dual wteld Turivtent Rink + 7 If Language cmlalie € ,then init slate Usil be final alate. Pak Stale | final, then lang. emtains €. ' A Lang. may have mere than one Fem for iky bal yuin FSM Kakosus undqrec . © Fem fav Piatt Lang. ust clea have Fsm will neven have loops. Thar Slal?- psa. Cara| Neal ENFA)- n mm. 7 Psite, Langua h always requlan. > Pinay Lang . > ifwe make alt Slates fal fo DPA, then It Qeceps I*. Tet ete emer They hn nee ee, oe R alvoays Regular , ore altory> seqular, eX Sumbel ~) Ne- To -NEAR| conga. Non-Linear Ryo, > Temp ne Regd > Paso = Trap stalk con never be final atake «And Gn BA, obnunt L TRAP. IP we make att stak as PINE In NAG then it tll laceept Prefix CL) [ie Lan { ¢ q Smlmining all the prefixes Pall © bilge. 4 Complement of afsm 3 [aye] Ghange s/ inal => wan Pinel > AMR Banta valld for Npas sand ton Fianl—» Pinar | invalid £0 se, @ Power Revere the arracs . ~ GIhe complement f @ requian lang % alee aequlan . Othe eeneal- f 9 Leng & cluaap vegulen . Revene {a Machine: [a1?] 7 Make IniMlal alalt as Final shale, and al final statz as Tm final.and init, Revere the arracs. GPrevere DFA Could bo NEAL @ Rev of RL A always RE > 1 merecthan 1 tulhel alale (efh? eowenion) then make Neve init statt wy © transi len \5 them. 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LaF | Prprime, [Piss°h Bt aq farbrar| ns loFY RL Ps f amar | nly AL poses manasa 8 Hp tered me rte Teeter FSR tan im : 7 Peay vane tat . oan [ioe CG NRL qe Ru Bf 33.4, v0 (wR) | 0 € Care 34-4 ooh] we Cab¥ fT NAL Bf wo Joe Cab & RE Bod toe oR [rose € Corby P RL 33-4 vox wh | lox € Car hh RL Se-$ x woth | rE Carey BL IA +f xvowoR [o0-€ Ca.b)* Pave tof coua® x | ore € CWS RE 4+ wro® x | wore (aey® P-NAL i St ph Bf xey lye Cab RL 43 “iy fe 3 Vamur cP ey > Pl mingps of RE LP 22] oyor€ Cab, Vol =ttont FB 65 Po] Se Cangk | tele) -auol] ga fer every petix sf 0 PAL Scanned with CamScannerre. memion * Mathe matical focmula used 1 Fepe HE one uslas Expremn * pe for & Lanquage exPre then is RL- ® @ Re for a given lang » wil qencrale ml shins Semi- Reabichad (S, C) €ytyt 0,0) Rerblcked CE6,0 ork 4 ait. Tm Sylniahe Piles CC), ak at, res of evatualiun. Ara ly fos, € free Ps) ae one R-EB , whe gre: it hao unt que den 9 B> gP*- Algelroie Lauss “ne * Commutative Lavo: Assoelative Lave : jo the given rad . “foto a ore p47, OW |en4 Re @ eer. = any © wWaGa tes) = @ rH) ee © mr, tan ® Gen) ts = CG). Bbbulive Law + < mit Gory 7 3) f (ern) Cart G) Crest aidbitoulive base Awds J ® Carty) = nererers Link & valid | eohits Lave Adempotent Lave + @ tp =, CO) meres, Lvelidl O nean cB) ery Foe [not 1 Genta oF a. Oe Sep 3. Bt- B ne Ge Ori 5 er=feb 6. wets ete yr F. K_ pty! eieeesrers ye OU TVET We + ecte * Ti Ceabre Gas (are aheey® - b akg ag > (abe + bat)Fe Garut)* p= v= Sete ANB Cutan) = (ey Scanned with CamScannerI teak Nets + | g ttle of am te aliodys' BL