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Lecture 1

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9 views19 pages

Lecture 1

25 Questions without any histories

Uploaded by

fvc49zcnfr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Faculty of Medicine

Department of Microbiology

Lecture (1)
Taxonomy and Classification
of Microorganisms

Prepared by:
Dr. Farkad Bantun
Learning Objectives

By the end of the lecture, students should be:


• Introduced to history of taxonomy & classification
• Knows the difference between taxonomy and
classification
• Understand the current organisms nomenclature
system
• Understand the grammatical rules of Linnean system.
• Introduced to one of the main classification of living
cells (Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes)
Taxonomy VS Classification
➢ Taxonomy
The science dealing with the description, identification, naming,
and classification of organisms.

➢ Classification
The ‘grouping’ of organisms based on
particular characters.
History of Taxonomy
• He first introduced the two key concepts of
classification of organisms by type and binomial
definition.

• Aristotle was the first to attempt to classify all the


kinds of by grouping the types of creatures
according to their similarities: animals with blood
and animals without blood. He further divided the
animals with blood into live-bearing and egg- “Father of Science.“
bearing. (384-322 BC).

• Sir Aristotle assumed that creatures could be


grouped in order from lowest to highest, with the
human species being the highest.
History of Taxonomy
• A Swedish naturalist named Carolus
Linnaeus is considered the 'Father of
Taxonomy‘ since 1700s.
• His two most important contributions to
taxonomy were:
ØA hierarchical classification system.
ØThe system of binomial
nomenclature.
History of Taxonomy
• He proposed that there were
three broad groups, called
kingdoms, into which the
whole of nature could fit.
These kingdoms were animals,
plants, and minerals.

• Binomial nomenclature
meant naming species in 2
words : genus , followed by
species.
Kingdom classification
• The two kingdom classification system was given by
Carlous Linaaeus in 1758.
Kingdom classification
Kingdom classification
• The development of optic and electronic microscopy showed
important differences in cells, mainly according to the presence
or absence of distinct nucleus, leading Édouard Chatton
(1925) to distinguish organisms in prokaryotes (without a
distinct nucleus) and eukaryotes (with a distinct nucleus).

• Based on it, Copeland proposed a four-kingdom system, moving


prokaryotic organisms, bacteria and “blue-green algae”, into the
kingdom Monera.
Kingdom classification

• The position of fungi was not well established,


oscillating between kingdoms Protista and Plantae.
• So, in 1969, Robert Whittaker proposed a fifth
kingdom to include them, the called Kingdom Fungi.
Kingdom classification

• The three-domain system is a biological classification


introduced by Carl Woese in 1977 that divides cellular
life forms into archaea, bacteria, and eukaryote
domains based on 16S rRNA.
History of Taxonomy
▪ 1758- Carlous Linaaeus: Animalia & Plantae
▪ 1866- Ernst Haeckel: Added Protista (Unicellular)
▪ 1925- Édouard Chatton : Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
▪ 1969- Robert Whittaker: added Kingdom of Fungi
▪ 1977- Carl Woese: Divide archaea, bacteria, and
eukaryote domains based on 16S rRNA
Naming of organisms
• Binomial Linnaeus system for scientific nomenclature.
• Each organism has two names:
1. Genus.
2. Specific epithet (Species).
- Italicized or underlined.
- The genus is capitalized, and the specific epithet
is with lowercase.
- Could be as an honour for the scientist, with a
Latin origin.
e.g: Escherichia coli (E. coli) …>
Ø discoverer: Theodor Escherich
Ø describes the habitat (colon/intestine)
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
• Each Organ has specific tissue and each tissue is
composed of cells.
• “Cell is the structural and functional unit of life” and
it contains all necessary infrastructure to perform all
functions.
• Based on cellular structure, cells are classified as
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
• In most of the cases, prokaryotes are single cells where
as eukaryotes are either single cells or part of
multicellular tissues system.
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Small cell (< 5µm) Larger cells (> 10 µm)

Always unicellular Unicellular / multicellular

No nucleus or any membrane bound Always have nucleus and membranes bound
organelles organelles

DNA circular DNA is linear

Ribosomes are small 70S Ribosomes are large 80S

Cell division is by binary fission Cell division is by meiosis and mitosis.

Reproduction is always asexual Reproduction is sexual and asexual.


Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Reference

• David Greenwood, Richard Slack, John Peutherer,


Mike Barer: Medical Microbiology. A Guide to microbial
infections: Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory
diagnosis and control. Seventeenth edition.
• Lippincott’s illustrated reviews: Microbiology. Third
edition.

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