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WD Unit 4,5,6 PHP

This document provides an introduction to PHP, a server-side scripting language used for web development. It covers key concepts such as HTTP requests, PHP syntax, variables, operators, conditional statements, loops, functions, arrays, and superglobals. The document emphasizes the dynamic nature of PHP in generating client-side code and managing data through various programming constructs.

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aditimodi.s04
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14 views74 pages

WD Unit 4,5,6 PHP

This document provides an introduction to PHP, a server-side scripting language used for web development. It covers key concepts such as HTTP requests, PHP syntax, variables, operators, conditional statements, loops, functions, arrays, and superglobals. The document emphasizes the dynamic nature of PHP in generating client-side code and managing data through various programming constructs.

Uploaded by

aditimodi.s04
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT 4 5 & 6

PHP
By Pradish Dadhania
PHP
Introduction to Ser ver-Side Programming
Request to a Static Site

Server:
1. Homepage
lookup
2. Send as HTTP
HTTP Request: GET www.xkcd.com
Response

You (client) Web server


HTTP Response: web content (HTML file) IP: 72.26.203.99
Client-side code: HTML, CSS, JavaScript
Request to a Dynamic Site
 The server must respond dynamically if it needs to provide
different client-side code depending on the situation
 Date and time
 Specifics of the user’s request

 Database contents – forms and authentication


HTTP Request: GET www.facebook.com Server:
1. Look up things that go on
user’s profile, such as
wall posts and friends 
You (client) lookups
Web server 2. Generate
caches, database
client-side
HTTP Response: web content (HTML file) code containing these
Client-side code: HTML, CSS, JavaScript 3. Send as HTTP response
things
(dynamically generated by server)
PHP
Introduction and Basic Syntax
What is PHP?

 PHP = PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor


 Server-side scripting language that may be
embedded into HTML
 Ultimate goal is to get PHP files to generate client-
side code
 mustend up with HTML, CSS, JavaScript, other client-
side code!
Side-by-side
PHP File: Output: resulting HTML
<html> <html>
<head> <head>
<title> PHP Introduction </title> <title> PHP Introduction </title>
<body>
</head> </head>
This is HTML! <br /> <body>
<?php This is HTML! <br />
echo 'This is PHP! <br />'; This is PHP! <br /></body>
?> </html>
</body>
</html>
A closer look
<html>
<head> <title> PHP Introduction </title>
</head>
<body>
This is HTML! <br />
echo 'This is PHP! <br />'; // prints to screen
<?php
/*
Here's a longer
comment
*/
that spans multiple
?> lines.  PHP tags: <?php and ?>
</body>
</html>
 The echocommand
 Single line comment ( // )
 Multiple line comment (/* and */)
Viewing PHP files
 PHP files executed on the web ser ver
 Therefore we cannot save them anywhere and view
them, as with HTML files
 Must save .php files in subdirectory of web ser ver

 /var/www/ on many Linux configurations


 www directory of your user directory on Athena
 Make call to web ser ver via domain name
(google.com), IP address (72.26.203.99), or localhost
if on your own computer
PHP
Syntax: Variables, Operators, and Strings
Variables
 Store values for future reference, use variable name
to refer to the value stored in it
$x = 42; // store the value 42 in $x
echo $x; // prints 42
echo $x+1; // prints 43, value of $x is still 42
$x = ‘hello!’// type of $x can change
 PHP is a loosely-typed language
 Do not need to declare the type of a variable
 Type can change throughout the program
Operators
 Arithmetic operators
 +, -, *, /, % (modulus – remainder after division)
 Logical AND (&&), OR (||), NOT (!)
 Shorthand
Assignmentfor assignment operators:
operators
 $x += $yequivalent to $x = $x + $y
 Also works with subtraction, multiplication, division,
modulus, and string concatenation
== versus ===
 Two “equality” operators
 == tests for “equality” in value but not necessarily type
 === tests for “identity” in value AND type
 == ignores the distinction between:
 Integers, floating point numbers, and strings containing
the same numerical value
 Nonzero numbers and boolean TRUE
 Zero and boolean FALSE
 Empty string, the string ‘0’ and boolean FALSE
 Any other non-empty string and boolean TRUE
Strings
 A sequence of characters
 Single and double quotes:
 Suppose$str = 42;
 echo ‘With single quotes, str is $str’;

 output: With single quotes, str is $str


 echo “With double quotes, str is $str”;
 output: With double quotes, str is 42
Strings
 Concatenation of strings – the . operator
$a = ‘hello’;
$b = ‘world’;
echo $a . ‘ ‘ . $b . ‘!’; // prints ‘hello world!’