and untan 9 Com Pintle anion of Bute clio BL - ' ' *inBaike anion of FL may ox maynel be BE: 7 Fine | ee Inherseaton Bat “Te always BL: A ae ; ONT Galler section & met RL. CNL) - ioe | mustative and’ hy 4. Coreak: £2 A more. RLF always BE | oa | & Subset of RL may or maggot be eRe” [ers oe" » & Subect of vee may be AL. )* RLU bem 2 bere RL A bert = DeFE ; BLU cAL L ce BLO cer = CPE! RL U.CsL = car Rel case rCee 44 ‘ RLU Ree = Ree RLO Ree= REC RLU RB = RE Ren Ree RE- |) Kleene closure @) ond ave clewre GE) £ RL ® along 9. Revene a REN always AL. ai, Wo. Every NBL Noo ‘atleast t BL’ cupersik (Univers ey) he Ons aot be a AL v®© = BL Re NR U NRE Need not be wequlan » = ( i BL U® = wae Wee REA NRL =O mayer ahoays Nee may ret be Ri, BBD NRL ON NAL - © KenL A@® = Re May or may not may e may nek | be TRL. vd" BL. Mathematical model of fem i Enput Tape Link] alalbele fe fe Ta L a z rUF bea. Frnt heal [CR] end marlin, Fa ' ett 4 = BPA + 0d Stack = DPRA Power (NPBA) > “NPA feo Stack = NPBA Pacer CRP DA) a | DRA + Rablt Slack = DRA NPA + Poul Staek =-NPA Scanned with camScanner7 tr syne Meal aN alien ice CPM ey PD FZ QAO I dus { roe funetions ] i pambcigted es) War _ svete i sind of Stoll ee pas a Ar Qrez— A) oft Ve ° (0.1) ZO Co. oe 1)00 6") to= afP= 1000 6") afp= 01000 (At): @ there @ mackinin one cath - A(on.2): -eenves} ble no. £ shabi- ut. [Moore > Mealy}? 7° change io 2. [Mealy —> smoore! ne. of stabi many inereat- ® tn Mealy mye T\a\= m> and Jalen, the maible- No & stein tr Mosse = (man) 3 mx Pe 7 ts Gaunt octuranee SF > Cowhuet a “Mealy and Mere m/e Sabsbing ‘ab’ in'the input uw. | ain Oe KG SS -Moo RE 4>-mocre ond mealy for : areidh A lahen abing ends ust 00, B when ends with 11 , © otherwte. Scanned with CamScannerLTeC~ Gramme. | | > Set of * Tales by vohieh, we ve} fo Language * ey 7 preacal Ko Gibee STW @ Language,then there exhly & Gramma, Languc ° . -®1 a ‘4 we Jorma fr not pomible . : may Have mae than | valld @ramnmer° BGrammar lwp Langage fe povible “[-fulile ord @ A Grammer ean qenelaly Gdmet | Langage: Gr5VT SPS A Tuple- Vestiable Terminale Short Podueclim Vorlable Rule. Conique) Te devtve 2 abing frsm the grammer: Left most symbol “ba bived ak Bubs Right mat sambel resolved fish * Gorter! Rep: Parse Tree y abslract syntorTree, derivation Fee. 1. TP theve ex Peis Mb b Leb for a ching. Aner tune WOM ex feb 1G ond) ites ven 2. Parse Tres Luis and RMD Maou not be game. 3. We may have mevethan 4 Lmb/ AME fora Shing. 4 TP None of IMB’ one ponible, then exactig -N RMB ane also parsible- < ent A Ambiques Mah_> [USELESS] - ae Thete of mere than 1 LMb oe Rein fer ong giver sbing in the. grammer then WS ambi quay G ParseTee f IMD ov Rup may be aiff: / G Grammer % amblauue fF we find [atleast £ ching. fr which More than ~LMB( AMD exits + & No algaritnen exicls $5 GB cheek ombigaity [undecrdable J G There ont fram which we | en oicere aeanny: A ta G Then ant geome gramman frm whieh we ean) inhere ntl never remove nib quikg cong we ry < —D ud Gane Re may & mag nek (No) ee REC be ambi quar. coe cre BC FL], unambi quo li RL L . ad Scanned with CamScanner®™atmot ore Variable - am RUS of Produclio , @ fing Pegulrr grammer. @an be emvarted en Linermbiguas ramen? ype? ammo: (CPG.) | ix Single varable defines amy thing. * Even requian Greamman Ke CFG. FROTE] 1. To cheek $f A grammons one eayrivalent oe nok fe undecidatle - 2.To check %f.2 Regulon grammer one cqpivalent oF ne & decidabe. TypeB1. Context Serrifive % Xap be wernt pot Type Oo: Unreobteted Grammars xP Be Cvs* +2? Becveryt Ato reamehions 5 B> [ius s \has}) # Toxing m/e foc LeLiey & not poshde WD * Contest Senritive Gram man doeont/Poduce € + GNP: Chomsky Normal Prime eee Te podichae ont ct type [Va vy & V>T] | Fan CNR, © & not alloood | PAlgeiter fe emesting (erq— ene). , 1 Remove €-Production Cunlen enhexent:) 2. Remove ant Peduelor - 3. Simpify the Jammer s > Remove woilers Vartable © Remove unreachable Var. oof Ste ta Bebtvalion NT! 7 Grretbach Noemal Porm? < daself L Re eibach Neemal Form: ~poduelion ductus ofthe form + Lat | Set ane 6 ly cae terminal followed Ih oma me oF vortables , Ek allooed only % the atert vostabie, - ® Meg grammar “con be eanverbed Woo Gur CaR@) PE Scanned with CamScanner{ [ioe | [acheline Ba! | Puink= ane union. OSE ECC Fem Gur) @ap Length of Shknq 'f NA] 3 Remove Left Recursion fen ide nied “aibseps . 3 Remove & Production fue clesvatim frm . “SMove urit Bocluc tow GNF: ]| 4: Senputy the yanmen. ‘ | Removal Left Recut ions AP Aelp Aes Ipeu| pew Aoty [P| P---[Pa sige J (er. Multiple rn A eg a ban lata |e toa! Qieft Recinsicn Gane removed fram every CRy. © fndivect Left Becunnion % alec pontble- es, ction ¢ »f So aBle SAB so hp\plale Roafh\a Amakle >| pranla Bo bBI & BIbLBIE [as eB\b. act YM emlains €; then cart vemove~ » Removal efuvit Producten: a. E> Brt|® eo ket [rer |® — By eeT ITEM CED Id TS TPB > To tRelCe) Id 7? TItTee|Ce) [iA Fo ce) liad F>Ce) [ed Fo(e) ltd. | Smplifieats Grammer + DUerlew Veo able : Variables ©) Unreachableveniable: the that doit have tecminalt "4 age oearlt Lie te the Vee ofctot Var> ‘ ina » [s sae SoaBlba sable Gre (E23 x{RSbARaSlar|= [Bo aBEles\> B= Be) Bi o 5 aBB ES |b ' Scanned with CamScannerwr S—SC*TL:srees CL eeu fe more paverfial than berL. @ matical Mode! PDA: agate [zs | [11 $1 [ls Fike Tape CIP) - ail 2) totiat Seek Prog ram fev 4 af seyret p pha . B,=L8,1 ee) pul ¢ CQive Fi 2,8, - + Ba Pinal slalz Tr sack Araboks Po Bioeth) J Int. Slack symbet. PDA: 6: Gx {ZUEPAT — Qx pear] Por/ser arpa: 8: @ xdzveyx Tx pust|per sie} estoy Seo gens © Boe] gras oa. Spotonteaioe Berse pherof RDA! SCY, a, &) PCy, pesh| por] MPD Bua? $(}0,0, %) F(M, Azo) part Say, AYE (vs €) SCr ra, a) by Caan) SC, ber C¥s-=) S(%.b.A) b> Ca, BA) Sele: Scag ,c, 8) CV B) @ve can push mae than one element ak atid, ond abe per meethan me clement of a tme- Cel uch = CPL Bett v BeFL = CFL lperc@2 bee ares @aL] Ber Ucrr =cAr beeS= BeFL cFLe= est en Peer 0 Beri= es_ L_Cst"= Gsu (may be CPE Sstdi tl prpertica s Beri - Beet = @su Bert - R= Bert B- beeL = beer CFL- beer = ert Ber, - CPL = Csi CFL- GPL= CSL Tnportant Pans : A BY PDA we cast clo more than 4 cemportsen. * We coril seeognine nm Linear pawn. fh wf Poa. * Sting matehing nob purrikle [ie Lf ooh not ert] Stu tevene matehing fe punikke. ie duowkb | Seme Tm portant PDAS Lele qd arbre [nea b THR Ke Final Wee - aA aa Bale Shake PDA» Yen ate jae bly alin corey Gaon ake ¢ ater SL emply Can be mer seu . =. ‘Scanned with CamScanner“To@- Closure Ropestics r OPERATION. ~T Re | Beet [GPL Test |Ree Pre t. Unio (yw) aK x oK oK OK ok 2. Fntersect C9) [ ok avd [x "OK oK oe |p 8. Complement Ce) eK OK x oK te Coneat « Cc) oK x oK | oK 5. Set SiC) om x x ok -~ & Kleene Clune Ce) oie x oK T ok ok ony Ftve closure (+) oK x OK oK ok ox & Reversal (LR) on x Pon aK ox | ox oa LORD 7 oK oK OK ‘Te Re oK (ok ok - = = pte ba ‘ oK oK OK K (Ae REL on pon |x ile | «| x | 2% bL URL °K ok OK oK OK ok 13. Pre fix CL) or DutCL) oK OK ok | ok ox | eK ‘ly, Subset.” : : x | x 4 x |x x ix x x | x x x x & x x x ax s< x if | Scanned with CamScanner~ Re and KE Ap. Py undecidabhe gi 2 ami-devidable Ae (2 -r hecidile\y (ave) a Ree vRe = RE Ree v REc~ REC _ReURE =RE FTA P Ace [att ~ a eatin 2 Loup “[rining elasidable ] [tusing Resoanixa ' [Ree Ree : * sMathem ical Model «f Tee . alaLele le [eee] Ace! Vell Myf Mall p only Aheosehically pazible, precticall we cari Knead, AC, beth woes Tite woe cane Clelad embal L . 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Complement & Gaintable , may or maynot be 4 8 Countable « (P Complement funeaimbalsle mayer maynel be Countable P Trlevseson may oe may not he Chuntable- | @BWe cannot reduce an undecicable problem A decidable fr polynomial Hw « ie op AWSs hao 45 be: — = Gy Undeeidable- Undecidable 7 2 ‘sy -h eine idable \ #7 need net Be \ a. B® sy deeidable. ad Scanned with CamScanner—pewem Ru bert Jcrt [@sc [Ree —| cael b B > B 5 X nan b & b x x |x gee” b x x 3 x x \ yer ba 6 x Ba x x x th She 5 x x x x xs OL b gb OL, Ps x | EL Arak b b > x x x Complement % bd x Same type. 4 e x bB bs amt . i Re b > x x « x ® farbrerd®... 27. Y & est, bot ie complement és alway erm. Scanned with CamScanneree CD -Inbduchot | defn: Convert high Level Lanquage ts Lao Level Cang FLD Language pag a @igh Level Language can perfornm mere than oe operation fa a Single Stale ment + @ Lew Level Lang can pexform atmat one operation Tn a ket Analysts: and. suntheste model Compilern_* ‘Seuree fp an? Analyste || Lexical Analyzer. Gomriver Syhlor Analy ken } Analyss |Su ‘ ee as Pin L Target - ft i 4K ne | feemante ‘Analy Ron