 String functions
 Length: strlen()
 Position of substring: strpos()
 More on string functions:
http://www.w3schools.com/php/php_ref_string.asp
PHP
Syntax: Conditional and Looping Statements
Conditional Statements
if (condition / boolean expression) {
statements
}
else if (another condition) {
statements
}
// there may be more than one else if block
else {
statements
}
$x = 5;
if ($x echo
== 5)‘The
{ variable x has value 5!’;
}
The while loop
while (condition) {
statements
}
$x = 2;
while ($x
echo< $x
1000) {
. “n”; // \n is newline character
} $x = $x * $x;
Value of $x $x< 1000? Result
2 prints 2
TRUE
4 TRUE prints 4
16 TRUE prints 16
256 TRUE
prints 256
FALSE
65536
exits loop
The do-while loop
 The code within the loop is executed at least once,
regardless of whether the condition is true
do {
statements
} while (condition);

equivalent to:
statements
while (condition) {
statements
}
The for loop
for (init; condition; increment) {
statements
}
equivalent to:
init
while (condition) {
statements
increment
}
Prints the first 10 positive integers and their
squares:
for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i++) {
echo $i . “:” . ($i * $i) . “\n”;
}
PHP
Syntax: Functions and Global Variables
Defining your own functions
function function_name ($arg1, $arg2) {
function code function parameters
} return $var // optional

Example: a simple multiply function


function multiply($x, $y) {
echo
echo $x * $y;
“\n”;
}
multiply(5, 1.2);  prints 6
$a = 5;
$b = 1.2;
multiply($a, $b);  prints 6
$a = array(1,2,3);
multiply($a, $b);  prints 0 (?!)
Retur n
values
A function can return a value after it is done
 Use this value in future computation, use like a variable,
assign value to a variable
 A modified multiply function
function multiply($x, $y) {
return $x * $y;
}
multiply(2,3);  prints nothing! returns value, but we don’t store anywhere
echo multiply(2,3);  prints 6
$a = multiply(2,3);  assigns the value 6 to the variable $a
$b = multiply(multiply(2,3), multiply(3,4));  assigns the value
72 to the variable $b
Retur n
values
A function can return at most once, and it can only return one
value
 If it does not return anything, assignments will result in NULL
 A function ends after it returns, even if there is code following
the return statement
if do_stuff($x)
function ($x % 2 == 0){ { // if even
return $x/2 // exits function at this point
}
// this is ONLY executed if x is odd
$x += 5;
if ($x $x += 3;
< 10) {
}
return x;
Making function calls
 Code inside of a function is not executed unless the function is
called.
 Code outside of functions is executed whenever the program is
executed.
<?php
… // some code
function1(); // makes function call to function1(), which
// in turn calls function3()
function function1() {
… // some code // makes function call to function3()
function3();
function function2() { // this function is never called!
} … // some code
}
function function3() {
… // some code
}
Variable scope
 Variables declared within a function have local scope
 Can only be accessed from within the function
<?php
function function1() {
… // some code
$local_var = 5; // this variable is LOCAL to
echo $local_var + 3; ////prints
function1()
8
}
… // some code
function1();
echo $local_var; // does nothing, since $local_var is
// out of scope
?>
Global variable scope
 Variables declared outside a function have global
scope
 Must use global keyword to gain access within functions
<?php
function function1() {
echo $a; // does nothing, $a is out of scope
global $a; // gain access to $a within function
echo $a; // prints 4
}
… // some code
// $a is a global variable
$a = 4;
function1();
?>
PHP
Syntax: Arrays
Arrays as a list of elements
 Use arrays to keep track of a list of elements using
the same variable name, identifying eac h element by
its index, starting with 0
$colors = array(‘red’, ‘blue’, ‘green’, ‘black’, ‘yellow’);

 To add an element to the array:


$colors[] = ‘purple’;
 To remove an element from the array:
unset($colors[2]);
$colors = array_values($colors);
Arrays as key-value mappings
 Use arrays to keep track of a set of unique keys and the
values that they map to – called an associative array
$favorite_colors = array(‘Joe’ => ‘blue’, ‘Elena’ => ‘green’,
‘Mark’ => ‘brown’, ‘Adrian’ => ‘black’, ‘Charles’ => ‘red’);
 To add an element to the array:
$favorite_colors[‘Bob’] = ‘purple’;
 To remove an element from the array:
unset($favorite_colors[‘Charles’]);
 Keys must be unique:
$favorite_colors[‘Joe’] = ‘purple’ overwrites ‘blue’
Recap: arrays
 print_r($array_name)function lets you easily
view the contents of an array
 PHP arrays as a list
$colors = array(‘red’, ‘blue’, ‘green’, ‘black’, ‘yellow’);
$colors[]‘blue’
//remove = purple;
from// add to the list
list
unset($colors[1]);
$colors = array_values($colors);

 PHP arrays as a map


$favorite_colors = array(‘Joe’ => ‘blue’, ‘Elena’ => ‘green’,
unset($colors[‘Adrian’]);
‘Mark’ => ‘brown’, ‘Adrian’ => ‘black’, ‘Charles’ => ‘red’);
PHP
More about arrays and the for-eac h loop
All arrays are associative
 Take our example of a list:
$colors = array(‘red’, ‘blue’, ‘green’, ‘black’, ‘yellow’);

 print_r($colors)
Array( gives:
[0] => red
[1] => blue
[2] => green
[3] => black
 Tur ns out all[4]
arrays in PHP
=> yellow are associative arrays
 In the
) example above, keys were simply the index into the
list
 Each element in an array will have a unique k ey,
whether you specify it or not.
Specifying the key/index
 Thus, we can add to a list of elements with any
arbitrary index
 Using an index that already exists will overwrite the
value
$colors = array(‘red’, ‘blue’, ‘green’, ‘black’, ‘yellow’);
$colors[5] = ‘gray’; // the next element is gray
$colors[8] = ‘pink’;// not the next index, works anyways
$colors[7] = ‘orange’ // out of order works as well
Array functions
 isset($array_name[$key_value]) tells whether a mapping
exists AND is non-null
 unset($array_name[$key_value]) removes the key-value
mapping associated with $key_value in the array
 The unset() function does not “re-index” and will leave
gaps in the indices of a list of elements since it simply
removes the key-value pairing without touching any other
 array_keys($array_name) and
elements
array_values($array_name) returns lists of the keys and
values of the array
Adding elements without specifying the
key
Recall that we did not specify the key when adding to a list of
elements:
$colors = array('red', 'blue', 'green', 'black',
'yellow');
 PHP automatically
$colors[] takes the largest integer key that has ever been
= 'purple';
in the array, and adds 1 to get the new key
$favorite_colors = array(“Joe” => “blue”, “Elena”
=> “green”, “Mark” => “brown”, “Adrian” =>
“black”, “Charles” => “red”);
$favorite_colors[] = 'new color 1'; // key is 0
$favorite_colors[7] = 'another new color';
$favorite_colors[] = 'color nine'; // key is 9, the old
$favorite_colors[] = 'yet another color'; // key is 8
// maximum is 8 even though it no longer exists!
unset($favorite_colors[8]);
The for-eac h loop
 The for-eac h loops allow for easy iteration over all
elements of an array.
foreach ($array_name as $value) {
code here
}
foreach ($array_name as $key => $value) {
code here
}
foreach ($colors as $color) {
echo $color; // simply prints each color
}
foreach ($colors as $number => color) {
// $colors[$number]
echo = $new_color;
“$number => $color”; // prints color with index
PHP
HTTP Requests and Forms
Superglobals
 A few special associative arrays that can be
accessed from anywhere in a PHP file
 Always $_ALLCAPS
 The $_SERVER superglobal gives information about

ser ver and client


 $_SERVER[‘SERVER_ADDR’]  ser ver IP

 $_SERVER[‘REMOTE_ADDR’]  client IP
 $_SERVER[‘HTTP_USER_AGENT’]  client OS and
browser
Passing information to the ser ver
 Sometimes, we require additional values be passed
from client to ser ver
 Login: username and password
 Form information to be stored on ser ver
 http://www.yourdomain.com/yourpage.php?firstparam