j a I : | _~y tv SL finteimedall eode cane aes 2 Fr @® There ane 6 wT proses of the oN Compiler » r enevation, ee Pe APR Synthese orga! 4 Inter mediatt Code gen: STAR phase, maker the loork ? L. Levies! Analy xen s i h ere. gion of BIR. B chee next A phases much eart for'apelting mitaker of — Enfurces veypreabilily and Program. pababiusg * = ® divides source code ints %. Code OpHmizaton, “” Sheam of Tokens 1) Loop invariant egvehuet 2: Syotec Analyzer _* 2) Common sul expe eliminabot Cheeks qrammes heal vrs of the begrom (Parser) ® Porsen & a BPBA- 3) Strength Reduehon 4) fanchoni dnlining. 5) Dead code eléminattat 3. Semanke Analyzer + ee Me Pe ee G-Symbel Table : Cheeks Lor Meaning sftne Prgrayp: D bald about data Cmela dala) eq: TYRE Mics match, 25 Bald Shuchive Uned by. Staek Oven Fino- Compiler and shared “by all the phone - ® vio sumbel Table compiler. Seve handler a cannol! vourle SOR Still look. Scanned with CamScanneryV LED- Gtram man, 2 y ~ 3CR4, ° 8m compiler we only we ¢ Tyre2@ra) and Tyre 2G8s) 2D Gampilen = Pogeam ‘of Grammar ompilen = Member ship Algonthmn. ; Prgpenmming Language fe ER 28o- CCS) + y “Stse Tree and Suntoe Treas || St boeetlT tober o Ter Te Rat PRP ET EL UAPIR aae eT 7 deat T 7 aH ATE nS ES axary Parse Tree ‘: tars eben + Synboxe Tree 2 © > Procedural eS 7 Inbaisde = Vorlable ® + (7) ~ Whole derivation 8 4 fe represented. 1 4", Bitedes the i a 3 Ceneept only, DG 4 Oto cheates prod | Nesoatalivits't i ® 8 | Randemly derive fil u have. enough Operatms, then cheek rhieh one & ; clone fist Y on Ost eats cf) a operate; ana ee net Left and Right ampociative, > Amb qusue Gr¥ammar, DC userese] ttem. Fo Botlem Ups. [ @D- Porsen] duced ( Xx.) alotGak the enc. , aon qe (xvx-ep | Ce no-terminals) ' S Vorhabie aftercey Staft > at. €B] LE termi nals) Germinal offs, dot). 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S4 alablaa a Saray Yo e|byA- 2 A+abAlaalb. » Aaax\d CE en® \ Ro ob | xo ba jaxle Aaax|b Xa ax \by Yo Ale ‘Scanned with CamScanner| “tl ond Follnoz * Exst Sol» extream Lefl terminal frau volel I, ‘that Veotable bowls + batetn “€'- it never canlaivia, Vorbabes, bul may canto’ Owe can olicery> frid the ferck of any vor’ * Peles sot» Failan set cenlatina terminals ond $ Tean never egntetn varalle and “Ee”. rt How Is find -follno sel 2 1 Tnelude $ in files of sla variable '2-Tf production fof tyre ] A+ «Bp [expo shings of qraminen symba. fotinemof | Piivo(s) = Pat D_ | Mf Pe, te Aap then felteo(wy = foo) _| ® Prduction Like: |, t sets fame Gxt ond Qk, @oan giver -No alles the Shing sf he WS Sets |} SoABlen Pict | illus [date i Asahla [Dare ¥ 7 : |p Bowe Al @a b wt || Csaclje fp Bb $ i H bo apla a cf A | 5 a ‘$ ’ Seed inl Tees F Top Moe Pp BeNo of Recs 2 No f uniaue Varidble: ty Grammar. 2 Nef Colamma = [Terminaly + #] ae ae || 3. 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