=firstvalue&secondparam=secondvalue
GET request: pass information via the URL
 Access values server-side using $_GET superglobal
$_GET[‘secondparam’]
 $_GET[‘firstparam’]
 =>=> ‘secondvalue’
‘firstvalue’
When to use $_GET vs. $_POST
 GET requests are sent via the URL, and can thus be
cached, bookmarked, shared, etc
 GET requests are limited by the length of the URL
 POST requests are not exposed in the URL and
should be used for sensitive data
 There is no limit to the amount of information
passed via POST
Dealing with for ms
 Forms are generally used to collect data, whether
the data needs
(registration) or to be stored
c hecked on thetheserserver
against ver
 2(login)
components to a form:
 The HTML generating the form itself
 The server-side script that the form data is sent to (via
GET or POST), taking care of the processing involved
 Server should respond appropriately, redirecting the user to
the appropriate destination or generating the appropriate
page
Forms: client-side
<html>
<head>
<title> A Form Example </title>
</head><body>
<form action="welcome.php" method="post">
Name: <br /> <input type="text" name="name" /><br />
Phone Number: <br /> <input type="text" name="phone" /><br />
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
 form action – where to send the form data
</body>
 method – how to send the data (GET or POST)
</html>
 Name attributes become the keys used to access the
corresponding fields in the $_GET or $_POST arrays
Forms: ser ver-side
<html>
<head><title>This is welcome.php</title></head>
<body>
The name that was submitted was: &nbsp;
<?php echo $_POST['name']; ?><br />
The phone number that was submitted was: &nbsp;
<?php echo $_POST['phone']; ?><br />
</html>
</body>
 A simple PHP file that displays what was entered into
the form
 Can do many other things server-side depending on the
situation
 Note the use of $_POST
Unit 5
Session and State Management
using PHP
(Cookies and Sessions)
Need of session ma na ge me nt,
Va rious techniques for s tate and
session management like: Hidden Fields,
Query S tring, Cookie and Session
Cookies and sessions
 HTTP is stateless – it does not keep track of the
client between requests
 But sometimes we need to keep track of this

information
 Shopping cart
 “Remember me” on login sites
 2 solutions to this issue
 Cookies – small file stored client-side
 Sessions – relevant data stored on the ser ver
Cookies
 Cookies are stored on the user’s browser, and are
sent to the ser ver on every relevant request
 The $_COOKIE superglobal makes a cookie a key-

value pairing
 Store user information as a value with a known key
 Neverassume a cookie has been set. Always check with
isset($_COOKIE[$cookie_name])before trying to use
the cookie’s value
The setcookie() function
 To set a cookie in PHP:
setcookie(name, value, expire, path, domain);
 Name and value correspond to $_COOKIE[$name] =
$value
 Expiration – cookie will no longer be read after the
expiration
 Useful to use time in seconds relative to the present:
 time() + time in seconds until expiration
 Path and domain refer to where on the site the cookie is
valid
 Usually ‘/’ for path and the top-level domain (yoursitename.com)
 To delete a cookie, set a new cookie with same arguments
but expiration in the past
Setting cookies
 Cookies are set via the HTTP header
 Must be sent before the body – before any HTML, CSS,
JS, etc.
 This code will not work:
if(isset($_COOKIE["6470"])) {
$value = $_COOKIE['6470'];
} echo "Cookie is set to $value";
else {
$value = 0;
}
// after echo statement: will not work!
setcookie("6470", $value+1, time()+60*60);?>
Example of cookie usage
 First visit: form with a text field for user’s name
 Subsequent visits: Welcome message with the name
  Key: “name”;
Store the namevalue:
field the
in auser’s name input into the form
cookie:
 Remember: when a cookie is set (the setcookie
function call is made), the cookie can only be
accessed on the next request
Contents of the HTTP request/response
CLIENT HTTP request: GET cookie.php SERVER
isset($_COOKIE[“name”])? NO
isset($_GET[“name”])? NO
NO HTTP reponse: HTML form
COOKIES respond with HTML form
HTTP request: GET name=“username” isset($_COOKIE[“name”])? NO
isset($_GET[“name”])? YES
HTTP response: set cookie
set cookie on client
HTTP request: cookie “name” = “username” welcome message based on
COOKIES isset($_COOKIE[“name”])?
user input YES
SET HTTP response: updated cookie isset($_GET[“name”])? NO
update cookie on client
welcome message based on
Case 1: cookies already set
if(isset($_COOKIE["name"])) {
$cookie_exp = time()+60*60; // one hour
$name = $_COOKIE["name"];
setcookie("name", $name, $cookie_exp);
if (isset($_COOKIE["visits"])) {
echo "Welcome $name!
$num_visits ";
= $_COOKIE["visits"]+1;
if (isset($_COOKIE["visits"])) {
setcookie("visits", $num_visits, $cookie_exp);
echo "You've visited $num_visits times";
}
} }
Cases 2&3: first and second visits
// case 2: upon submission of form
else if (isset($_GET["name"])) {
$name = $_GET["name"];
setcookie("name", $name, $cookie_exp);
setcookie("visits", 2, $cookie_exp);
// case
echo 3: first visit:
"Welcome $name! need
This to
is show
your form
second visit.";
else {
} <form action="<?php $_SERVER["PHP_SELF"] ?>" method="get">
Enter your name here: <input type="text" name="name" />
</form>
<br /><input type="submit" />
}
Sessions
 Two main disadvantages of cookies
 Limited in size by browser
 Stored client-side  can be tampered with
 Sessions
 Cannotstore user data
be modified on the ser ver
by users
 A potential downside
Limited only by servertospace
sessions is that they expire
when the browser is closed
 Sessions are identified by a session id: often a small

cookie! But the rest of the data is still stored on the


ser ver
Using sessions
 Call session_start() at top of every page to start session
 Sets
a cookie on the client: must follow same rules as cookies
(before any HTML, CSS, JS, echo or print statements)
 Access data using the $_SESSION superglobal, just like
$_COOKIE, $_GET, or $_POST
<?php
session_start();
$_SESSION["count"] += 1;
if (isset($_SESSION["count"])) {
} echo "You\'ve visited here {$_SESSION['count']} times";
else {
$_SESSION["count"] = 1;
} echo "You\'ve visited once";
Removing sessions
 Remove an individual element of the $_SESSION
superglobal
 unset($_SESSION[‘key_name’]);
 The session still exists and can be modified.
 Destroy the entire session, remove all data
 Use the function session_destroy()
 $_SESSION no longer valid
 Will need to call session_start() to start a new session
Recap: a comparison
COOKIES SESSIONS
Where is data stored? Locally on client Remotely on server
Expiration? Variable – determined Session is destroyed
when cookie is set when the browser is
closed
Size limit? Depends on browser Depends only on server
(practically no size
Accessing information? $_COOKIE limit)
$_SESSION
Remember small things Remembering varying
General use?
about the user, such as amount of data about
login name. Remember the user in one
PHP
MySQL
Databases and MySQL
 Recall the basic reason for server-side programming
 We need to store client data or look up data stored on
the ser ver
 Databases give us an easy way to issue
“commands” to insert, select, organize, and remove
data open-source database, relatively easy to
 MySQL:
set up, easy to use with PHP
 OtherSQL databases, as well as non-SQL options such
as MongoDB
Connecting to MySQL
 MySQL database ser ver can contain many
databases, eac h of which can contain many tables
 Connecting to the ser ver via PHP:
$db = mysql_connect(server, username, password);
if (!$db) {
// terminate and give error message
} die(mysql_error());
mysql_select_db(database_name, $db);
 $db is a database resource type. We use this
variable to refer to the connection created
Making SQL queries
 PHP function for making queries:
mysql_query(query_string, db_resource);
 Queries that return information, suc h as SELECT:
returns a resource
$result = mysql_query(query_string, $db);
 In this case, this resource is stored in the variable $result
 Other queries, returns TRUE upon success.
 All queries return FALSE on failure. Best practice is
to handle the error (e.g. die(mysql_error()))
Never trust user input
SQL injection
 Attacker guesses the format of a query, then
exploits
 If
the attacker is able to form a valid SQL query using
one of the input fields, then there may be unintended
results
 Look at this code which simply displays the phone
number given a correct username and password
SQL injection: example
$db = mysql_connect("localhost", "6470user", "6470") or
die(mysql_error());
if (isset($_POST["username"]) &&
mysql_select_db("6470example", isset($_POST["password"]))
$db) or die(mysql_error()); {
$user = $_POST["username"];
$pass = $_POST["password"];
$query = "SELECT PHONE FROM userinfo WHERE USER='$user'
and PASSWORD='$pass'";
echo $query . "<br />";
if ($row) {
$resultecho "Phone number is: {$row['PHONE']}";
= mysql_query($query, $db);
}
$row
else =
{ mysql_fetch_assoc($result);
echo "Invalid user or password";
}
}
SQL injection: example
 The issue here is that we are “trusting” user input.
 What if the user inserts the string

randompass’ OR ‘1=1
as the password?
SELECT PHONE FROM userinfo WHERE
 Resulting query:
USER=‘username’ and PASSWORD=‘randompass’
 ‘1=1’ always true. We can get the ser ver to give the
OR ‘1=1’
phone number regardless of username/password!
 Fix: must pass ALL user input through the function
mysql_real_escape_string()
Retrieving information from a query
 Loop over the returned $result resource, row by row
 mysql_fetch_assoc() function: turns a row of the

result into key-value pairs, where keys are the


names of the fields and their values are the
$result = mysql_query(query, $db);
corresponding values in the table
while ($row = mysql_fetch_assoc($result)) {
$col1 = $row['column_1_name'];
} $col2 = $row['column_2_name'];
A registration-login example
 Login page
 Check username and password
 If
already logged in (use sessions!), welcome the user
by name
 Register page
 Link to register page
 Form for registration
 If registration is successful, confirm the username
  Link
Complete
backcode canpage
to login be downloaded from the video
lectures website
A shared database resource
 Both login and register pages use the same database
connection
 Put database connection, select database code into the
same file
 Reference the connection resource ($db) in other files
<?php
$db = mysql_connect("localhost", "6470user", "6470") or
die(mysql_error());
mysql_query("CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS 6470example") or
die(mysql_error());
mysql_select_db("6470example", $db) or die(mysql_error());
mysql_query("CREATE
?> TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (USERNAME
VARCHAR(2000), PASSWORD VARCHAR(2000))") or
The login page – handle login request
if (isset($_POST["username"]) && isset($_POST["password"])) {
require("db.php"); // establish DB connection
$user = $_POST["username"];
$pass = $_POST["password"];
$query = "SELECT PASSWORD from users WHERE USERNAME='" .
mysql_real_escape_string($user) . "'";
$result = mysql_query($query,
$_SESSION["username"] $db) or die(mysql_error());
= $user;
}
$row
else =
{ mysql_fetch_assoc($result);
echo "Invalid
if ($pass username or password
== $row["PASSWORD"]) { <br />";
}
}
The register page
if (isset($_POST["username"]) && isset($_POST["password"])) {
require("db.php");
$user = mysql_real_escape_string($_POST["username"]);
$pass = mysql_real_escape_string($_POST["password"]);
$query = "INSERT INTO users VALUES ('$user', '$pass')";
mysql_query($query, $db) or die(mysql_error());
} else
echo{ "Registration for $user was successful <br /><br />";
// HTML form
} // HTML login <a href> tag
MySQL recap
 Connecting to database
 $db= mysql_connect(location, username, password)
 mysql_select_db(db_name, $db)
 Making a query
 $result = mysql_query(query_string, $db)
 while($row = mysql_fetch_assoc($result))


Getting results
Sanitizing user of query
input
 $username =
mysql_real_escape_string($_POST[“username”])
PHP
Conclusion
What we’ve talked about…
 Purpose of server-side programming
 Basic PHP syntax, arrays, functions
 Specifics to websites: cookies, sessions, HTTP
requests and forms, MySQL
 Other server-side solutions:

 ASP.NET
 Python
 PHP’s extensive documentation:
http://www.php.net/manual/en
GOOD LUCK!

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